Who is the attorney of Russian romanticism. Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms

Romanticism is a ideological direction in art and literature, which appeared in the 90s of the 18th century in Europe and gained widespread in other countries of the world (Russia includes their number), as well as in America. The main ideas of this area is the recognition of the values \u200b\u200bof the spiritual and creative life of every person and its right to independence and freedom. Very often in the works of this literary direction, heroes possessing the strong, rebellious temper were depicted, the plots were characterized by bright passions of passions, nature was depicted in the spiritualized and healing vein.

Appearing in the era of the Great French Revolution and the World Industrial Revolution, romanticism changed such a direction as classicism and the era of the enlightenment as a whole. In contrasting the adherents of classicism that supports the ideas of the cult value of the human mind and the birth of civilization on its basis, romantics put on a pedestal of worship a mother-in-law, emphasize the importance of natural feelings and freedom of the aspirations of each person.

(Alan Meley "Elegant Century")

The revolutionary events of the late 18th century have completely changed the course of the usual life, both in France and in others in Europe. People feeling sharp loneliness, distracted from their problems, playing various gambling, and having fun in various ways. It was then that an idea arose to imagine, as if human life was an endless game where there are winners and defeated. In romantic works, heroes were often depicted against the surrounding world, rustling against fate and rock, obsessed with their own thoughts and reflections on their own idealized vision of the world, sharply coinciding with reality. Realizing its defenselessness in the world where capital rules, many romances were in confusion and confusion, feeling infinitely lonely in their surrounding their lives, which was the main tragedy of their personality.

Romanticism in Russian literature of the XIX century

The main events that had a huge impact on the development of romanticism in Russia were the war of 1812 and the uprising of the Decembrists of 1825. However, differing identity and originality, the Russian romanticism of the early 19th century is the inseparable part of the pan-European literary movement and has its shares and basic principles.

(Ivan Kramskaya "Unknown")

The emergence of Russian romanticism coincides in time with the brewing of the socio-historical fracture in the life of the society of the time when the socio-political way of the Russian power was in an unstable, transitional state. People of advanced views, disappointed in the ideas of the Epoch of Enlightenment, promoting the creation of a new society based on the principles of the mind and celebration of justice, resolutely rejected the principles of bourgeois life, without understanding the essence of antagonistic life contradictions, felt the feelings of hopelessness, loss, pessimism and disbelief in a reasonable conflict solution.

The main value representatives of romanticism considered the human personality, and the mysterious and beautiful world of harmony, beauty and high feelings concluded in it. In their works, representatives of this direction were not a real world, too low-aluminated and vulgar for them, they reflected the universe of the senses of the chief hero, his inner world filled with thoughts and experiences. Through their prism and the outlines of the real world, with whom he cannot accept and therefore tries to rise above him, without submitting to his social and feudal laws and morality.

(V. and Zhukovsky)

One of the founders of Russian romanticism is the famous poet V.A. Zhukovsky, who created a number of ballads and poems that had a fabulous fantastic content ("Undina", "Sleeping Tsarevna", "Tale of Tsar Berendei"). His works are inherent in a deep philosophical meaning, the desire for moral ideal, his poems and ballads are filled with his personal experiences and reflections inherent in the romantic area.

(N. V. Gogol)

The thoughtful and lyrical elegances of Zhukovsky are replacing the romantic works of Gogol ("Night before Christmas") and Lermontov, whose creativity is a kind of imprint of the ideological crisis in the mind of the public, impressed by the defeat of the Decembrists' movement. Therefore, romanticism of the 1930s of the 19th century is characterized by disappointment in real life and care in the peaceful world, where everything is harmonious and perfect. Romantic main characters were depicted as people who are torn off from reality and lost interest in earthly life, conflicting with society, and the implanting power of this world in their sins. Personal tragedy of these people, endowed with high feelings and experiences, was the death of their moral and aesthetic ideals.

The mindset of progressively thinking people of that era was most clearly reflected in the creative heritage of the great Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov. In his works "The Last Son of Volosts", Novgorod, in which the sample of the republican freestyle of the ancient Slavs is clearly traced, the author expresses a hot sympathy to the fighters for freedom and equality, those who oppose slavery and violence against the person of people.

For romanticism, it is characterized by an appeal to the historical and national origins, to the folk folklore. It was most brightly manifested in the subsequent works of Lermontov ("The song about King Ivan Vasilyevich, a young Ochrichnik and a removed merchant Kalashnikov"), as well as in the cycle of poems and poems about the Caucasus, who was perceived by the poet as a country of freestry and proud people opposing the country of slaves and gentlemen Under the rule of the king-autocrat of Nikolai I. Images of the main in the works of "Izmail-Bay" "MTSYRY" are depicted by Lermontov with great passion and lyrical pathos, they carry the chief of chosen and fighters for their depth.

An early poetry and prose Pushkin can also be attributed to the romantic area ("Eugene Onegin", "Peak Lady"), the poetic works of K. N. Batyushkova, E. A. Baratynsky, N. M. Languch, the creativity of Poets-Decembrists K. F . Ryleva, A. A. Bestumev-Marlinsky, V. K. Kyhehelbecker.

Romanticism in foreign literature of the XIX century

The main feature of European romanticism in foreign literature of the 19th century is the fantasticity and fabulousness of the works of this direction. In most of these legends, fairy tales, stories and novels with a fantastic, unreal plot. The most expressively romanticism was manifested in the culture of France, England and Germany, each of the countries made its special contribution to the development and distribution of this cultural phenomenon.

(Francisco Goya "Yield " )

France. Here, literary works in the style of romanticism were bright political color, in many ways configured against the new bourgeoisie. According to French writers, the new society, which appeared as a result of social change after the Great French Revolution, did not understand the value of the personality of each person, ruined her beauty and suppressed the freedom of the Spirit. Most well-known works: Treatise "Genius of Christianity", Tale "Attala" and "Rena" Shatubriac, Romans "Dolphin", "Corin" Germains de Stelle, Novels Georges Sand, Hugo "Cathedral of Parisian Mother of God", Romanov series about Dumas Musketeers, meeting Works on Ohore Balzak.

(Karl Broullov "Horseman")

England. In English legends and legends, romanticism was present for quite a long time, but did not stand out as a separate direction until the mid-18th century. English literary works distinguishes the presence of a bit of gloomy gothic and religious content, there are many elements of the national folklore, the culture of the worker and peasant class. A distinctive feature of the content of English prose and lyrics - description of travel and wanderings in distant land, their research. Bright example: "Eastern poems", "Manfred", "Travel Child-Harold" by Bairon, "Ivango" Walter Scott.

Germany. The idealistic philosophical worldview was enormous on the basics of German romanticism, which was promoted by individualism and his freedom from the laws of the feudal society, the universe was considered as a single live system. German works written in the spirit of romanticism are filled with reflections on the meaning of human being, his soul's life, they also differ in fabulous and mythological motives. The brightest German works in the style of romanticism: William's fairy tales and Jacob Grimma, Novels, fairy tales, gofman novels, Heine's works.

(Kaspar David Friedrich "Stages of Life")

America. Romanticism in American literature and art developed a little later than in Europe (the 1930th century), his flourishing falls on the 40s -60s of the 19th century. Such large-scale historical events as a war for the independence of the United States at the end of the 18th century and the civil war between the North and South (1861-1865) were enormous on his appearance and development. American literary works can be conditionally divided into two types: Abolitionist (supporting slave rights and their liberation) and Eastern (supporters of plantatorship). American romanticism is based on the same ideals and traditions as the European, in his rethinking and understanding to his own way in the conditions of a peculiar structure and the pace of life of the inhabitants of the new, little-known mainland. American works of that period are rich in national trends, they are acutely felt feeling independence, the struggle for freedom and equality. Bright representatives of American romanticism: Washington Irving ("Legend of Sleeping Hollow", "Groom-Ghost", Edgar Allan Po ("Laeyia", "Falling at Home Ashers"), Herman Melville ("Moby Dick", "Taipi"), Nathaniel Gotorn ("Alay Letter", "House of Seven Frontones"), Henry Wedsworth Longfello ("Legend of Guyavate"), Walt Whitman, (the poetic collection "Leaves of herb"), Harriet Bilecher-Stow ("Huts Uncle Tom), Fenimore Cooper ("The last of the Mogican").

And let romanticism in art and literature reigned for a long time, and pragmatic realism came to replace the heroism and chivalry, this does not in any way reduce its contribution to the development of world culture. Works written in this direction love and read with great pleasure a large number of romantic fans all over the world.

The French word Romantisme goes back to Spanish Romance (in the Middle Ages it was so called Spanish romances, and then a knightly novel), the English Romantic, which turned into 18 V. In Romantique and meant then "strange", "fantastic", "picturesque". At the beginning of the 19th century. Romanticism becomes the designation of a new direction opposite to classicism.

Entering the antithesis "Classicism" - "Romanticism", the direction assumed to oppose the classic requirement of rules of romantic freedom from the rules. Such an understanding of romanticism is still preserved to this day, but as Literary Arms writes Y.mann, romanticism "Not just denial" rules ", but following" Rules "more complex and whimsical."

The center of the romanticism is a personality, and its main conflict - personality and society. The decisive prerequisite for the development of romanticism was the events of the Great French Revolution. The appearance of romanticism is associated with the anti-zero movement, the reasons for which lie in disappointment in civilization, in social, industrial, political and scientific progress, the result of which new contrasts and contradictions appeared, leveling and spiritual devastation of the individual.

The enlightenment preached a new society as the most "natural" and "reasonable". The best minds of Europe justified and foreshadowed this society of the future, but the reality turned out to be non-private "mind", the future is unpredictable, irrational, and the modern social structure began to threaten the nature of man and his personal freedom. The rejection of this society, protest against confusion and egoism is already reflected in sentimentalism and foreclompeantism. Romanticism expresses this rejection of the most acute. The romanticism of the Epoch of Enlightenment and the Literal Plan: the language of romantic works, seeking to be natural, "simple", accessible to all readers, was something opposite to the classics with its noble, "sublime" topics, characteristic, for example, for the classical tragedy.

In the late Western European romantics, pessimism in relation to society acquires a space scale, becomes the "disease of the century". Heroes of many romantic works (F.R.Shatobrian, A. Mussy, J. Baron, A.Vinyi, A.Lamitin, G.Genen, etc.) are characterized by the mood of hopelessness, despair, which acquire universal character. Perfection is lost forever, the world rules evil, resurrect ancient chaos. The theme of the "terrible world" peculiar to all romantic literature was most bright in the so-called "black genre" (in the predomantic "Gothic novel" - A.Radklif, Ch.Metyurin, in the "Rock Drama", or "Rock Tragedies", - Z.Verner, G. Kleist, F. Hyrilparter), as well as in the works of Bairon, K. Brentano, E.T.A.Hofman, E.P. and N.Hotorna.

At the same time, romanticism is based on ideas challenging the "terrible world," first of all the ideas of freedom. Disappointment of romanticism is disappointment in reality, but progress and civilization are only one side. The rejection of this side, the lack of faith in the possibility of civilization provide another path, the path to the ideal, to the eternal, to the absolute. This path must solve all contradictions, completely change your life. This is the path to excellence, "to the goal, the explanation of which should be sought on the other side of the visible" (A.De Vinya). For some romantics in the world, incomprehensible and mysterious forces are dominated, which must be submitted and not to try to change the fate (poets of the "Lake School", Shatubin, V.A. Zhukovsky). Others "world evil" caused a protest, demanded imposition, struggle. (J. Barim, P. B. Shelli, S.Petfi, A.Mitzkevich, Early A.S. Pushkin). There was generally that they all saw in a person a single essence, the task of which is not at all coming down only to the solution of ordinary tasks. On the contrary, not denying everyday life, romance sought to solve the mystery of human being, turning to nature, trusting her religious and poetic feeling.

Romantic hero - the personality complex, passionate, the inner world of which is extremely deep, is infinite; This is a whole universe full of contradictions. Romantics were interested in all passions, and high and low, which were opposed to each other. High passion - love in all its manifestations, low - greed, ambition, envy. The low material practices of romance contrasted the life of the Spirit, especially religion, art, philosophy. Interest in strong and vivid feelings, all-consuming passions, to the secret movements of the soul - the characteristic features of romanticism.

You can talk about romantics as a special type of personality - a man of strong passions and high aspirations incompatible with the everyday world. Similar character accompanions exceptional circumstances. Attractive for romantics, fiction, folk music, poetry, legends are becoming attractive for romanticists - all that within one and a half times was considered as genre-free, not worth attention. For romanticism, the approval of freedom, sovereignty of personality, increased attention to a single, unique in man, the cult of individual. Confidence in human intrinsicness turns into a protest against rock history. Often the hero of the romantic work becomes an artist who can creatively perceive reality. Classic "imitation of nature" is opposed to the creative energy of the artist, transforming reality. It is created, a special world, more beautiful and real, rather than an empirically perceived reality. It is creativity that is the meaning of the existing, it represents the highest value of the universe. Romantics passionately defended the artist's creative freedom, his fantasy, believing that the genius of the artist was not subordinate to the rules, but they create them.

Romance appealed to various historical epochs, they attracted their originality, attracted exotic and mysterious countries and circumstances. Interest in history was one of the incredit conquests of the romantic art system. He was expressed in creating a genre of the historic novel (F. Kupper, A.Vinyi, V.Guhugu), the founder of which V. Scott is considered, and in general the novel, who acquired the leading position in the era considered. Romance in detail and accurately reproduce historical details, background, coloring one or another era, but romantic characters are given out of history, they are usually higher than the circumstances and do not depend on them. At the same time, romance perceived the novel as a means of comprehending history, and from history they went to penetration into the secrets of psychology, and accordingly - and modern times. Interest in history was also reflected in the writings of the historians of the French romantic school (O.Terry, F.Gizo, F.O. Merya).

It is in the era of romanticism that the culture of the Middle Ages occurs, and the admiration of antiquity, characteristic of the past epoch, also does not weaken at the end of 18 - beginning. 19 centuries. The variety of national, historical, individual features was also a philosophical meaning: the wealth of a single global whole consists of a combination of these individual features, and the study of the history of each people individually makes it possible to trace, by expressing Berk, not interrupted life through the following one after the other generations.

The era of romanticism was marked by the bloom of literature, one of the distinguishing properties of which was a passion for public and political problems. Trying to comprehend the role of a person in the occurring historical events, romance writers threw to accuracy, concreteness, reliability. At the same time, the action of their works is often unfolded in an unusual setting for Europeans - for example, in the East and in America, or, for Russians - in the Caucasus or in the Crimea. Thus, romantic poets - by the advantage of lyrics and poets of nature, and therefore in their work (however, the landscape is presented in their work (as well as many prose) - primarily the sea, the mountains, the sky, the stormy element, with which the hero is associated Complex relationships. Nature can be akin to passionate nature of the romantic hero, but can confront him, to be enjoying the power with which he is forced to fight.

Unusual and bright paintings of nature, life, life and the morals of distant countries and peoples - also inspired romantics. They were looking for the features that make up the primancy of the National Spirit. National identity is manifested primarily in oral folk art. Hence interest in folklore, processing of folklore works, the creation of its own works on the basis of folk creativity.

Development of genres of historical novel, fantastic story, lyrol-epic poem, ballads - merit of romantics. Their innovation was also manifested in lyrics, in particular, in the use of the meaningfulness of the word, the development of associativity, metaphoricity, discoveries in the field of renovation, meter, rhythm.

For romanticism, the synthesis of childbirth and genres is characterized, their interpenetration. Romantic artistic system was based on the synthesis of art, philosophy, religion. For example, there are linguistic studies, and philosophical doctrines, and travel notes. Much of the achievements of romanticism inherited realism 19 V. - a tendency to fiction, grotesque, mixing high and low, tragic and comic, discovery of a "subjective person."

Not only literature blooms in the era of romanticism, but many sciences: sociology, history, political science, chemistry, biology, evolutionary teaching, philosophy (Hegel, D. Yum, I.Kant, Fichte, Naturophilosophy, the essence of which is reduced to the fact that nature - One of the robes of God, "Live robe of the Divine").

Romanticism is the cultural phenomenon of Europe and America. In different countries, his fate had its own characteristics.

Germany can be considered a country of classical romanticism. Here, the events of the Great French Revolution were conscious of the ideas rather. Public problems were viewed in philosophy, ethics, aesthetics. The views of German romantics become all-terreas, have an impact on the public thought, the art of other countries. The history of German romanticism disintegrates for several periods.

At the origins of German romanticism, writers and theorists of the Ienskiy school (V.G. Vakkenroder, Novalov, Brothers F. and A. Shlevale, V.C.). In lectures of A. Shvell and in the works of F. Shhelling, the concept of romantic art has acquired its outlines. As one of the research studies of the Iensk school R. Chukh, Iensky romance "put forward as an ideal the union of various poles, no matter how the latter were called - reason and fantasy, spirit and instinct." The Andians also own the first works of the romantic direction: Comedy Tika Puss in Boots (1797), lyrical cycle Hymns by night (1800) and novel Heinrich Background Offterdingen (1802) Novalova. The poet Romantic F. Hölderlin, who was not part of the Iensk school belong to the same generation.

Heidelberg School - the second generation of German romantics. Here, an interest in religion, old, folklore manifested itself. This interest is explained by the appearance of a collection of folk songs. Magic horny boy (1806-08), compiled by L.Armin and Brentano, as well as Children's and family fairy tales (1812-1814) Brothers Ya. And V.Grimm. As part of the Heidelberg school, the first scientific direction was made in the study of folklore - the mythological school, which was based on the mythological ideas of Schelling and Schlelev's brothers.

For late German romanticism, the motives of hopelessness, tragedy, the rejection of modern society, the feeling of misappropriation of dreams and reality (Clayst, Hoffman). To this generation include A. Shamisso, Myuller and G.Genen, who called himself "the last romantic".

English Romanticism focuses on the problems of the development of society and humanity as a whole. English romance is inherent in the sense of catastrophicity of the historical process. The poets of the "Lake School" (U. Dersworth, S.T. Kolridge, R. Sauti) idealize the old days, chasing patriarchal relations, nature, simple, natural feelings. The creativity of the poets of the "Ozernaya School" is imbued with Christian humility, they are typical of the subconscious in man.

Romantic poems on medieval plots and historical novels V. Scott distinguishes interest in his native antiquity, to oral folk poetry.

However, the formation of romanticism in France was particularly acute. Causes of this bay. On the one hand, it was in France that the traditions of theatrical classicism were especially strong: it is right that the classic tragedy has acquired its completed and perfect expression in the drama of P. Kornell and J. Gracin. And, the stronger the tradition, the harder and intransigence proceeds to fight them. On the other hand, the French bourgeois revolution 1789 and the counter-revolutionary coup 1794 were indigenous in all areas of life. The ideas of equality and freedom, protest against violence and social injustice turned out to be extremely consonant issues of romanticism. This gave a powerful impetus to the development of French romantic drama. Her glory was V.GUGU ( Cromwell, 1827; Marion Delorm, 1829; Ernani., 1830; Angelo, 1935; Ryui Blaz, 1938 and others); A. De Vinya ( Marshal's wife d "ANKR, 1931; Chatterton,1935; transfers of Pieces Shakespeare); A. Dyuma-Father ( Antoni, 1931; Richard Darlington,1831; Nelskaya Tower,1832; Kin, or damage and genius,1936); A. De Mussse ( Lorenzacho,1834). True, in his late dramaturgy, Mussse was departed from aesthetics of romanticism, rethinking his ideals in an ironic and several parody's vein and saturating their works of elegant irony ( Caprice, 1847; Candlestick, 1848; Love is not joking, 1861, etc.).

The playwright of English romanticism is represented in the work of great poets J.G. Baron ( Manfred, 1817; Marino Faleeo., 1820, etc.) and PB Shelli ( Checky, 1820; Elda, 1822); German romanticism - in Pieces I.L.Tikov ( Life and death of Genovyev, 1799; Emperor Octavian, 1804) and G. Kleista ( Pentseillia, 1808; Prince Friedrich Gomburgsky, 1810, etc.).

Romanticism had a huge influence on the development of acting art: psychologism was for the first time in history. The change in the rationally verified acting manner of classicism came violent emotionality, bright dramatic expression, versatility and inconsistency of psychological development of characters. Empathy returned to the visual halls; The largest Dramatic Actors-Romance became idiots: E.kin (England); L. Dewrient (Germany), M.Dorval and F.Leometer (France); A. Lori (Italy); E.Frest and Sh. Kashmen (USA); P.Mochalov (Russia).

Under the sign of romanticism, the musical and theater art of the first half of the 19th century develops. - as Opera (Wagner, Guno, Verdi, Rossini, Bellini, etc.) and ballet (Puni, Maurer, etc.).

Romanticism enriched and the palette of producing expressive means of the theater. For the first time, the principles of art artist, composer, decorator began to be considered in the context of emotional impact on the viewer, identifying the dynamics of action.

By mid 19 in. aesthetics of theatrical romanticism seemed to be outlived; To change, she was a realism, which had a creative and creatively rethinking all artistic achievements of romantics: renewal of genres, democratization of the heroes and literary language, expanding the palette of acting and staged funds. However, in 1880-1890, in theatrical art, the direction of neoromantism was formed and strengthened - mainly as a controversy with naturalistic trends in the theater. Neoromantic dramaturgy mainly developed in the genre of poetic drama, close lyrical tragedy. The best plays of neoroantics (E. Grostan, A. Shnyzler, Gogmanstal, S. Banelli) are distinguished by intense drama and refined tongue.

Undoubtedly, aesthetics of romanticism with its emotional riskiness, heroic pathos, strong and deep feelings are extremely close to theatrical art, fundamentally under construction on empathy and the achievement of Qatarsis. That is why romanticism simply cannot permanently dake into the past; At all times, the performances of this direction will be in demand by the audience.

Tatyana Shabalina

Literature:

Gaim R. Romantic School. M., 1891.
Repament B.G. Between classicism and romanticism. L., 1962.
European romanticism. M., 1973.
The era of romanticism. From the history of international relations of Russian literature. L., 1975.
Russian romanticism. L., 1978.
Bentley E. Drama life. M., 1978.
Djimails A., Boyadzhiev G. History of the West European Theater. M., 1991.
Western European Theater from the Renaissance before the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Essays. M., 2001.
Mann Yu. Russian literature XIX century. The era of romanticism. M., 2001.

- an amazing writer who easily could create a lyrical landscape, depicting us not the object image of nature, but the romantic mood of the soul. Zhukovsky is a representative of romanticism. For his works, his unsurpassed poetry he chose the world of the soul, the world of human feelings, thereby making a great contribution to the development of Russian literature.

Romanticism Zhukovsky

Zhukovsky is considered the founder of Russian romanticism. His even in his lifetime was called the father of romanticism and not just like that. This direction in the works of the writer is visible not by an armed eye. Zhukovsky developed the sensitivity in his works, which originated in sentimentalism. We see romanticism in the lyrics of the poet, where the feelings are depicted in every work, and even more. The soul of man is revealed in the works. As Belinsky said, thanks to the romantic elements that Zhukovsky used in his works, poetry in Russian literature became inspired and more affordable for people and for society. The writer gave Russian poetry the opportunity to develop in a new direction.

Features of Romanticism Zhukovsky

What is the feature of Romantic Zhukovsky? Romanticism will be presented to us by fleeting slightly catchy, or maybe even elusive, experiences. Zhukovsky's poetry is the small stories of the author's soul, the image of his thoughts, dreams that were displayed and found their lives in poems, ballads, elegions. The writer showed us the inner world, which is filled with a person, personifying spiritual dreams, experiences. At the same time, in order to describe the feelings that the human heart is overflowed, describe the feelings that they do not have the size and shape, the author resorts to comparison of feelings with nature.

The merit of Zhukovsky, as a poet-romance that he showed not only his inner world, but also opened the means of the image of the soul of man in general, giving the opportunity to develop romanticism to other writers, such as

It originated in the late XVIII century, but the greatest heyday was reached in the 1830s. Since the beginning of the 1850s, the period begins to go on a decline, but it stretches through the entire XIX century, giving the basis to such areas as symbolism, decades and neoromanthism.

The emergence of romanticism

The birthplace of the direction is Europe, in particular, England and France, from where and the name of this artistic direction - Romantisme has come. It is explained by the fact that romanticism of the 19th century arose as a consequence of the Great French Revolution.

The revolution destroyed the whole previously existing hierarchy, stirred society and social layers. The person began to feel loneliness and began to seek consolation in gambling and other entertainment. Against the background of this and there was an idea that the whole life is a game in which there are winners, and losers. The main character of each romantic work is a person playing with rock, with fate.

What is romanticism

Romanticism is all that exist only in books: incomprehensible, incredible and fantastic phenomena, while at the same time conjugate with the statement of personality through its spiritual and creative life. Main events unfold against the background of severe passions, all heroes have brightly manifested characters, they are often endowed with the Bunlet spirit.

The writers of the era of romanticism make focus on the fact that the main value in life is a person's personality. Each person is a separate world full of amazing beauty. It is from there that all inspiration and elevated feelings are drawn, and a tendency to idealization appears.

According to the writers-novelists, the ideal is the concept of ephemeral, but nevertheless having the right to exist. The ideal is located outside the whole everyday, therefore the protagonist, and his ideas are directly opposed to everyday relations and material things.

Distinctive features

Features of romanticism as concluded in basic ideas and conflicts.

The main idea of \u200b\u200balmost every work is the constant movement of the hero in the physical space. This fact seems to reflect the confusion of the soul, its continuously current reflections and at the same time - changes in the world around him.

Like many artistic directions, romanticism has its own conflicts. Here, the whole concept is built on the complex relationship between the main character with the outside world. It is very egocentric and at the same time rebellious against lowland, vulgar, material items of reality, which is somehow manifested in the actions, thoughts and ideas of the character. The following literary examples of romanticism are most pronounced in this regard: Childe Harold - the protagonist of Byrona and Pechorrine "Hero's" Hero "of Lermontov.

If we generalize all of the above, it turns out that the basis of any such work is a gap between reality and an idealized world that has very sharp edges.

Romanticism in European Literature

European romanticism of the 19th century is remarkable by the fact that in its majority his works have a fantastic basis. These are numerous fabulous legends, novels and stories.

The main countries in which romanticism as a literary direction manifested itself most expressive is France, England and Germany.

This artistic phenomenon has several stages:

1. 1801-1815 years. The beginning of the formation of romantic aesthetics.
2. 1815-1830. The formation and flourishing of the flow, determining the main postulates of this direction.
3. 1830-1848. Romanticism is checked into more social forms.

Each of the above countries has made its own, a special contribution to the development of an indicated cultural phenomenon. In France, romantic had a more political color, writers were hostile to the new bourgeoisie. This society, according to French figures, ruined the integrity of the person, its beauty and freedom of spirit.

In English legends, romanticism existed quite a long time ago, but until the end of the XVIII century did not stand out as a separate literary direction. British works, unlike French, filled with gothic, religion, national folklore, culture of peasant and work societies (including spiritual sense). In addition, English prose and lyrics are filled with travels to distant countries and research of other land.

In Germany, romanticism as a literary direction was formed under the influence of idealistic philosophy. The foundations were individuality and oppressed by feudalism, as well as the perception of the universe as a single living system. Almost every German work is permeated with reflections on the life of a person and the life of his spirit.

Europe: examples of works

The most notable European works in the spirit of romanticism are the following literary writings:

Treatise "Genius of Christianity", the story "Atala" and "Rena" Tutubrica;

Romanes "Dolphin", "Corinna, or Italy" Germames de Stelle;

Roman "Adolf" Benjan Konstan;

Roman "Confession of the Son of the Century" Mussy;

Roman "Saint-Mar" Vinya;

Manifesto "Preface" for the work of "Cromwell", Roman "Cathedral of the Paris Mother of God" Hugo;

Drama "Heinrich III and his courtyard", a series of novels about Musketeers, "Count Monte Cristo" and "Queen Margo" Duma;

Novels "Indiana", "Wandering Submaster", "Oras", "Consuelo" Georges Sand;

Manifesto "Rasin and Shakespeare" Standal;

The poems "Old Sailor" and "Kristabel" of Kolridge;

- "Eastern poems" and "Manfred" Bairon;

Collection of works of Balzak;

Roman "Ivango" Walter Scott;

Fairy tale "Hycint and Rosa", Roman "Heinrich Von Owldingen" Novisa;

Collections of Novel, fairy tales and gofman novels.

Romanticism in Russian literature

Russian romanticism of the 19th century originated under the direct influence of Western European literature. However, despite this, he had his own characteristics that were tracked back in previous periods.

This artistic phenomenon in Russia fully reflects all the hostility of the frontiers and revolutionaries to the dominant bourgeoisie, in particular, to her lifestyle - dismissed, immoral and cruel. The Russian romanticism of the 19th century was a direct consequence of the rebellious moods and anticipation of turning milestones in the history of the country.

In the literature of the time two directions stand out: psychological and civil. The first was based on the description and analysis of feelings and experiences, the second - on the promotion of the fight against modern society. The overall and the main idea of \u200b\u200ball novelists was that the poet or the writer should have behaved according to the ideals that he described in his works.

Russia: examples of works

The brightest examples of romanticism in the literature of Russia of the XIX century are:

Test "Undina", "Shilon Prisoner", Ballads "Forest Tsar", "Rybak", "Lenor" Zhukovsky;

Writings "Evgeny Onegin", "Picovaya Lady" Pushkin;

- "Night before Merry Christmas" Gogol;

- "Hero of our time" Lermontov.

Romanticism in American Literature

In America, the direction received a little later development: the initial stage is dated of its 1820-1830, the subsequent - 1840-1860 XIX century. On both stages, civil exclisions were provided for both in France (which was the impetus for the creation of the United States), so directly both in America itself (the war for independence from England and the war between the North and South).

Artistic directions in American romanticism are represented by two species: Abolitinist, rather than exemption from slavery, and the eastern idealizing plantation.

The American literature of the specified period is based on the rethinking of knowledge and genres captured from Europe and mixed with peculiar skills and the tempo of life for the still new and little loan. American works are rich in the national intonation, a sense of independence and the struggle for freedom.

American romanticism. Examples of works

The "Alhambra" cycle, the stories "Groom-Ghost", "Rip Van Winkle" and "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" Washington Irving;

Roman "The Last Mogican" of Phoenimor Cooper;

The poem "Raven", the stories "Laiya", "Golden Beetle", "Falling the House of Ashers" and other E. Alan by;

Novels "Alay Letter" and "House of Seven Frontones" Gorton;

Novels "Taipi" and "Moby Dick" Melville;

Roman "Higin Uncle Tom" Harriet Bilecher-Stow;

Poetly overlooked the legends of "Evankhelin", "Song of Guyavate", "Miles of Miles Standish" Longfello;

Collection "Leaves of Herb" Whitman;

Writing "Woman in the nineteenth century" Margaret Fuller.

Romanticism as a literary direction had a rather strong impact on musical, theatrical art and painting - enough to recall the numerous productions and paintings of those times. It happened mainly due to the qualities of the direction as high aesthetics and emotionality, heroism and patheucy, chivalry, idealization and humanism. Despite the fact that the age of romanticism was short enough, it did not affect the popularity of books written in the XIX century, in the following decades - works of literary art of that period are loved and revered by the public and to this day.

Romanticism (Fr. Romantisme) is the phenomenon of European culture in the XVIII-XIX centuries, which is a reaction to enlightening and stimulated scientific and technological progress; Ideal and artistic direction in the European and American culture of the late XVIII century - the first half of the XIX century. It is characterized by an assertion of the intrinsicness of the spiritual and creative life of the person, the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. Established to various fields of human activity. In the XVIII century, romantic called everything strange, fantastic, scenic and existing in books, and not in reality. At the beginning of the XIX century, romanticism became the designation of the new direction opposite to classicism and education.

Romanticism in literature

Romanticism emerged for the first time in Germany, in the circle of writers and philosophers of the Ian School (V. G. Vakkenroder, Ludwig Tik, Novalis, Brothers F. and A. Schlegeli). The philosophy of romanticism was systematized in the works of F. Schlegel and F. Schellling. In the future, the development of German romanticism is distinguished by interest in fabulous and mythological motives, which was particularly pronounced in the work of the Vilhelm brothers and Jacob Grimm, Hoffman. Heine, starting his creativity within the framework of romanticism, later exposed his critical revision.

Theodore Zheriko raft "Medusa" (1817), Louvre

In England, the German influence is largely due to the German influence. In England, his first representatives are the poets of the "Lake School", Wordsworth and Karridge. They established the theoretical foundations of their direction, having familiarized themselves during the journey in Germany with the Schelling philosophy and the views of the first German romantics. For English romanticism, interest in public problems is characterized: the modern bourgeois society they oppose the old, dobuzhuazny relations, chasing nature, simple, natural feelings.

A bright representative of English romanticism is Bayron, who, according to Pushkin, "envelope in dull romanticism and hopeless egoism." His creativity is imbued with a pathos of struggle and protest against the modern world, chanting freedom and individualism.

Also to English romanticism includes the work of Shelly, John Kita, William Blake.

Romanticism received distribution in other European countries, for example, in France (Shatubin, J. Stalla, Lamartin, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vinyi, Prosper Merim, Georges Sand), Italy (N. U. Foscolo, A. Mandzoni, Leopard) , Poland (Adam Mitskevich, Yuliush Slovak, Zygmunt Krasinki, Ciprian Norvid) and in the USA (Washington Irving, Fenimor Cooper, W. K. Bryant, Edgar by, Nathaniel Gotorn, Henry Longfello, Hermann Melville).

Also, the French romance ranged be a standal, but he meant something other than most of his contemporaries. In the epigraph of the novel "Red and Black" he took the words "True, Gorky True", stressing his calling to the realistic study of human characters and actions. The writer was addicted to romantic outstanding agents, for which he recognized the right to "go hunting for happiness." He sincerely believed that only the company depends on the company, whether a person would be able to realize his eternal, given by the nature of the craving for well-being.

Romanticism in Russian literature

It is usually believed that in Russia, romanticism appears in the poetry V. A. Zhukovsky (although there are already some Russian poetic works of 1790-1800 to the preconanomantic movement that developed from sentimentalism. Freedom from classical conventions appears in Russian romanticism, a ballad, a romantic drama is created. A new idea is approved about the essence and value of poetry, which recognizes an independent sphere of life, expressive to the highest, ideal striving of a person; The former look at which poetry seemed empty fun, something quite official, it is no longer possible.

Early poetry A. S. Pushkin also developed in the framework of romanticism. The peak of Russian romanticism can be considered the poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, "Russian Bairon". Philosophical Lyrics F. I. Tyutchev is both completion and overcoming romanticism in Russia.

The emergence of romanticism in Russia

In the XIX century, Russia was in some cultural isolation. Romanticism emerged seven years later than in Europe. You can talk about his some imitativeness. In the Russian culture of opposing man, the world and God was not. Zhukovsky arises, which redels in German ballads into Russian Lad: "Svetlana" and "Lyudmila". The option of romanticism Bayronovsky lived and felt in his work first in the Russian culture of Pushkin, then Lermontov.

Russian romanticism, starting with Zhukovsky, bloomed in the work of many other writers: K. Batyushkova, A. Pushkin, M. Lermontova, E. Baratynsky, F. Tyutcheva, V. Odoyevsky, V. Garbish, A. Kurin, A. Bloka, A. Green, K. Poist and many others.

ADDITIONALLY.

Romanticism (from Franz. Romantisme) is a ideological and artistic direction that occurs in the late XVIII century in European and American culture and continues until the 40s of the XIX century. Relaxing the disappointment in the results of the Great French Revolution, in the ideology of enlightenment and bourgeois progress, romanticism opposed utilitarianism and the leveling of the personality as limb to unlimited freedom and "infinite", thirst for excellence and renewal, pathos of personality and civil independence.

The painful disintegration of the ideal and social reality is the basis of romantic worldview and art. The approval of the intrinsicness of the spiritual and creative life of the person, the image of strong passions, spiritualized and healing nature, adjacent to the motives of the "world grief", "world evil", "night" side of the soul. Interest in the national past (often it is his idealization), the traditions of folklore and culture of their own and other peoples, the desire to publish a universal picture of the world (first of all history and literature) found an expression in ideology and practices of romanticism.

Romanticism is observed in literature, visual art, architecture, behavior, clothing and psychology of people.

Causes of romanticism.

The immediate cause that caused the appearance of romanticism was the Great French Bourgeois Revolution. How did it become possible?

Before the revolution, the world was ordered, there was a clear hierarchy, each person occupied his place. The revolution turned the "pyramid" of society, the new has not yet been created, so a separate person has a sense of loneliness. Life is a stream, life is a game in which someone is lucky, and there is no one. In the literature, there are images of players - people who play with fate. You can recall such works of European writers as the "player" of Hoffman, "Red and Black" standal (and red and black is the colors of the roulette!), And in Russian literature it is a "peak lady" Pushkin, "Players" Gogol, Masquerade Lermontov.

The main conflict of romanticism

The main thing is the conflict of a person with the world. The psychology of the rebellious person arises, which the Lord Byron, the most deeply reflected in the work of the "Child-Harold Travel". The popularity of this work was so great that a whole phenomenon arose - "Bayronism", and entire generations of young people tried to imitate him (such, for example, Pechorin in the "Hero of Our Time" Lermontov).

Romantic heroes combines sense of their own exception. "I" - aware of the highest value, hence the egocentrism of the romantic hero. But focusing on yourself, a person comes into conflict with reality.

Reality - the world is strange, fantastic, extraordinary, as in the fairy tale of Hoffmann "Nutcracker", or ugly, as in his fairy tale "Chrumba Tsakhs". Strange events occur in these fairy tales, objects come to life and enter into extensive conversations, the main topic of which is becoming a deep gap between ideals and reality. And this gap becomes the main theme of the lyrics of romanticism.

The era of romanticism

Before the writers of the beginning of the XIX century, the creativity of which was evolving after the Great French Revolution, life put out other tasks than before their predecessors. They had for the first time to open and artistically form a new mainland.

The thinking and feeling of the new century had a long and instructive experience of previous generations behind the shoulders, he was endowed with a deep and complex inner world, the images of the heroes of the French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, National Liberation Movements, Napsycho and Bairon's images, Vitaly, Vitali. In Russia, the Patriotic War of 1812 played the role of the most important historical line, deeply changing the cultural and historical appearance of Russian society in the spiritual and moral development of society. According to its value for the national culture, it can be compared with the period of revolution of the XVIII century in the West.

And in this era of revolutionary storms, military shocks and national liberation movements, the question arises whether new literature is on the basis of a new historical reality, which is not inferior in its artistic perfection the greatest phenomena of the literature of the ancient world and the Renaissance Epoch. And can there be a "contemporary person" on the basis of its further development, a person from the people? But a person from the people who participated in the French revolution or on whose shoulders lay down the gravity of the fight against Napoleon, could not be discussed in the literature by means of novelists and poets of the previous century, - he demanded for his poetic embodiment of other methods.

Pushkin - Romantic Different

Only Pushkin, the first in Russian literature of the XIX century and in verses and in prose find adequate tools for the embodiment of a versatile spiritual world, the historical appearance and behavior of the new, deeply thinking and felt hero of the Russian life, which took the central place after 1812 and in Features after the uprising of the Decembrists.

In the Lyceum poems, Pushkin could not yet, and did not decrease to make the hero of his lyrics of the real person of a new generation with all the inherent inner psychological complexity. Pushkin poem represented as likely to the two forces: personal experiences of the poet and conditional, "ready-made", traditional poetic formula scheme, according to the internal laws of which this experience was issued and developed.

However, gradually the poet is exempt from the authorities of the canons and no young "philosopher" -Epikurets, the inhabitant of the conditional "town", and the man of the new century, with his rich and tense intellectual and emotional inner life appears in his poems before us.

A similar process occurs in Pushkin's work in any genres, where conditional images of characters already consecrated by tradition are inferior to the fighters of living people with their complex, various deeds and psychological motives. First, this is a few distracted captive or Aleko. But soon they are replaced by quite real Onegin, Lensky, young Dubrovsky, Herman, Charsky. And finally, the most complete expression of a new type of person will be the lyrical "I" Pushkin himself, the poet himself, whose spiritual world is the most profound, rich and complex expression of burning moral and intellectual issues of time.

One of the conditions of the historical coup, which Pushkin committed in the development of Russian poetry, dramaturgy and narrative prose, was implemented by it a principled gap with an educational-rational, non-historical idea of \u200b\u200bthe "nature" of a person, the laws of human thinking and feeling.

The complex and controversial soul of the "young man" of the beginning of the XIX century in the "Caucasian prisoner", "Gypsies", "Eugene Onegin" became the object of artistic and psychological observation and studying in its special, specific and unique historical quality. Holding his hero every time in certain conditions, depicting it in various circumstances, in new relations with people, exploring his psychology from different sides and taking advantage of this every time the new system of artistic "mirrors", Pushkin in his lyrics, southern poems and "Onegin "It seeks to get closer to understanding his soul from different sides, and through it - further to understanding the laws reflected in this soul in this soul.

Historical understanding of man and human psychology began to emerge in Pushkin in late 1810 - early 1820s. We meet the first distinct expression in the historical elegions of this pore ("the daytime shine ..." (1820), "To Ovid" (1821), etc.) and in the "Caucasian prisoner" poem, the main character of which was conceived by Pushkin, According to his own recognition of the poet, as a carrier of feelings and sentiment, characteristic of young people of the XIX century with her "indifference to life" and the "premature old age of the soul" (from the letter to V.P. Gorchakov, October-November 1822)

32.Fast themes and motifs of the philosophical lyrics A.S. Pushkin of the 1830s (Elegy, "Demons", "Autumn", "When outside the city ...", Kamennoostrovsky cycle, etc.). Genre-style quest.

Meditsa about life, her meaning, her goals, about death and immortality become leading philosophical motifs of Pushkin lyrics at the stage of completion of the "holiday of life". Among the poems of this period is particularly noticeable. "Whether I go along the streets of noisy ..." in it strongly sounds the motive of death, its inevitability. The problem of death is solved by the poet not only as the inevitability, but also as the natural completion of the Earth Being:

I say: the years will be used

And how many not see us here,

We will all go under the eternal vaults -

And someone is close enough.

Poems are striking the amazing generosity of the Pushkin Heart, able to welcome life even when it is no longer the place for him.

And let the coffin entrance

Mladia will be life to play

And indifferent nature

Krasya eternally shine, -

He writes a poet, completing the poem.

In the "Road complaints", A.S. Pushkin writes about the unpleasuries of personal life, about what lacked him since childhood. Moreover, his own fate is perceived by the poet in the communional context: Russian off-road has a poem of both direct and figurative meaning, the historical wandering of the country is in search of the right development path.

The problem of off-road. But already different. Spiritual, properties arises in the poem A.S. Pushkin "Demes". It tells about the loss of a person in the vortices of historical events. The motive of spiritual off-road is stipulated by a poet, who thinks a lot about the events of 1825, about his own wonderful relief from the fate of the participants of the People's uprising of 1825, about the most wonderful deliverance from the fate of the participants of the uprising on the Senate Square. In verses Pushkin, there is a problem of electing, understanding the high mission entrusted to God as a poet. It is this problem that becomes leading in the poem "Arion".

The philosophical lyrics of the thirties, the so-called Kamennoostrovsky cycle, whose core make up the poem "Fathers of the Distributions and Walls is immaculate ...", "Imitation of Italian", "Mirskaya Power", "from Pindimony". This cycle unites meditation over the problem of the poetic knowledge of peace and man. From under the pen. A.S. Pushkin comes out the poem. Arrangement of the Uphim Sirin's gritty prayer. Meditsa about religion, about its great strengthening moral strength become the leading motive of this poem.

The real flourishing is experiencing Pushkin-philosopher in the Boldin Autumn of 1833. Among the major works about the role of fate in the life of a person, the role of personality in history attracts the poetic masterpiece "Autumn". The motive of human communication from the cycle of natural life and the motive of creativity is leading in this poem. Russian nature, life, fusion with her, subordinate to its laws, is represented by the author of the poem of the greatest value., No inspiration, which means there is no creativity. "And with each fall, I flourish again ..." - writes a poet about himself.

Looking at the fiction of the poem "... I visited again ...", the reader easily discovers a whole complex of themes of Pushkin lyrics, expressing ideas about man and nature, about time, about memory and fate. It is on their background that the main philosophical problem of this poem sounds - the problem of changing generations. Nature awakens the memory of the past in man, although herself has no memory itself. It is updated, repeating in every update. Therefore, the noise of the new pines "Junior tribes", which will ever hear descendants, will be the same as now, and he will touch in their souls those strings that will make them remember the dead ancestor, who also lived in this repeating world. This allows the author of the poem "... I visited again ..." Exclaim: "Hello, a young tribe, unfamiliar!"

Long and thorny was the path of the great poet through the "cruel eyelids". He led to immortality. The motive of poetic immortality is the leading in the poem "I am an unpretentious monument to myself ...", which has become a kind of testament A.S. Pushkin.

Thus, philosophical motives were inherent in the lyrics of Pushkin throughout his work. They arose in connection with the appeal of the poet to the problems of death and immortality, faith and challenging, changing generations, creativity, meaning of being. All the philosophical lyrics A.S. Pushkin can be subjected to periodization, which will correspond to the life stages of the Great Poet, at each of which she thought about some of the very definite problems. However, at any stage of creativity, A.S. Pushkin spoke in his verses only about the commonplace for humanity. Probably, therefore, the folk trail will not tarnish "to this Russian poet.

ADDITIONALLY.

Analysis of the poem "When in the city, I'm pensive"

"... when outside the city, I'm shattered ...". So Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

begins the poem of the same name.

Reading this poem becomes understandable to all feasts

and luxury urban and metropolitan life.

Conditionally, this poem can be in two parts: the first - about the metropolitan cemetery,

other - about rural. In the transition from one to another, respectively, changes and

the mood of the poet, but, having highlight the role of the first line in the poem, I think it would be

mistakenly take the first string of the first part, as the identifies the entire mood of the verse, because

strits: "But however, I am sometimes for the autumn, in the evening silence, in the village

the cemetery of the family ... "radically change the direction of the thought of the poet.

In this poem, the conflict is expressed as opposed to urban

cemeteries, where: "Lattices, columns, elegant tombs. Under koimy all the dead

capital in the swamp is somehow crammed by row ... "and rural, closer to the heart of the poet,

cemeteries: "Where the dead dead in solemn rest there is not decorated graves

space ... "But, again, comparing these two parts of the poem can not forget about

latest lines in which, as it seems to me, the entire attitude of the author to these two is reflected

completely different places:

1. "That evil on me is despondent finding, even though spit yes ..."

2. "There is a wide oak over important coffins, hesitated and noise ..." Two parts

one poem is compared as day and night, moon and sun. Author through

comparing the true purpose of these cemeteries and underlying underground

shows us how different things can be the same concepts.

I say that the widow or widow will come to the city cemeteries only

what would create the impression of grief and grief, although it is not always correct. Those who

lies under the "inscriptions and prose and in verses" in life cared only "about virtues,

about the service and ranks. "

On the contrary, if we talk about a rural cemetery. There people walk in order to

pour the soul and talk to those who are no longer.

It seems to me, it is not by chance that Alexander Sergeevich wrote such a poem for

a year before your death. He was afraid, as I think he was buried on the same city,

the metropolitan cemetery and he will have the same grave, as in those whose tombstones he contemplated.

"Threads from pillars

Slick graves, who are also here,

Zewyuchi, residents are waiting for the residents. "

Analysis of the poem A.S. Pushkin "Elegy"

Mad Years Falling Fun

It is hard for me as a vague hangover.

But like wine - sadness of the past days

In my soul than older, the stronger.

My way is sad. Promises me work and grief

The coming worried sea.

But I do not want, o'D, dying;

And I know, I will enjoy

Master the sorrows, worries and distill:

Sometimes again harmony I wish,

I will share tears over the fiction

A. S. Pushkin wrote this an elegue in 1830. It refers to the philosophical lyrics. Pushkin appealed to this genre as an elderly magician life and experience of the poet. This poem is deeply personal. Two stains constitute the meaning contrast: in the first one argues about the drama of the life path, the second sounds with apotheosis of creative self-realization, the high appointment of the poet. We may well identify the lyrical character with the author ourselves. In the first lines ("Mad Years, the fun / me is hard as a vague hangover.") The poet says that he is no longer young. Looking back, he sees the traveled path, which is far from flawless: the past fun, from which heaven in the soul. However, at the same time, in the soul overflows longing for the past days, it enhances the feeling of anxiety and the unknownness of the future, in which "labor and grief" seems. But it also means movement and full-fledged creative life. "Labor and mountain" is perceived by an ordinary person like a heavy rock, but for the poet it is ups and falls. Labor - creativity, grief - impressions, bright events that make inspiration. And the poet, despite the past years, believes and waits for the "coming worried sea."

After rather gloomy lines, which seem to knock the rhythm of the funeral march, suddenly the light takeoff of the wounded bird:

But I do not want, o'D, dying;

I want to live to think and suffer;

The poet will die when it stops thinking, even if blood runs on the body and the heart beats. The movement of thought is true life, development, which means the desire for perfection. The thought is responsible for the mind, and suffering for feelings. "Suffering" is also the ability to compassion.

The tired man is over the past and sees the future in the fog. But the poet, the Creator with confidence predicts that "there will be a pleasure between the chambers, worries and distill." What will these earthly joy of the poet lead? They give new creative fruits:

Sometimes again harmony I wish,

Over the fiction of tears we will share ...

Harmony probably is the integrity of Pushkin works, their flawless form. Either this is the moment of creation of works, the moment of all-consuming inspiration ... The fiction and tears of the poet are the result of inspiration, this is the work itself.

And maybe my sunset is sad

Liberates love with a smile farewell.

When the Muse is inspired by him comes to him, maybe (the poet doubts, but hopes) he will love again and will love. One of the main aspirations of the poet, the crown of his creativity is love, which also, like Muse, is a satellite of life. And this love is the latter. "Elegy" in the form of a monologue. It addressed to "Other" - to those who understand and share the thoughts of the lyrical hero.

The poem is lyrical meditation. It is written in the classic genre of Elegy, and this corresponds to the tone and intonation: Elegy in translation from Greek - "plaintive song". This genre was widespread in Russian poetry from the 18th century: Sumarokov, Zhukovsky, later, Lermontov, Nekrasov appealed to him. But Elegia Nekrasov is civil, Pushkin - philosophical. In classicism, this genre, one of the "high," obliges to use high words and old elements.

Pushkin, in turn, is not neglected by this tradition, and used in the work of Old Slavonic words, forms and turnover, and the abundance of such a vocabulary does not deprive the poem of ease, grace and clearness.