Lumpy painting. Russian Writing Lubok.

Here you will find the personitative dogmat, prayer, Goetty (legend), moraling, the parable, a fairy tale, proverb, a song, in a word, all that was in spirit, to the taste of our versators. THEM. Snegrev

There are words, the meaning of which is lost over time or distorted irrevocably. At the time of Pushkin, the area was called the area, the "bruised" called a woman who did not drink a woman, and the teacher in the women's gymnasium, the scores were not in a fight, but in a bench with a mechanical device - Abaca. The word "Lubok" also changed the meaning - now it means a coarse, allay, vulgar craft. And once the sheets drawn by manually with the cliché cut out on the lime boards were folk literature.

Lubok "Battle of Baba-Yagi with a crocodile"

The reforms of Peter's first book in Russia remained expensive hobbies. Book Chamber in Moscow produced the Gospel, the lives of saints, military benefits, medical and historical treatises, spiritual literature. The cost of one book reached 5-6 rubles (for comparison: the duck cost 3 kopecks, and pound honey - 41 kopecks). An educated person for his life could read 50-100 books, but as a rule was limited to the psalrtya and housekeeping. However, there were more competent than the rich - the "alphabet" cost one penny and was not sold worse pies with the encouraged. The first issue (2900 pieces) went over the year - and no wonder. The ability to read and write provided a piece of bread, competent merchants and officials from numerous orders were competent. It was they who turned out to be consumers of an exotic product - Pierce of painted "Fryazhsky sheets", who came to Russia from neighboring Poland.

The first "Nannhaua" - the printed images of religious or moral content appeared in the VIII century in China - with their help before the illiterate people, the Buddha's doctrine. The manufacturing technology for the century did not have particularly changed - on the board, wooden, stone or metal, the drawing was cut out, a black impression was made from it, which was then hand more or less gently painted with bright colors.

In the 15th century, the omnipresent merchants of the Lubok reached Europe and in a matter of decades gained enormous popularity. The "stenling pictures" with signatures of obscene content and plots from the Bible with adequate texts were equally good in demand. Preachers and ruffers of all majer instantly appreciated the widest possible opportunities of the lobular agitation, printing caricatures on the Pope and his minions, calls to the rebellion and the brief theses of new teachings.

Lubok was ideal for the mass production of icons and the pictures of spiritual content, affordable even to poor people. Russian typographs and masters willingly adopted new technologies. The oldest of the found printed logs of the XVII century is "Archangel Mikhail - Governor of the Heavenly Force." Copies of famous Vladimir and Suzdal Icons, and Presentation Images "were popular with popularity. SIM Prayer deet, Ham wheat sow, the power of power has, death owns».

Lubok "Archangel Mikhail - Governor of the Heavenly Forces"

The passion for the motley pictures was quickly massive - merchants, and boyars, and officials, and townspeople were willing them. In young Peter I had more than 100 lubkov, according to which Dek Zotov taught the future autocrat read. Following the spiritual chests quickly appeared secular. At best, Ilya Muromssey, conquering enemies, the heroes of Erullans Lazarevichi and wise birds of alkonosts. In the worst - translating jokes of parsley and pokybal pictures - Jester Faros defends himself from mosquitoes, the emitting gases, paramoshka (one of the frequent heroes of the chesting plots) rides in Moscow on the subject, categorically not intended for flights and so on.

By the middle of the XVII century, European borrowings or gone from plots and graphics or adapted to local realities. Russian Lubok gained its artistic language recognizable stylistics, compositive uniformity. Art historians of the XIX century called him primitive - but to the same extent primitive painting of Paleolithic. The artist of Lubka did not set itself the task of accuracy to reproduce the proportion or to achieve portrait resemblance. He needed to create a graphic cry, an emotional promise, accessible to everyone. To, looking at the picture, the viewer immediately laughed or burst into tears, began to pray, repent or wondered by the question of "to live well in Russia." Yuri Lotman compared the Russian rogue with the space of the theater, a square verta - no wonder artists used not only parsley plots, but also a rich, figurative ripe verse. " The bird of the paradise alkonosta of Paradise is, once and the river happens on Ether to erase, then he does not feel any voice, then he does not feel himself, and who ... he is proclaiming».

Very rapidly popular folk lubok gained a topicality, responding to political, military and religious events with the speed of the media, illuminating the problem of society by the "spotlight of restructuring". Bright pictures with eidny signatures were outlined by drunks and fans of gambling, tobacco smokers and lovers to unfold, old husbands taking the young wives, mumbled over boyars who were forced to cut a beard, and with the help of the allegories - and over the king-father themselves. And agile floors with luban boxes over the shoulder delivered fun pictures to the most remote corners of Russia.

In 1674, Patriarch Joachim banned buying "Sheets of heretics, Luther and Calvinov" and making paper prints of revered icons. The lobel trading did not harm it, on the contrary - not only printed, but also drawn cheating inchs of spiritual and frankly devastating content began to appear. Raskolniki, following the example, Lutheran came to the unintellites, including with the help of popular pictures. Unnamed artists embodied folk dreams, grabbed the "fashion trends" as modern journalists would put. They were able to embody the poetry of Russian epic and fairy tales, longing for the mythical "dear to Yurusalim", the hopelessness of death and the hope of eternal life.

King Peter I, a practical person, could not ignore such a means of exposure to subjects. In 1721, a decree was issued, prohibiting the selling of the lobs, not printed in state printing photos. In the fun pictures immediately appeared the elegant ladies in the dresses with "splits" and cavallers in powded wigs and Camzoles of the European Sample. Paper portraits of crowned persons began to use much popularity ... However, they did it so carefully that in 1744 to portray the imperial family on the clubs were also banned.

By the middle of the XVIII century, the highest light of Russian society was finally magnificently literate. Affordable books, newspapers and almanacies appeared, the habit of reading - even if the Dream of Maiden Lenorman or "Russian Disabled" - I had to do with aging ladies and retired officers. From the palaces and termes, the lobok finally moved to merchant labases, handicraft workshops and peasant horses, becoming entertainment for simpleness. The technique of making pictures was improved, instead of coarse wooden boards, masters learned to make a print with thinly cut copper engravings.

Popular structures were the moral burglary, transplants of ancient manuscripts, reprints of particularly topical or sensational articles from newspapers about Whale fishing in the White Sea or the arrival of the Persian elephant to St. Petersburg. During the war of 1812, the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Japanese wars as the hot cakes flew out from the office of evil caricatures on the invaders. The figures are best talking about the demands of the Lubka - in 1893, 4,491,300 copies were printed in Russia.

At the beginning of the 20th century, folk loophobes finally became copyrighted, calculated on a low-fledged and a small rustic resident. The booksellers earned millions on the well-known pictures in the pseudo-industrial style, simplified transfers of popular fiction and Russian epics (about copyright law on texts, then did not yet stutter). The peasant artels earned decent money on the coloring of pictures "on the noses". Lubok became an income business - and almost lost the originality of the folk culture. No wonder that mast artists from the Academy squeakly wrinkled aristocratic noses at one glance at the Battle of Eruzlan Lazarevich with the king of the Polkan or the funeral of the cat (the most lively cheating plot).

It seemed that the pest pictures were immortal, but the revolution and the elimination of illiteracy that followed it was killed by the lubok, without resorting to censorship. The place of spiritual and fun literature took the literature party, place icons and portraits of kings - carved pictures from magazines. Footprints of graphic courage, shrimp and bright chesting satire can be seen in the posters of the 20s and the work of Soviet cartoonists, in the illustrations of the fairy tales of Afanasyev and Russian epic. Mice signoed the cat ... However, his death was imaginary.

Modern Lubok is an angel of Rublev on a box with sweets, Kokoshnik and a mini-skirt at a fashion show, the army "Valentines" instead of a minute of love, "Orthodox" conspiracies from damage and evil eye. Mass culture calculated on an uneducated, inattentive, seeking bright emotions of the consumer, simplification to the limit, blatant vulgarity.

Who and why called them "lobcles" - is not known. Maybe because the pictures were cut on the lime boards (and the lipa was then called the Lube), maybe they sold them in the Lubyan Founders of Offensers, or, if you believe Moscow legend, then everything went with Lubyanka - the streets on which masters lived Manufacture of lubkov.

It is the humorous folk pictures sold at the fairs back in the XVII century until the beginning of the XX -to were considered the most massive type of fine art of Russia, although the attitude towards them was frivolous, since in the higher layers of society, they categorically refused to recognize the art that they created commoner, self-taught , often on gray paper, on the joy of the peasant people. Of course, there was no little careful conservation of the chest of chest sheets, because at that time did not occur to anyone that the pictures that came out to our days will become a true heritage, a real masterpiece of Russian folk painting, in which not only the people's humor and the history of ancient Russia were embodied, But the natural talent of Russian artists, the origins of live caricature skills and colorful literary illustrative purposes.

Lubok is engraving, or writing, obtained on paper with wooden toughe. Initially, the pictures were black and white and served to decorate the royal chambers and boyars choirs, but later their production was more massive and already color. Black and white retired painted women under Moscow and Vladimir. Often, such lumpy pictures were like a modern coloring of a small child, an inept, hurry, illogical in color. However, there are a lot of pictures among them, which scientists consider particularly valuable, arguing about the inborn sense of color of artists, which allowed them to create completely unexpected, fresh combinations, unacceptable with a thorough, detailed coloring, and therefore unique.

The theme of the national pictures is very diverse: it covers the themes of religious and moral, folk epic and fairy tales, historical and medical, necessarily accompanied by an outfit or joking text that tells about the moor and the life of the time containing folk wisdom, humor, and sometimes masterfully disguised cruel political Satira.

Over time, the technique of Lobka has changed. In the 19th century, the drawing began to do not do on the tree, but on the metal, which made more elegant work to create masters. The color gamma of the Lubkov has changed, becomes more brighter and richer, moving often into a fantastic, unexpected color riot. For a long time, the lubaky pictures were spiritual food of a simple labor nation, a source of knowledge and news, as the newspapers were very small, and the lobok was popular, cheaply and spread across the country, overcoming unthinkable distances. By the end of the century, the lubric creativity has exhausted itself - new pictures are manufactured in factories appeared.

Russian Lubok is the creations of unnamed folk masters. Strongly developing under the stigma of the prissthood and a miserable, marked with a highly educated part of the Russian society, today it is recognized as a special value, is the subject of gathering and thoroughly studying many scientists not only Russia, but also foreign countries, occupying a worthy place on the walls of museums of fine art next to the works of the greatest masters of the past.

Fashing pictures appeared in Russia in the middle of the XVII century. At first they were called "Fryazhi pictures", later "sweeping sheets", and then "common arts" or "rampasters". And only from the second half of the 19th century they began to refer to "phobs". Dmitry Rovinsky, who published a collection "Russian folk pictures" made a huge contribution to the gathering of pictures. In this review, 20 of the cheating pictures from this collection, we can look at that can be infinite, discovering a lot of busy, new and interesting.

Tempora Mutantur (times change) reads the Latin proverb. Even in the first half of the 20th century, all the people were considered unworthy of the attention of intelligent and enlightened people, and the scientists themselves considered degradation to be interested in, for example, by lobal pictures. In 1824, the famous archaeologist Snegilev, who wrote an article about the chest of pads and intended to read it at a meeting of the "Society of Russian Literature Lovers", was concerned that "some of the members doubt whether it is possible to assume the reasoning about such a vulgar, an area of \u200b\u200bit in society."

Not enough of this, in the 1840s, Belinsky had to vigorously protect Dalia from the aristocrats who hurt the writer for the love of common. "A man is a man, and this is pretty - says Belinsky, - so that they were interested in them as well as every Barin. The man is our brother in Christ, and this is pretty so that we study His life and his life, meaning their improvement. If a man is not a scientist, not formed, it's not his fault", I wrote Belinsky.

But even at that time there were happy exceptions - the individuals who were under the power to fulfill the real hedgehogs, contrary to public taboos. An example of such a feat is the work of the Rovinsky "Russian folk pictures".

"Russian folk pictures"- These are the three atlas volumes and five volume volumes. A bright cheerful picture is attached to each text. The first atlas is the "fairy tales and funny sheets", the second - "historical sheets", the third - "spiritual sheets". Atlas to avoid censorship, it was published only 250 copies. Text volumes - an application to the atlas. In the three first, a description of the pictures collected in the satin are given. It should be noted that each description is made in detail in compliance with the orpography of the original, indicating the later samples, indicated the size of the picture and the method of engraving. In total, about 8,000 pictures are described in the book.

The fourth volume is valuable material for various references that may be required. Fourth Tom of Text "contributes notes to the descriptions printed in the first three books, and some additions about pictures re-acquired by me,- said Rovovsky, -after printing the first three books" The second half of this volume is an alphabetic pointer to the whole edition.

The fifth volume is divided into five chapters:
. Chapter 1. Folk pictures, cutted on the tree. Chalcography.
. Chapter 2. Where our engravers borrow translations (originals) for their pictures. Sugar, or style, drawing and writings in folk pictures. Coloring of old folk pictures was very thorough. Notes on folk pictures in the West and the nations of Eastern, in India, Japan, China and Yava. Folk pictures engraved with black manner.
. Chapter 3. Sale of folk pictures. Appointment and use of them. Supervision of the production of folk pictures and censorship them. Censorship of royal portraits.
. Chapter 4. Woman (on the appearance of the bee). Marriage.
. Chapter 5. Teaching in the old years.
. Chapter 6. Calendars and Almanaci.
. Chapter 7. Easy reading.
. Chapter 8. Legends.
. Chapter 9. Folk entertainment. Drunkenness. Diseases and medicines against them.
. Chapter 10. Music and Dance. Theatrical views in Russia.
. Chapter 11. Fragrance and jesters.
. Chapter 12. Judovo sheets for foreigners. Caricatures on the French in 1812.
. Chapter 13. People's Bogomol.
. Chapter 14. Pictures published by order of the government.

Even such a brief content indicates an infinite diversity of the folk picture. The cheating picture replaced the newspaper for the people, the magazine, the story, the novel, the caricature publication is all that they would have to give him an intelligentsia looking at him as one of his smaller brothers.

Folk pictures began to call the lobal at the beginning of the 20th century. The name is scientists dying differently. Some believe that this is a derivative of the word "Lub", on which the first pictures cut themselves, others say about the chesting boxes in which they put pictures for sale, and, in the opinion of Rovinsky, the word chest belonged to everything that was done indefinitely, badly, on Smeal hand.

In the West, engraved pictures appeared back in the XII century, and they were the cheapest way of bringing to the people of the saints, the Bible and the Apocalypse in the pictures. In Russia, engraving began at one time with a typography: already to the first printed book "Apostle", which was released in 1564, the first engraving was attached - the image of the evangelist onions on the tree. Separate sheets, the lobby pictures began to appear only in the XVII century. This undertaking was supported by Peter I, who discharged the masters from abroad and paid them sorry from the treasury. This practice has ceased only in 1827.

In the second half of the XVIII century, silvermen in the village of Izmailovo were engaged in cutting boards for folk pictures. They cut pictures on a tree or copper, and paintings were printed on the figure of Akhmetyev in Moscow, in Spassky. Printers worked in the Kovrovsky district, in the Vladimir province, in the village of Bogdanovka, as well as in Pochaevsky, Kiev and Solovetsky monasteries.

Pating Napoleon in Russia.

You could buy loud pictures in Moscow in the trolms from Nikolskaya Street, the Church of the Grebstovsky of the Mother of God, in the Trinity of Sheets, in the Novgorod Combine and mainly in Spasskit Gates. Quite often they bought them instead of wooden images, as well as to teach children.

At first, the pictures did not fall under censorship, but since 1674 decrees appear on the ban on such pictures. But folk pictures were still published and sold, not wanting to know any prohibitions or what decrees. In 1850, according to the highest order, "Moscow Governor-General Count Zhirevsky ordered the breeders of popular pictures to destroy all the boards that did not have a censored permit, and henceforth not to print those without it. In fulfillment of this order, breeders have gathered all old copper boards, they drove them with the participation of the police in pieces and sold into scrap to the bell row. So stopped its existence of an expandable folk tip. "

In contact with

Initially, the kind of folk art. It was performed in the technique of xylography, engravings on copper, lithography and complemented by coloring from hand.

Lubka is characterized by simplicity of technology, laconicism of fine funds (rude barcode, bright coloring). Often in the Lubka contained a detailed story with explanatory inscriptions and additional to the main (explanatory, complementary) images.

History

The most ancient buddies are known in China. Until the VIII century, they drew out hands. Starting from the VIII century, the first chests performed in the wood engraving are known. In Europe, the lobok appeared in the XV century. For the early European Lubka, the technique of xylography is characteristic. Later, engraving on copper and lithograph are added.

Due to its accountability and focus on the "wide masses", the lobok was used as a means of agitation (for example, "volatile leaves" during the peasant war and the Reformation in Germany, the inhibit images of the Times of the Great French Revolution).

In Germany, factories for the production of pictures were in Cologne, Munich, Neuruppin; In France - in the city of Tru. In Europe, the books and pictures of obscene content are widely common, for example, "Tableau de L'Amur Conjual" (picture of a married love). In Russia, "seductive and immoral pictures" got out of France and Holland.

Russian Lubok XVIII century is characterized by a flattened composite.

Eastern Lubok (China, India) is distinguished by bright colorful.

At the end of the XIX century, the lobok was revived in the form of comics.

In Russia

History

In Russia, the XVI century - the beginning of the XVII century was sold to the ethambi, which were called "Fryazh Sheets", or "German funny sheets".

At the end of the XVII century in the upper (court) printing house, a Fryazhsky Still was installed for printing FRACE sheets. In 1680, the Master of Athanasius Zverev cut for the king on the copper boards "all sorts of Fryazhsky Razi."

German funny sheets were sold in a vegetable row, and later on the Spassky Bridge.

Censorship and prohibitions

The Moscow Patriarch Ioakim in 1674 forbade "buy sheets, the German heretics, Lutra and Calvins, in their damned opinion, was printed. The faces of the honored saints were to be written on the board, and the printed images were intended for "Sittening".

Decree March 20, 1721 forbade the sale "on the Spassky Bridge and in other places in Moscow, composed by various officials of people ... Estamps (sheets), printer who printed than typography." In Moscow, the Isgraft Chamber was created.

The Chamber squeezed the permission to print phobs "Challenitally, except printing houses." Over time, this decree stopped being executed. There was a large number of low-quality images of saints.

Therefore, by decree of October 18, 1744, it was commanded "to represent drawings of pre-approbation of diocessed archives."

Decree January 21, 1723 demanded "Imperial person skillfully writes testified in good skills to painters with all danger and diligent care." Therefore, there are no images of the reigning persons on the chest paintings.

In 1822, the censorship of the police was introduced for the printing of the Lubkov. Some cheerbags were forbidden, the boards were destroyed. In 1826, all the ethambi (and not only the lobcas) were censored charter (and not only phlebia).

Picture plots

Initially, the plots for the internal paintings were handwritten ledges, waters, "delicate writings", oral legends, articles from translation newspapers (for example, "Kurats") and so on.

Plots and drawings borrowed from foreign almanacs and calendars. At the beginning of the XIX century, the plots are borrowed from the novels and the leader Goette, Radcliffe, Cotten, Chateaubrian and other writers.

At the end of the XIX century, pictures on themes from the Holy Scriptures, portraits of the Imperial Family, were prevailed, then genre pictures were walking, only more often moral and instructive nature (about the disastrous consequences of increasing, drunkenness, greed).

Facial editions of Erulan Lazarevich and other fairy tales, images in the faces of folk songs ("drove the boyars from Nova-Cities", "Bila Winch Washing"), female heads with bother inscriptions, images of cities ( Jerusalem - Earth PUP).

Lubkov production

The engravers were called "Fir-carved masters" (as opposed to Russian "ordinary" woodcutters). In Moscow, at the end of the XVI century, the first engrave was allegedly Andronic Timofeev Nevezhi.

The banner was called drawing and painting. In about the XVI (or in the XVII) century, the banner was divided into banning and engraving. The signman struck the drawing, engraving cut it on a blackboard, or metal.

Copying boards was called translation. Boards are originally lime, then maple, pears and palm.

Lubok was made as follows: the artist struck a pencil drawing on a lime board (Lube), then in this drawing a knife made a deepening of those places that should remain white. Lubricated by paint board under the press left on paper black contours of the picture.

Printed in this way on gray cheap paper were called face paintings. Provischy was taken to special artel. In the 19th century, special artels existed in the Moscow region and Vladimir villages, which were engaged in coloring Lubka. Engaged in the coloring lubkov women and children.

Later, a more perfect way to produce a chest painting appeared, artists-engravers appeared. With a thin cutter on the copper plates, they engraved hatching drawing, with all small details, which could not be made on a lime board.

One of the first Russian figured factories arose in Moscow in the middle of the XVIII century. The factory belonged to the merchants of Ahmethiev. In the factory worked 20 machines.

Prostovakov, that is, the cheapest pictures, the cost of ½ kopecks, was printed and painted in a Moscow county about 4 million annually. The highest price of the core patterns was 25 kopecks.

Popularity

Lubks loved in Russia immediately and without exception. They could be found in the royal chambers, in the holopena hill, at the inn, in the monasteries.

There are documents, testifying that the Patriarch Nicon was two hundred seventy pieces, mostly, however, still Fryazhsky. And the Tsarevich Peter already bought quite a few and domestic, they had about a hundred in his rooms. The reasons for so rapid and wide popularity of unacceptr seem to be two pictures.

First, the lubks replaced the simple man inaccessible to him: textbooks, starting with alphabet and arithmetic and ending with Kozmography (Astronomy), fiction - in the firmware, a series of consecutive pictures, as in the stamps of zhitsky icons, the episodes were retended or published, .

Adventure translations of novels about Beauvais Korolev and Eczalan Lazarevice, fairy tales, songs, proverbs. There were Lubki like newsletters and newspapers that reported the most important state events, about wars, about life in other countries.

There were antenaturing sacred speech, depicting the largest monasteries and cities. There were Lubki-hospitals and about all sorts of folk beliefs and signs. There were worst satirs.

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Helpful information

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origin of name

The name happened from special sawing boards, which were called Lub (deck). They are still in the XV century. wrote plans, drawings, drawings. Then there were so-called "Freaky Sheets", and later, small paper pictures began to call just a lubok (the chest folk film).

In Russia

In Russia, folk pictures were widespread in the XVII-XX centuries. They cost cheap (even low-income people could buy them) and often performed the function of decorative design. The chest sheets performed the social and entertainment role of the newspaper or the station. They are the prototype of modern calendars, posters, comics and posters. In the XVII century, painted luban cortic were widely distributed.

Types of Lubkov

• Spiritual and religious - in the Byzantine style. Image of icon type. Life of saints, parables, morals, songs, etc.
• Philosophical.
• Legal - images of lawsuits and judicial actions. The plots were often met: "Shemyakin Court" and "Yursch Ershovich Shchetnikov".
• Historical - "Uming Tale" from the chronicles. An image of historical events, battles, cities. Topographic maps.
• Fabulous - fairy tales Magic, Bogatyrs, "Tale of removed people", everyday fairy tales.
• Holidays - saints.
• Connection - Lubka with the image of riders.
• Balagenic - fun robes, satires, caricatures, bait.

Method of color

Artelers accepted from publishers-kernels orders for coloring hundreds of thousands of copies. One person as a week painted up to one thousand Lubkov - one ruble paid for such work. Profession was called a colorful. The profession disappeared after the appearance of lithographic machines.

Advantages of the printed image

The first advantages of the printing picture were diverged in Moscow all the same regulars of the Spassky Bridge, or Spassky's sacrum, as then more often called this place. Book trafficking there and to Lubka flourished - the main bargaining of Russia was in this part. But only the books sold more handwritten and very often the most poisonous properties, such as Satyric Popes of Savvah - Big Glory and Cabacter Services. The writers themselves and their friends are artists from the same simpleness - painted to these books and pictures-illustration, or sewn them into pages, or sold separately. But do you draw much of your hands?!

Manufacture

These writers and artists and drew attention to the lobs, who brought ingenus first as a gift to the Moscow King and Boyars, and then on a wide sale. It turned out that it was not so difficult to produce them, moreover, you can print from one board with many thousands of paintings, and even together with the text that cut in the same way next to the pattern. Someone from the ingenians or from Belarusians, apparently, and the first machine in Moscow built and the finished sample boards brought.

I.D. Sitin

In the second half of the XIX century, one of the largest manufacturers and distributors of the printed Lubka was I. D. Satent. In 1882, the All-Russian artistic and industrial exhibition was held in Moscow, at which the production of sink was marked by a silver medal. I. D. Sitin about 20 years collected the boards from which the phobs were printed. A collection worth several tens of thousand rubles was destroyed during a fire in the printing house of Sotin during the 1905 revolution.

Style formation

The young russian lubok, of course, borrowed from other arts, and first of all, and book miniatures, a lot and therefore for artistic terms soon became a kind of alloy, the synthesis of all the best, which developed Russian art for the previous centuries of their existence.

But only what kind of luffickers sharpened and exaggerated all the forms, to which the contrast was strengthened and the paints were rolled, they rolled it to such an extent that each sheet literally burns, splashes merry multitouch.

Nowadays

In the modern world, the Lubka style is not forgotten. It is widely used in graphics, theatrical scenery, painting and interior design. Dishes, posters, calendars are available.

In modern fashion, Lubok also found a reflection. In the framework of the 22nd "Textile Salon" in Ivanovo, the collection of Egor Zaitseva was presented, "Ivanovo. Splint".

Lubok is a special type of visual art with a figurative capacity peculiar to it. This is so-called. Folklore with a signature, a very special kind of graphic art, characterized by simplicity of performance and laconicism.

The name happened from special sawing boards, which were called Lub (deck). They are still in the XV century. wrote plans, drawings, drawings. Then the so-called appeared. "Fryazh sheets", and later, small paper pictures began to call just a lubok (the chest folk picture).

In Russia, folk pictures were widespread in the XVII-XX centuries. They cost cheap (even low-income people could buy them) and often performed the function of decorative design.

The chest sheets performed the social and entertainment role of the newspaper or the station. They are the prototype of modern calendars, posters, comics and posters.

Many already know about the deplorable situation in the field of education, which reigned in the XVII-XVIII centuries. In Russia (see). Lubok, along with other purposes, was intended to perform and enlighten the function, acquiring the low-grade segments of the population to read.

The Russian lubok differs from the rest of the decorated composition, and, for example, Chinese or Indian chests - with their bright colorfulness.

Lubok Marina Rusanova.