Famous genre paintings of Russian artists with names. What are the main painting genres you know

Among Russian artists there are many talented personalities. Their creativity is highly appreciated throughout the world and makes a worthy competition to such world masters as Rubens, Michelangelo, Van Gogh and Picasso. In this article we collected 10 of the most famous Russian artists.

1. Ivan Aivazovsky

Ivan Aivazovsky is one of the most famous Russian artists. He was born in Feodosia. From childhood, Aivazovsky showed his incredible creative abilities: he adored to draw and he learned the game on the violin.

At the age of 12, young talent began to study in Simferopol at the Academy of Painting. Here he learned to copy engravings and write pictures from nature. A year later, he managed to enter the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy, although he did not reach the age of 14.

For a long time the artist traveled in Europe and lived in Italy, where his paintings were also recognized in dignity. So a young artist from Feodosia became a rather famous and rich man.

Later, Aivazovsky returned to his homeland, where he received the uniform of the Maritime Ministry and the title of Academician. Also, the artist visited Egypt and attended when the new Suez Channel was opened. The artist described all his impressions in the paintings. By this time he had already developed his unique style and the ability to write in memory. Sophisticated elements Aivazovsky sketched in a notebook to move them later to the canvas. Worldwide, he brought paintings "Odessa", "The Ninth Val" and "Black Sea".

The last years of life, the artist spent in Feodosia, where he built a house in Italian style. A little later, Aivazovsky attached a small gallery towards him, so that everyone could freely enjoy his amazing paintings and drown in the ocean of paints. Today, this mansion, everything also serves as a museum and many visitors comes every day here, in order to see the mastery of the Marinist who lived a long and happy life.

2. Victor Vasnetsov

Continues the list of the most famous Russian artists Viktor Vasnetsov. He was born in the spring of 1848 in the family of the priest in the small village of Lopyal. The thrust for painting woke up at him at a very early age, but the parents could not give him proper education due to the lack of money. Therefore, at the age of 10, Victor began to study in a free spiritual seminary.

In 1866, almost without money, he went to St. Petersburg. Vasnetsov easily coped with the entrance exam and entered the Academy of Arts. Here his friendship began with the famous Repin artist, with whom he later went to Paris. After returning to St. Petersburg, Vasnetsov begins to write his most famous paintings: "Three heroes", "Snow Maiden" and "God Savaof."

The artist was able to fully reveal his talent only after moving to Moscow. Here it is cozy and comfortable, and each subsequent picture is better than the previous one. It was in Moscow that Vasnetsov wrote such paintings as "Alyonushka", "Ivan Tsarevich and a gray wolf" and "Nestor Chronicler".

3. Karl Brullov

This famous Russian artist was born in 1799. Father Carl was a famous painter and professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Therefore, the fate of the boy was predetermined in advance. Fortunately, Carlo Bhorryov managed to inherit from the father of the artist's talent.

Study was given to the young artist very easy. He has many times superior to the rest of the students in his class and graduated from the Academy of Arts with honors. After that, Karl went to travel around Europe, he stopped only in Italy for a long time. It was here that he created his masterpiece - "Last Day Pompeii", spending on his writing for about six years.

Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Charles Bryullov was waiting for fame and glory. He was glad to see everywhere and certainly admired him with new pictures. During this period, the artist creates several of its immortal cloths: "Horseman", "Osad Pskov", "Narcissus" and others.

4. Ivan Shishkin

Ivan Shishkin is one of the most famous Russian landscape artists who could present any inconspicuous landscape in his paintings. It seems that Nature itself plays on the canvases of this artist with live paints.

Ivan Shishkin was born in 1832 in Elabuga, which today applies to Tatarstan. Father wanted the Son to take the post of urban official with time, but Ivan was painted. At the age of 20, he went to Moscow to study painting. After the successful end of the Moscow School of Arts, Shishkin entered the Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg.

Later he traveled for a long time in Europe, sketching amazing landscapes. At that time, he created a picture of the "view in the vicinity of Düsseldorf", which brought him a huge glory. After returning to Russia, Shishkin continues to do with double energy. According to him, Russian Nature is a few hundred times higher than European landscapes.

Ivan Shishkin for his life wrote a lot of stunning paintings: "Morning in a pine forest", "First snow", "Pine forest" and others. Even the death of the outbreak of this painter right behind the easel.

5. Isaac Levitan

This great Russian master of landscapes was born in Lithuania, but all his life lived in Russia. Repeatedly, his Jewish origin caused him a lot of humiliation, but it did not make it offended this country, which he idolized and praised in his paintings.

Already the first landscapes of Levitan received high estimates of Perov and Savrasov, and Tretyakov himself even bought his picture of the "Autumn Day in Sokolniki". But in 1879, Isaac Levitan, together with all Jews, exhibit from Moscow. Only enormous efforts of friends and teachers he managed to return to the city.

In the 1880s, the artist wrote a lot of stunning paintings that made it very famous. These were "pines", "Autumn" and "First Snow". But the next humiliation forced the author to leave Moscow again and go to the Crimea. On the peninsula, the artist writes a number of amazing works and significantly improves its financial condition. This allows him to travel in Europe and get acquainted with the work of world masters. The vertex of creativity of Levitan became his picture "Over the Eternal Region".

6. Vasily Tropinin

Amazing fate was among the great Russian linen-portraitist Vasily Tropinin. He was born in the family of Fortress Count Markov in 1780 and only at the age of 47 received the right to be a free person. As a child, a tendency for drawing was observed for little Vasily, but the count gave it to study him. Later, it is still given to the Imperial Academy, where he manifests his talent in his entire beauty. For his portraits, the "la view" and "beggar old man" Vasily Tropinin was awarded the title of academician.

7. Petrov-Vodkin Kuzma

The rich heritage in world painting managed to leave behind the famous Russian artist Petrov-Vodkin. He was born in 1878 in Hurlask, and at his young years was going to become a railwayman. However, fate made a world-famous painter from it.

8. Alexey Savrasov

The paintings of this Russian artist were already well sold, hardly he was 12 years old. A little later, he entered the Moscow School of Painting and instantly became one of the best disciples. A trip to Ukraine helped Savrasov ahead of schedule to complete the school and get the title of the artist.

Pictures "Stone in the Forest" and "Moscow Kremlin" made from this painter academician at 24 years old! Young talent is interested in the royal family, and Tretyakov himself buys many of his works for international exhibitions. Among them were "Winter", "Graci flew", "Rasolota" and others.

The death of two daughters and the subsequent divorce strongly affect Savrasov. He drinks a lot and soon dies in the hospital for the poor.

9. Andrei Rublev

Andrei Rublev is the most famous Russian icon painter. He was born in the XV century and left behind a big heritage in the form of an icon "Trinity", "Annunciation", "Baptism of the Lord." Andrei Rublev together with Daniel Black decorated with frescoes many temples, and wrote icons for iconostasis.

10. Mikhail Vrubel

Completes our list of the most famous Russian artists Mikhail Vrubel, who for his life created many masterpieces in various topics. He was engaged in the painting of the Kiev Temple, and later in Moscow began to create his famous series of "demonic" paintings. Creative throwing of this artist did not find a proper understanding of his contemporaries. Only a few decades after the death of Mikhail Vrubel, art historians gave him due, and the church agreed with his interpretations of biblical events.

Unfortunately, the personal life of the artist was the cause of developing a serious form of mental disorders. The rank of academician overtook him in a house for crazy, from where he was no longer judged. Nevertheless, Mikhail Vrubel managed to create a lot of amazing works of art that are worthy of genuine admiration. Among them, it is especially worth highlighting the pictures "Demon Sitting", "Tsarevna-Swan" and "Faust".

Today we present twenty paintings that are worthy of attention and recognition. These paintings wrote famous artists, and not only the person who works as art should be known, but also easily mortal people, as art collars our life, aesthetics deepens our view of the world. Give your place in your life art ...

1. "The Last Supper". Leonardo da Vinci, 1495 - 1498

Monumental painting of Leonardo da Vinci, depicting the scene of the last meadure of Christ with his students. Created in 1495-1498 in the Dominican Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan.

The painting was ordered by Leonardo his patron, the duke of Lodovico Sforza and his wife Beatrice d'Est. The coat of arms of the Sforza painted lines over the painting, formed by the ceiling with three arches. The painting was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498; Work went with breaks. The start of work is not accurate, since "the archives of the monastery were destroyed, and an insignificant part of the documents we have, dating from 1497, when the painting was almost completed."

The painting has become a milestone in the history of the Renaissance: the reproduced depth of the prospects has changed the direction of development of painting of the West.

It is believed that in this picture a lot of secrets and hints are hidden - for example, there is an assumption that the image of Jesus and Judah is written off from one person. When Da Vinci wrote a picture, in his vision, Jesus personified good, while Judas was a very evil. And when the master found "his Judas" (drunkard from the street), it turned out that, according to historians, this drunkard has served as a few years before the prototype for writing the image of Jesus. Thus, it can be said that this picture captured a person in different periods of his life.

2. "Sunflowers". Vincent Van Gogh, 1887

The name of the two cycles of Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh. The first series is performed in Paris in 1887. It is dedicated to lying colors. The second series was completed in a year, in Arle. She depicts a bouquet of sunflowers in a vase. Two Paris paintings acquired a friend Van Gogh Paul Gajn.

The artist wrote sunflowers eleven times. The first four paintings were created in Paris in August - September 1887. Large cut flowers lie like some kind of outstanding creatures in our eyes.

3. "Ninth Val". Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovskyi?, 1850.

One of the most famous paintings of the Russian artist Marinist Ivan Aivazovsky is kept in the Russian Museum.

The painter depicts the sea after the strongest night storm and people who suffered shipwreck. The rays of the sun illuminate huge waves. The biggest one is the ninth tree - ready to fall on people trying to escape on mast wreckage.

Despite the fact that the ship is destroyed and remained only the mast, people on the mast are alive and continue to fight the elements. The warm tones of the picture make the sea not so harsh and give the viewer the hope that people will be saved.

Created in the 1850 picture "The Ninth Val" immediately became the most famous of all his marine and was acquired by Nikolai I.

4. "Mach nude." Francisco Goya, 1797-1800.

Picture of the Spanish artist Francisco Goya, written around 1797-1800. Makes up a couple with a picture of "Maja Vestida". Pictures depicted Maha - Spanish city and XIII-XIX centuries, one of the favorite objects of the image of the artist. "Mach is nude" is one of the early works of Western art depicting a completely naked woman without mythological or negative connotations.

5. "Flying in Love". Mark Chagall, 1914-1918.

Working on the picture "Above the City" began in 1914, and the last strokes Master of the Master was only in 1918. During this time, Bella from the beloved turned not only to the adorable spouse, but also the mother of their daughter Idis, forever becoming the main museum of the painter. The union of the rich daughter of an offacarious jeweler and a simple Jewish young man, whose father earned a living, unloading herring, otherwise I won't call meleallians, but love was stronger, and overlapping all the conventions. It is this love that wrapped around them, ascending to heaven.

Karina depicts two loves of Shagal - Bella and the dear heart Vitebsk. The streets are presented in the form of houses separated by a high dark fence. Not immediately, the viewer will notice a goat, grazing in the left side of the center of the painting, and a simple man with a navalized pants in the forefront - a soufold from the painter, breaking out of the general context and the romantic mood of the work, but this is all walked ...

6. "Face of war." Salvador Dali, 1940.

The picture of the Spanish artist El Salvador Dali, written in 1940.

The picture was created on the road to the United States. An impressed tragedy flewing in the world, bloodthirsty of politicians, the master starts to work on a steamer. Located in the Museum of Bumanza-Van Beningen in Rotterdam.

Having lost all hope for normal life in Europe, the artist from beloved Paris leaves to America. The war covers the old light and seeks to capture the entire remaining world. The master still does not know that staying in the new world for eight years will make it truly famous, and his work is masterpieces of world painting.

7. "Creek". Edward Munk, 1893

"Creek" (Norv. Skrik) - created in the interval between 1893 and 1910 a series of paintings of the Norwegian artist-expressionist Edward Minka. They depict the human figure screaming in despair on the background of a bloody-red sky and an extremely generalized landscape background. In 1895, Munch created a lithograph on the same plot.

Red, the fiery hot sky covered the cold fjord, which, in turn, gives rise to a fantastic shadow, similar to a northern monster. The stress distorted the space, the lines broke, the colors are not consistent, the prospect is destroyed.

Many critics believe that the plot of the paintings is the fruit of a sick fantasy of a mentally unhealthy person. Someone sees a premonition of an environmental disaster in work, someone solves the question of which Mummy inspired the author to this work.

8. "Girl with a pearl serving." Jan Vermeer, 1665

Picture "Girl with a pearl serving" (Notera. "Het Meisje Met De Parel") was written around 1665. At this time is kept in the Mauritzheis Museum, the city of Hague, the Netherlands, and is a visiting museum card. The picture, which received the nickname of the Dutch Mona Lisa, or Mona Lisa of the North, was written in the Tronie genre.

Thanks to Peter Webber's film "Girl with a pearl serving" 2003, a huge number of people far from painting, learned about the wonderful Dutch artist Jan Vermeer, as well as his most famous painting "Girl with a pearl serving".

9. "Babylonian tower." Peter Bruegel, 1563

Famous picture of the artist Peter Bruegel. The artist created at least two pictures on this plot.

The picture is located - the Museum of Art History, Vienna.

The Bible has a story about how the inhabitants of Babylon tried to build a high tower to get to the sky, but God did so that they spoke in various languages, stopped understanding each other, and the tower remained unfinished.

10. "Algerian women." Pablo Picasso, 1955

"Algerian women" - a series of 15 canvases, created by Picasso in 1954-1955 based on the painting of Ezhen Delacroix; The paintings differ in the assigned artist with the literals from A to O. "Version O" was written on February 14, 1955; For a while, she belonged to the famous American assembly of the art of the 20th century Viktor Gantse.

Pattern Pablo Picasso "Algerian women (version o)" was sold for $ 180 million.

11. "New Planet". Konstantin Jun, 1921

Russian Soviet painter, master landscape, theater artist, theorist of art. Academician Ah USSR. People's Artist of the USSR. Winner of the Stalinist Premium of the first degree. Member WCP since 1951.

This is an amazing, created in 1921 and not at all characteristic of the artist-realista of John, the picture "New Planet" - one of the bright work that was embodied the image of the changes in which the October Revolution was in the second decade of the XX century. New system, a new way and a new way of thinking just the originating Soviet society. What is now waiting for humanity? Bright future? It was not yet thought about it yet, but the fact that Soviet Russia and the whole world enters into the era of change obviously, as well as the rapid birth of a new planet.

12. "Sicstinskaya Madonna". Rafael Santi, 1754

The painting of Raphael, which since 1754 is in the gallery of old masters in Dresden. Belongs to the number of generally accepted vertices of high revival.

Huge size (265? 196 cm, the size of the picture in the Dresden Gallery catalog) was created by Rafael for the Altar of the Church of the Saint Sict Monastery in Piacenz by the order of Julia II. There is a hypothesis that the picture was written in 1512-1513 in honor of the victory over the French, who were invaded in Lombardy during the Italian wars, and the subsequent inclusion of Piacenses in the papal region.

13. "Walking Mary Magdalene." Titian (Tiziano Titshevero), written around 1565

The picture, written in about 1565 by the Italian artist Titian Titshevero. Belongs to the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg. Sometimes the creation date is indicated as "1560s."

The model of the picture was Julia Festin, hitting the artist with a wops casting with gold hair. The finished canvas was very impressed by the duke of Gonzag, and he decided to order his copy. Later Titian, changing the background and the positiveness of the woman, wrote a couple more such work.

14. "Mona Lisa". Leonardo da Vinci, 1503-1505

Portrait of Mrs. Liza Del Jocondo, (Ial. Ritratto Di Monna Lisa del Giocondo) - Painting Leonardo da Vinci, located in the Louvre (Paris, France), one of the most famous works of painting in the world, which is believed to be a portrait of Lisa Gerardini, spouses merchant Florentia Francesco Del Jocondo, written about 1503-1505 .

According to one of the extended versions, "Mona Lisa" - a self-portrait of the artist.

15. "Morning in the Pine Forest", Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich, 1889.

Picture of Russian artists Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky. Savitsky wrote bears, but the collector Paul Tretyakov Stir his signature, so the picture by the picture often indicates one.

The design of the painting was suggested by Shishkin Savitsky, who later performed as a co-author and depicted the figures of the bear. These bears with some differences in poses and quantities (first there were two of them) appear in the preparatory drawings and sketches. Animals turned out from Savitsky so successfully that he even signed in the picture along with Shishkin.

16. "Did not wait." Ilya Repin, 1884-1888.

Picture of the Russian artist Ilya Repin (1844-1930), written in 1884-1888. She is part of the meeting of the State Tretyakov Gallery.

The picture shown in the XII mobile exhibition is included in the narrative cycle dedicated to the fate of the Russian revolutionary population.

17. "Ball in Moulin de La Gaette", Pierre Auguste Renoir, 1876.

Picture written by the French artist Pierre Auguste Renoir in 1876.

The place where the picture is the Museum of D'Ors. Moulin de la Galette is an inexpensive zucchini on Montmartre, where students and labor youth of Paris gathered.

18. "Star Night." Vincent Van Gogh, 1889 year.

De Sterrennacht. - Picture of the Netherlands artist Vincent Van Gogh, written in June 1889, with a view of the predestal sky over the fictional town from the eastern window of the artist's housing in Saint-Remy de Provence. Since 1941, it is stored in the Museum of Contemporary Art in New York. It is considered one of the best works of Van Gogh and one of the most significant works of Western painting.

19. "Creation of Adam". Michelangelo, 1511.

Michelangelo fresco, written around 1511. The fresco is the fourth of the nine central compositions of the ceiling of the Sicastine Chapel.

"Creation of Adam" is one of the most prominent compositions of the painting of the Sicstinian Chapel. In an infinite space, the God-Father flies, surrounded by overcall angels, with a decisive white tunic. The right hand is stretched toward Adam's hand and almost touch her. Adam's body lying on a green cliff is gradually coming in motion, awakens to life. The whole composition is concentrated on the gesture of two hands. The hand of God gives the impulse, and Adam's hand takes it, giving all the body of vital energy. The fact that their hands do not come into contact, Michelangelo stressed the impossibility of the uniform of the Divine and Human. In the image of God, according to the artist's plan, not a wonderful principle, but a giant creative energy. In the form of Adam Michelangelo, the power and beauty of the human body is chasing. In fact, the person's creation itself appears before us, and the moment in which he gets the soul, the passionate search of the Divine, thirst for knowledge.

20. "Kiss in the Star Sky." Gustav Klimt, 1905-1907.

Picture of the Austrian artist Gustav Clima, written in 1907-1908. The canvas belongs to the period of Clima's creativity, called "Golden", the last work of the author in his "golden period".

On the rock, on the edge of the flower glade, in the Golden Aure, there are fully submersible in each other, deserted from around the world in love. Due to the uncertainty of the place of what is happening it seems that the pair depicted in the picture goes to besides the time and space is a cosmic condition, on the other side of all historical and social stereotypes and cataclysms. Full privacy and turned back the face of a man only emphasize the impression of insulation and extension towards the observer.

Source - Wikipedia, Muzei-mira.com, Say-HI.ME

Speaking about the genre of the landscape it is impossible not to turn to the work of great landscape players. Now it is difficult to imagine that two hundred years ago, such a thing as a landscape, has not yet existed. The traditions of Russian landscape painting began to form only at the end of the 18th century. Prior to this, the artists were written under the influence of Italian and French masters, engraving nature according to academic laws of construction, considered mandatory in painting of that time.

A huge contribution to the development of the Russian landscape made a partnership of mobile exhibitions (Mobile) under the leadership of I. N. Kramsky. Artists chased the beauty of a careless Russian nature, ease of rural landscapes, immense expanses of Russia.

The largest masters of the landscape:

• Alexey Kondratievich Savrasov (1830-1897)
• Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (1817-1900)

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1832-1898)

Art of I.I. Shishkin is surprisingly clear and transparent. His paintings are anthem wildlife, her beauty. He created landscape art with coniferous thickets, with a non-routing Razl, with all the simplicity of the northern landscape.

At the age of 12 at the insistence of his father was defined in the 1st Kazan gymnasium. The full course did not finish. In 1852, he moved to Moscow and entered the School of Painting, Scary and Architecture. Here, A. N. Mokritsky became the mentor of Shishkin. After graduating from the course (1856), a talented student was advised to continue their education in St. Petersburg at the Academy of Arts. His learning was led by S. M. Vorobyov.

The teachers immediately noted the tendency of Shishkin to landscape painting. Already in the first year of stay at the Academy, a small silver medal for "view in the vicinity of St. Petersburg" was awarded. In 1858, the artist received a large silver medal for the painting "View on the island of Valaam."

The successes achieved allowed Shishkin to make a foreign trip as a scholarship of the Academy. The journey began with Munich (1861), where Ivan Ivanovich attended the workshops of popular animal artists B. and F. Adam. In 1863, Shishkin moved to Zurich, then to Geneva, Prague, Düsseldorf. Squiroving for the Fatherland, he returned to Petersburg in 1866, before the expiration of his scholarships.

In Russia, the artist was awarded the title of academician (1865). Since that time, the most fruitful period of painting creativity began. Pictures "Ringing of the Forest" (1867), "Rye" (1878), "Pines illuminated by the Sun" (1886), "Morning in the Pine Forest" (1889; Bears were written by K. a . Savitsky), "Ship Grove" (1898) and many others.

Shishkin actively worked at the plenier, often undertaken with an artistic purpose of traveling in Russia. He almost annually exhibited his works - first at the Academy, and then, after the partnership of mobile art exhibitions was established (1870), on these expositions.

Ivan Ilyich Levitan (1860-1900)

Born on August 30, 1860 in the Lithuanian town of Cybartai in a Jewish family. Father was small employees in urban management. Shortly after the birth of the youngest son, the family moved to Moscow. At the age of 13, Isaac took part in the Moscow School of Painting, Scary and Architecture, in class A. K. Savrasova and V. D. Polenov. From the very beginning, levitan earned the lessons and custom portraits. Brilliantly graduated from the school, but because of the origin, he was awarded a certificate teacher's diploma.

The first major picture of the "quiet abode" he wrote after the trip in 1890 in the Russian North. The canvas acquired P. M. Tretyakov for his gallery. In 1892, the artist was forced to leave Moscow, as the Jews were not allowed to stay in the capitals. He settled in a village, located along the Vladimir tract, according to which the catzhan drove into Siberia. The artist captured these places in the picture "Vladimirk" (1892). In the 90s. Levitan made another journey, this time along the Volga. There was a picture of "Fresh wind. Volga "(1891-1895). The exacerbation of Tuberculosis caused the departure of the artist abroad, to France, then to Italy, although the troubles of friends helped to get him permission to accommodate in Moscow.

Returning home, from 1898, Levitan began to lead the class of the landscape in the school, which he graduated. He has deteriorated his health, and in 1899 the artist at the invitation of A. P. Chekhov went to Yalta. Returning, again began to teach, but health continued to deteriorate, and on August 4, 1900, Levitan died.

Landscapes of the singer of Russian Nature is not just a photographic image of nature - the artist managed to transfer her live breath. No wonder Critic V. V. Stasov called Luvitan's paintings by emotional poems. At the same time, Levitan was not only a magnificent landscape. His creative heritage also draws pictures, watercolors, books illustrations.

For the name Isaac Levitan connects the city of the film. Levitan arrives in the plates three years in a row, in 1888-1890. There is no corner and paths in the vicinity of the film, wherever the Great Master has been. Inspired by the magic beauties of the film, he writes almost 200 paintings here and etudes! Now famous paintings are "Over the Eternal Region", "after the rain. Fleas "," Evening. Golden Files, "Birch Grove" and many others - became the decoration of the Collections of the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum and many meetings in Russia and abroad.

Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov (1844-1927)

Born on June 1, 1844 in the estate of Borok (now Polenovo in the Tula region) in the family of archaeologist and bibliographer D. V. Polenova. After receiving secondary education, Vasily entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1863), and a little later began to attend lectures at the Law Faculty at the University.

In 1872, he graduated from both courses with honors from the polenov awarded a trip abroad at the expense of the Academy. He visited Vienna, Venice, Florence, Naples, lived in Paris for a long time. A visit home was short-lived; In 1876, the artist went to a volunteer at the Serbo-Chernogor-Turkish war.

In subsequent years, a lot traveled through the Middle East and Greece (1881-1882, 1899, 1909), Italy (1883-1884, 1894-1895). In 1879, joined the Society of Movie Artists. In 1882-1895 He taught in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

The degree of merit Polenov in 1893 was elected by a valid member of the Academy of Arts. Since 1910, he was engaged in the development of provincial theaters, after three years by the head of the Special Section in the Moscow Society of People's Universities.

Polenov is known as the author of the divorce works. He applied to historical and religious topics - "Christ and sinning" (1886-1887), "on the Tivsel Lake" (1888), "among teachers" (1896); In 1877, he created a series of etudes of the Kremlin Councils and Palace Chambers; At different times, theatrical scenery did. His sketches were built churches in Abramtsev (in co-authorship with V. M. Vasnetsov) and in Behov under Tuire (1906). But the greatest glory of Polenov brought landscapes: "Moskovsky Dvorik" (1878), "Babushkin Garden", "Summer" (both 1879), "overgrown pond" (1880), "Golden Autumn" (1893 ), transmitting the poetic charm of the corners of urban life and the pristine Russian nature.

The last years of life, the artist spent in the estate of Borok, where he organized the museum of art and scientific collections. Here since 1927 there is a Museum-Usadba V. D. Polenova.

Alexey Kondratievich Savrasov (1830 - 1897)

The artist was born 12 (24) in May 1830 in Moscow, in the family of a merchant of the 3rd guild of Kondiya Artemyevich Savrasova. Contrary to the wishes of the Father, who dreamed of adapting the Son to "Commercial Affairs", a boy in 1844 entered the Moscow School of Painting and Vajania, where he studied in the class of landscape officer K.I. Probus. During the training, in 1850 they had a picture of the "stone in the forest at the spill", which art historians consider somewhat clumsy along the composition. In the same year, for the painting "The view of the Moscow Kremlin under the Moon" he was awarded the title of a non-class artist.

Member of the Founder of the Association of Mobile Art Exhibitions (see Movie). In the early works of S. the romantic effects prevail ("View of the Kremlin in rainy weather", 1851, Tretyakov Gallery).

In the 1850-60s. Savrasov more often proceeds to calm, narrative images, in some cases of works marked by the desire for the color unity of the works ("Losine Island in Sokolniki", 1869, there), to strengthen the emotional sound of lighting. The result of these searches was the picture "Grachei flew" (1871, ibid), where Savrasov, depicting an externally rigorous motive and emphasizing in the life of the natural environment the moment of transition (the onset of early spring), managed to show the profound incessity of his native nature. Lyric immediacy, interest in the captivity, and the subsequent works of Savrasova ("Rasklok", 1873, "Dvorik", 1870s; "Tomb over Volga", 1874, Private Assembly, Moscow).

Alexey Savrasov, one of the largest representatives of the lyrical destination in the Russian landscape, had a huge impact on Russian landscape players of the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

Concluded A.K. Savrasov September 26, 1897, buried in Moscow, at the Vagankovsky cemetery. The alley on which he is buried, carries his name. His favorite student was Isaac Levitan

Archka Ivanovich Kindji (1841-1910)

Born in January 1841 in Mariupol in the family of a shoemaker, Greek by origin. Osapotev, brought up in the family of relatives. Early began to draw and mastered the painting mostly independently.

In 1855, on foot went to Feodosia to learn from I. K. Aivazovsky. The influence of the famous marinist on the young Queenji was undoubtedly. In the late 60s. Queenji came to St. Petersburg. The first work, the artist presented in 1868 at the exhibition of the Academy of Arts and soon it was firmly established as a master of landscape: "Autumn Rasolia" (1872); "Forgotten village" (1874); "Chumatsky tract in Mariupol" (1875) and others.

In 1870, for the first time visited the island of Valaam, where he subsequently painted. As contemporaries believed, the landscapes were created there they attracted the attention of the audience.

The painting "Ukrainian night" (1876) was simply stolen to the public and determined the special path of the author in art. With her, Quinji began his "pursuit of the light" - he sought to achieve the full illusion of natural lighting. In the highest degree, it manifested in the picture "Night on the Dnieper" (1880) with a sparkling lunar path, in velvet darkness.

The painter in a new way revealed the possibilities of the landscape, transformation, cleaning and elevated reality. It sought the extraordinary intensity and brightness of paints, new color solutions. Numerous "sunny" paintings and sketches are characteristic of it (among them "Birch Grove", 1879).

Intense contrast of saturated tones, light effects - all this was unusual for painting XIX century. phenomenon. The misunderstanding of colleagues forced Kindji at the time of the highest success to refuse to participate in exhibitions. For the last time he exhibited his work in 1882

The artist lived herd in the Crimea, where he created a series of large calendas and hundreds of etudes, continuing to experiment with paints and color. Among the later works of Queenji is the only story of Christ's story (1901) and breathing the extraordinary harmony "Night" (1905-1908)

In 1909, Ivanovich's archup founded the Society of Artists (who then received his name), which supported the people of art. This society, the painter bequeathed his own state and was in the workshop of the work.

In the XVII century, the separation of painting genres on "high" and "low" was introduced. To the first one was historical, battle and mythological genres. The second ranked genres of painting from everyday life, such as household genre, still life, animalism, portrait, nude, landscape.

Historical genre

The historic genre in painting is depicting a particular subject or person, but a certain moment or an event that took place in the history of past eras. He is included in the main genres of painting In art. Portrait, battle, household and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with historical.

"Conquest Siberia Ermacom" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

In the historic genre, artists Nikola Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others.

Mythological genre

Legends, ancient legends and myths, folk folklore - the image of these plots, heroes and events found their place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps it can be allocated in painting of any people, because the history of each ethnos is fulfilled by legends and legends. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology, as the secret romance of the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite depicts the painting "Parnas" of the Italian artist named Andrea Manteny.

"PARNAS" (1497)
Andrea Mantenya

Finally, mythology in painting was formed in the Renaissance Epoch. Representatives of this genre besides Andrea Manteny are Rafael Santi, Georgeon, Lucas Crane, Sandro Botticelli, Victor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military hikes are illustrated, as well as sea and land fights. And since these battles are often taken from real history, the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.

Fragment of Panorama "Borodino Battle" (1912)
Franz rubu

Battle painting took shape in the times of Italian Renaissance in the works of artists Michelangelo Buonaroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodora Zheriko, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubo, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekova and many other painters.

Household genre

The scenes from the daily, public or private life of ordinary people, be something urban or peasant life, depicts a household genre in painting. Like many others genres of paintingThe household paintings are rarely found in self-form, becoming part of a portrait or landscape genre.

"Seller of musical instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabrichius

The birth of household painting occurred in the X century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabrichius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Yermenhev are the most famous artists of household paintings at that time.

Animal genre

The main objects of the animal genre are animals and birds, both wild and homework, and in general, all representatives of the world of animals. Initially, animalism was part of the genres of Chinese painting, because first appeared in China in the VIII century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance era - animals were depicted at that time as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of a person.

"Horses in the meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter.

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durers, France Sneders, Albert Cape - Major Animalist Representatives in Fine Arts.

Still life

In the genre, still life depict objects that surround a person in life. These are inanimate objects combined into one group. Such items may belong to one genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), and can be heterogeneous (fruits, objects of dishes, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a basket, butterfly and dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Boshart Elder

Still life as an independent genre took shape in the XVII century. Especially allocate Flemish and Dutch school of still life. In this genre, representatives of various styles wrote their paintings, from realism to cubism. Some of the most famous still lifes wrote painters Ambrosive Boshart senior, Albertus Ion Brandt, Paul Cesanne, Vincent Van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Villem Clas Heba.

Portrait

Portrait is a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in visual art. The purpose of the portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just his appearance, and also transfer the inner feelings and the mood portrayed.

Portraits There are single, paired, group, as well as a self-portrait, which sometimes is distinguished by a separate genre. And the most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is the picture of Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Liza Del Jocondo", well-known as "Mona Lisa".

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared another millennium ago in ancient Egypt - these were images of Pharaoh. Since then, most artists have tried themselves in some way or otherwise in this genre. Portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of a great historical person will be considered a work of the historic genre, at least at the same time will transfer the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

Nu

The goal of Nude is an image of a naked human body. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became the female body, which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Rural Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio Yes Corredjo, Georgeon, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who wrote pictures in the genre of Nu.

Scenery

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, the environment - the city, rural or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in antique times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape is drawn up in the XVI century and since then is included in the most popular genres of painting.

He is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratyevich Savrasova, Eduard Mana, continuing to Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Pitom Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, George Marriage and ending with the many modern artists of the XXI century.

"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among the landscape painting, such genres can be distinguished as marine and city landscapes.

VERITE

The lead is a landscape, the purpose of which is to portray the type of urban area and transfer it to beauty and flavor. Later, with the development of industry, the city landscape goes to the landscape of industrial.

"Square of St. Mark" (1730)
Kantelta

You can rate urban landscapes, having acquainted with the works of Cantelto, Peter Breygel, Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseeva, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

Seascape, or Marina depicts the nature of the marine element, its greatness. The most famous artist marinist in the world, perhaps, is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose picture "The Ninth Val" can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. Marina's flourishing took place simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat during a storm" (1886)
James Battersworth

Katsusik Hokusai, James Edward Battersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lion Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres, are also known for its marine landscapes.

If you want to learn more about how the painting genres in art arose and developed, see the following video:

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In almost every significant work of art, there is a mystery, "double bottom" or a secret story that you want to reveal.

Music on the buttocks

Jerome Bosch, "Garden of Earth Delights", 1500-1510.

Fragment of part of triptych

Disputes about the meanings and hidden meanings of the most famous work of the Dutch artist do not subside from the moment of its appearance. On the right sash of triptych called "Music Hell", sinners are depicted, which torture in the underworld with the help of musical instruments. One of them has notes on the buttocks. A student of Christian University Oklahoma Amelia Hamrick, who studied the picture, shifted the notation of the XVI century to modern way and recorded "a song from the ass from Hell, which was 500 years old."

Nude Mona Lisa

The famous "Joconda" exists in two versions: the nude version is called "Monta Bath", she wrote her a little-known artist Salaya, who was a student and a simulator of the great Leonardo da Vinci. Many art critics are confident that it was he who was a model for paintings by Leonardo "John Baptist" and "Bakhus". There are also versions that Salaya dressed in a women's dress served as the Mona Lisa itself.

Old fisherman

In 1902, the Hungarian artist Tivadar Kostya Chongwari wrote a picture of the old fisherman. It would seem that there is nothing unusual in the picture, but Tivar laid the subtext in it, during the lifetime of the artist and undisclosed.

Few people occurred to apply the mirror to the middle of the picture. Each person can be like God (the right-handed old man's right shoulder) and the devil (the left shoulder of the old man is duplicated).

And was Kit?

Hendrik van Antonissen "Scene on the shore".

It would seem the usual landscape. Boats, people on the shore and deserted sea. And only an X-ray study showed that people gathered on the shore is not just like that - in the original they considered the carcass of China, thrown ashore.

However, the artist decided that no one would want to look at the dead whale, and rewrote the picture.

Two "breakfast on the grass"

Eduard Mana, "Breakfast on the Grass", 1863.

Claude Monet, "Breakfast on the grass", 1865.

Artists Eduard Mana and Claude Monet are sometimes confused - after all, they were both French people, lived at one time and worked in the style of impressionism. Even the name of one of the most famous paintings by Mana "Breakfast on the Grass" Monet borrowed and wrote his "breakfast on the grass."

Doubles on the "Last Evening"

Leonardo da Vinci, "Last Supper", 1495-1498.

When Leonardo da Vinci wrote a "secret evening", he attached a special meaning to two figures: Christ and Judah. He was looking for simulators for them for a very long time. Finally, he managed to find a model for the image of Christ among young singers. To pick up a simulator for Judah Leonardo was not able for three years. But one day he came across the street on a drunkard, who was lying in a wastewater. It was a young man who was a non-digestion. Leonardo invited him to the restaurant, where he immediately began to write from him Judas. When the drinker came to himself, he told the artist that one day already posed him. It was a few years ago when he sang in the church choir, Leonardo wrote from Him Christ.

"Night Watch" or "Day"?

Rembrandt, "Night Watch", 1642.

One of the most famous paintings of Rembrandt "Speech by Rifle Company Captain France Bannang Coca and Lieutenant Villem Van Ryuteitbürga" about two hundred years has checked in different halls and was discovered by art historians only in the XIX century. Since it seemed that the figures perform on a dark background, she was called "Night Watch", and under this title she entered the treasury of world art.

And only during the restoration spent in 1947, it was discovered that in the hall the picture managed to be covered with a layer of soot, distorting her flavor. After clearing the original painting, it turned out that the scene represented by Rembrandt actually occurs during the day. The position of the shade from the left hand of Captain Coca shows that the time of action is not more than 14 hours.

Inverted boat

Henri Matisse, "Boat", 1937.

In the New York Museum of Contemporary Art in 1961, a picture of Henri Matisse "Boat" was exhibited. Only after 47 days someone drew attention to the fact that the picture hangs upside down. On the canvas depicted 10 purple lines and two blue sails on a white background. Two sails, the artist painted not just like that, the second sail is a reflection of the first water.
In order not to make a mistake in how the picture should hang, you need to pay attention to the details. A larger sail must be the top of the picture, and the peak of the sail pattern should be directed to the right upper angle.

Cheating in self-portrait

Vincent Van Gogh, "Self-portrait with a tube", 1889.

The fact that Van Gogh allegedly cut off his ear, go legends. Now the most reliable is the version that the ear Van Gogh damaged in a small scuffle with the participation of another artist - Gogen fields.

Self-portrait is interesting in that reflects reality in distorted form: the artist is depicted with a bandaged right ear, because it used a mirror during operation. In fact, the left ear suffered.

Aliens Mishki

Ivan Shishkin, "Morning in a Pine Forest", 1889.

The famous painting belongs not only to the brush of Shishkin. Many artists who were friendly among themselves often resorted to the "help of a friend", and Ivan Ivanovich, had a whole life with landscapes, feared that touching bears would not work with him as it was necessary. Therefore, Shishkin appealed to the familiar animalist artist Konstantin Savitsky.

Savitsky painted hardly not the best bears in the history of Russian painting, and the Tretyakov commanded her surname from the canvas, because everything in the picture "since the plan and ending with the fulfillment, everything speaks about the manner of painting, about the creative method for Shishkin."

Innocent History "Gothic"

Grant Wood, "American Gothic", 1930.

The work of the wood grant is considered one of the strangest and depressing in the history of American painting. The painting with gloomy father and daughter is filled with details that indicate the severity, puritancy and retrogradment of the people depicted.
In fact, the artist did not think of portraying any horror: during a trip to Iowa and he noticed a small house in the Gothic style and decided to portray those people who, in his opinion, would ideally come as inhabitants. In the form of characters, which are so offended by the inhabitants of Iowa, the sister of the grant and his dentist are immortalized.

Revenge of Salvador Dali

The picture "Figure by the window" was written in 1925, when Dali was 21 years old. Then the artist has not yet entered Gala, and his museum was Sister Ana Maria. The relationship of brother and sisters deteriorated when he wrote on one of the pictures "Sometimes I spit on the portrait of my own mother, and it gives me pleasure." Ana Maria could not forgive such a shock.

In his book of 1949, Salvador gave the eyes of her sister "she writes about his brother without any praise. The book led Salvador to rabies. Another ten after that, he was angry with each other case. And so, in 1954 a picture "The young virgin, indulging in Sodomsky sin with the help of horns of his own chastity appears." Pose of a woman, its curls, a landscape outside the window and the color scheme paintings are clearly echoing with the "window figure". There is a version that I was given a revengent sister for her book.

Double Dana

Rembrandt Harmens Wang Rhine, "Dana", 1636 - 1647.

Many secrets of one of the most famous paintings of Rembrandt were disclosed only in the 60s of the twentieth century, when the canvas enlightened the X-rays. For example, shooting showed that in the early version, the face of the princess, which entered into a love relationship with Zeus, was similar to the face of Saskiy - the spouse of the painter, who died in 1642. At the final version of the picture, it began to resemble the face of Herges Dirks - Lovers Rembrandt, with which the artist lived after the death of his wife.

Yellow Bedroom Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh, "Bedroom in Arles", 1888 - 1889.

In May 1888, Van Gogh acquired a small workshop in Arle, in the south of France, where he escaped from not understanding his Paris artists and critics. In one of the four rooms, Vincent places the bedroom. In October, everything is ready, and he decides to draw a "bedroom Van Gogh in Arles." For the artist, it was very important to flavor, the comfort of the rooms: everything should have been made to the thoughts on vacation. At the same time, the picture is withstanding in anxious yellow tones.

Van Gogh's creativity researchers explain this by the fact that the artist took a spatter - a remedy for epilepsy, which causes serious changes in the patient in color perception: all surrounding reality is painted in green-yellow tones.

Toothless perfection

Leonardo da Vinci, "Portrait of Mrs. Liza Del Jocondo", 1503 - 1519.

The generally accepted opinion is that Mona Lisa is perfection and a smile is beautiful with his mysteriousness. However, American art historian (and part-time dentist) Joseph Borkovsky believes that, judging by the expression of the face, the heroine lost a lot of teeth. Studying enlarged photos of the masterpiece, Borkovski also discovered the scars around her mouth. "She smiles like that because of what happened to her," the expert believes. - The expression of her face is typically for people who have lost its front teeth. "

Major on facingontrol

Pavel Fedotov, "Major's Major", 1848.

The public, who first saw the picture of Major's "Watchtime," laughed from the soul: Fedotov's artist filled with ironic details, understandable viewers of that time. For example, Major is clearly not familiar with the rules of the noble etiquette: he appeared without laid bouquets for the bride and her mother. And the bride itself, her merchant parents discharged into the evening ball gown, although in the yard day (all the lamps in the room are extinguished). The girl clearly first tried a decolted dress, confused and tries to escape into his bel.

Why freedom is naked

Ferdinan Victor Eugene Delakrua, "Freedom on the barricades", 1830.

According to the art historian Etienne Juli, Delacroix wrote the face of a woman with the famous Parisian revolutionaries - Anna-Charlotte's missure, which went to the barricades after the death of his brother from the hands of royal soldiers and killed the Ninter Guardsmen. The artist depicted it with naked breasts. According to him, this is a symbol of fearlessness and dedication, as well as the celebrations of democracy: Nagaya chest shows that freedom, as a simple hat, is not a corset.

Unquadant square

Kazimir Malevich, "Black Suprematic Square", 1915.

In fact, the "black square" is not at all black and not at all square: none of the sides of the quadrangle is not parallel to any other side, and not one of the sides of the square frame, which the picture is framed. And dark color is the result of mixing various colors, among which it was not black. It is believed that it was not the negligence of the author, but a fundamental position, the desire to create a dynamic, moving form.

Specialists of the Tretyakov Gallery found the author's inscription at the famous picture of Malevich. The inscription states: "Battle of blacks in a dark cave." This phrase sends to the name of the joking picture of the French journalist, the writer and the artist Alfons Alla "Battle of Blacks in the Dark Cave of Deep At night", which was absolutely black rectangle.

Melodrama of the Austrian Mona Lisa

Gustav Klimt, "Portrait of Adelie Bloch-Bauer", 1907.

On one of the most significant climes, the wife of Austrian sugar magnate Fetinad Bloch Bauer was captured. All Vienna discussed the stormy Roman Adelel and the famous artist. A vulnerable husband wanted to take revenge on lovers, but chose a very unusual way: he decided to order a portrait of the portrait of Adeli and make him make hundreds of sketches until the artist starts turning away from her.

Bloch Bauer wanted work to last for several years, and a simulator could see how the feelings of Clima could fuss. He made an artist a generous proposal, from which he could not refuse, and everything developed on the scenario of a deceived husband: the work was completed for 4 years, lovers have long cooled to each other. Adel Bloch Bauer never learned that her husband was aware of her relationship with Clima.

Picture that returned Gogen to life

Paul Gajen, "Where did we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?", 1897-1898.

The most famous canvas of Hogen has one feature: it is "reading" without left to right, but on the right to left, like the Kabbalistic texts that the artist was interested in. It is in this order that the allegory of the spiritual and physical life of a person unfolds: from the origin of the soul (sleeping child in the lower right corner) to the inevitability of the death hour (bird with a lizard in claws in the lower left corner).

The picture was written by Gogen on Tahiti, where the artist ran several times from civilization. But this time, life on the island did not specify: total poverty led him to depression. Having finished the canvas, which should have become his spiritual testament, Gauguen took a box with arsenic and went to the mountains to die. However, he did not calculate the dose, and suicide failed. In the next morning, he, swing, did not know the hut and fell asleep, and when he woke up, he felt the forgotten thirst for life. And in 1898, his affairs went uphill, and in the work began their bright period.

112 proverbs on one picture

Peter Bruegel - Senior, "Netherlands Proverbs", 1559

Peter Bruegel - Senior depicted the land, inhabited by literal images of the Dutch proverbs of those days. In a written picture, there are approximately 112 recognized idioms. Some of them are used to this day, for example, such as: "Fly against the current", "fight your head about the wall", "armed to teeth" and "Big fish eats a small one."

Other proverbs reflect human nonsense.

Subjectivity of art

Paul Gogen, "Breton village under the snow", 1894

The painting of Gogen "Breton village in the snow" was sold after the death of the author in just seven francs and, moreover, called Niagara Falls. A man who spent auction accidentally hung up a picture of his legs, seeing a waterfall in it.

Hidden painting

Pablo Picasso, Blue Room, 1901

In 2008, infrared radiation showed that a "blue room" was hidden another image - a portrait of a man dressed in a suit with a butterfly and put her head on his hand. "As soon as Picasso appeared a new idea, he was taken for the brush and embodied it. But he did not have the opportunity to buy a new canvas every time a muse was visited, "explains the possible reason for this art criticism of Patricia Favero.

Inaccessible Moroccanika

Zinaida Serebryakova, "Nagaya", 1928

Once Zinaida Serebryakova received a tempting offer - to go to the creative journey to portray the naked figures of East Dev. But it turned out that in those places to find simators simply impossible. A translator of Zinaida came to the rescue - he led her sisters and a bride to her. No one before that and after that did not manage to capture closed oriental women nude.

Spontaneous illusion

Valentin Serov, "Portrait of Nicholas II in a pressURE", 1900

For a long time, Serov could not write a portrait of the king. When the artist surrendered at all, he apologized to Nikolai. Nikolai was a little upset, sat down at the table, stretching his hands in front of him ... And then the artist painted - here it is an image! A simple military in an officer's tuber with pure and sad eyes. This portrait is considered the best image of the last emperor.

Again Double

© Fedor Reshetnikov

The famous painting "Again Two" is just the second part of the artistic trilogy.

The first part is "arrived on vacation." Obviously secured family, winter holidays, a joyful student student.

The second part is "again deuce." The poor family from the working outskirts, the midst of the school year, Puraden Oballa, again grabbed the two. In the upper left corner, the picture "arrived on vacation" was visible.

The third part is "re-examination". Country house, summer, all walk, one malicious inequality, having failed annual exam, is forced to sit in four walls and tool. In the upper left corner, a picture "Two again" is visible.

How masterpieces are born

Joseph Turner, "Rain, Couples and Speed", 1844

In 1842, Mrs. Simon traveled by train in England. Suddenly began a strong shower. The elderly gentleman, who was sitting opposite her, got up, opened the window, stuck his head and looked at ten minutes. Unable to keep your curiosity, the woman also opened the window and began to look ahead. A year later, she found a picture of "rain, couples and speed" at the exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts and was able to recognize the same episode in it.

Anatomy lesson from Michelangelo

Michelangelo, "Creation of Adam", 1511

A pair of American experts in the field of neuroanatomy believe that Michelangelo actually left some anatomical illustrations in one of his most famous works. They believe that in the right part of the picture depicts a huge brain. It is surprising, but you can find even complex components, such as a cerebellum, optic nerves and pituitary gland. And the cast green ribbon perfectly coincides with the location of the vertebral artery.

"Last Supper" Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh, "Night Terrace Cafe", 1888

Explorer Jared Baxter believes that on the canvas Van Gogh "Night Terrace Cafe" is encrypted by the dedication of the "secret evening" Leonardo da Vinci. In the center of the picture there is a waiter with long hair and in a white tunic, reminding the clothes of Christ, and there are exactly 12 visitors to the cafe around it. Also Baxter draws attention to the cross, located right behind the waiter's back in white.

Dali's memory

Salvador Dali, "Constancy of Memory", 1931

It is no secret that the thoughts attending Dali during the creation of his masterpieces were always in the form of very realistic images that the artist then transferred to the canvas. So, according to the author himself, the picture "Constancy of Memory" was written as a result of associations arising at the form of a melted cheese.

What screams munk

Edward Munk, Creek, 1893.

Munk so told about the appearance of the idea of \u200b\u200bone of the most mysterious paintings in world painting: "I walked along the path with two friends - the sun was sat down - the sky unexpectedly became bloody-red, I suspended, feeling exhausted, and leaning about the fence - I looked at Blood and flame languages \u200b\u200bover a bluish-black fjord and the city - my friends went further, and I stood, trembling from excitement, feeling an endless cry, piercing nature. " But what kind of sunset could scare the artist?

There is a version that the idea of \u200b\u200b"scream" was born at Mill in 1883, when several strongest eruptions of Krakataau volcano occurred - so powerful that they changed the temperature of the atmosphere of the Earth to one degree. Abundant amount of dust and ash spread all over the globe, coming even to Norway. Several evenings in a row, the sunsets looked as if, the apocalypse would be - one of them was the source of the artist's inspiration.

Writer in the people

Alexander Ivanov, "The Phenomenon of Christ People", 1837-1857.

Dozens of simulators posed Alexander Ivanov for his main picture. One of them is known for no less than the artist. In the background, among the traverses and Roman horsemen, who have not yet heard the preaching of John the Forerunners, you can see the character in Korchin Chiton. His Ivanov wrote from Nicholas Gogol. The writer tightly communicated with the artist in Italy, in particular on religious issues, and gave him advice in the process of writing the picture. Gogol believed that Ivanov "had long died for the whole world, except for his work."

Gout Michelangelo

Rafael Santi, Athens School, 1511.

Creating the famous Fresco "Athens School", Rafael perpetuated his friends and acquaintances in the images of ancient Greek philosophers. One of them was Michelangelo Buonotti "In the role of" Herclite. Several centuries fresco kept the secrets of the personal life of Michelangelo, and modern researchers did the assumption that the strangely angry knee of the artist testifies to the presence of the diseases of the joints.

It is likely to consider the characteristics of the lifestyle and the working conditions of the artists of the Renaissance and Chronic Workaholism Michelangelo.

Mirror couple Arnolphini

Yang Van Eyk, "Portrait of Arnolphin Fau", 1434

In the mirror behind Arnolphin's spouses, you can see the reflection of two more people in the room. Most likely, these are witnesses present at the conclusion of the contract. One of them is Van Eyke, as evidenced by the Latin inscription, placed, contrary to tradition, above the mirror in the center of the composition: "Jan Van Eyk was here." So usually fastened contracts.

As a flaw turned into a talent

Rembrandt Harmens Wang Rhine, "Self-portrait at the age of 63", 1669.

Researcher Margaret Livingston studied all Rembrandt self portraits and found that the artist suffered as a squint: in the images, his eyes look at different directions, which is not observed on the portraits of other people's brushes. The disease led to the fact that the artist could better perceive reality in two dimensions than people with normal vision. This phenomenon is called "stereo" - the inability to see the world in 3D. But since the painter has to work with a two-dimensional image, it was this deficiency of Rembrandt that could be one of the explanations of his phenomenal talent.

Sure Venus

Sandro Botticelli, "Birth of Venus", 1482-1486.

Before the appearance of the "birth of Venus", the image of a naked female body in painting symbolized only the idea of \u200b\u200boriginal sin. Sandro Botticelli The first of the European painters did not find anything sinful in it. Moreover, art historians are confident that the pagan goddess of love symbolizes the Christian image on the fresco: her phenomenon is an allegory of the revival of the soul, who has passed the baptism rite.

Butterist or butcher?

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, "Butterist", 1596.

For a long time, the picture was exhibited in the Hermitage called "Butcher's". Only at the beginning of the twentieth century, art historians agreed that the canvase still shows the young man (probably Caravaggio posed his familiar artist Mario Minni): On the notes in front of the musician, the recording of the bass party Madrigala Jacob Arcaader "You know that I love you" . A woman could hardly make such a choice - it's just hard for the throat. In addition, a lute, like a violin at the very edge of the picture, was considered a male tool in the era of Caravaggio.