Who is such a school. The mystery of the architect: why Schusev built a mausoleum

Schusev Alexey Viktorovich (born in 1873 - mind. In 1949) an outstanding Russian architect, a commitment, both traditional and avant-garde styles. In 1900 - 1910s. - Leading architect of the Neorussky style, in the 1920s. - Successful constructivist, in 1930 - 1940s. - consistent

Gurdjieff Georgy Ivanovich (1872/1873 / 1877-1949) - Russian thinker. In his youth, an interest in abnormal phenomena appears. In search of "true knowledge" a variety of Central Asia and the Middle East visited, the remainder of life spent in Europe and America. At the end of 1913 created the first

In the winter of 1929, the famous Russian architect Alexei Schusyev and an equally well-known historian and the archaeologist Frederick Poulsen discussed the task of state importance - the form of which of the burial pagan pyramids to give the Mausoleum of the leader of the world proletariat. Historians to this day cannot come to a common opinion that the construction is towers in the heart of Moscow.

According to one of the versions, Shchiyev built an Orthodox chapel, symbolizing the image of the Golgotha \u200b\u200bMountain. On the other, the bold architect erected a copy of the step pyramid of Pharaoh Josra and the tomb of Kira the Great. However, others see the Sumerian zikcurats or the facilities of the ancient Aztecs in the mausoleum. Shchusev always wondered for the preservation of the historical heritage of Russia. Why exactly the form of the pagan pyramid seemed to him the most optimal for the ancient square of the ancient Russian city? This is read about it in a special plot of the TV channel "Moscow Trust".

Young diving

Alexey Viktorovich Shushev was born in 1873 in Chisinau in the family of a survival adviser. At the age of 18, he entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where Benouu and Repin were his mentors.

"Of course, Shushev was an incredibly gifted and happy fate. And the fate gave him not only talent, but also many chances of the incarnation of this talent, achieving some professional and social success. And I must say that, probably, Shchusev did not miss any. Chance. He was still a man of result, "said the director of the State Museum of Architecture. A.V. Schuseva Irina Korolein.

Shushev was talented in everything. In particular, in addition to undoubted artistic talent, nature rewarded it with rare charm and energetic.

One day, a student of the third course of the Academy of Arts found out from the newspapers about the death of General Schubin-Pozdeev. And literally in a few days, without having either letters, nor recommendations, declared to the general widow with a ready-made sketch of the tombstone. The project affected by both the depring self-confidence of the twenty-year architect, the general agreed.

"Indeed, he convinced his first customer with a young boy. And, obviously, she still did not really understand what he wanted, and he felt it and she explained to her. I think that just that," says Irina Korobyne.

So on the cemetery of Alexander-Neva Lavra, the first creation of Schuseva appeared - a solid monument from wrought iron. His author soon finishes the Academy of Arts and begins to try forces in the architectural workshop with Holy Synod - it designs iconostasis and churches.

"The first his independent work after he studied, is the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Wow order for a beginner master!" - said Architect Restorer Alexander Mozhaev.

Temple Sergius Radonezh on a sticker field. Photo: wikipedia.org/arssenev

Orders multiply. Shchusev restores the unique church of the XII century in ancient Ovrich, designs the temple of Rev. Sergius Radonezh in the Kulikov field.

Customers appear in Moscow. In 1909, the Great Princess Elizaveta Fedorovna, the widow of the governor of the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, who fell from the hands of terrorists, was previously sold out all his jewels, buys the estate in the center of the city - four houses and the garden.

So on the Big Ordyanka appeared Marfo Mariinsky Abode of Mercy - Monastery, Charitable and Medical Institution. "White Angel of Moscow" called this abode of citizens.

Hospital, ambulatory, free pharmacy and dining room, shelter for girls orphans. Not enough only the main thing - the temple. The draft cathedral, which was decided to consecrate in honor of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, instructed the young, but already famous architect.

Builder of temples

Schusev built a temple in style, called the contemporaries of unusual. The Great Russian artist Mikhail Nesterov was engaged in the wall painting of the Pokrovsky Cathedral.

"Of course, before the restoration, he represented a completely different picture: there were partitions high, the windows were hung, broken lattice, window bindings. To work here a lot, to open and renovate genuine floors, who remember the steps of Elizabeth Fedorovna and other representatives of the royal family. First, What rushes into the eyes, this composition with Christ and flowing to him. This is how art historians say, in white clothes with a wounded soldier, Elizaveta Fedorovna itself, she leads a wounded soldier to Christ, "says the architect restorer Sergey Demidov.

"The shops around the perimeter of the cathedral were intended for patients and poor - after all, the monastery was built for them. For many years, the benches were considered lost, but when the restorers opened the floors, they showed carefully hidden and stone bases of shops, and even the central panicadic.

"Found the central image of this panicadal with cherubs, with decorative linings, which, during the closure of the temple, some kind of good soul took off, turned off the roll, all this business was compressed, and put it under the floor. It broke up 60-70 years old and waited. And waited, "says Sergey Demidov.

Even the dungeon of the Pokrovsky Temple was designed by Shushus on the principle of the ancient Russian cathedrals. The Grand Duchess assumed that this place, the so-called crypt, will fall on its tomb within a period.

"And for these purposes, at her desire, Schushev was designed by Arkosolia, where the grave of Elizabeth Fedorovna was supposed to be," says Demidov.

Cathedral of the Intercession in the Marfo Mariinsky Resident. Photo: wikipedia.org/ludvig14.

But fate ordered otherwise. Elizabeth in 1918, together with other members of the imperial surname, was shot in the small Ural town of Alapaevsk. Later, her remains transported to the Holy Earth.

"The will of the Fate Body is now in Jerusalem in the Gunnensky Monastery, and here, in this carved wooden cancer, there is a fabric in which the body of Elizabeth Fedorovna was wrapped in Jerusalem during transportation from Alapaevsk," explains the architect restorer Sergey Demidov.

The abode of mercy in the same 1918 closed. The cinema settled in the Cinema Temple, and then the restoration workshops of Igor Grabar, thanks to which, in fact, the unique temple, and all the abode managed to keep in almost the priority form.

"I remember my impression of another youth when, being a student, I walked in Ordyanka and just painted. I looked through the fence and was amazed by this architecture - this unusual white white temple with a huge chapter. That is, the innovative architecture Schuseva just amazed and contemporaries, not Leaves anyone indifferent now, "says the chief architect" Mosproekt-2 "to them. M.V. Socyhina Lyudmila Tudosi.

Another hidden from Human Eye, the room of the Pokrovsky Cathedral - the underground temple in the name of Archangel Mikhaila - the Great Princess built for himself to pray in solitude.

And today this tradition is observed. In the underground temple, the prisons of the Marfo-Mariinsky monastery are praying, which in the mid-90s again became the "White Angel of Moscow." Here they feed and treat the poor again, and in the monastery shelter still take care of orphans.

Architect sovereign

The monument Temple on the Kulikov field and the Pokrovsky Cathedral in the Marto-Mariinsky monastery make Alexei Schuseva famous. In 1910, the 37-year architect assign the title of academician.

A year later, he gets the largest states. Order - the eastern gate of Moscow - Kazan station. The Board of the Road allocates a fabulous amount - 3 million gold rubles. The preparation took more than two years.

In mid-1913, Shchusev presented a detailed project to the Ministry of Railways, which was crowned with a multi-stage design, which reproduce the Syumubik Tower, which is included in the Kazan Kremlin ensemble. On her spier, mythical snakes Zilant is a symbol of ancient Kazan.

"The architect tried to connect the motives of Eastern architecture and ancient Russian, and no matter how he compared his work, wanted to achieve the same thing that, maybe Mussorgsky reached the opera" Shechherzada ", that is, the combination of this color," says Lyudmila Tudosh.

Kazan Station. Photo: ITAR-TASS

The construction of the station continued until 1940 with understandable breaks for revolution and civil war. To this day, a little bit from the initial Shushusev project, but what survived, striking with beauty and scope.

"For the hall, which for a long time was used for the restaurant, the first sketches of Shchusov, as if drawing, did himself, and the interior design was attracted by such wonderful artists as Repin, Serebryakov, Benoit, Lancer. Their sketches were approved by the Board of the Road, but in view of the listed Circumstances - War, Revolution - They were not implemented. The decoration of the hall is already following the early 1930s, "says Tudoos.

Today, the VIP Hall of the Kazan Station is located in the hall of the former restaurant. Restoration work here is in full swing. The lamps made according to Schusev sketches, the famous stucco and unique Breast Arches on the warmth of the distance are preserved.

Once Schusev noticed: "Each architect should hope that he will be able to make not only a successful project at least once in life, but also to fulfill him in nature fully and all the power of his talent." Such a creative success, he considered the Kazan station.

"This fairy tale, this symbol - symbol and Moscow, and Kazan, as if the symbol of all of our people, that is, this is a very important milestone in the architecture of Moscow," says Lyudmila Tudoi.

On the wave of revolution

October 1917. In Russia, breaking the foundations and fate, raging the revolution, go confiscation and arrests, the Russian aristocracy hastily leaves the country. Oddly enough, rich and famous Shchusev remains.

The new government closes the Marfo Mariinsky Resident, freezes the construction of the Kazan Station. However, their creator feels good. Moreover, in 1918, on the task of the Soviet government, he proceeds to the project of redevelopment of Moscow.

Its main theses - and the Kremlin, and the entire historical center of the city should be preserved, as well as the picturesque asymmetry of the streets. The city will have to develop concentric circles that will disseminate flying radii. Private gardens should be connected and convert to parks and public squares.

"For a huge number of the problems of modern Moscow, with whom it is not known how to get out, there was already a decision, how to avoid all this," says the architect-restorer Alexander Mozhaev.

For example, all Government government agencies suggested transferring from the Kremlin to Leningradsky Avenue, then, of course, called the Kremlin, and the Kremlin and the most historical buildings adjacent to it to make it a museum.

"The General Plan did not receive development in 1923, although it was all thoroughly designed. I think, because he still wanted to maintain Moscow, and this was probably not welcomed," said Architect, Professor Maam Marianna Evstratova.

The displeasure of the authorities of the project "New Moscow" could deliver a lot of serious problems with Alexey Viktorovich, but the fate intervened. In January 1924, Lenin died.

Temple of the Communist God

The Presidium of the USSR CEC ruled: to be littering the leader of the world revolution from the Kremlin wall, and over the grave to build a temporary crypt available for visiting.

On the night of September 23-24, Schuseva urgently called to the Kremlin. The task was formulated simply and understandable - in a matter of days, put temporary mausoleum on the Red Square, so that the people shocked by a untimely death could say goodbye to the beloved leader.

It is difficult to say how the famous architect belonged to the leader of the world proletariat, but he could not refuse to give a state order of such a scale.

"Schusev perfectly understood that he could live in a country and working creatively only if he was well implementing a state importance project," the historian Olga Barkov says.

Wooden mausoleum in the picture of Isaac Brodsky

Shauses came out of the Troitsky gate and slowly went along the Kremlin wall. What did he think at this moment? Yes, the revolution turned the life of the country to another bed, but for him, in fact, nothing has changed. He again entrusted to the construction of the temple, just for another God.

"I needed some kind of idea of \u200b\u200bGod, who was Lenin for many thousands of population. And where else could you leave the remains of the leader? Only on Red Square. Mausoleum in this case was this new place to worship thousands of population that should come and give honors and Respect the leader, "explains Olga Barkov.

Erected in four days the first version of the mausoleum looked like a cube crowned with a three-stage pyramid. It had to be demolished rather soon, since during construction was damaged by a sewer collector, and a prenegenial smell was spread around the wooden mausoleum. Even the Patriarch Tikhon could not resist from a caustic comment: "On the relics and firs."

It is curious that no document has been discovered, which fixes who concretely occurred to the idea of \u200b\u200bputting the body of the leader to the universal review. The nearest entourage of the leader is Krupskaya, the family of Ulyanovy, his associate Lion Trotsky - were categorically against both embalming and mausoleum, and offered to bury the leader as he wanted, on a wolf cemetery next to the Mother's grate. Krupskaya even published on January 30, 1924, the felt article in the Truth.

"She wrote:" If you want to leave the good name of Vladimir Ilyich descendants, please build the kindergartens, schools, nursery - it will be a better memory of Ilyce. "It is known that Trotsky spoke categorically against and called this event with madness," the historian says Barkova.

However, on February 4, the Chairman of the Funeral Commission Dzerzhinsky gives an indication of the biochemistry Zbar and Pallaanano Vorobyev to develop embalming technology.

Zikkurat with the Soviet leader

As soon as the recipe for a balsamic fluid was found, Shushev began to create a new mausoleum project. The second mausoleum was all the same wooden pyramid, but more representative.

On the sides of the main construction, the tribunes mounted, the leader's body was placed in the sarcophagus. But the tree is not forever. Soon the Government announces the All-Russian competition for the creation of a constant mausoleum of stone. Projects flew to Moscow from all over the country.

"Mayakovsky, they say, demanded a tower at all to put the tower to the sky. Shechor offered a pyramid. There were balls, bolts, and sickles with hammers. Thank God that we all avoided," Alexander Mozhaev says.

It was then that the archaeologist Poulsen, who specially arrived in Moscow, provided Schusev's drawings of the Egyptian pyramids, the Persian tombs, the Pergamine altar and even zikkuratov - the temple buildings of the ancient Suchmers. Ultimately, it turned out something average. It is this project that won the competition.

Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square. Photo: ITAR-TASS

"In this case, Shausev solved the task of organizing this sacred space of immortality. And when we come to the mausoleum, the space is organized in such a way that it seems to us that this is the center of the Universe," says Irina Koroborin.

For many mausoleum and today remains the center of the Universe. And the queue of those who wish to see the body of the leader a slow river from year to year flowing in Red Square.

Against the builders of communism

Be that as it may, since the completion of the construction of Lenin's Mausoleum in the life of Alexei Schusev, a new stage begins. Now he is the officially recognized chief architect state of the Soviets, which means that it can afford a lot, almost everything.

For example, demonstratively not to join the CPSU, wearing a massive diamond ring on the finger, gladly talk about the past and do not be shy in epitheats to the Soviet order.

Shchusev openedly helped the distinguished aristocrats and his colleagues on the workshop. So, for example, he achieved the construction of several bridges, thereby ensuring the work of a large group of engineers and architects.

One of them was his brother Paul. Together, the brothers Shushevi joined the banks of the Moscow River here this to all of us familiar bridge, which was subsequently called Moskvoretsky.

In the 30s, Schusev was headed by one of the most famous architectural workshops in the capital. There was no penalties from orders, it was the time of searching for new, avant-garde architectural forms and solutions.

"In this five-year period, from 1925 to 1930, there was a surge of all the brilliant architects of constructivist. When Stalin had already gained momentum, these powerful buildings appeared. But Shushev managed and then to build anyway, as his talent suggested," says Marianna Evstratova.

Tribute the constructivism of Shushev also gave. The brightest sample is the building at the corner of the Garden-Spasskaya and Orlykova alley.

"The building of the Derscommission is one of the most striking examples of Schusev's talent and the ability to work in styles in relation to the twentieth century. Look at this glass, this is a rounding, as a ribbon glazing is done. In this case, he was unconditionally lucky because he was done for the Ministry and This day (soon a century already) has one owner at this house, "says Professor Marha Yuri Vyshka.

Asymmetric hotel

In 1937, Schuseva was attracted to the construction of the first Soviet five-star hotel. Initially, the project of the hotel "Moscow", which was decided to build on the site of the old "Grand Hotel" on the Manege Square, worked young architects of Savelyev and Staffran.

In fact, it was they who built a beautiful building in the style of constructivism. But several other things were waiting for the main hotel of the country: imperial scope and pathos. The facade and interiors instructed to translate Academician Shchushov.

"For the first time I found myself in this building when I was 12 years old. My father went on a business trip to Moscow and, it was the time of school holidays, took me with him. Then it shocked me with my greatness. Dimensions, obvious wall thickness, granite gloss, huge The spaces inside, huge halls, chandeliers - all this shocked the child's imagination. And you know, so for me, the hotel "Moscow" symbol of the Soviet Empire, "says the ex-deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Peter Shelishe.

Hotel "Moscow". Photo: ITAR-TASS

However, this building is famous not only by the giant sizes and decor in the style of neoclassicism, but also its absolutely non-classic asymmetry. There is a legend that the two projects of the hotels, made on one drawing and separated by a vertical feature, were submitted for the approval personally to Stalin, and what the leader would not think that in the middle unfolded. So, they say, and built.

"Everyone confuses why the house is asymmetrical. Yes, because I did his professional. See, the house is not quite on the red line, it is deployed along the Tverskaya axis, it seems to appeal to it. That is, accordingly, it is clear that this angle is resolved more Fractionally, more detailed, more closely to pedestrian. And the one that goes to the museum, he is more canonical. Plus, why is it still? It was absolutely in the nature of Moscow architecture. The fact that this place was before, if it was firmly, If it is hardly and can work, it is necessary to include in the body of a new building. Therefore, the thick walls of the Grand Hotel, which was standing on the right of us the facade, they, of course, are included in the house, so it is wider, there is a fat wall, "explains Yuri Tip.

The new building, erected on the place of the previous, disassembled to the ground, only at first glance resembles the original Shchushevsky project. It is difficult to say that it prevented the Moscow authorities to preserve this unique architectural monument to the Stalinist era. Is it really not enough shopping points in the capital?

"When I became a deputy, I had to live about a year and a half. But still, every time I enter the lobby, I somehow silent. This greatness was impressed, emitted by all her decor," says Peter Shelishche.

"He inside was arranged in such a way that he attracted people to him. This is a famous cafe" Moscow lights "- stunning in Italian style promenade on the roof. I remember that we had the opportunity to go to the summer evening hours ... Imagine what This is a view of Moscow! "," says Yuri Tip.

"Fires of Moscow" is the most romantic, adored by all Muscovites and guests of the capital of the cafe, located under the roof of the hotel. There were appointed the most reverent, fateful dates for a glass of champagne, of course, "Soviet".

Punch of empty

On August 30, 1937, a publication called "Life and the architect Schuseva" appeared under the heading "Letters to the editor". The authors knew exactly where to beat.

"As a certain master in the past, the architect Schusev went on slipping path of unprincipled in architecture. There are no ideas, principles and genuine creativity in its projects and construction projects." The letter was signed by Savelyev and Strais, the youngest architects who considered that Shushev simply stole their project.

A.V. Shushev Photo: ITAR-TASS

"A rather dirty story, in my opinion. When I saw these documents for the first time, it seemed to me that this was a minor envy to a major master, to the unconditional leader," says Irina Balzin.

In 1937, this publication was a guaranteed trip to the wooded, and even the execution. However, nothing like Alexei Viktorovich Shushev did not happen.

Most likely, the NKVD emerge on the creator of the mausoleum still did not decide, but without the consequences of the article in the "truth" either could not. Schuseva is excluded from the Union of Architects. Local publications in the press follow one after another. Clouds over the head of the academician are clearly condensed.

And at that moment the new trouble was arrested by Mikhail Nesterov, the artist, together with whom Schushev once created the Pokrovsky Cathedral in the Marfo Mariinsky Resident. The news of the arrest of the old artist shocked the Opt Academician. All night he rushed across the office. Even a very confident person could not help but understand: he is next.

In the morning, Alexey Shushev went to the reception to the Lavrentia of Beria, recently appointed by the First Deputy Minister of the Interior. Not to repent, he decided to stand up for a friend, a great artist.

Beria appreciated the courage of the architect. Nesterova was released, and Shchushov received a new state order. His workshop was commissioned the reconstruction of the NKVD building on Lubyanka.

"I think he caused respect from the authorities, as they understood that he solves the tasks set in front of him, solves large, decides, probably, than everyone else and at the same time not goes by principles. It always causes respect," Irina believes Balyna.

This is probably so, but there was another reason. In those years, Moscow changed the appearance. To change, all other styles came the majestic monumental architecture, which became a symbol of the Soviet Empire. And Shchusev was one of her creators.

"And he helped him very much since he built Lubyanka and was not afraid of anyone, in general, he was very saved. From the workshop, a lot of architects were arrested, he sought their liberation," says Marianna Evstratov.

"The building of the NKVD and then the KGB is very well drawn, this magnificent option in the Stalinist style of Italian Renaissance is very well done," says Mikhail Philippov.

Museum of Architecture named itself

After the war, Shchushov, not to twist the hands, worked on the restoration of the ancient Russian cities and in parallel began to implement the main dream of his life - to create a museum of architecture.

"Schusev's architecture museum is an old Moscow manor, which as a result of its fate, eventually became the museum of Alexey Viktorovich," says the Deputy Director of the State Museum of Architecture named after A. V. Schuseva, Irina Chepkunova.

This huge manor on Vozdvizhenka has a richest history. In the XVII century, the Myarina Miloslavsky coupon was transferred to the pharmaceutical order. The structure passed to the well-known diplomat of Petrovsky times Vasily Dolgorukomu.

From him - to the Georgian Tsarevich, George Bagrationi, who had a redemption of Catherine, the second, secret adviser Alexander Talyzin bought him. Moscow, never loved addresses, and called this place - the house of Talyzin.

Museum. A.V. Schuseva. Photo: Site

"The estate was rebuilt many times in the twentieth century. Here, for example, there was a reception center, Molotov was sitting here, Lenin came here. But at the beginning of the 30s, the main building was completely given to the hostel," explains Irina Chepkunova.

Railing the hostel of the NKVD staff, Shushev began reconstructing the estate. At the same time, he did not simply created the museum, he managed to unite almost all the other architects of Moscow under his roof.

"He gave them a job, he gave them a life, he gave them the opportunity to think, to do his beloved thing, and here there was an amazing atmosphere of creative, intellectual in the Museum of Architecture during Schusev's Life," says Irina Korobyne.

The same atmosphere remained in the museum to this day. In the former Kareny Saraj, Talyzin's houses are replaced by each other exhibitions.

"To the exhibition hall of our Museum, which is called" Ruin ", we treat as such an experimental platform where any projects can be set. And I must say that this room is very popular with us, because here is a very interesting space and here they love to be exhibited here. "," says Irina Chepkunova.

The refectory pharmacy order has been preserved. Here are the exhibitions too. For example, a collection of wooden sculptures from Russian destroyed temples is presented here.

The figures look slightly unusual, because once they were installed on iconostastes, and people looked at the bottom up. The director's office is also part of the architecture museum, because Shchushov designed it for himself.

"Yes, he was sitting in this office, this is a Cabinet Schusev. This is the office in general of all directors," says Irina Korolein.

But Shchushov practically did not have time to bother in the director of the chair. "He managed to die before the museum opened to people on the Outdoor of the Comintern, on the Vozdvenik, in the estate of Talyzin," explains the box.

Last creations architect-geni

The latter work of the Great Arch Republic was the metro station "Komsomolskaya" ring line. Just ended the war, the country snakes. And the 75-year-old architect builds his last temple - the Victory Temple is deep underground. Schusev managed to draw only sketches, some of them were preserved in the house of His co-author, Architect Alice Zabolotnaya.

"One fine moment - my mother told me - she sits and draws something, some details, he fits back to her and says:" Everything, everyone leaves, I will work only with Alice. "As a result, they worked together Above this project, "says Marianna Evstratova.

Alexey Viktorovich Shushev died in 1949. For half a century, more than 40 objects in different cities of the USSR were erected in half a century. But the historians of architecture are confident that the most important and most outstanding projects were still temples.

"There is a genius of national, they have their own. Here are the Shchusov for us - this is a national genius, it is important for Russia. Among the researchers there are such an opinion that Schuseva's work is pre-revolutionary - he built a lot of churches - it is these works that are the best in his work. "," says Irina Chepkunova.

And for the man's main work, Lenin's main work remained and remains the Mausoleum of Lenin, for someone - the temple of the new era of the deity, for others - almost the altar of the Satanic Mesa, the form of which is borrowed from the ancient Suchmers, or the bloodthirsty aztecs. Talking about its liquidation is already 20 years old, and he standing and standing. And the state spends about 2 million dollars a year on its content.

Metro Station "Komsomolskaya". Photo: ITAR-TASS

"It is already necessary to calm down and refer to the Red Square not as a symbol of an infinitely changing state ideology, but simply understand that this museum space is completely ingenious, and so live," says Alexander Mozhaev.

Schusev Alexey Viktorovich (born in 1873 - mind. In 1949)

An outstanding Russian architect, adherent both traditional and avant-garde styles. In 1900 - 1910s. - Leading architect of the Neorussky style, in the 1920s. - Successful constructivist, in 1930-1940. - a consecutive supporter of classic forms, skillfully combining them with all Soviet, including Latestalinsky "Barbar Ampir". Academician of the Academy of Arts (1910), Honored Architect of the USSR (1930; for the project of Mausoleum V.I. Lenin), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), four times Laureate of the Stalinist Prize (1941, 1946, 1948, 1952. - posthumously). Author of a number of outstanding architectural projects: churches - monument on the Kulikov field, the monument in the Ovruch, the Trinity Cathedral in the Pochaevsky Lavra, the Marfo-Mariinsky Monastery, Kazan Station in Moscow, the Opera and Ballet Theater named after A. Navoi in Tashkent and others. The name of the architect is named They are the Museum of Russian Architecture in Moscow, Streets in Moscow and Novgorod.

Kazan station, Mausoleum V.I. Lenin, Metro Station "Komsomolskaya-Ring", Marfo-Mariinskaya Resident - these so unlike and so wonderful (every one of its kind and style) works for many years, and maybe for centuries, the appearance of the capital has determined. All of them are only a small part of what created an amazing architect, the real poet of architecture Alexey Viktorovich Shushev. One of the key figures of the architecture of the Soviet period, he became an academician long before the revolution. A student of Benois and Repin, Shauses created in architecture an incredibly much. His creative heritage is extensively and multifaceted - anyone, even the most sophisticated person in the architecture, will find something new in his works, for which another one will open for him, the unfamiliar page of the history of domestic architecture will appear. They say that Schuseva could even canonize, build another church. But the architect erection of the Mausoleum, which the world architectural public recognized as an absolute masterpiece. This construction is also a kind of temple, only another era. The authorities have always been favorable to Shushus, and he built what he wanted himself, sensiblely catching the change of style. From the highest permission of the sovereign of Emperor Shushev began the construction of the Kazan station. On behalf of Lenin, he became the main architect of the first All-Russian agricultural exhibition. Under the leadership of Stalin, the Moscow Hotel Designed. No one else like A.V. Schusev, made the initiator of the construction of famous metropolitan heights. Much of what he built seem to be combined with each other. It is difficult to believe that the author of the Marfo Mariinsky monastery and the KGB buildings on Lubyanka are the same person. Schuseva was often accused of unnecessary styles and even called his work in architecture. Only a lot later understood: its uniqueness is not in innovation, but in the highest level of skill.

Alexey Shushev was born in Chisinau in the family of the caretaker of the godly institutions. The architect himself wrote about his origin: "I have a paper. WHERE said that my ancestor, Konstantin Shushev, served in the troops of Zaporizhia Esaul, from which I conclude that I was taken from the Ukrainian Cossacks, that is, my ancestors as it were to the legendary fighter for freedom to Taras Boulebe. " The father of the architect, Viktor Petrovich, was small in the ranks, but in his native Chişinău, the impressive appearance and zeal in any activity, for which he had taken to take it. The most famous for participation in the construction of schools, hospitals and other godly institutions. Mother, Maria Korneevna, in the greatness of Zozulin, was much younger than her husband. It took place from the circle of the local intelligentsia, which later affected the raising of her four sons. Alexey, the third son in the Schusov family, was born on September 26, 1873.

Externally, the boy was very similar to the mother. Big and independent, in the players with peers, he always reproached. Of particular joy caused the parents early in the boy talent to drawing. All children draw, but Alesha Shchushov drew differently - not like others. He painted, subconsciously seeking to master the world. World objects The boy traveled, transferring them to the children's album. These first artistic experiences will become the key to the fact that she subsequently will be mastered in the world later, bringing objects to it, to own which the world will be with great pleasure. Over the years, the riding drawing has grown into a firm desire to become a professional. In 1891, 18-year-old Shushev came to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Academy of Arts. His mentors were such talented masters like L.N. Beno'a and I.E. Repin. Having learned in Leonty's workshop Benua, the young man was convinced that in the capital, the struggle for survival requires much greater smelting than in the province. Therefore, he did not miss the case to declare himself, without stopping even before extravagant strokes. So, in 1895, having learned from the newspaper about the conchine of General D.P. Shubin-Pozdeev, he appeared to widow with a ready-made sketch of the tombstone. Neither with her nor with the late schooling was not familiar, did not have the recommendations, but he managed to defend his conviction that the order should be given to him. As a result, a chapel, created by the sketch of a young architecture, appeared on the cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

In 1896, Shchusev fulfilled the thesis on the topic "Barskoye Manor" - a sketch of a mansion in the spirit of French Renaissance and a church, reminiscent of Moscow samples of the late XVII century. It was quite ordinary eclectic, but a job who had learned the work of work. A talented graduate celebrated a large gold medal and an right-handed trip. But Shushev did not go to Europe, and went to a completely different side - to Asian Samarkand. There, as part of the archaeological expedition, he explored the tomb of Tamerlane. A year later, Alexey Shushev still went to the European tour, visiting Austria, France, Belgium, England and Italy. The Italian Florence was a special impression on the young architecture - the protected world of stone. Returning to St. Petersburg, Shchusev arranged an exhibition of travel sketches, in which he expressed his emotion engulfed him. I. Repin declared Schuseva the best draftsman among architects. But it was already the success of the past. And in the present, more important for Schusev was that among the architects he was still beginning. In Chisinau, where Schuseva had a lot of rich patrons, he could be provided with orders and means. However, the position of the provincial architect and the well-being guaranteed by this provision has not been prevented by Alexey. Too wide horizons opened his spiritual eyes.

The architect decided to stay in St. Petersburg. For him it was not an easy time. Korotal Shchushev him, on his own confession, "staggering by the Academy, then on acquaintances", in order to "remind themselves." He conscientiously performed one-time assignments of famous architects, but he did not strive to devote himself to work in their workshops. Benefit or Kotov was prestigious to become a "apprentice", moreover, it promised a decent content, but threatened the loss of individuality. And Shchusev ellished independent work, creative flight, in which his talent will develop. He vigorously engaged in public activities, gradually acquired communications and experience. Shausev actively participated in the organization of the 3rd All-Russian Congress of Russian Archors. With the recommendations of Benoit and Kotov, he joined the St. Petersburg Society of Architects. The dowry received for his wife relieved the threat of a nashchensky existence, and Schuseva had enough excerpt to wait for the moment when his professional skills would be in demand. Soon Professor G.I. Cats began to redirect Schushye some of his orders. Basically it was church orders.

It took quite a bit of time, and Shchushov became widely known as the master of church architecture. There were many churches in the Old Russian style for his projects, not only in Russia, but also in France, in Italy. Two orders of the Russian Empire, who have never put in life in life, - Anna II degree and Stanislav III degree - he got from the hands of the king on the submission of the Holy Synod for the contribution of church construction. The Great Princess Elizaveta Fedorovna itself ordered the project of the Pokrovsky Cathedral of the Arch Republic. Any masters have the most favorite creation. Its specialists, as a rule, recognize the most perfect from all that they are done. Architectural monuments created by Shushov, all without exception are recognized as outstanding facilities of the era. But the master itself from his creations most liked the temple of the Intercession in Zamoskvorechye. It was built in 1908 - 1912. For the Marfo Mariinsky monastery, which the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fedorovna founded in memory of his husband, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, Governor General of Moscow, killed by Eser Kalyaev. This is truly a unique work of art, the received poetry of Novgorod-Pskov architecture, you can admire infinitely. And those who did not happen to see him with their own eyes, perhaps, it is worth trusting the authority of the artist M. Nesterov, a big friend Schuseva, who wrote: "The building of the Intercession is the best of modern constructions in Moscow." Inspired by this beautiful temple, the artist depicted it on the canvas. The friendship of the two greatest masters in one of the interviews was told by grandson Alexey Schuseva, who also became an architect: "Nesterov baptized my father, it was in honor of Nesterov of my father and called Mikhail. He and Corin often came to us - in Gagarin's lane, house 25, where I was born, where my childhood passed. The corner room in this house was once a homemade grandfather's workshop. There, he sketched the first sketches of the mausoleum in the winter night in 1924.

Alexey Viktorovich, who was able to become a noticeable figure for several years in St. Petersburg, interested Count Olesufyev, a major dignitary and snob. In 1902, the architect received an addictive proposal from him - to shift and undermine the family mansion of Olsufyyev on the fountain. A few years later, Shchusev modernized the second Count House, standing near the first. It turned out an adorable mini ensemble, from which the count was delighted. The building, as you know, for a similar owner there is a kind of costume, and Shchushev's facades were then the last peak of architectural fashion. In addition, Shchusov showed Olsufyev, "how much to face Camisole, tailored by the style, introduced into the use of Peter I". Approves the Shchushevsky project of his own house on Fontanka, Olsufyev completely believed in the talent of the architect. And since the Count was the Chairman of the Committee on the perpetuation of the Kulikov battle, he also suggested Shushev to work as a project of the monument temple. True, with his sketch, the young architect has shocked a lot of members of the Committee. The temple painted with two powerful towers created the illusion of the ancient Russian town. The architect noted that the towers in the temple were not to the place. But Shushev knew how to surprise, not perturbed, and preferred to give an explanation, bribing simplicity. He said that the towers symbolize two inochetia, distinguished by the battle. This argument was in their own way: skeptics calmed down, and Shchushov could do freely. The ideas that worried his soul found a worthy embodiment in this work. Plastic to sculptures built by the temples are comparable most and the creations of the Spaniard of A. Gaudi. In 1908, A. Block recorded the poetic cycle "On the field of Kulikov". The work of Schuseva over the temple was in full swing. The striking consonance of the architectural and poetic versions of the monument to victims of the historical battle! .. In the summer of 1904, Shusev went to Ovruch, where the ruins of the Church of St. Vasily were in the deplorable state. Archaeological surveys have shown that the facade of the ancient temple had a tower on both sides of the entrance, that is, the same structure that the chusvy-chubed facade of the Temple on the Kulikol field. This fact eloquently characterizes the intuition of the architecture.

In the architecture of the National Direction of Shchusev won the position of the undisputed leader. The unauthorized style became fast enough to call Schusevsky. Powerful Cathedral of the Pochaevskaya Lavra, the lyrical complex of the Marfo-Mariinsky monastery, the adorable church in the village of Nataliavka Kharkiv province, the pathetic memorial in the Kulikov field is not a complete list of masterpieces created by the architect in those years. Alexey Viktorovich made his creative credo in the journal "architect" in 1905. By this time, he was already a recognized Master and appeals to colleagues: "We are convinced that the architects need to catch and feel sincerity of the antiquity and imitate her in the work of not writing old Forms and reality, i.e. damage them, and the creation of new forms. It should be done in the Russian style freely, commemorating only the overall idea, the silhouette of the structure and the connection of it with the terrain and the taste of the inhabitants. "

Schusev never engaged in the design of "paper", i.e., not involving a subsequent implementation. Even unnecessary projects are an example of a weighted, based on excellent academic education and a large experience in solving the problem in the architectural practice of a weighted. The value of Schuseva as an architect - in its ability to always clearly meet the conditions of a particular task and the peculiarities of the current situation, at the same time referring to universal, universal images of the beautiful. Starting from 1913, Alexey Viktorovich constantly lived in Moscow. From the moment of arrival until 1918 he taught in the Stroganovsky Art and Industrial School, then began to lead the architectural workshop of the Moscow Council of Mossovet. The construction of the Kazan station, called the "goal to the East of the Empire", brought the master unprecedented glory. In this large-scale of all his retrospects, the architect used the motives of the Russian Baroque of the XVII century. Moscow went to an unprecedented construction budget - three million gold rubles - and did not lose. The game of natural lighting, combined with a well-thought-out color gamut and a stone pattern of the facade, makes this architectural ensemble by a real masterpiece.

Kazan Station

To design the building of the Kazan station Alexey Viktorovich began with the highest permission of the emperor, and completing his construction to the master was destined to another historical era. It is unlikely that he guessed it when he started. In 1918 - 1924 A.V. Shauses together with I.V. Zholtovsky led the project "New Moscow", predugal in its (albeit in those years and unfulfilled) the plans of modern principles for the linking of the Radial-ring system of Moscow with transport communications. Plans for the reorganization of the Center and especially the South-West of Moscow, where hundreds of years the architects were constructed only by the manor palaces and temples were grandiose. The projects of Schuseva built the buildings of the Narkomsky, the Russian State Library (former Lenin), the central house of the culture of railway workers (next to the Shushchevsky Station).

At the same years, Shusov held the positions of the church of the Main Architect of the All-Russian Agricultural and History and Industrial Exhibition (1922-1923) and the 2nd Project Workshop of the Mossoveta (1932 - 1937). He was the director of the Tretyakov Gallery (1926-1929), as well as the organizer and director of the Architecture Museum, now wearing his name. In 1924, Schusev began the design of the structure, which was destined to become cult, - Mausoleum V.I. Lenin on Red Square (1929 - 1930). In this famous work, the author organically combined constructivism with antiquity reminisitations. At the work of Shchusov treated extremely responsible. The first project was born in one night. Then came the verified, exact solution - the necessary proportions and scales were determined. On Red Square, a plywood layout was created in full size. When translating from a tree to granite, the mausoleum grew almost to the Kremlin wall teeth (its height of 12 meters). The stands of the structure turned into an element, for a long time became state-of-knowledge. Mausoleum (new, completely foreign for the Kremlin structure) turned out to be able to "hold" an ancient square and all that on it.

In the subsequent works of Schuseva, Avangard consistently inferior to the place of national historical stylization, an impressive expressing monumental pathos "Stalinsky classicism" (Moskvoretsky Bridge, 1936 - 1938; Big Opera and Ballet Theater named after A. Navoi in Tashkent, 1940 - 1947; Building NKVD at Lubyanskaya Square, 1946, etc.). In the same spirit, the Moscow Hotel (1932 - 1938) was built, which became one of the first Soviet hotels. In addition to hotel rooms, there were numerous restaurants, bars, shops, and in the center over a monumental octagolon portion - an open cafe. With a facade with asymmetric design, anecdote is connected: allegedly Stalin brought a project in which, as was customary, two options for the facade finish were combined. The leader signed without looking, and nothing could be changed, so there were disseminated forms of turrets, balconies and window openings on the right and left. "MOSCOW" for many years reigned over the Maneny, but today the area has changed and there is no more space for her. Its inextricular design interferes with the development of underground shopping paradise, so the demolition of the Shchushiev hotel has already begun.

In 1925, Alexey Viktorovich actually became the main architect I.V. Stalin, his opinion in matters of architecture was the law. In 1941, the complex of the Kazan station, the plastic-decorative ideas of which found the continuation of the Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station designed by the school station (open in 1952) were completed.

During the Great Patriotic War, the architect was the projects of restoring cities destroyed by the fascists: developed a project for the reconstruction of the city of Istra, Pulkovo Observatory in Leningrad, participated in the development of the master plan for the reconstruction and restoration of Novgorod, Chisinau, Stalingrad, Minsk, etc. Author of a large number of scientific works, Shchusev left about himself memory and as a teacher (taught in the highest artistic workshops, in the Moscow architectural and other institutes). Buildings, the author of which was Shushev, were marked by the Stalinist Prizes four times. He was awarded the Order of Lenin and two orders of the Labor Red Banner.

Schushev died on May 24, 1949. The architect's name was named after the Museum of Russian Architecture in Moscow. In 1980, opposite the building of the Moscow Central House of the architect, on the street that was then the name of the outstanding architectory, the monument was built - a bronze bust on a high pedestal from black granite. Next to the pedestal, the bronze cap is installed - a copy of the capitals of the column of the metro station "Komsomolskaya-Ring", built on the project Shushev. Capitel - symbolic architecture attribute; On it, a laconic inscription: "Alexey Viktorovich Shushusevu is an outstanding architecture."

Valentina Markovna Sklyarenko

From the book "100 famous Muscovites", 2006

Architect Alexey Viktorovich Shushev was born in 1873 in the city of Chisinau in the noble family of the caretaker of the godly institutions.

In the period from 1891 to 1897, he was trained at the Academy of Arts of St. Petersburg at the course of the great Leonty Nikolayevich Benoit and Ilya Efimovich Repin. While still students of this educational institution, he fulfilled the tombstone on the grave of General Dmitry Pavlovich Schubin-Pozdeev, sowing to convince his spouse in this and bypassing many masty artists.

She graduated from Shauses his Alma Mater brilliantly (the theme of his thesis project was the "Barskoye Manor") and was awarded a large gold medal and encouraged a trip to the border, where and went immediately as part of an archaeological expedition. His path lay in Central Asia.

During the expedition, Alexey Viktorovich studied the ancient monuments of this area, among which the Mosque of Bibi Khanum and Tamerlane tomb. All this future architect successfully applied in his work.

In 1888 and 1899, Shushev visited Tunisia, Italy, Belgium, Austria, England and in France. In Paris, he even managed to relieve in the famous Academy of Juliana. Pictures performed by Shushus in this institution were demonstrated by them at the return on the reporting exhibition and gained a high assessment of the artist Ilya Repin.

Upon returning to the Russian Empire, Academician Schusev settled in the then capital - St. Petersburg. In 1901, he received a position in the Holy Synod, where one of his first works was the design of the iconostasis for the Assumption Cathedral located in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Three years later, in 1904, Alexei Viktorovich was instructed to reconstruct the ancient Church of the XII century in the name of St. Vasily in Ukrainian Ovruch.

Soon, the architect Shushev becomes a famous and popular architect in St. Petersburg, so that in 1902 he receives an order from the Count Olsufyeva on the restructuring of his mansion on the fountain. The work was performed excellent and Count, by the time the post of Chairman of the Committee on the perpetuating memory of the Kulikov Battle of the Chairman of the Committee, guarantees Alexey Viktorovich to create a project of the monument church on the basis of a sketch transferred to him. In 1911, the task was fulfilled, and already in the period from 1913 to 1917, the Church in the name of Sergius Radonezh elevated in the Kulikov field.

The first years of the twentieth century, the architect Shusov worked a lot in the direction of church architecture. It was at that time that they created projects of individual buildings in places such as the monastery in Ovruch, the Martio-Mariinsky Monastery in the first-paltol, Trinity Cathedral in the Ukrainian Pochaevsky Lavra, a hotel for pilgrims in the Italian town of Baria and another.

In the same place, in Italy, the Church of Christ the Savior (San Remeo) and the Church in the name of St. Nicholas (Barium) were erected on his project.

In 1911, Alexey Viktorovich Shushev becomes an academician of architecture, after which his further work was associated with civilian buildings. So, in the same year he is appointed to the post of chief architect on the construction of the Kazan Station in the city of Moscow.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the architect continued to work and even with the new authority he was among the most sought-after experts.

From 1918 to 1925, together with, Shchusev supervised the project "New Moscow" concerning the reconstruction of the city. Finally, this plan of reorganization of the city was adopted only in 1935 and most of the "Shchushevsky" ideas did not enter it.

Alexey Viktorovich participated in the construction of pavilions for the first "All-Russian agricultural and hand-industrial exhibition" in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current park named after Gorky, houses for the co-operative village of Falcon on the Volokolamsk highway, the House of Culture at Kazan Station and many other objects.

The construction of the Mausoleum of Lenin was one of the most significant works of Architect Schusev, who was rebuilt by him several times and in the current form appeared already in the 30s of the last century.

It is worth noting that the architect worked not only in Moscow, but also in the cities of the Soviet Union and abroad. His work can be found in Chisinau, Tashkent, Bucharest, Tbilisi, Istra, Novgorod and others.

Architect Schusev Alexey Viktorovich in Moscow in 1949 and was buried on the capital