What rivers fall into East Siberian Sea. East-Siberian Sea
It is called the most severe among all the northern seas, located at a large distance from the warm water of the Atlantic Ocean. The East Siberian Sea, washing the northern coast of Russia in the East, with all its shallow flow literally freezes.
The sea, the outskirts of the Arctic Ocean, is located along the northern shores of Eastern Siberia between the Novosibirsk Islands and the Island of Wrangel, conventionally administrative shores belong to Yakutia and the Chukchi Autonomous District. Most of the conditional lines and only from the side adjacent to Russia, nature created its borders. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe sea is large enough: 944 600 sq. Km, provided that you will not call it deep (the average is 54 m).
The boundaries are taken to consider the intersection points of the meridian with the islands of the boiler, Wrangel and the capes of anisions, Blossom, Yakan and Holy Nose. There are practically no islands here, the entire coastline is deeply embedded in the landing either speaks out of the sea and forms large bends, small gyruses lead to the mouths of the rivers.
As for the nature of the coastline, the eastern is not at all similar to the Western. So in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Novosibirsk Islands and the mouth of Kolyma is located tundra, made by swamps, the relief is quite gentle and lowered, but closer to the ison island the coast acquires mountainous landscape. Almost to the shores of the water, low hollys approach, in some places turning cool.
Underwater relief is plain and uniform. Only in some areas the depth is noted up to 25 m. Experts call them the remnants of the ancient river valleys.
Often this sea is called an important site of a trading path, through which the carriage of goods to the northern regions of Eastern Siberia is coming. It employs a large port of singers, it also carries out transit movements from the west to the east of the country.
(Marine Trade and Transport Port Pevek)
The East Siberian Sea is difficult to call the commercial node in Russia. For the most part, there is a mining of the marine beast in the waters adjacent to land. Local residents are caught here by the European Koryushki, washing, cream and herring. Near the mouth of the rivers are caught by valuable sigal sturgeon and salmon. However, this type of activity does not contribute a serious economic contribution to the development of the country and the region.
The East Siberian Sea is the outskirts of the Northern Ice Ocean, located between the Novosibirsk Islands and the Island of Wrangel. The sea straits are connected to the Chukotka Sea and the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. The shores are mountainous, weakly cut. The average depth of 66 meters, the highest 358 meters. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Saltance from 5 ‰ near the mouth of rivers to 30 ‰ in the north. Rivers flow into the sea: Indigirika, Alase, Kolyma, Big Wheel. On the sea coast, several bays: Chaunskoy Lip, Omulakh Guba, Chrome Luba, Kolyma Bay, Kolyma Luba. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Lyakhov, De Long Islands. There are no islands in the center of the sea.
The East Siberian Sea belongs to the Arctic Ocean. Limited from the West by the Novosibirsk Islands, and from the East Island of Wrangel. This reservoir is least studied in comparison with other northern seas. For these places it is characterized by a cold climate with poor flora and the fauna and low saline of sea water.
Sea currents are slow, tides reached no more than 25 cm. In the summer, frequent fogs are observed, the ice holds almost all year round, it retreats only in August-September. The sea coast was settled thousands of years ago with chukchi and yukagira, and then Evenks and Euments. These peoples were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. Later, Yakuts appeared, and then Russian.
East Siberian Sea on the map
Geography
The area of \u200b\u200bthe water surface of the East Siberian Sea is 942 thousand square meters. km. The volume of water reaches 60.7 thousand cubic meters. km. The average depth is 45 meters, and the maximum is 155 meters. The length of the coastline is 3016 km. The western border of the reservoir passes through the Novosibirsk Islands. The very northern of them is the island of Henrietta, which is part of the de Long Islands group.
The eastern border passes through the island of Wrangel and the Strait of Long. In the north of the northern point of Wrangel to Henrietta, Jeannetta Islands and then to the north point of the island of the boiler. The southern border passes along the coast of the mainland from Cape Holy Nose in the West to Cape Yakan in the East. With the sea of \u200b\u200blapties, it is connected through the Sannikov Strait, Eterican and Dmitry Laptev. And the connection with the Chukotka Sea is carried out through the Long Strait.
Rivers and bayes
The most important rivers flowing into the reservoir are an indigilist with a length of 1726 km, Kolyma with a length of 2129 km, a chaun with a length of 205 km, pegtomel with a length of 345 km, large chuckwill with a length of 758 km, alazew with a length of 1590 km.
On the coast there are such bays as a Chaunsk lip, the Omulakh lip, a goose lip, a chrome lip, a Kolyma lip. All these bays deeply fall into the land. There is also a Kolyma bay, limited from the north of the bearish islands: the Cross, Pushkareva, Leontiev, Lysov, Andreeva and the quadrochstolbova.
The river flow is small and is 250 cubic meters. km a year. Of these, the Kolyma River gives 132 cu. km of water. Indigirka dumps 59 cubic meters into the East Siberian Sea. km of water. 90% of all runoff falls on the summer. Freshwater concentrates at the shore due to the weak flow and does not have a significant effect on the hydrology of the reservoir. But there is a water exchange with neighboring seas and the northern ice ocean.
The surface temperature of the water drops from the south to the north. In winter, in the river delta, it is -0.2 and -0.6 degrees Celsius. And in the northern part of the sea, up to -1.8 degrees Celsius. In the summer, in the bays, water is heated to 7-8 degrees Celsius, and on free from ice, sea zones is 2-3 degrees Celsius.
Surface water salinity increases from southwest to northeast. In the Delta Delta in winter and spring it is 4-5 ppm. In open waters, it comes to 28-30 ppm, and in the north to 31-32 ppm. In the summer, salinity decreases by 5% due to the melting of snow.
Annual fluctuation of the level of the East Siberian Sea is 70 cm due to summer river runoff. The wind brings a storm with waves of 3-5 meters high in the western part of the sea region, and in the east relatively calmly. Sturi usually lasts 1-2 days in summer, and in winter it is 3-5 days.
The thickness of the ice by the end of winter reaches 2 meters and decreases from the west to the east. In addition, there are drifting ice floes with a thickness of 2-3 meters. The melting of ice begins in May from the River River Delta. And completely frozen in October-November.
Climate
The climate is arctic. In winter, the southwestern and southern winds carrying cold air from Siberia are blowing, so the average temperature in the winter period is -30 degrees Celsius. The weather is cloud with storms and blizzards.
In the summer, the northern winds are blowing, and the air temperature is 0-1 degrees Celsius in the open sea and 2-3 degrees Celsius on the coast. The sky cloudy with frequent rains and wet snow. The shore delays fog, it can hold up to 70 days. Annual precipitation is 200 mm.
Flora and fauna are scanty, since the climate is severe. There are many plankton and raschkov in water. In coastal areas, ringed nerves, lactocks, walruses, white bears live in coastal zones. Seagulls are present from the birds. The East Siberian Sea is often visited by Greenland and Gray Whales. Beluga and narrows are found. From fish there is a smoking, Muksun, Chir, Koryushka, Sayka, Arctic Caulfur, Navaga, Kambala.
Shipping
Shipping is practiced for the transport of goods along the northern coast of Russia in August-September. In this case, navigation is difficult even in summer due to floating ice floating, which bring to the shores of the wind. Fishing and hunting for marine animals wears a local character.
The main port is singers with a population of about 5 thousand people. He is the most northern city of Russia and is located in the Chaunsk Gup. The cargo turnover of the seaport is 190 thousand tons with bandwidth of 330 thousand tons. There are 3 berths with a length of 500 meters. Cargo transportation is carried out mainly between Pevek and Vladivostok.
The current title was received in June 1935 in accordance with the decree of the Soviet government. Before that, he was called the Indigir, the Northern, then Kolyma, then Siberian, then the Arctic Sea.
November 26, 20061. Northern Arctic Ocean ....................................................33
2. East Siberian Sea ...................................................... 4
2.1. Shore ....................................................................................... 5.
2.2. DNA structure .............................................................................. 6
2.3. Characteristic climate .................................................................. 7
2.4. Hydrological mode ............................................................ ..9
2.5. Ice regime ........................................................................ 13
2.6. Biology ............................................................................................... 14.
List of references .................................................................. .15
1. Northern Arctic Ocean.
The Northern Arctic Ocean is small compared to other parts of the World Ocean: its area is about 13.1 million km 2 (3.6% of the World Ocean Square). Nevertheless, the practical and scientific importance of the research of the Arctic Ocean is very large. Through it, the shortest, but also one of the most difficult maritime conditions for ice conditions. In addition, it serves as the only marine mainstream for the supply of the rapidly developing industry of Siberia.
Due to the remote, harsh climate and permanent ice cover, the Northern Arctic Ocean turned out to be the least studied from the oceans. By the end of the 19th century. Almost his entire coastline was drawn in a fairly detailed card, but most of the ocean remained unexplored. The northern tip of Greenland and the group of Islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago were completely not investigated. Geographers did not have a single point of view regarding the distribution of sushi and the sea. Some scientists, including German Geographic Peterman, believed that Greenland extended through the North Pole to the Earth of Wrangel (now about. Wrangel); Others believed that the Central Polar District was numerous islands, separated by the emission.
During the expedition on the vessel "Jeannetta" (1879-1881) it was established that about. Wrangel is not adjacent to Greenland. In 1893-1896 The vessel of Nansen "Fram" squeezed with long-term ice through the Arctic pool (A. B.) from Novosibirsk O-Went to Spitsberena. Analysis of data of eleven dimensions of depths made for this drift showed - depth of A. b. This area ranges from 3400 to 4000 m. So for the first time it was found that at least part of A. b. It occupies a deepwater treasury.
Interesting the Northern Arctic Ocean and from a hydrometeorological point of view. The North European Basin is the most powerful atmosphere on the ground, the influence of the ocean, whose influence on atmospheric processes and climatic conditions are manifested up to Baikal. The North Arctic Ocean, especially its Arctic pool, plays the role of one of the planetary "effluents" of heat both in the atmosphere and in the ocean.
2. East Siberian Sea
The East Siberian Sea is located between the Novosibirsk Islands and about. Wrangel. His Western border is the eastern border of the Laptev Sea, it passes from the intersection point of the Meridian of the northern tip. The boiler with the edge of the mainland bells (79 ° C. sh., 139 ° C. d.) Until the northern tip of this island (m. Anisions), then along the eastern shores of the Novosibirsk Islands to m. Holy nose (shed Dmitry Laptev). The northern border passes along the edge of the mainland from the point with the coordinates of 79 ° C. sh., 139 ° c. d. to the point with coordinates of 76 ° C. sh., 180 ° c. d., and the eastern border - from the point with these coordinates of 180 ° to the Meridian. Wrangel, then in its northwestern shore to the m. Blossom and further to M.Yankan on the mainland. The southern border passes on the mainland shore from m. Yakan to m. Holy nose.
The East Siberian Sea refers to the type of mainland seasons. Its area is 913 thousand km 2, the volume is 49 thousand km 3, the average depth is 54 m, the highest depth is 915 m, that is, this sea lies with the whole on the mainland.
2.1. Shore.
The coastline of the East-Siberian Sea forms rather large bends, in some places in land, sitting in the sea, but there are also sections with a smooth shore line. Small winding are usually timed to the mouths of small rivers.
The landscapes of the western coast of the East Siberian Sea are distinguished by the eastern. On the plot from the Novosibirsk Islands and to the mouth of the coland of the coast are very lowlands and monotonous. Here to the sea fits a marshy tundra. East of mouth Kolyma, for m. Big Baranov, the coast becomes mountainous. From the mouth of Kolyma to about. Ayon directly to the water is suitable low hills, the places are cool. The Chaunsk lip is framed by low, but steep smooth shores. Various sea coast in different areas belongs to different morphological types of shores.
Weighted precipitates endured by rivers cause a change in the depths in coastal areas and the formation of bars in the mouths of the rivers. The Indigirk River makes a suspended nanos a year of 16.7 million tons, Kolyma - 8.3 million tons. Liquid Stock Collasoms132 * 10 3 m 3 / year.
As a result of the sweeping effect of river water on adjacent coastal areas, there is an intensive thermal abrasion of the nuclear seats. According to reports, the velocity of abrasion varies from 1-5 to 10-15m / year.
Where the coast is composed of indigenous rocks (the area m. Baranov and m. Shelagsky, the west coast about. Wrangel, etc.), the denudation type of coast is usually developed, since the effects of waves are weakened and the processes of physical weathering. Accumulative shores with wide sandy-pebble bars separating the chains of the lagoon are found on the southern coastrularivandague.
2.2. The structure of the bottom.
The underwater relief of the shelf, forming the bed of the sea, in general, is the plain, very poorly tilted from the southwest to the northeast. The bottom of the sea does not have noticeable depressions and elevations. The depths of up to 20-25 m dominate. The area of \u200b\u200bsmall depths in the western part of the sea forms the Novosibirsk Oven. The highest low-east of the sea. A noticeable increase in depths occurs in the horizon from 100 to 200 m.
Most of the bottom of the sea is covered with a subtle sedimentary case. In the tertiary period and at the beginning of the Quaternary surface of the bottom was an almost flat plain, folded by the alluvia ancient river systems of Paleo Indigir and Paleo-Kolyma, traces of which on the seabed can still be distinguished. Most of the archipelago and individual islands found in the area of \u200b\u200bthe shelf are folded by the rocks of this foundation (by the Bear, Rautan, Shalaurov, part about. Iion, etc.). In the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of De Long and in the northern part of the sea there is a so-called hyperborean platform (on Shatsky). Aeromagnetic surveys confirm the presence of a solid crystalline foundation in this area, blocked and bounded by mesozoic rocks, places of crumpled.
The bottom sediments of the shelf consist mainly of a sandy sludge containing crushed boulders and pebbles; Some of them are fragments of rocks about. Wrangel or Other Islands brought by ice.
2.3. Characteristic climate.
Located in high latitudes, the East Siberian Sea is located in the area of \u200b\u200batmospheric influences of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the western part of the sea (although rarely), cyclones of Atlantic origin penetrate into the eastern regions - Pacific. The climate of the East Siberian Sea is a polar sea, but with signs of continentality.
In winter, the main influence on the sea has a spong of a Siberian maximum, which goes down to the coast, and the comb of polar anti-kilon is expressed weakly. In this regard, the southwestern and southern winds with a speed of 6-7 m / s are dominated over the sea. They bring cold air from the continent, so the average monthly air temperature in January is about -28-30 °. In winter, there is a calm, clear weather that cyclonic invasions violate on some days. Atlantic cyclones in the West of the Sea determine the amplification of wind and some warming, and the Pacific cyclones, which have cold continental air in the rear, only increase wind speed, cloudiness and cause snowstorms in the southeastern sea. On the mountainous sections of the coast with the passage of Pacific cyclones, the formation of a local wind is connected - a hair dryer. Usually it reaches a storm force, causing some increase in temperature and a decrease in air humidity.
In summer, the pressure on the mainland Asia is lowered, and over the sea is increased, so the winds of the Northern Rumbes are dominated. At the beginning of the season, they are very weak, but during the summer their speed increases gradually, reaching an average of 6-7 m / s. By the end of the summer, the western part of the East Siberian Sea becomes one of the most stormy areas of the Northern Sea Route. Often the wind blows at a speed of 10-15 m / s. Strengthening wind is connected here with hair dryers. The southeastern part of the sea is much calmer. Sustainable northern and northeastern winds cause low air temperature. Emergency July temperature 0-1 ° in the north of the sea and 2-3 E in coastal areas. In the summer, overcast weather with small drizzling rain is predominantly overlooking the East Siberian Sea, sometimes wet snow.
In the fall, there is almost no heat return, which is explained by the remoteness of the sea from the ocean centers of the atmosphere and their weak influence on atmospheric processes. Comparatively cold summer in the whole sea, stormy weather at the end of summer and especially in autumn in the outskirts of the sea and the calm in the central part of it are characteristic climatic traits of the sea. The speed of northwestern and northeastern winds often reaches 20-25 m / s. They cause waves with a height of up to 4-5 m. Western winds contribute to the formation of a warm current going in the eastern direction from the Kolyma region. It is this warm flow that cleans the strait of Long from Ice. In the distance from the shore of the speed of storm winds, 40-45 m / s are often achieved.
Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. In his eastern part, floating ice frequently stays near the shores even in the summer. Observations conducted in high-grade stations showed that the direction of ice drift depends on the distribution of atmospheric pressure. In winter, when the pole is developing a high pressure region, anticyclonic (clockwise arrow) is enhanced by water circulation, which forces ice drifting in the north-west direction. The average daily rate of ice drift is 3-8 km.
When the polar anticyclone weakens, the area of \u200b\u200bcyclonic circulation of water is expanding, which prevents the end of ice from the area and, on the contrary, favors the admission of many years of ice from high latitudes and the accumulation of ice waters.
2.4. Hydrological mode.
Annual precipitation is 100-200 mm, and river stock, unlike the Kara Sea and the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, is not very large. Several significant rivers fall into the East Siberian Sea, the largest of which r. Kolyma. Its flow it is 132 km 3. The second value of the flow river. Indigirka brings 59 km 3 water. The general mainland stock into the East Siberian Sea is about 250 km 3 / year, which is only 10% of the total river flow in all the Arctic seas. All river water enters the southern part of the sea, and approximately 90% of the runa, as in other Arctic seas, on the summer months.
With the very extensive sizes of the East Siberian Sea, the coastal stock significantly affects its common hydrological regime, but only determines some hydrological features of coastal sections in the summer. High latitudes, free communication with the Central Arctic Basin, Big Arcticity and Small River Stoke define the main features of the hydrological conditions of the East Siberian Sea.
The system of currents of the East Siberian Sea studied weakly. Total sea circulation of the sea is cyclonic. From the straits of Sannikov and Dmitry Lapteva, water moves along the shore to the east. Near. Wrangel part of the flow turns to the north, continuing the movement counterclockwise, and the other part goes east through the prol. Long (between about. Wrangel and the continental shore). The flow running to the north is involved in the transitational course, turning to the north-west. Along the eastern banks of the Novosibirsk Islands, apparently, there is a flow for south and a closing cyclonic cycle.
Due to the shallow water and the lack of deep gutters emerging beyond the northern limits of the East Siberian Sea, the overwhelming part of its spaces from the surface to the bottom is occupied by surface arctic water. Only in relatively limited assistance areas, peculiar water is common formed as a result of the mixing of river and seawater. It is characterized by elevated temperature and low salinity.
The constant flows on the surface of the East Siberian Sea form a weakly pronounced cyclonic circulation. Along the mainland coast, a steady transfer of water from the west to the east is traced. At m. Billling part of the water goes to the north and north-west and is taken out to the northern seaside outlook, where it turns on in flows going to the west. With different synoptic situations, the movement of water changes. Part of the waters from the East Siberian Sea through the Strait of Long is taken out to the Chukotka Sea. Permanent flows are often disturbed by winds, which are often stronger than constant. The effect of tidal flows is relatively small.
Riding. In the East Siberian Sea, the correct semi-sufficient tides are observed. They cause a tidal wave, which enters the sea from the north and moves to the coast of the mainland. The front will be pulled out from the north-north-west to the east-south-east of the Novosibirsk Islands to Fr. Wrangel.
The most distinct tides are expressed in the north and northwest. As it moves to the south, they weaken, as the ocean tidal wave is largely quenched on an extensive shallow water. So, on the site from an indigracy to m. Shelygsky tidal fluctuations of the level are almost not noticeable. Weest and east of this area, the magnitude of the tide is also small - 5-7 cm. At the mouth of the Indigir, the configuration of the shores and the relief of the bottom contribute to the increase in tides to 20-25 cm. Significantly more developed on the mainland coast of the level of level changes caused by meteorological reasons.
The annual level of the level is characterized by the highest possible position in June - July, when there is a rich flow of river water. A reduction in mainland in August leads to a decrease in the level by 50-70 cm. As a result of the predominance of the hounce in the fall, in October, the level rise occurs.
In winter, the level decreases in March - April reaches its lowest position.
In the summer season, there are very pronounced short-range phenomena, in which level fluctuations are often 60-70 cm. At the mouth of the Kolyma and in the Dmitry Laptev Strait, they reach the maximum values \u200b\u200bfor the entire sea - 2.5 m. Fast and sharp change of level positions - One of the characteristic features of the coastal areas of the sea.
Significant excitement develops on free from ice spaces of the sea. It is the strongest in the storm northwestern and southeastern winds having the greatest accelerations above the surface of pure water. The maximum wave heights reach 5 m, usually their height is 3-4 m. Strong excitement is observed mainly at the end of the summer - early autumn (September), when the ice edge retreats to the north. The western part of the sea is more stormy than Eastern. His central regions are relatively calm.
Water temperature On the surface at all seasons, in general, it drops from the south to the north. In winter, it is close to the freezing point and near the mouth of the rivers is -0.2-0.6 °, and the northern borders of the sea - 1.7-1.8 °. In summer, the surface temperature distribution is due to the ice environment. The temperature of the water in the bays and bays reaches 7-8 °, in open, free from ice areas of 2-3 °, and at the ice edge it is close to 0 °.
Changing the temperature of the water with a depth of winter and the spring is not enough. Only near the mouth of large rivers it decreases to -0.5 ° in treated horizons and up to -1.5 ° at the bottom. In the summer, on free outdoor spaces, the water temperature is somewhat low from the surface to the bottom in the coastal zone in the west of the sea. In its eastern part, the surface temperature is observed in a layer of 3-5 m, where it is sharply dropped to the horizons 5-7 m and then smoothly decreases to the bottom. In the zones of the affect of the coastal flow, a homogeneous temperature covers a layer to 7-10 m, it is dramatically between the horizons 10-20 m, and then smoothly drops to the bottom. Shallow water, weakly heated East Siberian Sea is one of the coldest Arctic seas.
Salinity On the surface, in general, it increases from the south-west to the northeast. In winter and spring it is equal 4 -5 ° / 00 nearby collaimyindigirki, reaches the values \u200b\u200bof 24-26 ° / 00 at the islands of bearish, increases to 28-° ° / 00 in the central areas of the sea and rises to 31-32 ° / 00 on its northern outskirts. In summer, as a result of the inflow of river waters and melting ice, the size of the surface salinity is reduced to 18-22 ° / 00 in the coastal zone, 20- 22 ° / 00 at the islands of the bear, to 24 - 26 ° / 00 in the north, at the edges of the melting ice.
In winter, at most of the sea, the salinity slightly rises from the surface to the bottom. Only in the northwestern district, where the ocean water from the north penetrates, the salinity increases from 23 ° / 00 in the upper layer with a thickness of 10-15 m to 30 ° / 00 at the bottom. Near the mouth of the upper desalted layer to the horizon of 10-15 m, longer waters are littered. From the end of the spring and during the summer on free from ice spaces, the despaired layer is formed with a thickness of 20-25 m, under which salinity increases with depth. Consequently, in shallow water (to depths 10-20 and even up to 25 m), the collapse covers the entire waters. In deeper areas in the north and in the east of the sea on the horizons 5-10 m, and in some places 10-15 m salinity increases sharply, and then smoothly and slightly rises to the bottom.
In the autumn-winter season, water density is higher than in spring and summer. The density is larger in the north and in the east than in the west of the sea, where the despered waters from the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev penetrate. However, these differences are small. Usually the density increases with depth. Her vertical distribution is similar to salty.
Various degree of water change creates unequal conditions for the development of mixing in different parts of the East Siberian Sea. On the relatively weakly stratified and free from the ice of the spaces, the strong winds of the summer are stirred to the horizons 20-25 m. Therefore, in areas bounded by a depth of 25 m, the wind stirring spreads to the bottom. In places of sharp bundle of water in density, the wind mixing penetrates only to the horizons 10-15 m, where it limits significant vertical density gradients.
Autumn-winter convection in the East Siberian Sea at the depths of 40-50 m, which occupy more than 70% of its entire area penetrates until the bottom. By the end of the cold season, winter vertical circulation spreads to the horizons 70-80 m, where it limits the large vertical stability of water.
2.5. Ice regime
The East Siberian Sea is the very Arctic of the seas of the Soviet Arctic. From October - November to June - July it is completely covered with ice. At this time, the brings of ice from the Arctic basin to the sea prevails, as opposed to the other seas of the Arctic, where the remote ice drift prevails. The characteristic feature of the ice of the East Siberian Sea is a significant development in winter. At the same time, it most widely spreads in the western, shallow part of the sea and occupies a narrow coastal strip in the east of the sea. In the West of the Sea, the width of the soldier reaches 400-500 km. Here it is connected to the soldier of the sea Laptev. In the central regions, its width is 250-300 km and east of the m. Shelagsky - 30-40 km. The border falling approximately coincides with the hand-made 25 km, which takes place 50 km north of the Novosibirsk Islands, then turns to the southeast, approaching the mainland coast at m. Shelagsky. By the end of winter, the thickness of the digest reaches 2 m. From the west to the East, the thickness of the solder decreases. Behind the ship are the drifting ice. Usually this annual and bile ice is a thickness of 2-3 m. In the very north of the sea, many years of Arctic ice is found. The winds of South Rumbers prevailing the winds often include drifting ice from the northern edge solder. As a result, significant spaces of clean water and young ice, forming in the west of the Novosibirsk and in the east of the Warranty-Levskaya stationary recruit wormways appear in the west.
At the beginning of the summer, after opening and destruction, the position of the ice edge is determined by the action of winds and flows. However, ice is always found north of the strip. Wrangel - Novosibirsk Islands. In the western part of the sea, a Novosibirsk ice array is formed on the place of extensive soldering. It consists mainly of annual ice and by the end of the summer it is usually destroyed. The overwhelming part of the space in the east of the sea is occupied by the extension of an ionic oceanic array, which largely forms severe perennial ice. Its southern periphery throughout the year almost adjoins the mainland coast, determining the ice environment at sea.
2.6. Biology.
Flora and the fauna of the East Siberian Sea are qualitatively poor compared to neighboring seas, mainly due to harsh ice conditions. However, in the areas of the mouth of the rivers, except the Omul, Siga and Harius, there are large shoals of white fish (Coregonidae).There are also other types of fish, which include polar koryushku, Navaag, polar cod, polar cambal and salmon fish: Arctic Cauls and Nelma Mammals are represented by shine, seals and white bears, birds - kayrami, sea seagulls, cormorants. In the central districts there are cold-robber saltwater forms. Fishing is local importance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Bogdanov D.V. Oceans and sea on the eve of the XXI century. - M.: Science, 1991. - 128 p.
2. Sukhov F. S.World Ocean. - L.: Hydrometeoizdat, 1986. - 288 p.
3. Oceanographic encyclopedia. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1974. - 632 p.
4. Svalin B. S., Kosarev A. N. Seas. - M.: Thought, 1999. - 400 p.
5. Nikiforov E. G., Schapiher A. O. The patterns of formation of large-scale oscillations of the hydrological regime of the Northern Ocean. - L.: Hydrometeoisdat, 1980. - 270 s.
The largest share of the Northern Icetic occupies the Arctic pool, by the nature of his bottom half-shelf (shelf is called the underwater outskirts of the mainland). The East Siberian Sea refers just to the shelf half of half, and this is a lot in it defines sludge at its bottom with sand, fragmented with small stones, occasionally come across and boulders witnesses of the geological history of the sea. She continues. The bottom relief is almost even, with a slight inclination from the southwest to the northeast, there are no foci of seismicity and volcanism, significant depressions or lifts. Ideally, the map of the East Siberian Sea should be corrected every year. The main part of the coast (in the west and in the center) is a wetland tundra, captured by many years of Merzlot. In recent decades, a layer of marzlot is gradually thinned and the coastline changes its outlines. The same applies to most of the islands, whose sandy soils are covered and mixed with layers and fragments of fossil ice.
The most general characteristic of the location of the East Siberian Sea is between the Novosibirsk Islands and Island. Through the straits of Dmitry Laptev, Eterican, Sannikova and the strait of the north of the island of the boiler (Anjo Archipelago) in the West connects with the Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, in the East - through the Long Strait - s. The conditional northern border coincides with the edge of the mainland shelf. From the east, the sea border passes through the Meridian of 180 ° East longitude to the Island of Wrangel, then along the north-western shore of this island to Cape Blossom and - by the conditional line, connecting it with Cape Yakan on the Arctic Coast of Chukotka. From the south, the coastal border of the sea extends from Cape Holy Nose in the West to Cape Yakan.
Most of the year the sea is covered with ice, navigation is possible from August to October. The direction of ice drift depends on cyclonic processes in the atmosphere affecting the speed and direction of flows. In winter, the pole is developing a high pressure region, in addition, cyclones from the Atlantic penetrate the western outskirts of the sea, although episodically, not too often, and in its eastern areas from the Pacific Ocean, more often than the Atlantic. Plus, there is an influence of the Siberian maximum (extensive anticyclone), which goes to the coast and carrying cold air from the continent. Ice drift in the summer at the same time at a speed of 3-8 km per day. The most free from the ice of the ice is formed by the end of summer in the western part of the sea, when the so-called Novosibirsky melts (called the islands) solder in the eastern part. The ice, separated from the Eyone Oceanic Ice Array, keep the eastern coast of the sea, as a rule, all summer, retreating to the north only near the mouth of rivers with their warmer waters.
The sea found its current name only in 1935 to the representation of the Russian geographical society. Before that, he was called the Indigir, then Kolyma. Due to the harsh climate of Flora and the fauna of the sea itself and earthly solid in its region are not too diverse and behind here even from the neighboring seas. And yet at the end of the summer (the warmer period in the tundra) even daisies appear along the banks of the rivers. Among the ice, there are white bears, hunting for fools and seals inhabiting here, the herds roam the herds on the tundra, the songs are running on the rocks, Cayra, seagulls, cormorants nest on the rocks. Omul, Sig Harius, Belorebitsa, Polar Koryushka, Salmon Caulfur and Nelma, Other species are found in the mouths of the rivers. At the same time, it is necessary to notice, the water of the sea and the rivers flowing into it are pristinely, pollution, not critical to the environment, are celebrated in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Pevek port, where there are no treatment facilities, and the Chaunsk lip. 
As for the history of the sequestment of the shores of this sea by a person, all the information here is based mainly on theoretical calculation of ways to migrate the ancestors of Evenov, Evenks, Yakuts and Chukchi. They are called fantastic figures up to 3 million years ago. But another figure is more reliable, reinforced by archaeological finds in the mainland of Yakutia - about 10 thousand years ago. Although another question, did these people get into prehistoric times to the shore of the ocean? Indirectly, this is confirmed by rock paintings near Pevek, but they are not installed yet.
From the XVII century. By the sea, the Kochi Russian Cossacks went. These were people courageous, experienced and gambling, but also pragmatic, and they, of course, already knew something about the furious beasts of these edges, and on the marginal deposits of gold and tin on Indigir and Kolyma. There is a mythologist that Pomra was walking on "open water" from these shores in the XIII century, but the exact evidence of these events was not preserved. Between the mouths of the Indigir and Kolyma first sailed the Cossack Mikhail Stadukhin in 1644 and founded the Nizhnekolomsky Ostrog in 1648 His assistant Semyon Dezhnev was held from the mouth of the Kolyma and then through the Strait of Long and to the Anadyr Gulf, where he founded the city of Anadyr. The history of the opening of the sea islands begins with 1712, when Mercury Vagin and Peremyakov Yakov opened a large and small Lyakhov Islands. During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), the first sea maps were compiled. In 1849, Briton Henry Kellett opened the Island of Wrangel (belonging to the East Siberian and Chukotka seas) and called him in honor of his vessel - Herald. But in 1867, American Kitobobi Thomas Long gave him another name: in honor of the Russian navigator Ferdinand Wrangel. Wrangel himself about the existence of the island knew from Chukchi, but could not find it. The last of the sea archipelagos were discovered by the Islands of De Long, as a result of the drift of the American schooner "Jeannetta" with the captain of J. De Long. In 1878-1879, Swede N. Nordencheld became the first navigator, to whom in 1875, on a ship "Vega" managed to pass the Northern Seasically along the entire shore of Asia (with one wintering). At the beginning of the XX century. The sea was studied by geologist K. A. Vololosovich (1900-1901) and hydrograph G.Ya. Sedov (1909), as well as the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean on the Iceolars "Vaigach" and "Taimyr" (1911-1915). For the first time in one navigation, the Northern Sea Path (SMP) was passed by the O. Yu. Schmidt expedition in 1932 in the icebreaker ship "Siberians", transportation began in 1935. The modern navigation period is counted since 1978, from the beginning of using atomic icebreaks of the series " Arctic".
The first port of the East Siberian Sea was a barn. In 1932, here were delivered by Kolyma from Vladivostok "Enemies of the People", mostly former "fists". In 1935, several thousand people already lived here, however, the word "lived" in this case is not entirely accurate, it was not a village, but a farm camp, an industrial division of the Gulag. In 1935, the most important to observe this region of the Arctic Hydrochetation was opened here. And a prison for repressed. ... And here is the testimony of 2011. Six people live at the station, the port no longer exists, although the bay of the Court is sometimes thrown anchor. There are still some ruins of the time of the Gulag, entangled by the rusted barbed wire, but the modest monument to the victims of repression is not abandoned. The port of Pevek was built in 1951, the same forces, the city was formed around it. But he also touched him the economic cataclysms of the last 20 years, the work was becoming less and less, life is more and more expensive, the infrastructure of the city is worse. And people naturally leaving. However, the Pevek still has prospects. First, it works in a bundle with a green cape on Kolyma, which gives the space for maneuver, secondly, he has deep-sea moorings, and the main thing is adopted by the industrial development program until 2020, the development of significant gold and dome deposits began .
general information
The sea in the north-east of Russia, located completely behind the northern polar circle, in the Arctic Basin of the Northern Ocean.
Location: between the Novosibirsk Islands and the Island of Wrangel.
The largest bays: Chaunsk lip, Kolyma Bay, Omula, her lip.
The largest plowing rivers: Kolyma, Indigirka, Alazew, Big Wheat.
Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Iso Island.
The most important port: Pevek, 130 km from the mouth of Kolyma, near the village of Churcha, - Port Green Cape.
Numbers
Area: 913 000 km 2.
Volume: 49,000 km 3.
Medium depth: 54 m.
Water temperature in summer: from + 4 ° C to + 8 ° C (near the mouth of rivers), up to 0 ° C and -1 ° C (in the open sea).
Water temperature in winter: from -1.2 ° C to -1.8 ° C.
Saltness: from 5-10% ° in the south to 30% ° in the north.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe water resurrected rivers is more than 36% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe sea.
At more than 70% of the sea basin, medium depths are observed (about 50 m).
Flips - up to 0.3 m, semi-sufficient.
River Water Stills: About 250 km 3.
Economy
Part of the Northern Sea Route.
Fisheries in the mouth of rivers.
Fisherwood, seal in the sea.
Climate and weather
Arctic.
The average temperature of January: 30 ° С.
The average temperature of July: + 2 ° С.
The average annual precipitation: 200 mm.
sights
■ Wrangel Island Reserve, UNESCO World Natural Heritage Object;
■ Pevek: Chaunsky district local history museum, rock paintings on the banks of the Pattylil River;
■ Ambarchik: Monument to victims of repression; In the bay, Ambarchik - a memorable sign "Rose Winds" in honor G.Ya. Sedov.
Curious facts
■ Kochi Russian Pomorors were first described by the British in XVI to the underwater part of the cocoa housing had an ovoid shape. The bottom, as well as cut nose and feed, was releasing these wooden ships from squeezing with ice. Kochi XVI-XVII centuries. There were about 20 m long and an average width of about 6 m, could carry up to 40 tons of cargo. During the day, they overcame 150-200 km, while English ships are about 120 km. A small sediment - up to 2 m - allowed to ferry the Kochi on land or ice wolves, walk on them in shallow water. The design features of the nomades first used Furoop Nansen when creating his "fraam", on which in 1893-1912. Made three expeditions. Admiral with, O. Makarov, developing the design of the first icebreaker of the Arctic class "Ermak" in 1897, the shipbuilding ideas of Pomorro also applied on the advice of Nansen. They are used in modern icebreakers.
■ Passing by Cape Podlova on a rocky island near the bay of Ambarchik, all vessels give a long beep, envying the three-meter metal sign "Rose Winds", established in 1977 in memory of the polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877-1914). Sedov is one of the prototypes of Ivan Tatarinov in the novel V. Kaverina "Two Captains", along with Robert Scott, George Brusilov and Vladimir Rusanov.
■ Pomor before entering the sea, they always appeal to him with a prayer, calling him the "father". And they never talked about the dead in a campaign "drowned" or "died", just like this: "The sea took."