Which literary direction belongs to the thunderstorm. Test material on literature on the topic "A.N

The issue of genres has always been sufficiently resonant in the environment of literary critics and critics. Disputes around that genre to attribute this or that work, the many points of view spawned, sometimes completely unexpected. Most often, disagreements arise between the copyright and scientific designation of the genre. For example, the poem N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls" from a scientific point of view would be called novel. In the case of dramaturgy, too, everything is not so unequivocal. And the speech here is not about the symbolistic understanding of the drama or futuristic experiments, but about the drama in the framework of the realistic method. If we speak specifically, about the genre of "thunderstorms" of Ostrovsky.

Ostrovsky wrote this play in 1859, while when the theater reform was necessary. Ostrovsky himself believed that the spectators are much more important than the actor game, and read the text of the play can be at home. The playwright has already begun to prepare the public to the fact that the play for performances and play for reading should differ. But the old traditions were still strong. The author himself determined the genre of the work of "Thunderstorm" as a drama. To begin with, it should be dealt with terminology. For drama it is characterized by a serious, mostly household plot, the stylistics is close to real life. At first glance in the "thunderstorm" a lot of dramatic elements. This, of course, life. The morals and way of life of the city of Kalinov is registered incredibly clearly. It makes a complete impression not only about a separate city, but also about all provincial towns. It is no coincidence that the author indicates the convention of the place of action: it is necessary to show that the existence of residents is typical. Social characteristics are also distinguished by clarity: actions and character of each hero are largely determined by its social status.

The tragic start is associated with the way Katerina and, partly, cabani. For the tragedy, you need a strong ideological conflict, the struggle that can end the death of the main character or several characters. In the image of Katerina, a strong, clean and honest person, who seeks freedom and justice is shown. It was too early to marry against the will, but she was able to learn a certain extent to a certain extent. Katya often thinks about what could fly. She again wants to feel the inner ease, which was before marriage. The girl is closely and stuffy in the atmosphere of constant scandals and quarrels. She can't lie, even though Barbara says, as if the whole family of Kabanov, nor silence the truth, is kept on lies. Katya falls in love with Boris, because it is originally and she, and readers, he seems the same as she. The girl had the last hope of saving himself from frustration in life and in people - escape with Boris, but the young man refused the Kate, enrolling as other residents of others for Katerina in the world.

The death of Katerina will shock not only readers and spectators, but also other characters play. Tikhon says that his domineering mother, who destroyed the girl, is to blame. Tikhon himself was ready to forgive his wife's treason, but Kabaniha was against.

The only character who, according to character, can be compared with Katerina - Marfa Ignatievna. Her desire to subjugate everything and all makes a woman a real dictator. Her hard character in the end led to the fact that the daughter escaped from the house, the daughter-in-law committed suicide, and the son of vinit in failures. Kabaniy to some extent can be called antagonist Katerina.

The conflict of plays can also be viewed on both sides. From the point of view of the tragedy, the conflict is detected in a collision of two different worldviews: old and new. And from the point of view of drama in the play, the contradictions of reality and characters are faced.

The Genre of the Piez "Thunderstorm" is impossible to determine exactly. Some are inclined to the author's version - the social drama, others offer to reflect the characteristic elements and tragedies, and drama, determining the genre of "thunderstorms" as a household tragedy. But one can not deny exactly: in this play, there are both tragedy tragedy, as well as drama features..

Test on the work

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky * (1823-1886)

*Attention! In Russian literature, two writers on the surname Ostrovsky: Alexander Nikolaevich, Russian playwright of the 19th century, and Nikolay Alekseevich, Soviet Prose 320-30s., The author of the novel "How Steel hardened". Do not confuse!

The uniqueness of the Talent of Ostrovsky was that it was combined by the talent of the writer and the ability of the theater figure. For the first time in the history of Russian culture, a person appeared, who managed not only to say a new word in drama, but also lay the foundation for the Russian National Theater. Until the mid-19th century, Russian drama was represented by only a few works, among which 2 comedies of Fonvizin can be distinguished, 1 Comedy Griboyedov 5 tragedies Pushkin, 3 comedies of Gogol. A.N. Ostrovsky wrote 52 plays (of which 47 original), alone actually creating a repertoire of the Russian theater.

Ostrovsky's childhood born April 12, 1823 in Moscow on ul. Small Ordina, not foreshadowed him the great future. The rod of the island belonged to the spiritual estate. The grandfather of the future writer was an arbitrary, and then the Schemnik of the Don Monastery in Moscow. Father, Nikolay FedorovichBy graduating from the seminary in Kostroma and the Moscow Theological Academy, preferred to serve in the civil part and settled in Zamoskorkia. Mother, Love Ivanovna SavinaBy the time of marriage with the father of the future, the playwright was a widow of a shelter. By the end of the 1830s, Ostrovsky's father drove the ranks, received a noble title and fastened a decent state. Mother died in 1831, and after five years, his father married a Swedish nobleman's daughter Emily Andreevna von Teszin. In the family it was different data from 4 to 10 children, and the father paid close attention to their upbringing and training.

Childhood and youth of Ostrovsky passed in Zamoskvorechye. The description of the morals and the life of this old Moscow region will be the reason that the Ostrovsky will call the "Columbus Columbus".

Panorama of Zamoskvorechye 19th century on the part of the Kremlin (Source: Wikipedia). The names of the main temples of Zamoskvorechye are indicated

Having received a homemade and gymnasic (1835-1840) education, the Ostrovsky felt interest in the literature and the theater, but at the insistence of the Father, who dreamed of making her son an official, was forced to enter the Faculty of Law. Without experiencing interest in an imposed profession, he leaves from the second course and comes to the service to the Moscow Court, where he will last 8 years (during this time the salary of the young official will grow from 4 to 16 rubles). As it turns out later, the future playwright has not been engaged in the affairs of service, how much the material has been harvested for its own yet written plays.

At the same time, Ostrovsky is a permanent viewer of the Small Theater, with whom in the near future it will connect dramaturgical activities. Impressions of performances were supported by impressions from work in court, where Ostrovsky had to deal with the household side of human relations. It is not by chance afterwards the writer's work Ostrovsky compares with the work of the judge: the writer creates his own trial over life. The choice in favor of dramaturgy was associated with the fact that the theater compared to ordinary literature closer to the people.

By mid 1840s. Ostrovsky determines its literary credo, in connection with which the first period of his creativity is called "moral and accusatory". Already having experience in the genre of a physiological essay ("notes of the Zamoskvoretsky resident"), begins work on the two first comedies. The first is called "Family Painting" , the second twice was renamed: at first the "Insolvent Debtor", then "bankrupt" finally "His people will consider" . Both comedies are read on literary evenings at M.P. Pusher: the first - in 1847, the second - in 1849.

Comedy "Your people - we'll find" gets positive feedback N.V. Gogol, and in general was perceived as a new word in Russian drama. The strong impression of the comedy will produce on the Decembrist, Pushkin V.F. Raevsky, who will put "his people - we'll find" in one row with "inexpensive", "grief from the mind" and "auditor". The comedy was published in the unpopular magazine "Moskvatikan", but prohibited to the statement: " In vain printed, play the same to ban"That was the resolution of Nicholas of the first. This play destroyed the myth about the patriarchals of Russian merchants, showing the world where a person is a wolf, and relationships are built on the thirst for profit.

In 1853, Ostrovsky acknowledges that his look at reality was too tough. So the second period of his creativity, called slavodilsky. At this time, in conjunction with Apollo Grigoriev and Lvy, Ostrovsky edits the literary and artistic section of the Slavophile magazine "Moskvatik" and publishes his plays there "Do not sit down in your sleeves" (1852) is the first play of Ostrovsky, which falls on the stage, and also the main dramatic theater of the country - Alexandrinsky, "Poverty is not a vice" (1853), "Do not live like, as you want" (1854). In all these plays, the concept of Apollo Grigoriev on the patriarchalness and the spirituality of the middle classes, in which the "pledge of the future of Russia" was reflected. And if there were no positive heroes in the first play of Ostrovsky, then in the 50s in the plays. Negative heroes are miraculously "corrected".

In 1856, the magazin "Moskvatik" stopped his existence. Cooperation with the "contemporary" marked the third period of creativity of Ostrovsky - revolutionary democratic. The topics of the play of the playwright expands, conflicts become sharper and deep. Among the plays began this period, it is worth highlighting a comedy "Plum" (1856) and the first play from the trilogy about balsamine "Festive sleep to lunch" (1857). In total, Nekrasova, the playwright will publish 30 of its plays: 8 in the "contemporary" and 22 in the "domestic notes". For many years, tradition is even the tradition: the first number of the year always opened the play of Ostrovsky.

In April-August 1856 and in May-August 1857, Ostrovsky travels along the Volga. This happened thanks to organized by the Grand Duke by Konstantin Nikolayevich Expedition "for the gifted writers." It is from the Volga observations and impressions that the most famous Dramas of Ostrovsky - "Thunderstorm" and "Naddannica" are called.

Drama "Thunderstorm"

In 1859, the two-volume collection of Ostrovsky's works was published, in connection with which the critic Nikolai Dobrolyubov devotes the creativity of the Ostrovsky article "The Dark Kingdom", in which he calls the playwright "Objective Talent", reflecting key defects of modernity. The article sounded and the question: "Who will throw a ray of light into the ugly darkness of the Dark Kingdom?", To which the playwright responded in 1860 by his most famous play "Storm", ended first (if not considered the Lermontov "Masquerade") in the Russian literature by the work of the drama genre.

Coast of Volga. Sketch of the scenery to the play on the play "Thunderstorm"

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe playroom appeared in July 1859, and in January 1860 it was published in the Library for Reading Library. In the center of the play - the life of the provincial city of Kalinova, in which the "cruel morals" reigns and the obscurantism is thriving, supported by the richest and influential residents (merchant wild and widow of the Kabani). Some Kalinovans adapt to the existing order (such, for example, the daughter of the Kabani Barbara), others differ in non-abstentivity and bulkiness (Tikhon and Boris). Education and the horizon could boast Kuligin, but he lacks will to withstand the coarse strength of wild.

Among all the actors of the play, the author highlights Katerina Kabanov - the wife of Tikhon and the daughter-in-law of Kabanih. She sincerely lives not in fear, like others, but at the behest of the heart. She knows what should love her husband, but cannot make himself feel what is not. In addition, Tikhon does not dare before the mother to take his tender feelings to his wife. The concerned conflict is the departure of Tikhon to Moscow and the recognition of Katerina in the secret love for Boris. It is love who provokes Katerina to speak outdoor against the Samodogo Kabani. Moral throwing of the heroine on one side and open confrontation with power mother-in-law make up the basis of the play of the play. Catherine's spiritual drama is symbolically intertwined with the element of thunderstorms foreshadowing the tragic junction. The image of a thunderstorm covers everything that happens in Kalinov, and grows into a complex dramatic symbol: the thunderstorm thinks the characters of the play as God's Kara, the punishment for sins, but the love of Katerina and her struggle is a thunderstorm for the Kalinovian patriarchal world. Lightning during a thunderstorm illuminates the city immersed in darkness.

The prototype of the image of Katerina Kabanova was the lover of Ostrovsky, actress Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya (Nikulina). Kositskaya also became the first performer of her role.Both had families: Kositskaya was married to the actor I. Nikulin, and Ostrovsky from 1848 to 1867. lived in unregistered marriage with common Agafia Ivanovna. All their illegitimate children died at an early age. In 1869, the writer marked with Maria Vasilyevna Bakhmeteva. Which will be the mother of six island children.

The innovation of Ostrovsky manifested itself in connection of social, family conflict with internal conflict of heroine, and combined by the playgrounds of the landscape with the playwright of human relations. In general, the conflict of dramas is made up of several components:

1) Self-rich self-use: "cruel morals" of the city are connected with the unlimited authority of the Savior Savyla Prokofievich Wild, the man of dark, uneducated, coarse, but provided; Nobody can resist him: neither the most educated person in the city of Kuligin nor the city;

2) Family tyranny: Katerina conflict with mother-in-law, Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova, who "homemade lies at all";

3) the conflict of the past and the present in the mind of Katerina, the contradiction between the former free life of Katerina in the parent house and the current life of "from under the captivity" in the house of the mother-in-law;

4) the internal conflict of the heroine due to the impossibility of combining the sense of love and marriage relationship with the tiphone;

5) the conflict associated with the feeling of Katerina's own unnecessaryness either to her husband nor the beloved Boris.

The play caused a large public resonance and disputes in criticism.

Nikolai Dobrolyubov in the article "Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom" Called a "thunderstorm" the most resolute work of Ostrovsky, in which "encouraging and refreshing impression is achieved by the character of Katerina." The suicide of the heroine critic considers the determination of its character and the challenge of "Samogi strength".

From the article Dobrolyubov

The fact is that the character of Katerina, as he is executed in the "thunderstorm", makes a step forward not only in the dramatic activity of Ostrovsky, but in the whole of our literature.
Determining, solid Russian character, acting in Wild and Kabanov, is in the island in the women's type, and this is not deprived of their serious meaning.
Going married Tikhon Kabanova, she did not love him; She also did not understand this feeling; They told her that he had to marry any girl, showed Tikhon as a future husband, she went for him, remaining completely indifferent to this step. And here also manifests a feature of nature: according to ordinary our concepts, it would be respected, if it has a decisive character; But she does not think about resistance, because it does not have enough reason for this. She has no special hunt to marry, but there is no disgust from marriage; There is no love in her Tikhon, but there is no love and to anyone else. It is impossible to see powerlessness, no apathy, but you can only find a lack of experience ... But when she understands what she needs, and he wants to achieve something, he will achieve as much as anything: it will be ... It is quite the power of its character, not squandered in small bits.
Katerina ... not only does not accept the heroic poses and does not pronounce the sayings proving the hardness of character, and even on the contrary - is in the form of a weak woman who does not know how to oppose their entreprenences, and trying to justify the heroism, which manifests itself in its actions. It does not complain about anyone, does not blame anyone, and nothing like that does not come to her. There is no malice, nor contempt, nothing than the commonly disappointed heroes, comingily leaving the light.
... At the last moment all homemade horrors flicken in her imagination. She screams: "And they will be angry with me forcibly! .. Early, more likely ..." And the case is over: she will not be a more sacrificent of soulless mother-in-law, will not be quietly locked up with her husband's sophisticated and nasty her. She is released! ..
Sad, bitter such liberation; But what to do, when there is no other way out. Well, that was found in a poor woman determination at least on this terrible way out. Therefore, the strength of her character, because of the "thunderstorm" and makes an impression of a refreshing.

We have already said that the end of this seems to us are pleasant; It is easy to understand why: it is given a terrible challenge to Samoga, he tells her that it is impossible to go further, it is impossible to live with her violent, dead beginnings. In Katerina, we see the protest against the Kabanovsky concepts about morality, protest, brought to the end, proclaimed and under home torture and over the abyss, in which a poor woman rushed.

Another critic, Dmitry Pisarev, in 1864 published an article "Motifs of the Russian Drama" where the negative characteristic of Katerina as a whole, whose life "consists of constant internal contradictions."

From the article Pisarev

"... where Dobrolyzov succumbed to gusting aesthetic feeling, we will try to argue coolly and see that our family patriarchalness suppresses all healthy development. The drama of the Ostrovsky" Thunderstorm "caused a critical article under the title" Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom "from Dobrolyubov. This article was a mistake on the part of Dobrolyubov; he fucked sympathy for the nature of Katerina and accepted her identity for a bright phenomenon.

[Boris] looks at Katerina. Katerina falls in love with him, but wants to keep his virtue safe. What kind of love arising from the exchange of several views? What kind of harsh virtue, surrendering at the first convenient case? Finally, what suicide caused by such small troubles, which are carried out completely safely by all members of all Russian families?

In each of the actions of Katerina, you can find an attractive line; Dobrolyubov found these parties, folded them together, made up of them the perfect image, saw as a result of this "Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom," was delighted with a clean and holy joy of a citizen and a poet. If he had looked calmly and carefully at his precious find, he would immediately be born the easiest question that would lead to the destruction of an attractive illusion. Dobrolyubov would ask himself: how could this light image be formed? He would see that her upbringing and life could not give Katerina or a firm character or a developed mind.

Every external impression will shock her whole organism; The most insignificant event, the most empty conversation is produced in her thoughts, feelings and actions whole coups. Kabaniha grumbling, Katerina is languishing from this; Boris Grigorievich throws tender views, Katerina falls in love; Barbara says in passing a few words about Boris, Katerina considers himself a deceased woman. Varvara gives Katerina the key from the wicket, Katerina, Holding for this key in the continuation of five minutes, decides that she will certainly see Boris, and cums his monologue with the words: "Ah, kababy night quickly!" Meanwhile, at the beginning of his monologue, I even found that the key would burn her hands and that it would certainly be necessary to quit. When a date with Boris, of course, the same story is repeated; At first, "I'm going away, the popyan man!", And after that, he throws on the neck. While there are dates, Katerina is only thinking about what "we walk"; As soon as Tikhon arrives, it begins to torment the conscience remorse and reaches in this direction to half-handed. Bold Thunder - Katerina lost the last remainder of the mind. The final catastrophe, suicide, in the same way happening the expression. Katerina runs away from the house with an indefinite hope to see his Boris; She does not think about suicide; She regrets that they were previously killed, and now they do not kill; She finds uncomfortable that death is not; is Boris; When Katerina remains alone, she asks themselves: "Where now? Home to go? " And answers: "No, I keep me home that in the grave is still." Then the word "grave" leads her to a new series of thoughts, and she begins to consider the grave from a purely aesthetic point of view, with which people have so far managed to watch only in other people's graves. At the same time, it completely overlooks Geenna the fire, and meanwhile it is not indifferent to this last thought.

All life of Katerina consists of constant internal contradictions; She commemorated every minute from one extreme to another; She repents today in what did yesterday does not know what will do tomorrow; She at every step confuses his own life and the life of other people; Finally, confused everything that was at her hands, she destroys the protracted nodes with the most stupid tool, suicide, and even such suicide, which is completely unexpected for her.

After "thunderstorm"

Among the satirical works of the Ostrovsky 1860s. Capaches the comedy "On all sages of pretty simplicity" , the plot of which is the rethinking of the plot of the Griboedovsky comedy "grief from the mind." Her main character Egor Glumov is different, as well as Chatsky, acute intelligence, insight, the ability to give people a successful characteristics. However, unlike Chatsky, Gluma does not fight openly with stupidity and public vulnerable, but enjoys their weaknesses, thanks to which he also receives a profitable position, and promising bride. All his real thoughts he trusts only a diary, which calls "Scounds of Scounds, they are written".

Gluma easily conquers the location of his rich relative of Mamaeva, who loving give advice and instruction; Literary processes the TRACT OF KRUTITSKOM "On the dangers of reforms in general"; writes "Spich" important Mr. Gorodilina; At the request of Mamaev himself, Cleopathater Lviv's wife is caught. The hero is convinced that from someone else's abomination should be beneficial, and it turns out to be Rights: even after exposing it turns out to be the necessary topics of the "gentlemen", which Ichko ridiculed in his diary.

The 1870s are considered a period of the heyday of the creativity of Ostrovsky. He creates his best plays: "Forest", "Snow Maiden", "Wolves and Sheep", "Dustpannica".

Piece-fairy tale " Snow Maiden "Born out of the plot described by the Russian folklorist A.N. Afanasyev in the work" Poetic views of Slavs in nature ": the peasants Ivan da Marya loved each other, but they didn't have children, and then they were blinded from snowing snowy (they called it Snow Maiden ), And she came to life, but in the spring melted. In the play of the island Snow Maiden - a fifteen-year-old daughter Morozko (Santa Claus) and spring red. Yaril-Sun is going to light in the heart of the Snow Maiden Fire of love, and before that the earth will be immersed in frost and long winter . Mizgir falls in love, the fiance of Kupava. After some time, the fire of love lights up in the cold heart of the Snow Maiden, but thanks the mother of the spring-red for knowing the feeling of love. The play-tale will be so unexpected (realista-Satirik Ostrovsky is accustomed see the author of comedy and drama) that her readers at first will not accept, and Nekrasov will refuse to publish it in the "domestic notes" as bad and fantastic. Only in 1881 due to Rimsky-Korsakov "Snow Maiden" deign to recognition.

As traditional New Year's characters, Santa Claus and Snow Maiden (now for some reason, in the status of his granddaughter) for the first time they will appear in the Moscow House of Unions at a new meeting, 1937. And the Motherland of Santa Claus is considered great Ustyug, and the birthplace of Snow Maiden - Kostroma. However, New Year's traditions are not directly related to the content of the play-tales of Ostrovsky.

Drama "Dustpannica"

I already read my play in Moscow five times, among the listeners were faces and hostile to me, and everyone unanimously recognized the "idleness" the best of all my works.
A.N. Ostrovsky

The largest psychological drama of the 19th century was created within four years and was completed in the fall of 1878. The source of the plot was the case of Ivan Konovalova who killed his young wife from Jealous, a resident of the Volga city of Kineshma, where the Ostrovsky served as the Honorary Judge. The drama was successful for readers, but the premiere shows in the small and Alexandrian theaters suffered a failure, which caused a number of negative assessments in criticism. However, in reality, the play required a new approach to the acting game and in this sense anticipated, as the critic Alexander Skabichevsky pointed out, the poetics of Chekhov's drama.

In the Drama "Drain", as in the "Thunderstorm", the life of the provincial Volga city of Bryakhimov is shown. As if they went to the past patriarchalness and Domostroevian orders, and the merchants became educated owners of life, which do not communicate with countrymen, and "talk" to Paris drive. However, the laws established by them, according to which everything is selling and bought, lead to the tragedy a talented and beautiful girl Larisa Ogudallov, which becomes a bargaining of influential people, the thing in the hands of the rich merchants of Knurova and Weldovatov on the one hand and the poor, but a proud official of Karandyshev, each of which seeks to use Larisa to meet their own ambitions.

In essence, Larisa, who was looking for and did not find and found, "in fact, no one loves. One of her sobbers quietly perceives his loss to Knurov, who should now "get" Larisa. Knurov, in turn, expectantly waiting for the parats: "Brilliant Barin" will take her role: "Brilliant Barin" will take it from under the nose of Karandyshev's bridegroom, seduce and throw it, and now the broken Larisa Knurov is ready to take to Paris in the role of his own mistress . A small official of Karandyshev, it would seem also poor, like Larisa, and in comparison with rich merchants looks like a "little man", which, for the time being, offended with impunity and humiliate the "big" people of Bryakhimov. However, Karandeyshev is not a victim, but the same part of the "cruel world", like parats, curls and pebbles: for him, the upcoming marriage in Larisa is an occasion to be up with his offensors, an attempt to demonstrate their "moral superiority". In this sense, Julius Kapityl Karadyshev was very far from the "little people" Pushkin, Gogol and early Dostoevsky.

In recent years, Ostrovsky writes plays "Talents and fans", "handsome man", "without guilt guilt." By this time, Ostrovsky is the most respected Russian writer. In 1883, Emperor Alexander The Third granted the playwright, who was by the chairman of the Society of Dramatic Writers and Opera Composers, an annual pension of 3000 rubles. After death of the playwright June 14, 1886 In the village of Lyubilkovo Kostroma province, the emperor allocated considerable amounts for the burial, to support the widow writer Marya Bakhmetyevaya and their four children.

Read the following fragment of the work and execute the Q1-B7 tasks; C1, C2.

Katerina and Varvara.

Katerina.<...> Do you know, what came to me?

Barbarian. What?

Katerina. Why people do not fly!

Barbarian. I do not understand what you say.

Katerina. I say: why do people do not fly like birds? You know, I sometimes think that I am a bird. When you stand on the mountain, so you pull you. That would have been fused, raised her arms and flew. Try not enough now? Wants to run.

Barbarian. What do you invent something?

Katerina. (sighing). What I was harsh! I got at all.

Barbarian. Do you think I do not see?

Katerina. Whether I was! I lived, I didn't heal anything, exactly the bird in the wild. Mama in me the soul was not a chayale, dressed me like a doll, did not forced him; What I want, I happened, then I do. Do you know how I lived in girls? So I'll tell you now. I will stand, it happened, early; If in the summer, so I'm going to the keys, I wonder, I will bring the water with my own and everything, all the flowers in the house of Polle. I had a lot of colors. Then let's go with Mama to the church, all the strangers - we have full houses have been the strangers and the mantis. And come from the church, sit down for some work, more on the velvet gold, and the wanders will tell: where they were that they saw, the lives were different, or poems sing. So before dinner time and will pass. Here the old women fall asleep, and I walk in the garden. Then to the evening, and in the evening there are again the stories and singing. That is good!

Barbarian. Yes, because we have the same thing.

Katerina. Yes, everything seems to be from under the capture. And I loved to go to the church to death! Exactly, I happened, I'm in a paradise enter, and I do not see anyone, and I don't remember time, and I do not hear when the service will end. Just like all this in one second was. Mama said that everything happened, looking at me, what was done with me! And you know: On a sunny day, there is such a light post down from the dome, and smoke goes into this post, just clouds, and I see, it happened that the angels fly in this post and sing. And then, there was a girl, at night I will stand - we also have a lamp everywhere - yes somewhere in the corner and pray until the morning. Or early in the morning in the garden I will leave, only the sun rises, fall onto the knee, I pray and cry, and I don't know myself, I'll pray and what I pay; So will find me. And as I prayed then, I asked - I do not know; I am not necessary for me, I had enough of everything. And what dreams I dreamed, Varenka, what dreams! Or the temples are gold, or some extraordinary gardens, and everyone sing invisible voices, and the cypress smells, and the mountains and trees are like not as usual, but how they are written on images. And that as if I fly, so fly through the air. And now sometimes dreams, but rarely, and not that.

A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky is the famous Russian writer and playwright, which has had a significant impact on the development of the National Theater. He formed a new school of realistic game and wrote a lot of wonderful works. This article will present the main stages of the creativity of Ostrovsky. And also the most significant moments of his biography.

Childhood

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, whose photo is presented in this article, was born in 1823, on March 31, in Moscow, in the area of \u200b\u200bhis dad - Nikolai Fedorovich - grew up in the family of the priest, graduated from the Moscow spiritual academy himself, but did not serve in the church. He became a court stream, engaged in commercial and judicial affairs. Nikolay Fedorovich managed to reach the rank of titular advisor, and later (in 1839) to get a nobility. Mom of the future playwright - Savvina Love Ivanovna - was a daughter of a little sheer. She died when Alexander was just seven years old. In the family of Ostrovsky, six kids smoked. Nikolai Fedorovich did everything so that the children grow in prosperity and receive a decent education. A few years after the death of love Ivanovna, he married the second time. His wife became Emily Andreevna von Tessyn, Baroness, daughter of the Swedish nobleman. Children were very lucky with a stepmother: she managed to find an approach to them and continued to engage in their formation.

Youth

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky conducted childhood in the very center of Zamoskvorechye. His father had a very good library, thanks to which the boy early met the literature of Russian writers and felt a tendency to writing. However, the father saw only a lawyer in a boy. Therefore, in 1835, Alexander was given to the first Moscow gymnasium, after studying in which he became a student of Moscow University. However, it was not possible to get a diploma of the lawyer. He quarreled with the teacher and left the university. According to the Council of his father, Alexander Nikolaevich went to the serve in the court of the scribe and worked in this position for several years.

Attempt at writing

However, Alexander Nikolaevich did not leave attempts to show himself on a literary field. In his first plays, he adhered to the accusatory, "moral and public" direction. The first were published in the new edition, the Moscow City Listka, in 1847. It was an outline of the comedy "failed debtor" and essay "Notes of the Zamoskvoretsky resident." Under publication there were letters "A. ABOUT." and "D. G. » The fact is that a certain Dmitry Gorez offered a young playwright cooperation. It has not advanced further writing one of the scenes, but later it became for the island source of great troubles. Some ill-wishers then blamed the playwright in the plagiarism. In the future, from under Alexander Nikolayevich's feather, a lot of great plays will be released, and no one will dare to doubt his talent. Next, the table presented below will be outlined, will systematize the information obtained.

First success

When did it happen? The creative work of Ostrovsky received great popularity after the publication in 1850 the comedy "His people will tear!". This product caused friendly reviews in literary circles. I. A. Goncharov and N. V. Gogol gave a positive assessment. However, the impressive spoon of tar fell into this barrel of honey. The influential representatives of the Moscow merchants, offended by the estate, complained to the highest instances on the daring playwright. The play was immediately forbidden to the production, the author was expelled from the service and was given under the strictest supervision of the police. And this happened on the personal order of the emperor Nikolai first. The supervision was eliminated only after the emperor Alexander the second was ascended to the throne. And a comedy theatrical public saw only in 1861, after removing the ban on its production.

Early plays

Early creativity A. N. Ostrovsky did not go without attention, the work was printed mainly in the magazine "Moskvatik". The playwright actively collaborated with this edition and as a critic, and as an editor in 1850-1851. Under the influence of the "young editorial office" of the magazine and the main ideologist of this mug, Alexander Nikolaevich composed the plays "Poverty is not a vice", "do not sit down in our sleeves", "you don't like how you want." The topics of Ostrovsky's creativity during this period are the idealization of patriarchalness, Russian vintage customs and traditions. These moods slightly muffled the accusatory pathos of the writer's creativity. However, the dramaturgical skills of Alexander Nikolayevich increased in the works of this cycle. His plays became famous and in demand.

Cooperation with the "contemporary"

Starting from 1853, for thirty years, the play of Alexander Nikolayevich every season was demonstrated on the scenes of small (in Moscow) and Alexandrinsky (in St. Petersburg) theaters. Since 1856, the creativity of Ostrovsky is regularly highlighted in the magazine "Contemporary" (works are printed). During public lifting in the country (before the abolition of serfdom in 1861), the works of the writer again acquired the accusatory sharpness. In the play "In someone else's a hangover", the writer created an impressive image of Bruckov Titich, in which embodied the rude and dark power of homemade self-defense. Here I first sounded the word "Samodor", which subsequently entered the entire gallery of the characters of Ostrovsky. In the comedy "profitable place" was raised by the norm of the life of officials. The drama "pupil" was a live protest against violence against a person. Below will also describe the other stages of the creativity of Ostrovsky. But the peak of achieving this period of his literary activity was the social and psychological drama "Thunderstorm".

"Storm"

In this play "Mostovik", Ostrovsky drew a sad atmosphere of a provincial city with its hens, rudeness, continued by the authority of the "senior" and rich. In opposition to the imperfect world of people, Alexander Nikolaevich depicts the exciting paintings of the Volga region. The image of Katerina Waveyan by tragic beauty and gloomy charm. Thunderstorm symbolizes the spiritual confusion of the heroine and at the same time personifies the burden of fear, under which ordinary people constantly live. The kingdom of blind humility is pushed by island, two forces: common sense that preaches in the play Kuligin, and the pure soul of Katerina. In his "Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom", the critic of Dobrolyubov interpreted the image of the main character as a symbol of a deep protest, gradually constructing in the country.

Thanks to this play, the creativity of Ostrovsky took off the insight. "Thunderstorm" made Alexander Nikolayevich the most famous and revered Russian playwright.

Historical motifs

In the second half of the 1860s, Alexander Nikolaevich began to study the history of troubled time. He began to correspond with the famous historian and Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Based on the study of serious sources by the drama, a whole cycle of historical works was created: "Dmitry Samozvana and Vasily Shuisky", "Kozma Zaharić Minin-Sukhuk", "Tushino". The problems of domestic history were depicted by Ostrovsky talented and reliably.

Other plays

Alexander Nikolaevich still remained faithful to his beloved topic. In the 1860s, he wrote a lot of "household" drams and plays. Among them: "Heavy Days", "Pacific", "joker". These works fixed the motives already found by the writer. From the end of the 1860s, the creativity of Ostrovsky is experiencing a period of active development. In his drama, the images and themes of the "new" who survived the reform of Russia appear: Deltsi, acquirers, degenerate patriarchal thickness and "Europeanized" merchants. Alexander Nikolayevich created a brilliant cycle of satirical comedies, milking the flags of the illusions of citizens: "Mad money", "hot heart", "Wolves and Sheep", "Forest". The moral ideal of the playwright is pure soul, noble people: Paras from the "hot heart", Aksyusha from "Forest". The ideas of Ostrovsky on the meaning of life, happiness and debt were embodied in the "Labor Bread" play. Almost all the works of Alexander Nikolayevich, written in the 1870s, were published in the "domestic notes."

"Snow Maiden"

The appearance of this poetic play was completely random. Small theater in 1873 was closed for repairs. His artists moved to the building of the Bolshoi Theater. In this regard, the Commission on the Management of Moscow Imperial Theaters decided to create a performance in which three troupes will be involved: opera, ballet and dramatic. To write a similar play took Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Snow Maiden" was written by playwright in a very short time. As a basis, the author took the plot from the Russian folk fairy tale. While working on the play, he carefully selected the dimensions of the poems, consulted with archaeologists, historians, anti-theologists. The music for the play was composed by the young P. I. Tchaikovsky. The premiere of the play took place in 1873, on May 11, at the stage of the Bolshoi Theater. K. S. Stanislavsky responded about the "Snow Maiden" as a fairy tale, a dream told in soniced and magnificent verses. He said that Realist and Mostovik Ostrovsky wrote this play as if it was not interested in anything, except for pure romance and poetry.

Work in recent years

During this period, Ostrovsky composed significant socio-psychological comedies and dramas. They tell about the tragic destinies of subtle-sensitive, gifted women in a cynical and short-lived world: "Talents and fans", "Dustpannica". Here the playwright has developed new techniques for scenic expressiveness, anticipating the creativity of Anton Chekhov. Keeping the peculiarities of his drama, Alexander Nikolaevich sought to embody "internal struggle" of heroes in the "intelligent fine comedy".

Social activity

In 1866, Alexander Nikolaevich founded the famous artistic circle. He subsequently gave a lot of talented figures in the Moscow scene. Ostrovsky was D. V. Grigorovich, I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovsky, A. F. Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Ermolova, P. I. Tchaikovsky , L. N. Tolstoy, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I. E. Turchaninov.

In 1874, the Russian dramatic writers and opera composers were created in Russia. Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky was chosen by the chairman of the association. Photos of the famous public figure were known to every lover of scenic art in Russia. The reformer put a lot of effort so that the theatrical management legislation was revised in favor of artists, and thus significantly improved their material and social status.

In 1885, Alexander Nikolaevich was appointed to the post of the head of the repertoire and became the head of the theater school.

Ostrovsky Theater

The work of Alexander Ostrovsky is inextricably linked with the formation of this Russian theater in its modern understanding. The playwright and writer managed to create his own theatrical school and a special holistic concept of formulation of theatrical performances.

The features of the creativity of Ostrovsky in the theater are in the absence of countering acting nature and extreme situations in the action of the play. In the works of Alexander Nikolayevich, ordinary events occur with ordinary people.

The main ideas of reforming:

• the theater should be built on conventions (there is an invisible "Fourth Wall", which separates the audience from actors);
• when performing the performance, the bet must be made not on one well-known actor, but on the team well understanding each other artists;
• the invariance of acting relations to the language: speech characteristics should express almost all about the characters presented in the play;
• people come to the theater to look at the game of artists, and not in order to get acquainted with the play - they can read it at home.

The ideas that the writer Ostrovsky Aleksandr Nikolaevich came up were subsequently finalized by M. A. Bulgakov and K. S. Stanislavsky.

Personal life

Personal life of the playwright was no less interesting than his literary creativity. In a civil marriage with a simple bureau, Almost twenty years of Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich lived. Interesting facts and details of the writer's marriage relationships and his first wife still worry researchers.

In 1847, in Nikolo-Vorobiainovsky Lane, next to the house, where the island lived, settled together with his thirteen-year-old sister, the young girl - Agafia Ivanovna. She had no native nor friends. No one is unknown when she met Alexander Nikolayevich. However, in 1848, young people had a son Alexey. To raise the child, there were no conditions, so the boy was temporarily placed in an educational house. Ostrovsky's father was terribly angry with the fact that his son not only threw a prestigious university, but also contacted a simple biming, living next door.

However, Alexander Nikolaevich showed hardness and, when his father, together with Macheh, left the recently purchased straits in the Kostroma province, settled together with Agafia Ivanovna in his wooden house.

The writer and ethnographer S. V. Maksimov in a joke called the first wife of the Ostrovsky "Marfoy Poshodan", because she was next to the writer during the time of harsh needs and heavy deprivation. Ostrovsky's friends characterize Agafia Ivanovna as a person from nature very intelligent and heartfelt. She knew the morals and customs of merchant life and had an unconditional influence on the creativity of Ostrovsky. Alexander Nikolaevich often consulted with her about creating his works. In addition, Agafia Ivanovna was a wonderful and hospitable mistress. But Official marriage with her Ostrovsky did not work even after the death of his father. All children born in this union died very little, only the oldest, Alexey, not long to survive the mother.

Over time, Ostrovsky has other hobbies. He was passionately in love with Lyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya-Nikulina, who played Katerina at the premiere of Thunderstorms in 1859. However, a personal gap occurred soon: the actress threw the playwright for the sake of a rich merchant.

Then Alexander Nikolayevich had a connection with the young artist Vasilyeva-Bahometheva. Agafia Ivanovna knew about it, but he stolently carried his cross and managed to preserve respect for himself Ostrovsky. Woman died in 1867, March 6, after severe illness. Alexander Nikolaevich did not move away from her bed to the very end. The burial place of the first wife is unknown.

Two years later, the playwright married Vasilyeva-Bakhmetyeva, who gave him two daughters and four sons. Alexander Nikolaevich lived with this woman to the end of his days.

Concent writer

Tense public and could not but affect the health status of the writer. In addition, despite the good fees from the production of plays and the annual pension of 3 thousand rubles, the funds of Alexander Nikolayevich lacked all the time. Exhausted by constant concerns, the body of the writer eventually gave a failure. In 1886, on June 2, the writer died in his estate shoulder under Kostroma. The emperor complained to the burial of the playwright 3 thousand rubles. In addition, the widow of the writer, he appointed a pension of 3 thousand rubles, and on the upbringing of Ostrovsky children - another 2400 rubles per year.

Chronological table

Ostrovsky's life and creativity can be briefly displayed in the chronological table.

Such events were filled with the life and creativity of Ostrovsky. The table in which the main incidents in the fate of the writer will help better explore his biography. Alexander Nikolayevich's dramatic heritage is difficult to overestimate. The Small Theater still began to call the "Ostrovsky's house", and this indicates a lot. Ostrovsky's work, a brief description of which is stated in this article, it is worth studying it in more detail.