Answer the question when Russians have named after Russians, not so simple. The fact is that the names in Russia were formed mainly from the patient, nickname or generic names, and this process was gradual.

It is believed that the first in Russia began to wear the names of the citizens of the Great Novgorod, which was then the republic, as well as residents of Novgorod possessions, staging throughout the north of the Baltic to the Urals. This occurred presumably in the XIII century. So, in the annals for 1240, the names of the fallen in the Nevsky Battle of Novgorod are mentioned: "Kostyantin Lugotinitz, the pineshinic sees". In the chronicles of 1268, there are the names of the "TDDIDISOLA Cherry, Nikifora Radäyatinich, Tverdislav Moysievich, Mikhail Krivsevich, Boris Ildyatinich ... Vasil Voiborzovich, Zhiroslava Doromilovich, a plow of the Sousse". In 1270, as the chronicler reports, Prince Vasily Yaroslavich went on a campaign to Tatars, taking with him "Petrila Levchaga and Mikhail Pinechinich." As you can see, these surnames did not care about modern and were formed, most likely, by patchedations, generic or baptistic names, nicknames or place of residence.

Come from north

Perhaps the most ancient surnames still follow the names ending with suffixes -Ih. According to experts, they appeared at the turn of the I-II Millenniums and occurred mainly from family nicknames. Let's say that members of one family could give such nicknames as short, white, red, black, and their descendants were called in the parent or proposed case: "Whose will you?" - "Short, white, red, black". Doctor of Philological Sciences A.V. Superanskaya writes: "The head of the family is called gold, the whole family is gold. A leaving or leaving from the family next generation is gold. "

Historians suggest that these surnames were born in the north, and subsequently spread in the central regions of Russia and the Pre-Ural. Many such names are found among Siberians: it was associated with the beginning of the conquest of Siberia in the second half of the XVI century. By the way, according to the rules of the Russian language, such names are not inclined.

Surnames from Slavic names and nickname

There were also surnames arising from Old Russian worldly names. For example, from the Slavic names of their own wait and loved the last name of Zhdanov and Lyubimov later. Many surnames are formed from the so-called "security" names: it was believed that if you give a baby name with a negative color, it would scare from it dark forces and failures. So from the names-nicknames of Nekras, Daughty, hunger, the surnames of Nekrasov, Durov, Chertanov, Zlobin, Union, hunger.

Noble surnames

Only later, in the XIV-XV centuries, the names began to appear in princes and boyars. Most often, they were formed from the name of the lot, which was owned by Prince or Boyar, and subsequently crossed his descendants: Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky. Some of the noble surnames occurred from the nickname: Gagarins, humpbalance, eyes, likings, sneaks. Sometimes the surname united the name of the dot with the nickname, such as Lobanov-Rostovsky.

One of the most ancient naval surnames - Golitsyn - originates from the ancient word "Golitsa" ("Galicians"), which meant leather mittens used in various works. Another oldest nobility name - Morozov. It was the first to be Misha Prussin, who was particularly distinguished in 1240 in the battle of the Swedes: his name was glorified in the life of Alexander Nevsky. This race also became known thanks to the famous splitter - Fedosier Morozova.

Merchant surnames

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, the names began to wear serve people, clergy and merchants. However, the richest merchants acquired last names even earlier, in the XV-XVI centuries. Basically, these were again residents of the northern regions of Russia - say, Kalinikov, Stroganov, Perminov, Ryazantsev. Kuzma Minin, the son of Mina Ankudinova, from Balakhna, received his own last name at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. Often merchant surnames reflected the occupation of their owner. So, Rybnikov traded fish.

Peasant family names

The peasants had no name for long, with the exception of the population of the northern part of Russia, once belonging to Novgorod, since there was no serfdom. Take, for example, the "Arkhangelsky man" Mikhail Lomonosov or Nanny Pushkin - the Novgorod peasant of Arina Rodionovna Yakovlev.

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They had names and the Cossacks, as well as the population of land, previously included in People's Communications: the territories of the current Belarus to Smolensk and Vyazma, Malororsia. Possessed the names most of the indigenous inhabitants of the Chernozem Gubernia.

Massly assign the surnames to the peasants only after the cancellation of serfdom. And some and at all got surnames only during the years of Soviet power.

Why are some Russian surnames end on "-in", and others - on "-s"?

Incoming Russian surnames are those who end in "-", "-Ev" or "-in" ("-yn"). Why exactly are the Russians most often wear?

The surnames with the suffixes of "-ov" or "-Ev" are worn, according to various data, 60-70% of the indigenous people of Russia. It is believed that mostly these surnames have a generic origin. At first they took place from patient. For example, Peter, Son Ivan, called Peter Ivanov. After the names entered the official source (and it happened in Russia in the XIII century), the names began to give named senior in the family. That is, the son and grandson, and the great-grandfather of Ivan become Ivanov.

But the names were given and nicknames. So, if a person, for example, was nicknamed by fabor, then his descendants received the name of the flamelessness.

Often they gave the names by occupation. The son of the Blacksmith was the name of Kuznetsov, the Son of the Carpenter - Carpenters, the son of Gonchar - Goncharov, the priest - Popov. The same name was their children.

The surnames with the suffix "-Ev" were delivered to those who had the ancestors and nicknames, and whose professions ended with a soft consonant - so, the son of Ignatius was called Ignatiev, the son of a man in a nicknamed Bully - Bondarev's son, Bondarev's Son.

Where did the names for "-in" or "-yn" come from?

The second place in terms of prevalence in Russia occupies surnames with the suffix "-in", or less commonly, "-yn". They are worn about 30% of the population. These surnames could also occur from names and nicknames of ancestors, from the names of their professions, and in addition, from the words with the end of the "-A", "-I" and from the nouns of the female kind with the end of the soft consonant. For example, the name Minin meant: "Son Mina." The Orthodox Mina Name was widespread in Russia.

Surname Syin occurred from one of the forms of the semyon (the old form of this Russian name - Simeon, which means "heard by God"). And in our time the surnames Ilyin, Fomin, Nikitin are common. The surname Rogozhin reminds that the ancestors of this man traded the corporal or manufactured it.

Most likely, nicknames or professional classes formed the basis of the names of Pushkin, Gagarin, Borodin, Birdryn, Belkin, Korovin, Zimin.

Meanwhile, experts on word formation believe that the surname does not always clearly indicate the nationality of a person or its distant ancestors. To determine this with confidence, you must first find out what the word lies with it. published.

Irina Shlionskaya

P.S. And remember, just changing your consciousness - we will change the world together! © Econet.

A merchant is not such an ancient profession as a hunter, but still quite an old specialty in the field of entrepreneurship, that is, activities aimed at systematic receipt of profits from trade.

Fundamental basis

In Russia, merchants were already in the 9th century. In those days, the state of state was filled mainly at the expense of Dani, charged from the conquered peoples. The second article of income was trade. She was the engine of progress. Cities were built mainly on the banks of the rivers who served trade routes. According to historical information, the Scythians did not have other roads at all. Coastal cities became first shopping centers, and then crafts developed in them. In ancient Russia, the merchant is not only a merchant. Which is installed in Tver, in his homeland, was and who walked "for the three seas", and the discoverer, and the diplomat. And the famous legendary Novgorod merchant Sadko is guarded and on the bottom of the sea.

Trading routes

Thanks to the merchandise and its representatives of the merchants, such great trading routes were opened as "from the Varyag in the Greeks", the "Great Silk Road", which is called the "crossroads of civilizations", "Chumatsky Shaty", the famous "path of incense", crossing and many others. The merchants were Russian princes, who were forced to somehow get rid of the surplus genuine Dani or accumulated money, spending them on overseas wonder. A merchant is the main informant in those distant times "Well, behind the sea il bad? And what's the miracle in the world? " - found out only from representatives of this multifaceted profession.

Petrovsky reforms touched all

This type of activity was respected, merchants were an important estate at all times. About commercial enterprise Russians were composed of legends. Vintage merchant houses often came to help state. The richest stroganov discovered new lands, built plants, erected temples. In some historical studies, Peter I defeated merchants, as a result of which many species of Russian crafts were killed, loved ones and supported by merchants. The king conducted reforms, as a result of which the old form of merchant associations "hundreds" was abolished, and they came to replace the guild. It was or bad, but merchants did not die.

Rich and kind

Mercury developed and gained strength, the best representatives of this class were leached before the nobility assigning them for special merits to the Fatherland. For example, managers. The Moscow Dynasty founded the noble race, and Ivan Vasilyevich (1843-1901) was sent to the secret adviser. Novgorod dynasty, which was the founder of which was a frightened peasant, already in the third generation began to belong to the highest class. The motto of this family was the words "sacrificing and guardianship." The same can be said about the very considerable number of Russian entrepreneurs. This is a special mentality of the domestic merchant. Russian merchant is in most cases benefactors and patron. The names of the largest merchants-patrons, the memory left by them, in Russian history occupy a special place. Who does not know the merchant Tretyakov, the founder of the art gallery of his name. Even who is at least a little familiar with the history of Russia, know the names and acts of the best representatives of this class - Mammoth and Morozov (the legendary Sava Morozov), the foundations and Botkin, Shchukins and Prokhorov. A large number of hospitals, houses of charity, theaters and libraries of Russia were built on merchants.

Positive and negative images

However, in Russian literature, the image of the merchant is rather negative. In many plays of the Ostrovsky, the merchant medium is ridiculed, and the merchant himself is rather tricky farewell than the educated generous man. Kustodiev merchants and checkmarkets personify the fact that with a mockery called "merchant taste." Negative image adds features and reviews of foreigners. In this regard, I would like to note that the Russians, about which foreigners respond well, generally extremely few. Their opinion should not be a sentence. Many well-known writers over merchants fired. But Kalashnikov from Lermontov is very good. It concentrated the best traits of merchants - honesty, decency, courage, willingness to give life for the good name of a loved one. There were, of course, in this environment and passing. And in which environment they are not? And then, merchants, as noted above, was divided into guild. To the third, with a small capital (500 rubles) any irresponsible people could relate. But the wealthy Russian merchants living in sight of everyone who think about their brand, for the most part there were few sense and decent, and fanatically honest people. "The word of the merchant" is not a legend. Of course, not all transactions were only orally. But this merchant word was kept hard, otherwise it would not be a legend in a good sense of the word.

Mercury is a trade estate. There is in Russia from ancient times. In the notes of Byzantine Imp. Constantine Bagryanorogennoe tells about the activities of Russian merchants in the 1st floor. X in. According to him, from November of the month, as soon as the road was frozen and a sledaway was installed, Russian merchants left the city and went deep into the country. All the winter they bought the goods to grant the goods, and also collected from the residents of tribute to pay for the protection that the city gave them. In the spring, the merchants returned to Kiev on the Dnieper with a hollow water and on the courts prepared by the time they went to Tsargrad. It was difficult and dangerous was this way. And only a big guard saved the caravan of Smolensk, Lishech, Chernihiv, Novgorod, Zhegorkinskie merchants from numerous robbers. Blowing the Dnieper, went out into the sea, holding the shore, because at any time, the quilts could die from the steep wave.
In Tsargrad, Russian merchants traded six months. According to the contract, they could not remain for the winter. They placed them not in the city itself, but at the Saint Mom (Monastery of St. Mamanta). During his stay in Tsargrad, Russian merchants used various benefits provided by the Greek emperor. In particular, they sold their goods and bought Greek, without paying duty; In addition, they were allocated free food and allowed to use the bath. At the end of the bargain, the Greek authorities provided our merchants edible goods and ship tackles. Returned home not earlier than October, and there was no longer the November again, and it was necessary to go deep into the country, to the grades, selling what was brought from Byzantium, and buy goods for foreign trade for the next year. Such entrepreneurial activity was carried out by Russia not one century. The cycle of trading life played a huge role in the development and association of Russian lands. An increasingly greater number of people became involved in this economic activity, becoming blood interested in its results.
However, Russian merchants led the trade not only with the Tsargrad, from where the silk fabrics were exported, gold, lace, wine, soap, sponges, various delicacies. Bolshaya Trade was carried out with Varyags, which bought bronze and iron products (especially swords and axes), Tin and lead, as well as with Arabs - from where the beads came to the country, precious stones, carpets, safyan, sabers, spices.
The fact that the trade was carried out very large, testifies the nature of the treasures of the time that is still in abundance are near the old towns, on the shores of large rivers, on wolf, near the former polls. In these treasures are not uncommon Arab, Byzantine, Roman and Western European coins, including even minted in the VIII century.
There were many shopping and commercial settlements around Russian cities. It was converged here for trading, or, as they called, "Guests", merchants, Bobrovniki, Bortnikov, Hormols, Smolokur, Lykoders and other then "industrialists". These places received the name of the mistakes (from the word "Guest"). Later, after the adoption of Christianity, in these places, as the most visited, the churches were built and cemeteries were placed. Transactions were made here, contracts were concluded, the tradition of fair trade was made from here. The churches in the basements were kept necessary for trade inventory (scales, measures), the goods were consumed, and trading contracts were stored. For this clergy charged a special duty from merchants.
The first Russian audience of Russian law was permeated by the spirit of merchants. When you read his articles, you are convinced that he could arise in society, where trade was the most important occupation, and the interests of the inhabitants are closely related to the result of trading operations.
True, "the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky writes, - strictly distinguishes the return of property for storage -" fuck "from the" loan ", a simple loan, a favor of friendship from the return of money in growth from a certain agreed percentage, the percentage loan is short-term - from Long-term and finally, the loan is from the Trade Commission and the contribution to the trade company enterprise from an indefinite lady or dividend. True, it is further given a certain procedure for collecting debts from an untenabolic debtor when eliminating his affairs, knows how to distinguish the inconsistency of maliciousness from the unfortunate. What is a trade loan and the operation on credit - well known to the Russian truth. Guests, non-resident or foreign merchants, "launched the goods" for merchants of the native, that is, they sold them in debt. The merchant gave a guest, a merchant fellow countryman who traded with other cities or lands, "Kuna in Buy", to the commission for the purchase of goods on the side; The capitalist entrusted to the merchant "Kuna in Guest", for turnover from the Barysh. "
City entrepreneurs, rightly notes Klyuchevsky, were that employees, the rivals of the Prince of Power, which reflected their large role in society. The legislation of Russian cherished the life of the merchant, the penalty was abandoned by his head twice as long as the head of a simple person (12 hryvnia and 5-6 hryvnia).

A successful increase in merchant activities in ancient Russia was confirmed by the development of credit relations. Novgorod Fombing (Clement), who lived in K. XII - N. XIII century, combined his wide trading activities with the provision of loans (return of money in growth). The cloyt was a member of the "merchant hundred" (the union of Novgorod entrepreneurs), it was mainly affordably afforded fisheries and cattle breeding. By the end of his life, he belonged to four villages with gardens. Before his death, he was the spiritual, which listed over a dozen different kinds of people associated with entrepreneurial activities. From the list of debtors, cities shows that he also issued "Pravish Silver", for which percentages were charged in the form of an approach. The activity of the cloyt was such that he not only provided loans, but also took them. So, he bequeathed in the payment of debt to his creditors Danil and the warrior two villages. All its state of the cloyt tested the Novgorod Yuryev Monastery - typical of that time case.
One of the most characteristic merchant cities was Novgorod the Great. Trade there lived a majority of the population here, and the merchant was considered the main figure, which fairy tales and legends were about. A typical example - Novgorod epics about the merchant Sadko.
Novgorod merchants led their trade and commercial activity by artels, or companies that made themselves well armed detachments. Merchant artels in Novgorod numbered dozens, depending on the goods they produced, or the terrain where they went to trade. There were, for example, Pomeranov merchants who were trading in the Baltic or White Seas, the lower merchants who had cases in the Suzdal region, etc.
The most solid Novgorod merchants were united in the Chamber of Commerce and Industry "Association", then "Ivanovo Hundred", which had its own center near the church of St. John the Forerunner in Opera. A public seating courtyard was located here, where merchants folded their products, and also "Gridnitsa" (Big Chamber), a kind of hall for business meetings. At the General Meeting of "Ivanovo a hundred", merchants chose an older who led the affairs of this "Association", watched the public cash register and the design of business documents.
Near the church passed a bargaining, there were special scales under which elected jury were observed for the correct weight and trade. For weighing, as well as the sale of goods, a special duty was charged. In addition to high weights near the church, small, which served for weighing precious metals, whose ingots replaced coins.
The contradictions that arose between merchants and buyers were solved in a special trading court, whose chairman was thousands of.
The merchants who were entering "Ivanovo Hundred" possessed great privileges. In case of financial difficulties, they provided a loan or even quoted care. With dangerous trading operations from Ivanovo Hundred, you could get an armed detachment for protection.
However, only a very wealthy merchant could join Ivanovo. To do this, at the Association Cassus, it was necessary to make a big contribution - in 50 hryvnia - and, moreover, donate to the Church of St. John in Okoka is almost 30 hryvnias (for this money you could buy a flock of 80 oxen). But, joining Ivanovo, the merchant and his children (participation was hereditary) immediately occupied the honorary position in the city and received all the privileges associated with this.
Large mutually beneficial trade of Novgorod merchants led to the Hanseatic Union. Novgorod merchants bought across Russia and sold linen fabrics, isolated leather, resin, and high quality wax, hops, stroke forest, honey, fur, bread. From Hanseans, Novgorod merchants received wine, metals, salt, saffyan, gloves, painted yarn and different luxury items.
A highly developed system of merchant entrepreneurship with people's self-government was the main conditions for the economic prosperity of ancient Novgorod, which was repeatedly noted by foreign merchants and travelers.
In addition to "Ivanovo a hundred" in Russian cities, there were other professional associations of merchants. In the XIV-XVI centuries. Trade entrepreneurs who had shops at the city trade ("Rows") united in self-governed organizations whose members were called "rowers".
The rankings were ordered by the territory allotted under the bench, had their elected elder, had special rights to sell their goods. Most often, their center was the patronal church (the goods were kept in the basements), they often provided even judicial functions. The property position of the merchants was unequal. The most rich was the "guests-Surozen" - merchants who were trading with the Souther and other cities of the Black Sea region. The merchants of the Sukonny series were wealthy - "Swincniki" who traded bridally from the west cloth. In Moscow, the Church of John Zlatoust was the patronized temple of "guests-Surezhan". Belonging to the Moscow guests corporation was apparent about the same rules as in the Novgorod "Ivanovo Service". The situation in this corporation was also hereditary. Guests headed the merchant caravans sent to the Crimea.
Already in the XV century. Russian merchants lead trading with Persia and India. Tverskaya merchant Athanasius Nikitin at 1469 visits India and, in fact, opens it to Russia.
In the era of Ivan the Groznyy symbol of Russian merchants, the vigorous activity of the merchants Ya.I. and G. I. Stroganov, the efforts of which begin to actively master the Russians of the Urals and Siberia. A kilburger, who visited Moscow to the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich in the Swedish Embassy, \u200b\u200bnoted that all Muscovites "from the most notable to the most famous merchants, which is the reason for the fact that more shopping shops are placed in Moscow than in Amsterdam or at least another Prince. "
Some cities in appearance resembled motley trade fairs. The widespread development of trade was noted in earlier times. Foreigners who have visited Moscow XV century, pay special attention to the abundance of edible commodity products, which indicated the widespread development of commodity relations among the peasantry, and by no means about the dominance of natural economy.
According to the description of Venetian Josafat Barbaro, "there are such many bulls, pigs and other animals in Moscow, completely already encouraged and frozen, which at a time you can buy up to two hundred pieces ... abundance in bread and meat so here is great that the beef is selling Not on the weight, but by the chaperation. " Another Venetian, Ambrose Contarini, also suggests that Moscow "abounds of all kinds of bread" and "life supplies in it are cheap." Contarini tells that every year at the end of October, when r. Moscow is covered with strong ice, the merchants put on this ice "shops their own with different goods and, arranged the whole market in this way, stop their almost completely trading in the city." To the market, located on the Moscow River, merchants and peasants "daily, in the continuation of the whole winter bring bread, meat, pigs, firewood, hay and other necessary supplies." At the end of November, "all the surrounding residents kill their cows and pigs and take them into the city for sale ... Look at this is a huge number of frozen cattle, completely already encouraged and standing on ice on the hind legs."
Handicrafts traded in shops, in the markets and in workshops. Already in deep antiquity, a number of cheap mass products manufactured by urban artisans (beads, glass bracelets, cross, straight degrees) were distributed by merchants-kontairniki throughout the country.
Russian merchants led large trading with other countries. Their trips to Lithuania, Persia, Khiva, Bukhara, Crimea, Cafa, Azov, and others are known. The subject of trade was not only raw materials and products of mining crafts, exported from Russia (Forest, Forest, Wax), but also products of Russian artisans (YUFTI, Single-rod, fur coats, canvas, saddles, arrows, sahadaks, knives, dishes, etc.). In 1493, Mengly Garya asks Ivan III to send him 20 thousand arrows. Crimean Tsarevichi and Princes appealed to Moscow asking for the sending of shells and other armor. Later, in the XVII century, a huge trade of Russian goods was going through Arkhangelsk - in 1653 the amount of export through the port of the city abroad was St. 17 million rubles. Gold (at N. XX century).
The scale of Russian trade amazed foreigners who visited our country. "Russia, he wrote at the very beginning of the XVII century. The Frenchman is larger, - a very rich country, as it does not take out money at all, but they are imported every year in large quantities, since all calculations they produce goods that have in many, it is: a variety of furs, waxes, bass, cow and horsepower. Other skin painted in red, flax, hemp, every kind of rope, Kaviar, that is, caviar of salt fish, they are in large quantities to be exported to Italy, then salty salns, many fish fat and other goods. As for bread, then, although it is very much, they do not risk to take it out of the country towards Livonia. Moreover, they have a lot of potash, linen seed, yarn and other goods that they exchange or sell without buying alien to cash, and even the emperor ... orders to pay bread or wax. "
In the XVII century In Moscow, the merchant, a merchant estate from the category of heavy people stands out to a special group of urban, or landing people, which, in turn, was divided into guests, living room and cloudy hundreds and Slobods. The highest and honorable place belonged to guests (they were in the XV century. There were no more than 30 people).
The title of guest was obtained the largest entrepreneurs, with trade turnover at least 20 thousand per year - the amount is huge at that time. All of them were close to the king, free from the payment of duties made by merchants rank downwards, occupied the highest financial positions, and also had the right to buy in their own gains.
Members of the living room and the cloudy hundred (in the XVII century there was approx. 400) used the great privileges, they held a prominent place in the financial hierarchy, but inferior to guests in "honor". The living rooms and the juice hundreds had self-government, their shared affairs peak away the elected heads and elders.
The lowest discharge of merchants was represented by the inhabitants of black hundreds and Slobod. These were predominantly handicraft self-governing organizations that produced goods that were selling themselves. This discharge, relatively speaking, non-professional merchants amounted to strong competition to the merchandise professionals of higher discharges, since Black hundreds, trading its own products, could sell it cheaper.
In major cities, Poshesky people who have the right to trade, shared on the best, medium and young. Sphere of activity of Russian merchants XVII century. Was wide, reflected the entire geography of the economic development of Russia. From Moscow, six main trade routes began - Belomorsky (Vologda), Novgorod, Volga, Siberian, Smolensk and Ukrainian.
Belomorsky (Vologda) path went through Vologda in Sukhon and Northern Dvina to Arkhangelsk (earlier to the Kholmogo) and on the White Sea, and from there to overseas countries. The famous centers of Russian entrepreneurship for this way are: Great Ustyug, Totma, Solchevydsk, Yarensk, Ust-Sysolsk, who granted thousands of people.
All R. XVI in. Russian entrepreneurs received the right of duty-free trade with England (she walked Belomorsk), had several buildings in London for their needs. Russians were carried to England Fur, Len, Hey, Beef Salo, Yuft, Vorvan, Resin, Delet, and got fabrics, sugar, paper, luxury items.
The most important transshipment center on this path was Vologda, where the goods from Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and other cities, were overlooked the whole winter, and then they were heading to Arkhangelsk, from where, in turn, it came from the autumn to send goods to Moscow.
Novgorod (Baltic) Trade Way came from Moscow to Tver, Torzhok, Vyshny Volochek, Valdai, Pskov, then to the Baltic Sea. This way in Germany went Russian flax, hemp, fat, leather and red yuff. The Volga Path took place in Moscow-River, Oka and Volga, and then through the Caspian Sea to Persia, Khiva and Bukhara.
The main entrepreneurial center on this path was N. Novgorod with a Makarev Fair located next to him. The path from N. Novgorod to Astrakhan overcomed by Russian merchants for about a month. They walked caravans out of 500 and more vessels with great security. And even on such caravans from time to time, robbery attacks. The merchants sailed and stayed in local business centers - Cheboksary, Sviyazsk, Kazan, Samara, Saratov.
Trading with Khiva and Bukharoy was held in the Karagan Railway, where merchant vessels came from Astrakhan, and local merchants came to the meeting with them. Trade was given OK. month. After that, a part of the Russian courts returned to Astrakhan, and the other went to Derbent and Baku, from where the merchants had already traveled to Shemakh and traded with Persians.
The Siberian Way was watered from Moscow to N. Novgorod to Solikamsk. From Solikamsk, merchants engaged to Verkhoturia, where there was a large bargaining with Vogulas, and then again with water to Tobolsk, through Turinsk and Tyumen. Then the road went to the Yeniseisk past Surgut, Naryma. In Yeniseisk, a large seating courtyard was arranged.
From Yeniseisk, the path flew towards Ilimsk Ostrog on Tungusk and Ilim. Part of the merchants followed further, reaching Yakutsk and Okhotsk, penetrating even on Cupid.
The main entrepreneurial center of Russia trade with China was Nerchinsk, where a special seating courtyard was built. The main goods that bought or have been updated on this path were fur and animal skins, from central Russia to Siberia was brought iron, weapons, fabrics.
Smolensk (Lithuanian) The path was made from Moscow through Smolensk to Poland, but because of the permanent wars, this path for broad trade was used relatively little. Moreover, in Moscow, I was very reluctant to have taken the Polish and Jewish merchants who had a bad reputation, and Russian merchants avoided relations with merchants of the town of Poland.
The Steppe Little Russian (Crimean) path ran through Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh Territory, went to the Don steppes, and from there in the Crimea. The main entrepreneurial centers, which took place to this path, were Lebedyan, Putivl, Elets, Kozlov, Shortyak, Ostrogozhsk, Belgorod, Valuyki.
A wide range of basic tract and business activities was clearly indicated about the gigantic efforts embedded in the economic development of the vast territory of Russia. In ancient Russia, this activity has been connected with waybirth. By selling those or other goods, Russian merchants often took part in organizing their production, especially the production of wax, bass, resin, tar, salt, yufts, leather, and the production and smelting of metals and producing various products from them.
Russian merchant from Poshesky People Yaroslavl Grigory Leontievich Niknikov led large trade in European Russia, Siberia, Central Asia and Iran. But the basis of his wealth was the trade of the Siberian Furser. He built the rooks and vessels, transporting different goods, bread and salt. In 1614 he gets a guest title. From 1632 Nihnikov invests capital in the excreated industry. In to. 1630s in the Solikamsk district, Niktnikov belonged to 30 varnarits, on which, in addition to dependent people, St. 600 employees. Niktnikov holds a whole range for selling salts in different cities, located for the flow of the Volga and Oaks and related rivers: in Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kazan, N. Novgorod, Kolomna, Moscow and Astrakhan.
For a long time, the Center for the Trade Activities of Nikitnikova was his native city of Yaroslavl with an extensive courtyard belonging to His ancestors. According to old descriptions, the estate of the merchant Nikitnikov turns into a real Shopping Center of Yaroslavl, becomes a nodal trading point in which the Volga and Eastern goods came from Astrakhan, with Western goods, which brought from Arkhangelsk and Vologda. Here, Niknikov was built in the 1613 wooden church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Not far from the estate stood the famous Spassky monastery, next to which was the market. Closer to r. SOTRY was placed salt and fish barns of nicnic. In 1622, Niktnikov over the orders of the king moves to Moscow, its shopping center is also moved. In China, Niktnikov builds rich chambers and the beautiful Church of the Trinity in Nicnics (it has been preserved so far). On the Red Square of Nihnikov will acquire his own shops in Sukonnogo, Souroog, cap and silver rows. Niktnikov builds large warehouses for maintaining wholesale. His house becomes a place to meet the rich merchants and conclusion of transactions. The names of major Moscow guests of the XVII century are inscribed in the synodics of the Church of the Trinity., Who were in personal and related relationships with the owner.
A merchant Niktnikov became famous not only by entrepreneurship, but also by his social and patriotic activities. In n. XVII century He is a young Zemsky Older, a signature stands in the lists of participants of the first and second Zemstvo militia created in Yaroslavl to combat Polish and Swedish invaders. Niktnikov constantly participated in the undersecution of state elected services, assists in the Zemstvo Cathedrals, participated in the compilation of petition king from guests and merchants, who were looking for protection of the interests of Russian trade and limit the privileges of foreign merchants. He was bold and confident in herself, leaning and careful in payments, did not like to drop, but did not like to give a debt, although he had to give a lot often, even the most king herself, who kicked him in the award of silver buckets and dear stone. The life researcher Grigory Nikitnikova testifies to him as "about a man of business and practical, deep insightful mind, hard memory and will, with a steep decisive character and great life experience. Through all his instructions, the requirement for the preservation of family and economic order is invariably, as he was with him. The same business tone sounds in the punishment of maintaining adventure in the churches built by him and at the disposal about the accurate contributions of duties in the treasury for Salt Varnitz. "
All his capital of Niktnikov bequeathed not to crush, but he handed over to the joint and inseparable possession of the two grandchildren: "... and the grandson of my Boris, and the grandson of my Gregory to live in the Council and to industrial together, and the Buda who will live Neist and Money and Other The belongings will be the relatives to hand out and sidelines, one without the advice of his brother, and he is the blessing of my and the order is devoid, to the house of Miere and there is no reason to the belonging. " Dying (in 1651), a merchant of Niktnikov testifies: "... And the church of God to decorate with all sorts of lepts, and incense, and candles, and the church's wine, and the priest and other clerk to give together the Church of God without singing and not for What did not happen, as was with me, Georgia. In addition to its Moscow church, he asked to take care of the temples built in salt Kama and Yaroslavl.
One of the characteristic entrepreneurs of the XVII century. There was a merchant Gavril Romanovich Nikitin, by origin from the black peasants of the Russian Pomerania. Nikitin began its trade activities as a clerk of the guest O. I. Flyseva. In 1679, he became a member of the living room of Hundreds of Moscow, and in 1681 he received the title of a guest. After the death of the Brothers, Nikitin focuses in his hands a big trade, works with Siberia and China, its capital in 1697 was a huge amount of the amount of 20 thousand rubles. Like other merchants, Nikitin is building his church.
In the XVII century In Moscow, the church is built, which has become the holy merchants of all Russia. This is Nikola Big Cross, erected in 1680 Arkhangelsk guests Fuery. The church was one of the most beautiful in Moscow, and in all of Russia. It was blown up in the 1930s.
Russian merchants who traded with foreign countries offered them not only raw materials, but also products high at the time of technology, in particular metal devices. Thus, in the inventory of one of the Czech monasteries under 1394, "Three Iron Castle, in the surroundings called Russians, were documented. In Bohemia, it was, of course, a lot and their famous masters in the metal from the richest ore mountains and suddants. But, obviously, the products of the Russian industry were no worse if they enjoyed fame and success so far abroad. This is the news of the XIV century. confirmed by later sources. So, from "Memory, how to sell Russian goods in the Germans", known in the text of the "Trading Book" 1570-1610, it can be seen that the sale of Russian "Uklade" and other metal products "in the Germans" was common and in the XVI-XVII centuries . Traded and weapons. For example, in 1646 it was removed in Holland 600 guns.
Talking about the famous Russian merchants of the XVII century., It is impossible not to mention the bare bosses, as well as the guests of Hopeing Svetshnikov and Gurev. Bosov led trading with Arkhangelsk and Yaroslavl, bought goods and in the local markets of Primorye, they also bought villages on obtaining a large amount of bread for sale, engaged in usury, but the basis of their enterprise was Siberian trade. Bosov sent to the Siberia of an overview of 50-70 horses, loaded with both foreign goods and a Russian semidial cloth, canvas, iron products. They exported from Siberia Pushnin. So, in 1649-50 169 fortings and 7 pcs were exported. Sobly (6,767 skins); Purchased in large numbers and other fur. In the service of Bosova had 25 cores. They are OR-Ganked in Siberia their own Vatagi, i.e., industrial expeditions in places rich in Sobolem, and also acquired them from local residents and serve people who were charged in Siberia Yasak. High profits also produced for sale in Siberia ingenic and Russian products.
The richest merchants carried the government service on finance as guests, which gave them a number of advantages and provided ample opportunities for further enrichment. The nature of the "initial accumulation" also had methods for creating enterprises. Hopeing Svetshnikov and Gurieva. The rates came out of Yaroslavl Posad people. The merits in front of the new Romanov dynasty brought him award to visit. He led large commerce operations on the Ferry, owned villages with peasants, but also put his funds to the salcity. His wealth was estimated in Ser. XVII century 35.5 thousand rubles. (i.e. approx. 500 thousand rubles. for gold money N. XX century). This is an example of major trading capital and develop it into industrial. Land awards were essential for the enrichment of Svetshnikov and the development of its enterprises. In 1631, he was given huge land ownership of both the banks of the Volga and R. Usa to later Stavropol. Here the rates put 10 Varnits. By 1660, in the hope of Usolye there were 112 peasant yards. Along with hired people, he applied the work of serfs. Retaves built a fortress for protection from nomads, started a brick factory.
From the rich top of the Yaroslavl Posad, Guryev also came out. In 1640, they started fisheries in the mouth of the r. Yaika, put a wooden stort here, then replaced his stone fortress (Guriev).
The development of entrepreneurship in Russia was largely successful. The study of merchant births of Uppervolzhya, conducted by A. Demkin, showed that 43% of all merchant surnames were merchant activities from 100 to 200 years, and almost a quarter to 200 or more years. Three quarters of merchant births numbered less than 100 years old have arisen in Ser. - 2nd floor. XVIII century And they acted until the end of the century. All these surnames moved to the XIX century.
In 1785, Russian merchants receive from Catherine II, a special complained letter, which strongly elevated their position. According to this diploma, all merchants were divided into three guilds.
The first guild includes merchants who owned capital at least 10 thousand rubles. They received the right of wholesale trade in Russia and abroad, as well as the right to start factories and plants. The second guild belonged merchants with capital from 5 to 10 thousand rubles. They received the right of wholesale and retailers in Russia. Third guild was merchants with capital from 1 to 5 thousand rubles. This category of merchants had the right only to retail. The merchants of all the guilds were liberated from the pillow of Podachi (instead they paid 1% from the announced capital), as well as from personal recruitment service.

In addition to merchants of different guilds, the concept of "famous citizens" was introduced. According to the status, they were higher than the merchant of the first guild, for they had to have capital at least 100 thousand rubles. Eminate citizens received the right to have country cottages, gardens, factories and factories.
A significant part of the Russian intelligentsia of the XVIII-XIX centuries. He did not love Russian merchants, despised him, bent them. She represented merchants in short swings and fraudsters, unclean on her hand, wolf-wolf. With her light hand in society, a myth of dirty and dirty "titts" is created, nothing in common with reality. "If the trade rate and in the former Muscovy, and in recent Russia," said P. A. Buryshkin, - it would be actually a collection of swindles and fraudsters who do not have any honor or conscience, then how to explain those huge successes that accompanied the development of Russian national economy and raising the country's productive forces. The Russian industry was created not by official efforts and, with rare exceptions, not by the hands of the noble class. Russian factories were built and equipped with Russian merchants. Industry in Russia has come out of trade. It is impossible to build a healthy business on unhealthy foundation. And if the results speak for themselves, the trade estate was in their mass healthy, and not so vicious. "
"In the Moscow Unwritten Merchant Hierarchy," wrote V. I. Ryabushinsky, "the industry-manufacturer stood at the top of respect, then a merchant merchant was walking, and the man was standing at the bottom, who gave money to growth, took into account the bill, forced capital to work. He was not very respected, no matter how cheap his money was and, as it were, he himself was. Percentage. "
The attitude to this category of the two first was extremely negative, as a rule, they were not allowed on the threshold and, if possible, tried to punish in every way. Most of the Third Group of Deltsov came from the Western and South provinces of Russia.
Before the revolution, the rank of a merchant was acquired by the payment for the guild evidence. Up to 1898, the guild evidence was necessarily for the right of trade. Later - it is not necessary and existed only for persons wishing to use some advantages assigned to merchant title, or participate in the estate control. Advantages: Liberation from corporal punishment (for the traders of the peasant class is very important), right under certain conditions for honorary and hereditary honorary citizenship (giving the benefits of merchant title without the choice and guild certificate), the ability to get the title of commerce adviser (rank with the title of Excellency), some Rights of the formation of children, the right to participate in urban self-government (regardless of the possession of real estate), participation in the estate self-government. The estate merchant self-government was headed by merchant charitable institutions, in the layout of some fees, in the institution with merchant capital, banks, cash registers, in the choice of officials (merchant elders, merchant elders, merchant councils, members of the orphan court from merchants).

Main trading paths

Platonov Oleg Anatolyevich

Anica Stroganov during the reign of Ivan Grozny was the most influential Russian entrepreneur. He controlled the northern trade with England, mastered the Earth, traded the fur, developed the salt industry and was one of the organizers of the Ermak Expedition.

2. Akinfiy Demidov (1678-1745)

The Akinfius of Demidov was the most successful industrialist of his time, the patrons, the founder of the mining industry in the Urals and Siberia. By the end of the life of Akinfius Nikitich had 25 factories, on which 23755 male shower was employed (on average 1000 people per 1 plant). The Nizhny Tagilsky plant, the main brainchild of Demidov, works today.

3. Savva Yakovlev (1712-1784)

Savva Yakovlev, the nee Dog, was the son of Misdenin, but he achieved his business of the nobility. He began with the sale of veal from the summer garden, where he was noticed by Elizabeth Petrovna. As a result, he became a supplier of the courtyard, and the welfare of the Empress discovered him the way to business. Already in Catherine, from 1766 to 1779 Yakovlev buys 16 and builds 6 factories in the Urals. Its enrichment in the pace and methods did not have analogues in Russian history.

4. Grigory Potemkin (1739-1791)

Grigory Potemkin was not just a favorite of Catherine the second, but also her secret husband. At the same time, Potemkin cannot be called Alfons. He successfully commanded the Russian army during the war with Turkey 1787 - 1791, carried out joining Russia and the development of the Crimea, founded several cities there and actually created the Russian Black Sea Fleet. The Empress complained Potemkin with tremendous land possessions in Novorossia, which made him richer man of Russia.

5. Grigory Orlov (1737-1808)

The participant of the State Purchase for the overthrow of Peter III, Grigory Orlov immediately after the top of the Empress Catherine II received a generous award - rich estates, money, county title. He was called the first of the "Orlov" of Catherine, but by 1771 he stopped being the first. In the same year, he was sent to the Epidemic of the Plague and Bunlet in Moscow and did well with the organization of measures to resolve the situation.

6. Vasily Perlov (1784 - 1869)

Pearlov - "Tea Kings" of Russia. The most successful of them, Vasilia, managed to conquer not only the Russian tea market, but also to conquer Europe. He was one of the first who began to face the varietal tea, and the delivery of him from China to carry out the land way, which is why the quality of the product has always been at the height.
In 1860, Vasily Alekseevich opened a firm under his name - Tea Trade Association "Vasily Person with sons". The company's teaspore shops in Vienna, Berlin, Paris and Warsaw were opened.

7. Samuel Polyakov (1837-1888)

Industrialist and patron, Poles, made a state during the distribution of railway concessions. According to Sergei Witte, Samuel Solomonovich Polyakov was the "most famous from the railway tows." He actively built railways, opened the college and generously sacrificed to the development of education. The state of the Polyakov brothers for 1913 was estimated at 49.5 million gold rubles ($ 544 million at the course of 2000).

8. Pavel Tretyakov (1832-1889)

Patron, entrepreneur and collector of painting Pavel Tretyakov carried out his dream - drawn up a collection of works of Russian school, so that "the society acquired from society would also return to society (people) in ... useful institutions." His picture gallery, open to all citizens "without distinction of the genus and the title", became one of the largest museums of Europe. The state of Tretyakova, by the time of his death, was estimated at 3.8 million rubles.

9. Lion Button (1821-1894)

In Russia of the XIX century there was a surcharge "where the church, there and pop, where the factory is there and the button." It appeared not from scratch - the founder of the trading house "L. The button "was a shareholder of more than 100 enterprises. "Cotton King", as the Lion Knop called, according to contemporaries, achieved great success in part "Thanks to his stomach and ability to drink, keeping the full clarity of the head." The state of the KNOP in 1913 was estimated at 15-120 million rubles ($ 187 million at the course 2000).

10. Peter Smirnov (1831-1898)

Peter Arsenievich Smirnov, who founded his factory in 1862, was a real "vodka king" of Russia. The tax that came to the treasury from his enterprise was half the pre-war budget of the Russian army. The cost of production produced during the year reached 17-20 million rubles. The state of the very vodka magnate was estimated at 8.7 million rubles ($ 95.7 million at the course 2000).

11. Goat of Soldiers (1818-1901)

Old Shorts, the manufacturer and the entrepreneur of the goat of soldierenkov was one of the brightest and extraordinary people of his time. For a rich and generous patronage of art, he received the nickname "Kozma Medici". His condition in 1901 was equal to 8 million rubles ($ 88 at the course 2000).

12. Gabril Solodovnikovnikov (1826-1901)

Moscow merchant and home owner, the owner of the Supermarket "Passage" on Kuznetsky Bridge, Gabril Gavrilovich Solodovnikov more than 95% of his multi-million dollar inheritance was given to public needs. I didn't really know how to write, he generously sacrificed on art. At the ceremony of bookmarking the Moscow Conservatory with a cry "Let there be music!" Solodovnikov threw 200 silver rubles in concrete. His state in 1901 was estimated at 21 million rubles ($ 231 million at the course 2000).

13. Alexey Alchevsky (1835-1901)

Over the 40 years of work, Alexey Kirillovich Alchevsky has created the largest mining enterprises in the Donbas and several banks, for example, one of the first society in the country of mutual loan, and in 1871 - the first Russian joint-stock mortgage bank. In the crisis of 1901, having received a refusal of a loan from the government, Alchevsky rushed under the train (according to one of the versions, he was killed). His condition at that time was estimated at 12-30 million rubles ($ 187 million at the course 2000).

14. Savva Morozov (1862-1905)

Savva Morozova was called a "merchant governor", but he became known thanks to the patrons. Morozov built theaters, supported artists, writers, students and workers. Only by Mkat, he donated about half a million rubles. Savva Morozov died on May 26, 1905. According to the official version, the cause of death is suicide: frosts committed suicide into the chest. The state of the Morozovsky dynasty in 1914 was estimated at 40 million rubles ($ 440 million at the course 2000).

15. Horace Ginzburg (1833-1909)

Thanks to the relationship with the largest financiers of Europe (Ginzburg has merged with the Rothschilds themselves), their bank for the 1860s became one of the largest in Russia. His head of Horats Ginzburg has invested in the insurance business, golden primers, railways, shipping company, sugar factories. After 1892, Horats Ginzburg began to engage in gold mining. He headed, and then set control over the richest Lensky gold mining partnership. The state of Ginzburg in 1914 was estimated at 25 million rubles ($ 275 million at the course 2000).

16. Alexander Mantashev (1842-1911)

Tiflis Armenian Alexander Mantashev was one of the "oil kings" of the Transcaucasus, a major shareholder of leading oil companies. In 1897-1909, he financed the construction of the world's longest 835-kilometer oil pipeline in Baku Batum. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the state of Mantsheva was recorded at 10 million rubles ($ 110 million at the course 2000).

17. Illarion Vorontsov Dashkov (1837-1916)

Personal friend Alexander III, the creator of the secret monarchical organization "Sacred Druzhina", Hero of Wars, Adjutant-General Vorontsov-Dashkov was one of the largest Russian landowners (about 485,000 decishes of the Earth) and a successful industrialist. Among other things, he was engaged in oil. His condition at the beginning of the twentieth century was estimated at 15 million rubles ($ 165 million at the course 2000).

18. Semen Abamilek-Lazarev (1857-1916)

Prince, industrialist, archaeologist, major landfall, mining supplier, Semen Abamilek-Lazarev was a very versatile man, and one of the richest people in Russia of the beginning of the twentieth century. He owned several villas in Italy and mansion in St. Petersburg. The state of magnate in 1914 was estimated at 50 million rubles (550 million at the course 2000).

19. Savva Mamontov (1841-1918)

The story of Savva Mamontov is indicative, high and tragic. The heir to a great condition, Savva Mammoths with entrepreneurship was interested in little - it was more attracted art. After failures with the leading of the "Railway Business" Savva Mamontov found himself in a Taganskaya prison. His property was sold out almost completely. The ill-starring railway left for a stateless state ownership, some of the shares got other entrepreneurs, including Sergei Witte relatives.

20. Nicholas (1866-1918)

The state of Irkutyanin Nicholas of the second in 1914 was 60 million rubles ($ 650 million at the course 2000). He was called "Siberian American" and "Russian Morgan". He scooped banks and built plants. They were founded by the first chemical dyes factory in Russia, the Elektrostal plant, the Moscow Association of the AMO automotive plant (together with Ryabushinsky, now ZIL). In the war, the plants of the second worked for "Defense". In May 1918, Nicholas of the second was killed with unexplained circumstances. In his Moscow mansion, they made the residence of the American ambassador ("Savazo House").

21. Pavel Ryabushinsky (1871-1924)

The representative of the famous dynasty Ryabushinsky, Pavel Pavlovich was engaged in entrepreneurship and banking activities, built the factory and actively participated in the political life of Russia. In 1920, he emigrated to France. In 1914, the state of Ryabushin was estimated at 25-35 million rubles ($ 330 million at the course 2000).

22. Nikolay Balashov (1840-1931)

By the beginning of the 20th century, Nikolai Petrovich Balashov, Member of the State Council, Nikolai Petrovich Balashov, with the sons of Peter and Igor possessed one of the largest land owned land - 526,000 tents of the Earth. They might live without well, without doing anything, but they still had dozens of enterprises across the country. Their state at the beginning of the twentieth century was estimated at 15 million rubles ($ 165 million at the course 2000).

23. Boris Kamenka (1855-1942)

Bancake Boris Kamenka since 1910 headed the Azov-Don Bank, which with him became the fourth in the ranking of commercial banks of the Russian Empire. Also Kamenka actively participated in the activities of the Jewish colonization society created to organize the relocation of Jews to America. In 1914, the banker's condition was estimated at 40 million rubles ($ 440 million at the course 2000).

24. Stepan Lianozov (1872-1949)

Armenian Stepan Lianozov was a Russian industrialist, a patron and a politician, as well as the largest oil magnut of Russia of the 20th century. In 1912, Stepan Lianozov in London was created by the Russian General Oil Corporation ("Russian General Oil Corporation", abbreviated "Oil") with fixed capital of 2.5 million pound sterling. Thanks to the actions of Lianozov, the oil sector Baku became attractive for foreigners. In 1915, the state of magnate was estimated at 10 million rubles ($ 110 million at the course 2000).

25. Felix Yusupov (1887-1967)

Felix Yusupov was one of the richest people in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, the cost of estates, cottages and homes of Yusupov was 21.7 million rubles, an anthracite mine - 970,000 rubles, a sugar plant - 1.6 million rubles, a cardboard and paper factories - 986 thousand rubles. By 1914, Yusupov had 3.2 million rubles of securities. However, Felix Yusupov remained in history not as a rich, but as a killer Rasputin.

Merchants - People employed in the field of trade, sale. You just think about why some merchant surnames remained in the history of Russia, and others not? After all, merchants were a lot - hundreds and even thousands. But it was these names of Russian merchants that were preserved in the memory of the people. So they possessed some kind of force, a special power of the genus. Perhaps directed, concentrated energy, which helped them in the prosperity of their business (special program).

It is easy to see that merchant surnames differ significantly from aristocratic (noble) surnames. These surnames have different programs.

If you feel the strength, abilities and desire to be a merchant in the modern world, and not just a merchant, but a good merchant to your business flourish, then it may make sense to take familia-pseudonym of the famous merchant. And with such an energy information connection your business will get an additional source of energy, support from an ancient merchant kind.

Competitive struggle in business always existed, and in the modern world it becomes more fierce. It uses all possible technologies from NLP and magic to energy-information support from the part - and not only healers, psychics, magicians, but also by connecting to a well-known merchant merchant.

In the modern world, the merchant will win in the struggle for the market, on whose side will be more power, more energy.

In the event that you want to choose for yourself a merchant surname and name like a pseudonymIt is advisable to know exactly what information and energy is carrying this surname and name. Because a lot depends on what kind of business you do and from the energy information compatibility of your chosen surname and the name with you (with your type of energy).

We carry out the energy information diagnosis of the name and surname (separately and together), And also check them for compatibility with a particular person - will be the alias chosen to help them or interfere with his business.

Usually it is difficult to guess the person himself with the choice of name and surname. Therefore, it is better to trust professionals.

There is another moment. It happens that a person becomes a famous, successful and rich, but the secret of his success is not in the name and surname, and in his special spiritual developments, which he acquired in his past incarnations and in this life successfully implements. Sometimes contrary to the surname and name.

The name and surname are not a panacea, 100% guarantee of success in your business or in a career. The name and surname can act as an assistant (source of additional energy) or in the form of a brake.

Therefore, choosing a pseudonym, you need to know its energy-informational component (main programs) - as far as they are suitable for you.

Below you can see the merchant surnames of Russia alphabetically.

Families of merchants and industrialists of Russia until 1913

Abamelak-Lazarev

Agafonov

Alekseev

Alikhanov

Alchevsky

Anisimov

Argenikov

Afanasyev

Balabanov

Banquets

Bakhrushin

Bessonov

Bogdanov

Bad Mazozov

Bolshakov

Borovkov

Brodsky

Brusnikin

Burgas

Varyhanov

Vasilyev

Vinogradov

Vinokurov

Vorobjev

Vorontsov-Dashkov

Gavrilov

Gallians

Ginzburg

Gladyshev

Gornostayev

Dmitriev

Dubrovin

Evdokimov

Zavyalov

Calachnikov

Kalashnikov

Kolmogorov

Colobaev

Konovalov

Korsakov

Korchagin

Kostostin

Krapkin

Dreeshymers

Kuznetsov

Kurbatov

Latrygin

Lianozov

Logvinov

Lukyanov

Mammoth

Mantashev

Manulylov

Martynov

Medvedev

Melnikov

Meshchersky

Milovanov

Mikhailov

Muravyev

Muromets

Nastavin

Nemchinov

Nesterov

Non-Welcome

Nikiforov

Ovsyannikov

Ovchinnikov

Okorokov

Parfenov

Perevalov

Perminov

Polovtsov

Polezhaev

Prasagov

Prasolov

Profits

Protectors

Privalov

Prokhorov

Postnikov

Pugovkin

Emptal

Rachmanov

Rostovtsev

Distorguev

Reshetnikov

Rostorguev

Rybnikov

Ryabushinsky

Svetiushnikov

Sveshnikov

Skuratov

Soldatenkov

Soloviev

Solodovnikovnikov

Stroganov

Tatarnikov

Tereshchenko

Tolkachev

Tregubov

Tretyakov

Trofimov.

Khlebnikov

Bloomushkin

Flowerian

Chebotarev

Cleaner

Shaposhnikov

Shelaputin

Source: A.V.Stadnikov. List of merchant staples in Moscow (XIX - early XX century)

Oleg and Valentina Lights

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Oleg and Valentina Lights

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Merchant names are success in trade. Technology of energy information connection

Attention!

On the Internet, sites and blogs appeared on the Internet, which are not our official sites, but use our name. Be careful. Scammers use our name, our email addresses for their newsletters, information from our books and our sites. Using our name, they delay people to various magic forums and deceive (give advice and recommendations that can harm or smear money for magic rituals, making amulets and learning magic).

On our sites we do not give links to magical forums or on the websites of magic healers. We do not participate in any forums. We do not give advice on the phone, we do not have time for it.

Note! We do not deal with healing and magic, do not and do not sell talismans and amulets. We do not engage in magical and healing practices at all, did not offer and do not offer such services.

The only direction of our work is a correspondence consultation in writing, training through an esoteric club and writing books.

Sometimes people write to us that on some sites have seen information that we supposedly deceived someone - they took money for healing sessions or making amulets. We officially declare that it is slander, not true. In all his life, we never deceived anyone. On the pages of our site, in the club materials we always write that you need to be an honest decent person. For us, honest name is not an empty sound.

People who write about us slander are guided by the lowest motifs - envy, greed, they have black souls. There were times when the slander is paid well. Now many home is ready to sell for three kopecks, and to engage in squeezing for decent people is even easier. People who write slander do not understand that they seriously worsen their karma, worsen their fate and the fate of their loved ones. Talking with such people about conscience, about faith in God is meaningless. They do not believe in God, because the believer will never go to a deal with conscience, will never do a deception, slander, fraud.

Scammers, pseudomags, charlatans, envious people, people without conscience and honor, thirsting money, a lot. Police and other controls still do not cope with the increasing influx of madness "deception for the sake of profit."

So please be attentive!

Sincerely - Oleg and Valentina Lightsid

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