Summary of Article Fonvizin and Classicism. Abstract and presentation to the lesson of literature

The teacher of the Russian language and literature Mukhitdinova Dilnose Rustamovna.

The abstract of the lesson in literature in the 8th grade "D.I.Fonvizin. Comedy" Lady ".

Objectives lesson:

Teaching - acquaintance with the comedy genre; identifying the conflict on which the action is built in the play, its reasons, connection with the era; Consideration of the comedy from the standpoint of the canons of classicism and retreat from them.

Developing - creating conditions for the formation of skills and analytical skills; in monoological form to express its point of view, solve the problem situation

Educational - the upbringing of the desire to be truly moral, educated, educated by a person who can see and appreciate the person in another person; The formation of the need to live by law.

Type of lesson: Lesson for the formation of new knowledge.

Main method: analytical conversation with problem search elements

Forms : Collective, individual.

Technologies : Cooperation "Teacher Teacher".

Equipment: Portrait of D. I. Fonvizin, Texts of the Comedy "Lady", Workbooks on literature,

Board design: Link theme lesson, epigraph:
Satira is "not an innocent dedication of merry witty, and the thunderstorm of the Spirit offended by the shame of society."
V. G. Belinsky.portrait of a writer, problems, dictionary to the topic, comedy conflicts.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Check your homework.

Reading the poem G. R. Derzhavin "Monument" by heart.

3. Custom information about D.I.Fonvizin.

Speech of the student (task in advance)

D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) was born in a rich noble family, received education at Moscow University, studied at the university gymnasium, and in 1761-1762, in the Faculty Philosophy. At first, Satirical works wrote, then took up translations.

He early became interested in theater. For the first time, he fell to the presentation at the age of 14 and recalled this as a miracle: actions made in me the theater cannot be almost described. "

Future playwright early showed live imagination, heart responsiveness ironity, humor: "The sharp words mine were worn around Moscow, as they were for many peasants, they were offended by an evil and dangerous boy" ...

In 1762, Fononvin moved to St. Petersburg and entered the collegium of foreign affairs by the translator. From 1763 to 1769, he served under the Cabinet-Minister I. P. Elagina, who was responsible for working with complaints, which allowed him to get acquainted with the Catherine Cathlorina Phone ..

The first original work-satirical fable "Fox-Kaznodel", then the first comedy, which used noisy success.

The comedy "inexpensive" was completed in 1782. "... The theater was filled with, and the public applauded the play by throwing wallets."

Speech of the student (assigned a job in advance) - Posses in notebooks.

Satira-implanting, bike irony

Drama - Right of literary works built in the form of a dialogue without author's speech and intended for execution on stage8 works of this kind, serious, but not heroic content (unlike comedy and tragedy).

Remark - Explanation of the author in the text of the play (usually in brackets), associated with the situation of action, actions of heroes, intonation, facial expressions, etc.

Inexpensive - young people, which did not receive sufficient education and could not be allowed (not rusty) to service.

After the comedy appeared, they began to call negligent adolescents, boys.

Teacher's word:

According to the plot and by the name "inexpensive" - \u200b\u200ba play on how badly and wrongly taught the young nobleman, growing it "inexpensive." The problem of education is central in the works of the Epoch of Enlightenment. But Fonvizin has long expanded the formulation of this problem: it's about education here in the broadest sense of the word. Mitrofan is the cheapest, which is talking about the name of the play. The history of his upbringing explains where the terrible world of cattle and spacen are taken from.

4. Work on the problematic plays.

What kind of satirical techniques is Fonvizin, depicting landlords? (Records in notebooks)
1. "speaking" surnames and names;
2. Intentional exaggeration of negative traits. Damnant Damnant What is this reception? /hyperbola/
3. Self-characteristics (self-discovery and integrity);
4. "Zoologization";
5. Remark
So what kind ofthe main problem Posted already in 1 action?
1. Criticism of autocarete-fortress reality.
2. The tragedy of the fate of a simple person.
Second problem.

The future of Russia dies - the younger generation, the ugly educated Mitrofan, which will be a brake for the spiritual and cultural development of Russia.
Third problem.
The conservatism of the old generation Fonvizin opposes the images of advanced people.

All comedy characters can be clearly divided into two camps: the heroes of ideologists - the positive heroes depicted schematically, traditionally, in accordance with the rules of classicism, and negative or secondary household heroes, in the image of which manifestednOVATORY FONVIZIN .

It is known from the comedy, what is the origin and conditions of education of household heroes: talks about his family of prostakova, we know why the cattle is unsuccessful, and the "education" and training of Mitrofanushki is directly depicted in the play. The upbringing of the heroes ideologues remains unknown: we do not know in which environment Sophia was brought up, which made Milon an ideal officer, etc.

Household heroes in comedies are constantly in motion: Mitrofan and Natilin, Prostaya and Natilinina, Prostakova, Svostakova, are taking place on stage, the prostacob itself: "then it's shuffled, then tear" (II, 5), etc. Household heroes almost do not commit actions, their actions are words.

1. Name positive heroes. / Sofya, Milon, Pravdin, Starodules. Pay attention to the "speaking" surnames and names.
2. What fresh stream make these heroes in the dark ignorant world of cattle?
3. What are the dreams, in contrast to cattle, in advanced people?
Milon - "Mind, courtesy, enlightenment."
Streets - '' Soul and Heart. "
Pravdin - '' True in everything ".

Having created his comedy, Fonvizin hoped for the fact that the time would come when the advanced young people would consider a shame of a lackless life: "The nobleman would consider for the first dishonor to do nothing when there is so much business, there are people who need to have a father serve. "
And as a result, Russia will become educated, spiritually rich, because the value of the nation should be determined by the affairs of its people.
Here are another 1 problem - the desire to see Russia formed, spiritually rich, not adopted in front of other states.

5. Reflowing new material.

In which age created this comedy? (In the 18th century )

What literary flow is directly related to? (classicism)

Name the features of classicism as a literary destination who met in the play. (the educational orientation of the literature, the writer sought to influence the mind of a person to correct the vices of society, the clear part of their positive and negative, the comedy wears the teaching nature, preaches civil debt, "talking surnames" of heroes).

What kind of literature does this work treat? To which genre? In the hierarchy of the comedy genres refers to low, which were considered secondary. What was the goal of low genres? (relieve, replace the vices of man and society as a whole).

What rules were respected when writing a play in the strict framework of classicism? Should they have Fonvizyn in the comedy "inexpensive"? (It consists of 5 acts, the events occur during the day, in one place, without being distracted by the side plot lines, the place of action - the estate of space-made, the action begins in the morning and ends in the morning of the next day, the action is subordinated by one main idea - the need to upbringing worthy, honest, dopy Citizen).

So, we can conclude: Fonvizin follows the traditions of classicism, he wrote his immortal comedy in accordance with the basic rules of this literary direction

5. Equipment for lesson:

Speech characteristics that fonavizine empowers their heroes is distinguished by the extraordinary accuracy, accuracy, laconism, aphorist, individuality, language wealth. The speech of heroes gives their essence, their views, intentions, desires. All this speaks of high mastery of phonvizin-playwater.

Following the tradition does not cancel the desire for a new one. The skill and talent of the writer and are that it contributes new to the well-established, traditional.

Basically, observing the division of heroes on positive and negative, Fonvizin still ambiguously depicts some of them. If the Starodules, Pravdin, Sophia, Milon are certainly positive, then Mitrofan teachers can hardly be confidently attributed to positive or negative characters. And Eremeevna? Slave or loving nurse?

The innovation of Fonvizin manifested itself in the label of the comedy, in brilliant speech characteristics. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe company of society under the laws of good and justice was progressive

The lesson approached the end. Thank you.

Guys, read the comedy to the end. In the next lesson, research work will be carried out in the tables.

6. Maximum task: Reading comedy to the end, characteristics of characters.

7.Inlation of the lesson, estimation

There in the old years,
Satires bold lords,
Blind Fonvizin, friend of freedom ...
A. S. Pushkin

Classicism is a literary direction that existed in the XVIII - early XIX century. It is characterized by a high civic subject matter, demanding that in the name of nationwide tasks all personal sacrifice; Strict adherence to certain norms and rules. Classicist writers found samples of beautiful antique art monuments, unchanged for all time.

The classicism existed a clear division of genres of literature on "high" and "low". The subject of high genres (poems, ODD, tragedy) is MRGLE to be the highest life, spiritual, acting persons - only kings and aristocrats. The content of low genres (satire, comedy, fables) was reduced to the image of the life of the private, everyday. The characters were representatives of the lower estates - a small nobility, officials, fortress servants. "High" and "low" never connected in one work. In the character of the hero, the only feature prevailed - positive or negative. As a result, the characters were either completely vicious, or completely noble.

Classicism solved the tasks of the education of a person-citizen. The behavior of others has a decisive influence on the identity of the child. Virtuous or vicious, it serves as an example, sample to follow. The ideal of the epoch is proclaimed by a person who is able to bring public benefits for which the interests of the state above personal interests. The attention of the comedy appeared on the negative phenomena of reality. The purpose of the comedy, according to classicism, is to enlighten, rumming up the shortcomings, to bring up with a laugh.

The most outstanding work of the drama of classicism in the Russian literature of the XVIII century is the comedy of Fonvizin "Nepali". In building their plays, Fonvizin accurately followed the rules of classicism. "Nepal" consists of five canonical acts. Each is observed by the rule of the trinity - actions, time and place. The events depicted by phonvizin occur over one day and in one place - in the house of the landowner.

According to the rules of classicism, the comedy faces are divided into vicious and virtuous, and in the finals of the plays are angry, good triumph victory. Comic heroes are posted. Prostakova for the abuse of its authority is devoid of rights over the peasants, her estate is taken under custody.

In the collision of "evil" and "virtuous" heroes, a deep social conflict of the advanced nobility intelligentsia with the reactionary servers is reflected. The playwright deliberately sharpens negative images, reaching this greater persuasiveness in the crushing of serfdom.

Images of positive comedy characters are schematically schematically in the spirit of classicism. Pravdin, the Straighs, Milon, Sophia do not live so much and act as much more and it is important to argue on moral and political topics, they teach the lessons of noble virtues.

Like this positive heroes of the play, negative characters are endowed with "speaking" names, according to which you can immediately judge each of them: spacen, Mistyman, cattle.

Three topics pass through the dramatic work of Fonvizin: the topic of education, serfdom and the state system of Russia.

The problem of the upbringing and education of young nobles deeply worried about the playwright, who dreamed of a new generation of enlightened Russian people. According to Fonvizin, the only reliable source of salvation from the spiritual degradation of the nobility is rooted in the right upbringing. Fonvizin raised the question of what the true nobleman should be and is the Russian nobility of his appointment. Studies expressed this thought: "The nobleman, for example, would not make anything for the first disgrace when he has so much business: there are people who help, there is a fatherland who serve!" Material from site.

Another problem is "inexpressible" - this is the problem of serfs: the terrible position of the Russian serfs, which are in full possession of the landowners, the monstrous arbitrariness of the nobles. The writer, coming for the curb of ignorant landowners who abused his authorities over the peasants, shows that faith in Catherine II is meaningless. In response to the words of Praddina, that with such rules, "What are they from the Starodam, people do not let go from the courtyard, and to call for the yard to appeal ... for what the doctor call for the patient," the sacred convictions are responsible: "My friend, mistaken. In vain the name of the doctor to the patient is inexorable: the doctor does not allow, it will not be infected with himself. " In the mouth of the elder, the author invests one more his thought: "Understand the slavery to yourself for yourself unplanned."

Thus, the comedy "inexpensive" reflected the most important and most acute problems of Russian life. Fonvizin believed that the main weapon of a comedograph was laughing and vice and you need to depict funny.

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According to genre signs "inexpensive" - \u200b\u200bcomedy. The theory of classicism argued that in the comedy there should be no serious or sad content: it should only be funny and "intricate", for which Boulevard demanded: "Let the actor always in it always call." Already in his Brigadier, Fonvizin does not fully comply with these rules. So, in the conversation of the brigadier and with Dobrolyubov and Sofia, a heavy and gloomy story of the captains of the nail was transferred.
The comedy is even more serious, although it is also trying to squeeze everything, even positive heroes.

Laughter in "inexpressible"

First, Fonvizin departs from classicism that the negative faces of the comedy, according to Klyuchevsky, "Comicy, but not ridiculous - comical as a role, and are not funny at all like people." Fonvizin's laughter in "inexpressible" is diverse on shades. In the play there are scenes of the simplest, purely external comments, which are used by Farce. Such, for example, the places where Spherian is with his broken tongue. Quite often, a laughter in "inexpressible" is the character of humor when funny connects with sadness or pity. So, in the scene "Fitting of the Kaftana", the tailor trishka gives a space-minded smart answer; However, for Baryni, this capable guy is a slave and therefore - only "DOOL". In relation to the prostata, cattle, Mitrofan, the Fonvizin's Mitrofan sounds imprevacious, satirically, causing a hot feeling of indignation against these stupid and ignorant, vigilant and inhuman-cruel Lords of the then life. Thus, the impact of "inexpressible" on the spectators is "composed of two opposite elements: laughter in the theater is replaced by severe thinking at the exit of it."

Availability of positive heroes

Secondly, Fonvizin introduced positive heroes into the comedy. In the "inexpensive" not only vice defects, but virtue is praised. Moreover, its carriers (incense, etc.) are just as ordinary people like prostakov, only people are good. At the same time, the scene of the meetings of the Starodam with Sofia, with Milon is designed for a touching impression. In all this, Fonavizin moves away from the samples of the comedy of classicism.

Using "low and dirty words"

Thirdly, the mandatory for comedies of classicism "noble tone" jokes and sharpness in "inexpressible" (as previously in Sumarozov comedies) is not respected. Fonvizin is not afraid of "low and dirty words", coarse and even vulgar scenes. A comparison of the space-like love for the son with the attachment of the "bitch" to the "puppies" or the scene of the moves and the fights of teachers would be terrified. But the rude words and scenes in "inexpressible" are a realistic reflection of the rudeness and ignorance of the medium being depicted, and already alone their presence is justified. In addition, they bring the comedy of phonvizin with "square", i.e. People, ideas and remove it from the Circle of the Nobility-Corporal Theater.

Swelling character

Fonviirizin-Satir and Fonvizin Moralist in the "inexpensive" are united by a phonvizin-artist, which is especially clear in how in his comedy is disclosed. The disclosure techniques in the "inexpensive" formally go from classicism. Sketchically dividing heroes on positive and negative. The one-sidedness of characters is emphasized by "meaningful" names. The names of the nobles indicate their moral qualities: spacecraft, cattle, priests, Pravdin, Milon, Sophia (in Grech.-Wisdom); The names of the rest of the persons are not nobility, hints at their public situation or profession: Kuteukin, Tsyfirkin. Characters are unchanged: a negative person can not become positive and vice versa, which gives some "mascoma" comedy.
However, Fonvizin is not limited to such a conditionally generalized image of people. He seeks to show them alive, "acting", and not only by speaking persons. The playwright reaches this: 1) by the image of life, 2) deepening psychology and 3) the naturalness of speech.

Image of life in "inexpressible"

1) The image of the life begins with the first scene "inexpressible" (fitting of the cafutana), and all over the play is deployed as a faithful household painting of the landing family: Mitrofan lesson, family scandal, etc. Only positive faces are not included in this picture, but they are delivered next to it and how they explain it. A wide household background gives the author the ability to show people in a variety of relations, from various sides, in different moments of life. People are revealed along with the public medium that has breeding them. In the challenges of the "Batyushka" and "Uncle", even the past of this environment is planned - the realistic reception developed by subsequently Pushkin, who showed the father of Onegin, Tatiana's parents, etc.

Deeperation of psychology

2) the deepening of psychology in Phonwan is expressed primarily in the development of details that emphasize the main feature of one person or another, i.e. Upon the principles of classicism. For example, at the end of the Piece of Prostakakova, kneeling poured for himself forgiveness, but, faithful to his "worship," she herself could not forgive the servants of the abduction of Sofia: "I forgave! Ah, father! .. Well! Now let's give me to the canalians to my people. " But besides this, the image of space-like, as we have seen, is psychologically complicated by a new feature: love for son. In the finals, she is a suffering mother (and not only "Mrs. Inhuman"), it even causes sympathy, i.e. It ceases to be in the eyes of the viewer only by a negative character.
Schematic division of characters on "positive" and "negative" did not spread to the image of the Eremeev It is not by chance that its common Russian name does not have a "meaningful" meaning.

Use remarks

One of the funds of the psychological characteristics are Fonvizin remarks. Usually in the play of classicism, the remark indicated only for the arrival or care of the character. Restarks in the "inexpensive" note the psychological state of the face at the moment. For example, the pale image of Sofia is somewhat revived from the explanation "Holding a letter in hand and having a cheerful look", "rushing to his arms", "quietly a senior and in a large timidity", etc. Extremely diverse remarks belonging to the simple.

Speech of actors

3) The speech of the actors in the dramatic work is known, is one of the most important means of characteristics. The naturalness of the speech of the characters "inexpressible" (her compliance with the public situation speaking, their characters and experiences) has long been and fairly recognized as amazing. Due to the main "classic" division of persons on negative and positive in the language "inexpensive", two speech flows are clearly distinguished: conversational and book.
The spoken speech of spacen, cattle and other "comical persons" is sharply individualized. Almost every phrase emphasizes the main features of the speaker. For example, Cattlenin so clarifies the sister's need for his marriage: "I want to start my piglets." Kuteykin's speech, forwarded with satelms and quotes from the Bible, discovers that former seminarist: "gloomy, appearances". Tsyfirkin is a retired soldier, and says in soldiers: "The Lord's localities are kind of commander." The tongue of the brief is an example of an even more specific speech mask. Such a direct compliance with the character or public situation of the actual person in itself did not contradict the immediate principles of classicism. But since the consequence of this was the dismemberment, the individualization of the acting persons, the possibilities of realistic show, and the phonvizin of the capabilities of these workshops were trained in this technique.
Tone speaking depends on the psychological circumstances of speech. Especially diverse the tone is simple. With all his home, she says rudely, but with Mitrofan gently, with a senior - incorrecting, etc. This is how, for example, Prostakova appeals to Sofier to news of wealth: "No, madam, these are your fiction." After how Sofya became a rich bride, Prostakova talks to her differently: "Congratulations, a softeushka, congratulations, my soul".
The vitality of the language of negative persons "inexpensive" performs in the abundance of proverbs and sayings, etc.: "Mamenkin Son", "The dog is barking, the wind is wearing." Even phonetic features of spoken speech: "Search" instead of "still", "those" instead of "you" and others transmit the dangers of
Book Tongue, which is spoken by positive faces "inexpensive", individualized at least. However, here is a noticeable aspiration of the author to bring the cultural speech to the conversational tone. Elders, for example, speaks not at all as prostakov and cattle, but in accordance with their character: abruptly and rescurately, interrupting the interlocutors, using colloquial intonations (appeals, interjets, etc.).
In building a comedy, Fonvizin found high mastery of playwright. Descriptive scenes do not interfere with the audience to monitor with the tense attention for the struggle of acting persons, worrying for the fate of Sofia and look forward to the junction. The interest in the play is supported by the fact that the outcome of the "negative" and "positive" persons is determined only at the very end of the play: still the penultimate, the fourth, the act ends with the words of the Prostaya: "And we will take our own."

The ideology of enlightenment was based on the main method of Russian literature of the 18th century (30-80 years) - classicism. As an artistic method arose in European art in the 17th century. From the point of view of classicists, the task of art is the approach to the ideal. The form was determined by samples, the norm.

The aesthetics of classicism is called regulatory:

Rule of three unity (time, places, actions); The norm requiring the purity of the genre / the rule of purity of the genre (which determined the problem, the type of hero, is the plot and style); Language rate (determined by the Russian grammar Lomonosov 1755); Typical conflicts: between the debt and feeling, reason and emotions, public and personal - public issues; Requirement of rectilinear appearance of heroes.

In Russia, the principles of classicism brought A.P. Sumarokov. In 1747, he publishes two treatises - Epistole about poem and epistole about Russian, where she sets out his views on poetry. In fact, these epistoles were translated from French, prefrazing for Russia Treatise Nicolas, poetic art. Sumarokov predetermines that the main theme of Russian classicism will be a social, dedicated to the interaction of people with society.

Later there appears a circle of novice playwrights at the head of I. Elagin and theatrical theorist V. Lukin, who offer a new literary idea - so-called Theory of decline. Its meaning is that it is only necessary to clearly translate the Western comedy into Russian, replacing all the names there. A lot of such plays appeared, but in general, the idea was not too much. The main value of the Elagina's circle was that it was there for the first time a drama talent D.I. Fonvizin, who wrote a comedy inexpensive as an example of Russian classicism.

In this comedy, Fonvizin is trying to implement the main idea of \u200b\u200bclassicism - to react the world with a reasonable word. Positive characters argue about morality, life at the court, the duty of the nobleman. Negative characters become an illustration of inappropriate behavior. Over the collision of personal interests, the public positions of the heroes are visible.

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin was born in 1745 in Moscow. He took place from the old noble family, studied at the university gymnasium, then at the Philosophical Faculty of the University. Favoring "Selected Pupils" in St. Petersburg to the Curator of the University of Count Schuvalov, Fonvizin acquaintances Lomonosov, with prominent figures of the Russian Theater F. G. Volkov and I. A Dmitrievsky. Already in the early period of literary activities, engaged in translations, Fonvizin acts as a progressively thinking person who has experienced the influence of educational ideas. Along with translations, the original works of phonvizin, painted in sharply satirical tones appear.

A feature of Fonvizin's creativity is an organic combination in most of its works of satirical acute with a socio-political orientation. The power of Fonvizin is in his writer and civil honesty and direct. He bravely and straight opposed social injustice, ignorance and prejudice of his class and his era, exposed the preventive and autocably-bureaucratic arbitrariness.

The playground managed to outlines all the essential parties of life and the morals of the feudal-serf society of the second half of the XVIII century. He created expressive portraits of representatives of serfs, opposing them, on the one hand, progressive nobility, and on the other - representatives of the people.

Trying to give the brightness and persuasiveness of the characters, Fonvizin endowed his heroes, primarily a negative, individualized language.

Thus, the distinguishing features of the comedy "inexpensive" are the relevance of the topic, the impairment of serfdom. Realistic of the created paintings of life and morals of the depicted era and a lively conversational language. According to the urgency of satirical training, this comedy is considered to be a more prominent dramatic product of Russian literature of the second half of the XVIII century.

The era of Enlightenment Fonvizin is completed: disappointment in educational ideas.

Russian Classicism and Creativity M.V. Lomonosov

The main slogan of classicism is to imitate nature, where everything is clear, clearly subordinated to the rules. Heroes are clearly divided into positive and negative. Each hero is a carrier of some feature (virtue or vice), which is reflected in the speaking surnames. The principle of three unity: time, place and action. (within 1 day in the same place, the number of actors is limited). Clear division of genres on high (tragedy, epic, s) and low (comedy, satire, fable).

M.V. Lomonosov wrote 20 solemn OD. They marked the beginning of public service poetry. The ideal of Lomonosov was an enlightened monarchy, and the perfect hero - Peter ӏ.

"Ode on the day of weighing ..." - a typical work in the spirit of classicism. She was written about the 5th anniversary of the fourth of Elizabeth, as well as one more concrete: RAS was given a new charter. Lomonosov laid great hopes for him in the dissemination of enlightenment in Russia.

The main thing for OD was the topic of Russia, its prosperity. The world is the main condition for prosperity and education of the state. Peter 1 for Lomonosov National Hero, famous for victories on land and sea, aware of the need to develop science and enlightenment. In Elizabeth, Lomonosov wants to see the success of the Father's business. The great wealth of Russia can be opened and mastered with the help of science, to the study of which the Russian youth should apply. This is the guarantee of the well-being of the Russian state.

The civil content of ODD corresponds to the majestic, monumental and at the same time simple and slim composition.

Traditional gratitude to the monarchine for the blessings of Russia.

The high solemn style of ODD is created by the use of old-travelers, words with misconduct (this, it, tokmo), truncated forms of adjectives, changing the order of words in the proposal.

In the text of ODD, we find metaphors, archaic words and expressions, personification, hyperbolas, rhetorical questions and exclamations characteristic of the style of classical ODA.

In Russia, classicism originated in the XVIII century, after Peter I. Lomonosov's transformation was carried out by the reform of the Russian verse, the theory of "three hundred" ¹ was developed, which was, in fact, the adaptation of French classic rules to the Russian language. Images in classicism are deprived of individual traits, as they are intended primarily to capture sustainable generic, which are not transmitted with the time signs that act as the embodiment of any social or spiritual forces.

Classicism in Russia developed under the great influence of enlightenment - the ideas of equality and justice have always been in the focus of attention of Russian-classicist writers.

"The cycle of poems, written by Lomonosov, is interesting not only by exemplary translations of Anacreon, but also the fact that the poetic credo of Lomonosov himself was reflected. The Russian state declared the highest value, Russia sees the meaning of life the poet in serving public good. In poetry inspire him only Heroic business. All this characterizes Lomonosov as a classicist poet. Moreover, "Conversation with Anacono" helps to clarify the place of Lomonosov and in Russian classicism and, above all, to establish the difference between his civil position from the Sumaro's position. In understanding Sumarov, the state of service was associated with the sermon Asceticism, with a refusal of personal well-being, carried a pronounced sacrificial principle. Especially clearly, these principles were reflected in his tragedies. Lomonosov chose another way. He is equally alien and the steaks of the Seneki, and the spectacular suicide of the Caton. He believes in a poor union of poetry, science and enlightened absolutism. "

1. The conflict of the comedy "inexpensive".

2. Traditions of classicism and innovation D. I. Fonvizin.

3. "Lady" is a realistic comedy.

The literature of the XVIII century during the universal national lift formed civil consciousness in society. Classicists promoted the ideas of the equality of people, humanism, the principle of the general benefit, the responsibility of the authorities before the people. They considered their duty to benefit from Fatherland. Classicists sought to truthful images of life, talked about the actual problems of society, they are inherent in civilian pathos, patriotism. But the playwright of that time is enriched with works that go beyond classicism. Such is the comedy D. I. Fonvizin "Nepali". The comedy was completed in 1781. Paphos determined the political acuity and the promialness of Fonvizin the ideals of human freedom.

The main theme of the comedy, its conflict is marked by the author already at the very beginning, it is the arbitrariness of landowners and the use of serf. The struggle of the progressive nobility with a fastener-nicky-dramatic conflict "inexpressible". Pravdin and unemplists, serfs - spacenings and cattle are served on the storm-not advanced nobility. Fonvizin is convictingly gives us that the serfdom is detrimental, it must be born with him. It corrupts the serfs themselves, which they tear their human qualities in circulation with the fortress, feel all the same. The author wanted to show in his work a deed and moral of the serfs, born by serfdom. It is a serpentic arbitrary, and not the struggle for the hand of Sofia - the main topic "under-rosy". An image of applicants on her hand is another case to carefully consider representatives of the "good native estate" depicted in the comic light. Liu-bovy plot, according to Fonvizin, can not be the main dramatic work. It was the basis of the Kon-Flict of the Epoch.

Literary critic G. P. Makogonenko believes that "near-rosl" is a political comedy, since the innovative blacks-you were determined by the political beliefs of Av-Torah. There is a plot that transmits real historic-cue conflict; Positive characters with the features of noble enlighteners.

The play continues the traditions of classicism. According to G. A. Gukovsky, the artistic thinking of phonvizin all-Gda "retained a clear imprint of this school." "Nu-Rosl" is the phenomenon of late Russian classicism, which experienced the influence of educational ideology. This is & shy; the maintenance combines a touching and comic, destroys the usual genre forms. The characters of the characters are complex, contradictory, there is no division of their division only on positive and negative, as required by the principles of classicism. But positive heroes, following the canons of classicism, in "inexpressible" have one characteristic feature. The authorities of the traditions of classicism remained in the speaking surnames of heroes, in the preservation of symmetry in the distribution of negative and positive characters. The speech of the heroes in the play conveys the characters of the actors, but the hero of the resonant, in classic works - the carrier of the author's opinion is also present, these are noble senils. The main idea of \u200b\u200bclassicism is the idea of \u200b\u200benlightenment. In the "inexpensive" she gets a different interpretation: Enlightenment is important, but virtue is more important than the mind. The trinity of time, places and actions is broken: instead of one problem, the author affects a number of equally important.

Fonvizinsky Realism is the truthfulness, historical specificity of images, especially pronounced himself in the creation of the characters of Eremeevna and Prostaya, showing the complexity of their nature. Images of the Staruga and Praddina are also living characters, readers even "recognized" their prototypes, noble enlighteners. Realism helped Fononvizin to move away from literary stamps, the author first took a step towards creating a hero-advanced figure. Stoys, Pravdin and Milon are discharged in general, without details of the biography, the inner world. But the image of the elder in this regard is more significant.

Fonvizyn created a new type of realistic comedy: put not a ready-made plot of its foundation, but a real historical conflict that affects all heroes. Conflicts in the house, according to the author's thoughts, is a reflection of conflicts in the country. The behavior of space-made, for example, proceeds from the Decision on the Validity of the Noble. Her condemnation means that serfdom is condemned in her face. But high content does not mean for the author. Refusal to comic. But this is a comedy accusatory, and sometimes with bitter irony. The Russian public comedy begins with "cheap". Fonvizin gave comedy social depth and sharp satirical orientation. The author refuses the vice - serfdom, the noble "cool" and seeks to show its reasons: the wrong upbringing, ignorance of people.

According to G. A. Gukovsky, "inexpensive" - \u200b\u200b"Semi-Communication, Emergency". The genre peculiarity of the work is that the basis of the play is a classic comedy, updated by serious and touching scenes: a conversation of Praddin with an older, conversations of an older with Sofia and Milon. The final combines morality and foulness. Prostaku has suffered a punishment, but her sorry.

Fonvizin's traditions continued his followers - A. S. Griboedov with their "grief from the mind" and N. V. Gogol with the "Auditor". Gogol called Fonvizin and Griboedov's comedy with the most bright works: "They are no longer easy ridicule over the funny sides of society, but wounds and illness of our society ... Both comedies took two different epochs. One struck the diseases from no question, the other - from badly understanding the enlightenment ".