Treatment of fear: what underlies it? The principle of decentralization. What underlies it

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Flowers, herbs, fruits, trees - they all smell familiar and pleasant. And often it is just the component that forms our favorite scent.

But you probably know that along with floral, fruity and woody raw materials, ingredients of animal origin are used in perfumery. Perhaps yours just contains such an ingredient.

A well-known musk- sensual and languid, aphrodisiac smell extracted from the gonads of the male musk deer. This is very a pretty kind of deer, however, his fangs are quite frightening. It lives in the mountainous regions of China, Tibet, and is also found in the Russian expanses: from the lower Altai to the Amur River. Today, the musk deer is listed in the Red Book, and not only because it was actively exterminated for perfume production. The secret of the deer has found a very wide application in Chinese medicine. Musk is used in many Chinese medicines and because of this, hunting for musk deer is intensifying.

Often used in the eastern group, perfume is nothing more than a waste product of the sperm whale, or rather, a wax-like substance formed in its digestive tract. It is still not known exactly why this substance is formed inside the body of the sperm whale. There is a version that ambergris It is formed as a result of various wounds that occur when a sperm whale swallows spicy food, but scientists do not yet have 100% confidence in this. They find ambergris inside sperm whales, and on the coast of the oceans where they live.

If your favorite scent belongs to the amber group, then you will be interested to know that ambergris is fresh, white, plain and black. The most expensive and rare is white amber, it is she who exudes a delicate sweetish aroma. Fresh and black ambergris have not lain in water for a long time, have not acquired the desired shade of smell, and therefore are not suitable for perfumery products. But the usual, along with white, is used. It, unlike white amber, can be purchased in the respective markets, while the right to purchase white amber has long and firmly settled with manufacturers of elite perfumes.

Ambergris, like musk, is actively used in alternative medicine. Today, a synthetic ambergris substitute is often used to produce a favorite scent. And, probably, this saved many sperm whales from hunting them.

Less known and not so often used is another element of animal origin - civet. This is the secret of a wild African cat, or rather a civet from the Viver family. In nature, there are 6 types of civet, African - the largest. Outwardly, the civet resembles a marten (muzzle) and a cat (trunk), which is why it is also called a weaver cat. In addition to Africa, the animal can also be found in India.

Actually civet nowadays it is imported mainly from Indonesia. And in the old days, as books testify, Dutch merchants kept several animals right in Amsterdam in special cages and 2-3 times a week, using a spatula, they collected secretions for further use in perfumery.

They say that the smell of civet itself is very unpleasant, but perfume masters exist to know in what concentration to take this substance and with what to mix it so that an unforgettable delicate, floral, beloved aroma appears.

Maybe if your belongs to the flower-fruit group, then its constituent is civet.

As you can see, the saddest fate befell the musk deer, this species is almost on the verge of extinction. Perhaps, over time, the natural components of the perfume of animal origin will be completely replaced by synthetic ones. Or, at least, they will find a more humane way to get them, so that the favorite aroma that gives us so much pleasure is not the reason for someone's extermination.

Typical forms of pathology

Typical forms of pathology (TPP) of tissues, individual organs and their physiological systems are also components of individual diseases.

Various TPPs that develop in a particular tissue or organ are accompanied by a number of pathological and adaptive changes specific to these tissues or organs. The totality of such interrelated changes is designated as a typical form of pathology of this tissue or organ.

Example. Typical form of pathology: anemia.

A variety of reasons can cause hemolysis of erythrocytes, disruption of their formation and maturation, their loss during bleeding and hemorrhage. But all these states are characterized by one natural, obligatory change - a decrease in the content of hemoglobin (Hb) per unit volume of blood. Such a typical, stereotyped form of the pathology of the erythrocyte system is referred to as "Anemia". In turn, anemia as a TFP of the erythrocyte system can be a component of a variety of diseases (for example, leukemia, renal failure, vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia, radiation sickness, atrophic gastritis, etc.).

Signs of typical forms of pathologies

Like typical pathological processes, TFP of organs and tissues have a number of characteristic features:

Polyetiology;

Monopathogenicity;

The complexity of the processes of damage and adaptation;

Standard manifestations;

Inclusion as a component in the pathogenesis of many specific diseases.

Examples. TFP of organs and tissues (in addition to the above-mentioned anemia) includes cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, nephritic syndrome, uremia, liver failure, leukemia, hyperthyroid states, syndromes of neurogenic movement and / or sensitivity disorders, neurosis, and a number of others.

Tasks of pathophysiology

Pathophysiologists solve the problems of developing problems of the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, the mechanisms of their manifestations, formulating the principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.

Etiology

Pathophysiologists find out, describe and explain the causes and conditions for the occurrence of various forms of pathology (diseases, painful conditions, pathological syndromes, etc.). Knowing these factors allows us to answer the question Why does it occur?

Pathogenesis

Pathophysiologists investigate, describe and explain the mechanisms of development of various forms of pathology and their manifestations. This makes it possible to answer the question How is it developing? some form of pathology.

Diagnostics

Pathophysiologists formulate and substantiate the principles and methods for detecting (diagnosing) diseases, pathological processes, conditions and reactions. The solution of this problem is based on knowledge of the mechanisms of their occurrence, development and completion. This makes it possible to scientifically substantiate a rational scheme of diagnostic search for each specific patient, i.e. answer the question " How to identify?» disease or pathological process.

Treatment and prevention

Pathophysiologists formulate and argue the strategy, principles and methods of treatment, as well as the prevention of various forms of pathology, i.e. answer the question " How can they be treated and prevented?».

Methods of pathophysiology

In pathophysiology, both in an academic discipline and as a scientific specialty, a large number of methods are used: modeling, theoretical analysis, clinical research, methods of other biomedical disciplines (biochemical, morphological, biophysical, statistical, etc.). Together, these types of methods make it possible to obtain objective information about the etiology, pathogenesis and manifestations of pathological processes and diseases in each individual patient, as well as under experimental conditions.

I. The concept of "being" is central to philosophy. The concepts of “matter” and “consciousness” are closest to it.

The nature of understanding the essence of the existence of matter, consciousness is the main indicator of the philosopher's belonging to one or another philosophical school or direction.

The concept of "being" is equivalent to the terms "reality", "existing", "something". Although the extreme breadth of the concept of "being" makes it difficult to define it, nevertheless, some of its main features can be indicated:

"Being" is the broadest of philosophical concepts.

"Being" is the opposite of the concept of "non-being", which Democritus called "emptiness", and the religious philosophers of the Middle Ages - "nothing", from which God created the Earth. The philosophical categories of non-existence and being correlate with each other in the same way as the mathematical concepts of zero and an infinite natural series of numbers, which begins with a simple unit. In modern philosophy and natural sciences, the category of non-existence is described as vacuum or interstellar space. However, in modern science, non-existence is presented not as emptiness, but as a kind of other existence, a creative, active, generative, meaning-forming principle, or pra-matter.

Existence consists in the fact that, unlike structureless nonexistence, it has its own structure. Life is varied and varied. As its main forms, material, ideal, human can be distinguished in it, each of which is subdivided into many others. Non-existence or other existence - one, unstructured; existence is many, many.

Being, unlike non-being, emptiness, vacuum is characterized by various properties. The most important of them are connections, relationships, dependencies, influences between individual parts and objects of being, including causal ones. The properties of non-existence are much more limited: they, in fact, come down to the ability of non-existence to isolate from itself, to generate being, to create it.

Nevertheless, in spite of its diversity, being is one, or as it is now expressed, continual, reducible to a single basis, just as an infinite natural series of numbers is reduced to one. This property of being V.S. Solovyov expressed the category of unity.

However, in understanding the essence of the common basis of being, philosophers of different directions had many differences.

How can one characterize the various interpretations of the essence of being in the history of philosophical thought?

Initially, in the VII-VI centuries. BC e., ancient philosophers (Thales, Heraclitus) understood the material fundamental principle of the world as being. But then his understanding became very diverse. Therefore, it is advisable to classify different approaches to understanding this complex philosophical category. Let's highlight the main ones first.

Philosophers-materialists believed that being is material. It can be air, water, fire, earth and other natural elements. So, according to Democritus, being are atoms: “Democritus considers the nature of the eternal to be small entities, infinite in number. He called them atoms, because they are solid and indivisible.

Philosophers-idealists, on the contrary, recognized being as ideal, believing that it is based on the idea, the universal mind, God, etc. In particular, Plato and his supporters “... called things ideas... they came to the conclusion that there is an idea of ​​everything... and everything sensibly perceived exists apart from them and is named according to them, because through participation in eidos there is a whole multitude things of the same name with them" 2 . (Aristotle. Metaphysics. Works. In 4 volumes. T.1. - M., 1984. - P.328.)

Substantiating their position on the essence of being, idealist philosophers specifically pointed out that although there is not a gram of material in the ideal, it nevertheless forms a special ideal world, an independent, real world. While the forms of material existence are finite, vague, transient, the ideal contains the possibility of immortality. These features of the spiritual, ideal superiority over the material also led to the emergence of teachings that denied not only the primacy of the material, but even any role of matter for man. This position was held by George Berkeley (1685-1753) and other subjective idealist philosophers.

Representatives of this philosophical school generally denied the existence of any objective - material or ideal - basis of the world. From their point of view, the basis of the world is subjective, i.e. is not outside the person, but in him, in his spiritual world.

So, according to Berkeley and Ernst Mach (1838-1916), who supported him, for a person, it is not abstract matter that really exists, but only separate things. But they are given to us only in consciousness, thinking as "complexes of sensations." They are the real reality for us. As for the category of matter, then, according to Berkeley, some philosophers need it only as "an excuse for idle talk."

Modern philosophy seeks to get rid of extremes in the interpretation of the concept of "being". In its modern understanding, various ideas are summed up, integrated, as it were.

1.What is conflict? What is at its core?

2. Determine the possible consequences of functional conflict.

3. Revealing the role of dysfunctional conflicts.

4. What types of conflicts do you know? Give their characteristics
ku. Think of one or more of the four types of conflicts from
Of your life.

5. Name and explain the main causes of conflicts.

6. Describe the five basic styles of relationships between people, using
used to resolve conflict.

7. Name and explain the four phases of conflict development.

8. How do you understand stress?

9. Present and explain the stress response model.

10. Name the causes of stress.

Literature

1.Borodin F.M., Koryak NM. Attention: conflict. M., 1989.

2. Vishnyakova N.F. Conflict is creativity. Mn., 1994.

3. Siegert W., Leng L. Lead without conflict. M., 1990.

4. Lukyan Ya.A Communication barriers, conflicts, stress... Mn., 1989.

5. Mescon M.H, Albert M, Hedouri F Fundamentals of management. M.,
1992.

6. Selye T. Stress without distress / Per. from English. M., 1982.

7. Khramov O.V. Methods of cognition and overcoming conflict systems
tuations. L., 1989.

8. Andreev V.I. Conflictology. Art of dispute, conflicts.
Kazan, 1992.

9. Kremen M.A. Team management. M., 1997.

CHAPTER 12 THE ART OF COMMUNICATION

Importance of business communication Forms and organization of communication

12.1. The Importance of Business Communication

Communication is the main form of human existence, the eternal property of man. The French writer A. de Saint-Exupery called the communication of people a luxury. This luxury makes a man a man. Lack or lack of communication deforms the human personality.

Thus, communication is the most important form of human interaction. It is at the core of almost everything we do. In the life of most people, communication processes take up to 70% of the time, and managers spend an average of 80% of their working time on various types of communication. It is an ongoing process that people use to communicate organizational goals, provide feedback, and make adjustments (Figure 12.1).

The ability to communicate has always been one of the most important human qualities. We treat people who easily make contacts and know how to win over with sympathy, and with closed ones we try either not to communicate at all, or to enter into limited contacts, only in case of emergency.

Communication serves the vital purpose of establishing relationships and cooperation between people. Almost all business problems are related in one way or another to communication, because communication is a process of transferring ideas, thoughts and feelings, bringing them to understanding by other people. This process dominates our lives. Many people think that communication is

a universal element of the human experience and therefore take it for granted. It is widely believed that communication is a simple instinctive process that is given to people naturally, from birth. In fact, studies show that communication is an incredibly subtle and complex activity. And a lot depends on how well communication is built: the effectiveness of negotiations, the degree of mutual understanding with partners, customers and employees, the satisfaction of employees of the organization with their work, the moral and psychological climate in the team, relationships with other enterprises and organizations, as well as with government agencies.

Rice. 12.1. Model of the communication process

Management is one of the most important areas where communication plays a decisive role. For a modern manager, a person who has to work with people, the ability to communicate is vital. This is the most important skill a manager should have. The level of sociability of the manager affects the success of the organization (Fig. 12.2).

Efficiency was assessed on a special scale. The high efficiency of leadership corresponds to two levels of manifestation of sociability of leaders: 8-10 and 14-15 points of sociability. These levels correspond to high 296

production efficiency. Approximately equally low indicators of leadership effectiveness are observed in the groups "closed" (up to 4 points) and "highly sociable" (over 16 points of sociability).

Rice. 12.2. The influence of the level of sociability of the manager on the success of the functioning of the organization

The negative impact of ultra-low sociability of managers on the results of work is understandable, but the negative impact on the effectiveness of management, the high sociability of the leader (more than 16 points), is of interest.

What are the reasons for this phenomenon? It would seem that the more sociable a person is, the more contact he is, and this will not fail to affect the results of work. In fact, this is not so.

As can be seen from fig. 12.2, and isolation, and high, and ultra-high sociability limit the cognitive abilities of leaders to analyze, study and evaluate both members of the team and the situation as a whole in which the team works. When making managerial decisions, they can often be guided by external signs, which naturally affects their quality.

High sociability can prevent managers from focusing on solving the main issues of interaction in the team, cause difficulties in concentrating

mania. All this has a negative impact on the results of interaction in the team, especially on the results of labor.

As a rule, team members have a socio-psychological setting for a certain level of communication with leaders. Supersocial and closed leaders cause a mismatch between their behavior and the attitudes of the team members, which generally negatively affects the formation of the socio-psychological climate in the team.

Highly sociable leaders can often simply interfere with the work of the team, distract them with a large number of contacts.

When interacting with performers, the mechanism of "blocking" communication with them is triggered, so communication is based on conditions that are far from optimal.

A manager who does not have the proper sensitivity to communication, as a rule, wastes a lot of time and energy, increasing the dissatisfaction of subordinates. Therefore, the manager must understand that the ability to communicate is no less important element of his professional activity than special knowledge and work skills.

Good day, dear friends. Today, there are practically no people who would not know about cryptocurrencies. But it is not even the digital assets themselves that are of particular importance, but the technology that they popularize - this is the blockchain.

Blockchain itself is the epitome of decentralization and a possible financial revolution that is already approaching. Without a doubt, this technology has a very serious potential, and in the future it will certainly show itself from the best side.

Yes, so far everything is happening at the test level, but let's make allowances for the fact that blockchain is a very young technology. The principle of decentralization, which is embedded in it, can change not only the financial sector, but our whole life as a whole.

In 2017, there was a lot of talk about the blockchain and the principle of decentralization, but in 2018 they have become much less. The cost of many cryptocurrencies continued to actively decline, and the voices of many adherents of digital assets gradually began to subside. Given such a large-scale information lull, one might think that the technology itself has lost its former glory.

The picture was aggravated by the fact that the governments of many countries spoke out extremely negatively against cryptocurrencies, and various forums were full of topics that cryptocurrencies are a universal evil and a fraud on a large scale. The opinion began to spread that against the backdrop of all this chaos reigning in this area, blockchain technology began to lose relevance. If you share this opinion, then you are probably extremely far from the truth.

Now we will try to figure it out with you and find confirmation that the principle of decentralization is alive and continues to improve. We will not go into philosophical conjectures and reasoning, but simply resort to consideration of dry facts. And as you know, you can't argue against the facts.

MACHINES WILL BE SMART

From the very beginnings of the global industrial revolution, people have been creating machines, further fully controlling their work. Over time, machines have already become full partners for humans, helping them solve a bunch of important issues. Now there are many things in which machines are superior to us. Elementary, in order to calculate something, we resort to the help of a calculator. If something needs to be translated, we turn to online translators. And there are many such examples. The fact remains that machines have become indispensable companions in human activities, making it easier for him to solve certain problems.

However, artificial intelligence technologies that so excite our consciousness can only be considered the tip of the iceberg today. Now there are many organizations that themselves develop platforms that operate on the basis of artificial intelligence. But the real breakthrough will come when organizations start teaming up and creating AI-powered platforms that will be more technologically advanced when grouped together. It will become a global and perfect mechanism that will change our lives forever.

Let's look at absolutely real examples. Now, many large banks already have platforms built on the basis of AI, and they help to identify the possibility of fraud in certain payments. Each bank develops its own model based on its own statistics. Such banks are able to fight back fraudsters more quickly and efficiently, and this is their main competitive advantage.

VIDEO

But despite this, fraudulent activities with various payments remain a problem of the modern financial model. But, let's be frank, any bank first of all seeks to lobby its own goals. The benefit for the bank is much more important than the benefit it can bring to society.

Now it is very unlikely that banks around the world will create their own conglomerate, within which a single perfect AI model that prevents fraud will be derived. Banks, one way or another, compete with each other, and it is unlikely that they will form an alliance in the foreseeable future. If this does not happen, then the problems of fraud will remain open.

It is very interesting that within the framework of such a trend, the principle of decentralization will allow all financial structures not only to maintain their economic value, but also to bring significant benefits to society. How can it work? Theoretically, banks can create a single AI model that will be stored on the blockchain.

Any participant can easily get the latest copy of the model from the blockchain, train it according to their own principles, and put it back into the blockchain, confirming the fact that the training has passed.

If the network recognizes that training has had a positive impact on the performance of the model, then this will automatically spread to other participants, which will allow maintaining the high efficiency of the system and its constant modernization.

As a reward, a participant who has successfully trained the system can receive additional rewards in the form of tokens that will be generally accepted within the network. Thus, the model will be constantly improved, and each individual participant will be able to maintain the economic value of their own data, thereby acting for the benefit of both themselves and society as a whole.

MACHINES WILL START TALKING

As a striking example, we can cite cars with unmanned control, which is already becoming a kind of trend. If machines are self-governing, then they need a way in which they can communicate.

Direct and established communication simply cannot be provided through centralized systems. The fact is that if at least one element of the centralized network fails, then the entire system may collapse. If we talk specifically about cars, then such problems can provoke numerous accidents. If machines can communicate with each other, then dependence on centralized networks can have a number of specific dangers.

With the advent of self-driving cars, there will also be new economic models of particular interest.

For example, on what basis will the car decide that it is necessary to give way to another vehicle?

I think it would be logical if the cars can negotiate with each other, based on the preferences of the passenger being transported. For example, if a passenger is in a hurry, then he can pay a certain amount to other road users so that you let him through.

Accordingly, those participants in the movement who are not particularly in a hurry let others pass and receive their reward. Perhaps, over time, within the framework of this issue, two options will become relevant, according to which the passenger will initially decide how to go:

• Get to the required point faster by paying a reward to other road users.
• Get to the point more slowly, skipping those who are in a hurry, but getting a reward in the process.

Such communication must take place directly between vehicles. At the same time, it must function without interruption in 24/7 mode, which can only be provided by a decentralized network.

HOW TO NOT MISS AN OPPORTUNITY

First of all, it is now necessary to strive for new knowledge, while others remain in the dark. The principle of decentralization is perfectly applicable not only on the stock exchange, but also in many areas of our activity. It is not known what the fate of cryptocurrencies is in the future, but the principles that the blockchain imposes are really valuable and can change our lives beyond recognition in the future.