Interesting stories of creating things. RUSSIAN OBJECTS - HISTORY IN DETAILS
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It is difficult to imagine, but many items from the daily life of a modern person existed already hundreds, and even thousands of years ago. We have prepared a review in which we presented only the most ancient copies of our usual things that have survived to this day. However, it is likely that some of the listed items could appear much earlier than these dating.
The most ancient in the world recorded melody (age 3400 years)
The Hurritsky anthem recorded with the help of a clinopy on the clay plate is the oldest recorded melody in the history of mankind. Artifact, dated 1400s BC, was discovered in the city of Ugrit (Northern Canaan) on the territory of modern Syria. The melody was performed on Lira in the glory of the wife of the lunar God.
The most ancient animation in the world (age 5000 years)
In the National Museum of Iran, a 10-centimeter clay cup for drinking is stored, on which five consecutive goat movements are depicted in a circle. First, the animal rides in the direction of the tree, then eats the foliage with it. Rotating the Cup around the vertical axis, you can see the simplest animation. Scientists dating this product to the third millennium BC.
The most ancient socks in the world (age 1500 years)
These unusual wool socks of the resident of Ancient Egypt were connected to one and a half thousand years ago between the three hundred and four hundred ninety-ninth years from the Nativity of Christ. Socks dressed specially under sandals, from here their original appearance. What is interesting, even after a half thousand years, these socks look quite competitive on the background of even the most.
The most ancient shoes in the world (age 5,500 years)
In one of the Caves of Armenia, the most ancient leather shoes in the world was discovered. Several layers of sheep manure and herbs, under which the find was made, performed the role of preservative. The shoes are perfectly preserved, larger in a dry and cool cave about 5.5 thousand years. Surprisingly, how much the ancient moccasin reminds some models of modern shoes!
The most ancient pants in the world (age 3,300)
On the territory of ancient necropolis in Western China, archaeologists have discovered the oldest pants in the world. They are woolen with woolen fabric and decorated with a complex ornament. Probably, the pants belonged to someone from Asian nomads who lived about 3400 years ago. According to scientists, this discovery confirms that it was the nomads that the pants for comfortable riding horses came up with the first.
The oldest in the world of bra (age 500 years)
This bra was carried in Austria between 1390 and 1485. Although this is the oldest of the preserved bras, there are also earlier descriptions of the "chest bags" in the chronicles. For 500 years, the most far away from their progenitor, but the first model can also be completely selected for the vintage retro classic.
The world's most ancient handbag (age 4500 years)
On the territory of Germany in the burial of the Bronze Age, dating from 2500-2200 to our era, a small handbag was found. For thousands of years, skin and fabric, of which it was made, collapsed. Only dog's teeth are preserved, which probably served as a handbag with decoration and protection.
The most ancient sunglasses in the world (800 years old)
The inventors of the world in the world of sunglasses can be considered Eskimos. Snowy glasses, as the Eskimos themselves called them, were created from bones, leather or wood. Thin slots on glasses were designed to protect the eyes from the "snow blindness" caused by bright sunlight. The first similar glasses, according to scientists, appeared a few more thousand years ago. The most ancient existing copies was made from the walrus bone "only" between 1200 and 1600 of our era on the island of Buffin in Canada. Of course, the ancient glasses do not possess the cool functions of modern, but due to simplicity and reliability they will calmly exist with another 800 years.
The most ancient condom in the world (age 370 years)
The oldest of the preserved condoms was found in Sweden, in Lund. Ancient converse, dated 1640 year, was made of pork gut and could be used repeatedly. The instruction in Latin reached this day, recommending a condom to erase in warm milk after each use. The condoms of the 17th century, manufactured from sheep and pork guts, were poorly protected from venereal diseases, so scientists believe that they were mainly used to prevent pregnancy. Generally, dated 1564 year. The Italian doctor and inventor Gabriele Fallopio came up with putting on the men's sexual body of a linen bag impregnated with all sorts of chemicals.
The most ancient gum in the world (age 5000 years)
The most ancient of the famous Zhumakhk is considered a piece of petrified birch resin times of Neolithic, found in Finland. The chewing gum, preserved traces of the teeth of the man of the stone century, dates from the end of the fourth millennium BC. Wood resin contains phenols with antiseptic properties. Therefore, the ancients chewed the resin and the bark of trees to get rid of the oral diseases. In addition, often resin trees used as glue to, for example, glue the broken clay dishes.
The most ancient cheese in the world (age 3,300)
In the 20th century, in the desert, Takla Makan in the north-west of China, perfectly preserved mummies were found, on the chest and the neck of which were small lumps of cheese. Scientists are confident that this cheese was prepared on the basis of Racing. Similarly, and in our time, some grades of cheese and kefir are made. The research results showed that the found cheese dates back to about 1615 a year before our era, which makes it the most ancient cheese on the planet.
The most ancient prosthesis in the world (age 3000 years)
When studying ancient Egyptian mummy, buried about three thousand years ago, archaeologists found that on her right foot instead of the missing fingers were attached wooden. To confirm your guess, the researchers have created an accurate copy of the found artifact and tested it with a volunteer who has such injury. The tests showed that the wooden fingers were used for walking, and not for cosmetic purposes. Thanks to them, a person could not only move freely, but also to wear sandals that were the main shoes in ancient Egypt. The guess of scientists was correct: they managed to detect the most ancient of the famous prostheses. Today, when they even exist, it is unlikely that someone can surprise the prosthetic part of the foot, however, the appearance of such a prosthesis three thousand years can be safely called the fantastic scientific breakthrough of that time.
The most ancient public toilet in the world with washed (age 2000)
In the ancient city of Ephesus, located in Turkey, the oldest public toilet was discovered. Under the stove with holes for "needs" a pit was hidden with a drainage system. It is noteworthy that there was a weapon resembling paddle. Probably, on hot days, with the help of this paddle, the servants accelerated cleaning the toilet pit, pushing its contents to drainage. It should be recognized that the toilet topic is close to humanity, like no other, may therefore constantly invent new and new ones.
The most ancient coin in the world (age 2700 years)
The oldest one of the famous coins was discovered among the ruins of the same ancient Greek city of Ephesus, the once prosperous trading center on the coast of Malaya Asia. The coin was made more than 2,700 years ago from gold and silver alloy. The metal blank was placed on a matrix with a carved lion's head, after which the master struck the hammer on the back of the workpiece. As a result, a coin was obtained with a convex image of a lion's head on an obverse and an indulged follow from the reverse strike.
The most ancient map of the world (age 2800 years)
The clay plate from Mesopotamia, dating back to the eighth and seventh centuries to our era, is considered the most ancient map of the world. It is noteworthy that the Babylon map contains not only real, but also fictional geographic objects.
Oldest Globe (Age 510)
In order for the first famous globe to survived to this day, he had a spherical shape, he was collected from the wide parts of two ostricular eggs. Then, engraver painfully moved to the surface of the ball a famous map of old and new light. Scientists believe that this globe was manufactured in Italian Florence, perhaps even in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci. The first globe is so original as in our time he would not get lost among.
The oldest book in the world, printed by the printing method (age 637 years)
The oldest book in the world printed by the typographic way appeared in Korea in 1377, for as much as 78 years before the appearance, for a long time considered the first printed edition. It was a Buddhist document called "Chicci", which contains the lives of the great Buddhist monks and selected places from their sermons, helping to comprehend the essence of the great teachings of the Buddha. Today, this book is in the Paris National Library.
The most ancient recorded recipe in the world (age more than 5000 years)
Ancient Suchmers who lived in the southern interfluve left after themselves the most ancient beer recipe, dating 3000 a year before our era. With accurate compliance with the recipe, a strong beer drink is obtained, in which the pieces of bread should float.
The most ancient musical instrument in the world (age 42000 years)
Scientists argue that the age of bone flute found in the cave in the south-west of Germany is at least 42 thousand years. The first musical instruments were made by ancient people from bones of birds and a beer of Mammoth. There is an opinion that it was the music that made it possible to get the advantage of Homo Sapiens over Neanderthals.
The most ancient anthropomorphic statuette in the world (age 35000 - 40,000 years)
In the cave in the south-west of Germany, the most ancient anthropomorphic figurine in the world was discovered. Scientists believe that an unknown sculptor cut it out of the Mammoth's tissue about 35-40 thousand years ago. There is an opinion that the expressive figure of a woman with grotesque exaggerated sexual signs was used by our ancestors, as symbolized fertility. Of course, this statuette has a huge historical and collectible value if it were sold, it could well get into the number.
Bonus: the most ancient mineral on earth (age 4.4 billion years)
In 2001, a tiny crystal Zirconium was found in Australia, which became the most ancient mineral on Earth. His age is 4.4 billion years! Currently, it can be seen in the Geological Museum of the University of Madison in the United States.
An abstract classes in familiarization with the outside world for children prepared to school of the group, the topic "The History of Ordinary Things"
Objectives:
Expand the ideas of children about familiar subjects, the history of their origin, diversity (toothbrush, soap, handle, pencil, scissors, needle).
Continue to learn children to guess riddles.
Develop thinking, curiosity.
Easy careful attitude towards things.
Travel course:
Today we will talk about the things that surround us, which we meet every day.
Toothbrush
Bone back
Tin bristle
With mint paste friends
We are diligently served.
(Toothbrush)
It was a long time ago. One morning, a man with an unpleasant taste in his mouth woke up in the cave. He took a twist, wished his end and began to brush his teeth. Such was the very first toothbrush. Then brushes were in the form of sticks of soft wood. There was no toothpaste before, and people cleaned their teeth ash and coal from the fire, and then rinsed with her mouth with water.
Toothbrush, which we now clean your teeth, appeared quite recently. But people come up with all new and new toothbrushes.
Do you know that there is a musical toothbrush? It was invented specifically for children. Have you seen such a brush? This brush the melody is distributed when you clean the teeth correctly, and if the teeth are not correct, then the music does not play. Sweet toothbrush! And there is also an electric toothbrush.
And what do you think, what else can you brush your teeth, except toothbrush? It turns out that you can clean your teeth without a brush with an apple, just not sweet. When we hug an apple, the teeth are cleaned.
I'll tell you about one thing, which is also in the bathroom.
Mystery about soap
Eludes how living
But I will not let him
Clear is quite:
Let me wash your hands.
(Soap)
Many years ago a king lived. The morning of the king began with dressing and washing. Dressing continued for a very long time, but washout - no. The king brought a big bowl with water, he wigured the fingertips, slightly touched them to the age, and on it all - washing over. Does anyone wash you out of you?
Previously there was no soap, and people were turned flour, clay. And then began to make soap from goat, ram and bull fat and ash added. Soap was solid, soft and liquid.
Now the soap is made from such substances as fat, oil, aromatic substances so that soap tasty smelled.
It is said that there is an island in the ocean. His land consists of a substance that helps people of this island to fight mud. People take the earth and erase underwear, wash. And when it is raining, the island is covered with soapy foam.
Previously, soap was very expensive, so only rich people could buy it. Poor people were erased and washed click. What is lying? We took a junk ash, poured it with boiling water and put it in the stove. Then they got and washed, the lingerie was also erased.
The toilet soap is called still washed soap. What soap is now only not. There is soap white, yellow, green, blue. Soap can smell strawberries, apple. There is a circular soap, parsing various figures.
And now I will tell you another thing about one thing that we meet every day.
Riddle about handle
Guess what kind of thing -
Sharp key, not a bird,
With this keyboard
Soot-sow seeds.
Not on the field, not in the garden -
On sheets in your tetrade.
(A pen)
Long ago, people wrote real feathers. We took the feathers of Gusei, Voronov, Pavlinov. The tip of the pen was first purified, then cut at an angle and sharpened so that it was thin-thin. When the pen became stupid, he was cut off again at an angle and they sharpened again. And then wrote.
One person who had to write a lot, came up with a pen of steel.
And everyone began to write with steel feathers, they did even from silver and gold. They cost expensive.
Then they came up with a fountain pen - it was not necessary to scat into the inkwell.
They took a tube with a pointed end. Inside the tube was inserted straw and poured liquid. The liquid gradually flowed to the pointed end, and then drove the tube on paper.
And later invented a ball handle with thick paste, which we are with you now and write.
Handles are invented a lot. There is a calendar, electronic clock and even with a calculator.
Now let's talk about the other handle.
Riddle about pencil
Black Ivashka -
Wooden shirt
Where the nose will behave
There is a note.
If you finish it,
Draw whatever you want:
Sun, Sea, Mountains, Beach ...
What is this?...
(Pencil)
Fizminutka
What did people draw earlier when they did not have a simple pencil? They painted with charcoal. They took the burnt twist from the fire and painted.
What is the pencil? From wooden shirt and stylus. Griffel is a pencil heart. What makes it a heart? Take the black stone graphite, finely finely crushed it until it becomes like flour. Then add clay. All stirred and put in a special shape and dried. Heart for pencil is ready. And the lot for him make a shirt out of wood.
Pencils are solid and soft. Solid writes pale, soft - brightly. What are not the pencils. There are pencils round, hexagon, eight-marched, flat, triangular. There are pencils with tassels, gum pencils. There is a pencil with a magnifying glass at the end, pencils with puments. The Bubenchik calls, and it becomes more interesting to write. There are pencils with calendars, with the alphabet, with road signs. There are also aromatic pencils that are tasty smell when they write them.
Pencils are true and reliably serve people for many years. They take scabulants with them. Cosmonauts also use a pencil for records. In the north, where strong frosts are always standing, the paste in the handles can freeze, but there is no pencil.
Riddle about scissors
See, we revealed the mouth,
In it paper can be put
Paper in our grazing
Split into parts.
(Scissors)
Approximately 1000 years ago, one person came to the head to connect two knives with the help of a carnation, and the knobs to heat them rings - so the scissors turned out.
The scissors were made of iron and silver, beautifully decorated. The scissors had their own specialties - some were intended for hairdressers, others - for doctors, etc. Today there are scissors, with the help of which the bushes are cut on lawns, separated by the bird, cut the tissue, cut the loops, cut the cakes.
Scissors are often stupid. To sharpen them again, they take a needle in the left hand, and in the right - scissors and begin to "cut" a needle. This must be done at least 10-20 times. And the scissors will again become sharp. You can also cut a new emery paper several times.
And now about one thing, without which we can not do.
Riddle about the needle
All over the world
What saves - does not wear.
(Needle)
What is a needle is a pointed stem for sewing with an ear at the end. Previously, the needle was fish bone, in the dull end of which the hole was made. After some time after the invention of the bone needle, people began to invent a new needle, because the bone needle was very fragile and breaking quickly. Today, the needle is made of metal, but it also resembles fish bone. It took a lot of time, and the appearance of the needle did not change at all.
Make an ordinary needle is not easy. First take a special needle wire, cut off as you need (for a big needle a lot, for a little - smaller). Then exactly - sharpen the end of the needle. Special car breaks away. That turned out to be a needle, but she is still soft, it is not enough for a long time. It is strongly heated and immediately cool sharply, hardened to give her strength. Then it is thoroughly grinding and polished with sawdusts from hardwood trees. This is a very long and painstaking work. And only in 7 states of the world make needles. Therefore, they are valued very high. A few kg of needles cost more than the best passenger car.
How to store needles? Put on the bottom of the box where needles lie, magnet, and they will never crumble. And the needles do not rust, they can be stored stored in dry soap.
Outcome:
What is interesting we learned today?
What did you like?
What is remembered?
About everything in the world:
In 1930, the film "The Rogue Song) came out in American rental about the abduction of the girl in the Caucasus Mountains. Actors Stan Laurel, Lawrence Tibbett and Oliver Hardy played in this film of local zhulikov. Surprisingly, these actors are very similar to the heroes ...
Materials section
Classes for the younger group:
Classes for the middle group.
Entertaining stories of creating brands, books, architectural structures, social phenomena, mythological creatures, cosmetics, transport, food, dishes and drinks, household belongings surrounding us in everyday life and much more than any other.
Boris Pasternak is considered to be one of the brightest Russian poets and literators of the 20th century. It is he who owns the idea to combine in one product prose and poems that caused a flurry of criticism from contemporaries, but it was appreciated by descendants.
This, in particular, is about the famous Roman "Dr. Zhivago", the last part of which is devoted to the poems of the main character. The fact that Yuri lived is a thin lyrics and an amateur of rhymed phrases, the reader will know in the first chapters of the novel. However, Boris Pasternak tries not to distract readers lyrical retreats, therefore it decides to combine all the poems of Yuri Zhivago in a separate collection.
The first poem attributed to the authorship of the main character, is called the "Winter Night". Later, it was often published as an independent literary work called "Candle" and even was shifted to music, replenishing the repertoire of Alla Pugacheva and the ex-leader of the Gorky Park of Nicholas Noscova.
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John Dunlop veterinary doctor (John Dunlop) was a person inventive and observant. He also loved his son very much, who, in turn, was very loved to ride a bike, which gave him his father. That's just when it was necessary to travel to the cobbled streets, the ride became a real torment for the boy, because the cyclist was subjected to hellish shaking - the solid tires provided a good clutch, but no comfort. And then, Dunlopu and came to mind simple, but an effective idea - he took off the litter tire and instead wrapped the wheel with a particular shape of a chamber glued from several rubber bands and filled with air - a prototype of a modern tire. Ride immediately became more comfortable.
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Specialists from France calculated that the woman for his life "eats" from 4 to 6 kg of lipstick. A man "eats" from the lips of a woman twice as much. Let's try to find out how harmful it is for the body and in general, we will learn about the path of the evolution of lipstick.
Many mistakenly believe that this type of decorative cosmetics appeared only in ancient Egypt and was the invention of the famous queen Cleopatra. In fact, the desire to make your lips more brighter has arisen in primitive women. Already in the layers of the ice age, the archaeologists find red sticks pointed by a characteristic cone. This cosmetics of prehistoric coquettes. Eduar Taylor in the famous book "Primitive culture" noted that lipstick is a secondary product in relation to the colors of the primitive artist.
As soon as women saw stone women and primitive figurines with warm-up lips, they immediately moved artistic experience on the original. The lipstick was made as follows: the hollow stalks of the plants were filled with a red-colored substance. From time immemorial for cosmetics, three types of natural dyes were used: minerals - cinnabar (mercury sulphide) and Surik (iron oxide); Biological dye Carmine and vegetable - saffron and henna.
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"Max Factor - Father of Modern Cosmetics"
Max Factor is the famous cosmetic empire, named after its founder of Max Factor (real name - Maximilian Abramovich Factors), who was born on September 15, 1877 in the city of Zdunskaya-Wola. This city enters the Lodz Voivodeship, hence the confusion and incorrect indication in many articles in the birthplace of Max of the city of Lodz. Then it was the territory of Tsarist Russia, and now - modern Poland.
Maximilian grew in a large family (more than 10 people), and he since childhood had to go to work to help parents feed the family. At seven years, he first met the world of the theater - he was sent to sell oranges and lollipops in the lobby. At 8 years, the factor became an assistant pharmacist, and at nine years - a student of a beautician, performing small orders. At the age of fourteen, he moved to Moscow and entered the service at the Bolshoi Theater as an assistant to Grumer. The skills acquired in the theater helped a factor in the future. Then he had to undergo a mandatory military service in the Russian army.
After demobilization, in 1895, factors opens its own store in Ryazan, where the blush, cream, perfume and wigs sell - mostly all its own manufacture. One day the theater troupe stopped in Ryazan and a few weeks later, the products of the Polish Jew had already known for the courtyard. "All my time occupied individual counseling, I showed them how to emphasize the merits and hide the shortcomings of their persons". Later, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he began to work at the Opera Theater, while working in costumes and grima. Removed Max factor Actors played before Nikolai II, and soon the name of the talented grimer became widely known among the nobility. For several years he worked as a specialist in cosmetics at the court of the Russian king and in the imperial theaters.
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Reprint. Maps were produced by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces attached to Russia at the beginning of the XIX century and were called "Maps Distributed for the Kingdom of Polish". The most important differences between these cards are drawings of German type cards, as well as the other composition of the card figures in which there are no ladies, but there are, in addition to the king, two more "men's" persons - Roshnyh and Nizhnik (as applied to Russian cards, it was like a senior currency And the junior currency).
Nevsky
Reprint of the famous deck released in 1992 at the Leningrad Color Print Plant in honor of the 175th anniversary of the foundation of the Imperial Card Factory.
The most popular kind of cards in the USSR were "satin cards", the drawing of which in Russia has not changed for more than 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the mid-19th century by Academician of Painting Adolf Josephovich Charlemman. The concept of "satin" belongs to the method of manufacture - printing on the "satin" paper, a sterling talc. Maps printed on such a paper were well inspired, no moisture was afraid, unlike simple paper that did not possess such advantages. Over time, no longer-quality cards have ceased, and the name "satin" fixed precisely behind the drawing of the Chalmemanny academic card. The production of cards was deployed in the suburb of St. Petersburg, on the stateless Alexandrovskaya manufactory, at which the imperial card factory began to work since 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the satin deck was widespread in the Russian Empire.
A. I. Charleman did not create a fundamentally new card style. Satin cards were the result of the processing of already existing card drawings, which were used in the 17th and early 18th centuries at Moscow card factories, which are also based on the so-called "North-German picture", which came from the ancient folk French card deck.
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In Germany, north of Schönbuch Natural Park (Waldenbuch) is located in the middle of a wonderful town of Aiktal.
It can be assumed that Waldenbuch was named so because of his beautiful forest. However, it was the German word "Walto", a brief form of the word "Waltheri" means the "warrior", from which the name of the Waltenbuch region ("Wood Warrior") was named after the Germans who were expelled from here the Romans.
However, the first to whom it liked this place was Celts. They inhabited Valdenbuch district at 8-7 century. BC. Also, waldencuch wade in the heart and others, even those who were here very short time.
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History
Each family has its own traditions. The Ritter family has been kept for almost a hundred years. Sweet mystery: a recipe for the success of good chocolate. The company, begun by Alfred Ritter and his wife Klara in 1912 as a small family firm, increased to an international successful company. Today, Ritter Sport chocolate is sold in 80 countries around the world. The story of success is written by the third generation - Alfred T. Ritter and his sister Marli Hoppe-Ritter.
A large German enterprise Ritter to this day remains primarily a family business, so the concern for the quality of products for the company is in the first place. The family meets their name for the quality of each chocolate tile, which is exported from their enterprise. We invite you to cover the most chocolate milestones20-guests!
The story of the Chocolate "Ritter Sport" begins where the films about love usually end: from the wedding. In 1912, Condryer Alfred Eugen Ritter (Clara Göttle), the owner of sweets store, are combined in 1912. Together, they are based on a confectionery factory for the production of chocolate and sugar products "Alfred Ritter Cannstatt" - love for good chocolate has, as we see, our roots in our family history.
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After the purchase of Uniroyal Goodrich Tire (USA) in 1990 The year, Michelin reached the necessary sizes for stable development in North America. IN 1991 The year Francois is resigned, and Francois Mishalin appoints his son, 28-year-old Edward Mishlin, manager of the partner. IN 1993 Mishalin is inventing a new production technology - "C3M". It saves electricity, it is better to automate production processes, etc. Test testing of the C3M technology is carried out at the factory in Clermont-Ferran.
IN 1994 The world saw the tires "Michelin Energy" - the first tires, one of the main qualities of which has become improved fuel efficiency. After an almost 80-year break, the representative office of Michelin opens in Moscow. Polish tire company STOMIL - OLSZTYN has become part of the Michelin group 1995 year. In the Philippines, in Manila, a new plant opens. For the first time on the space shuttle, Michelin tires are used.
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1900 The year in the history of the company is significant in that the first guidebook called "Red Guide Guide" ("Michelin Red Guide") was published. The guide was initially a list of different places that a traveler could come in handy, for example: hotels, repair workshops, snack bars or paid car parking. He applied for free and had very moderate demand. However, he was waiting for a great future. In the first 35 thousand copies of the guidebook were printed prophetic words Andre Mishlen: "This guide is born at dawn of the new century, and will exist as long as the century itself."
FROM 1904 by 1906 There is an active development of the company. The first warehouses of products in the Russian Empire - Moscow and Warsaw appear. The Michelin plant in Clermont-Ferrand is already almost 30 hectares and almost 4 thousand people work on it. The new model of MICHELIN SOLE tires is coming out, equipped with special metal pins. This invention is now universally known as "studded rubber", which provides the best grip of the wheels with a road surface.
The subsidiary of Michelin Tyre Co. is founded in London. Ltd. ". Michelin is building its first plant outside of France in Turin (Italy). IN 1907 year Michelin company crosses the Atlantic and builds the first plant in the United States in Miltown, New Jersey (the plant was closed in 1931 year). Another plant is built in Clermont Ferran. In honor of the first international automotive exhibition in St. Petersburg, the Moscow-Saint Petersburg race was organized. The winner becomes A. Dure by the Lauren Dietrich car, equipped with Michelin tires. The average winner speed on the route reaches 70 km / h. In addition to the winner of the competition, several more participants started on the tires of Michelin.
IN 1908 Mishlen declare awarding the Grand Prix to the winner of the aviation racing. This was done to develop aviation. The race was in the flight from Paris to Clermont-Ferran with a landing on the extinct Volcano Puy de House, which is located about 15 km from Clermont Ferran. This feat three years later made two Frenchmen - Renault and Satuk (Renaux, Senouque).
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The French company "Mishalin" ("Michelin"), the manufacturer of road tires is usually associated with the logo of the company. This is the so-called "bibendum", which looks like a stack of tires in the image of a person. This trading mark is one of the most recognizable in the world. The history of the company has deep roots - it exists for more than one and a half centuries. Initially, the company was called "Barbier Dubre and Co." - According to the names of the two founders. The modern name company will receive a little later when the Michelin Brothers will come to the family business and Eduard. As for the logo - Mischlen's "man", the idea of \u200b\u200bits creation came only 65 years after the first steps in this direction.
And the first steps were made in the distant 1829 The year, when Edward Daubre (édouard Daubree) married the plaid Elizabeth Pugh Barker, a nestless nesting scientist Charle Macintosh. Makintosh created a waterproof raincoat from a rubber fabric, named afterwards him, and received a patent for his invention in 1823 year. Cloak McIntosh was incredibly popular in the middle of the XIX century, he was preferred to wear celebrities such as Frank Sinatra and Din Martin.
Tea party for residents of the East, especially China and Japan, is an ancient tradition. Tea culture is inseparable from art, culture of these countries, the entire lifestyle. The ancient culture of Japan is saturated unusual for us symbols and traditions, mysterious as hieroglyph. One of these traditions is the tea ceremony famous for the whole world.
Tea brought to Japan from China in the VII century. In the origins of the spread of tea in the country there were Japanese monks. In China, it was valued as a medicinal plant that helps with fatigue, eye disease, rheumatism. Then, as a sophisticated pastime. But such a cult of tea, as in Japan, probably was not in any country. This ritual over the centuries in almost unchanged form performed in almost every Japanese house. Girls still remember the basics of antique art. Conduct a tea ceremony and many men.
It was then that in Japan "Sanrio" appeared. Her founder, Sintaro Tsuji, decided to give people to people at least a bit of joy after heavy and long years of war. The motto of the newborn firm was the "little gift - a big smile," and Tsuji really managed to realize him into practice - from the store almost no one left with empty hands: buyers carried out as a gift to their favorite and close little gifts - postcards, inexpensive toys and other such pleasant little things.
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Have you ever thought about who came up with the favorite delicacy of children and adults, popular, and such delicious chocolate-nut under the name "Nutux"? The name of this inventor is Pietro Ferrero. His last name was not in vain seemed familiar to you - this man founded one of the largest firms for the production of food, mainly confectionery - Ferrero. This company is familiar to us by such products as: Raffaello sweets, "Mon Chéri" and Ferrero Roshen, Mint Dragee "Tik-So", a chocolate egg with a toy "Kinder Surprise", as well as a series of products "Kinder" (Kinder Chocolate, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Bueno, Kinder Pingui, Kinder Country, Kinder Maxi King and others).
At the "novella", a gentle chocolate cream with a nut flavor, an interesting story. As often happens with many grandiose inventions, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a sweet paste has arisen due to the accident. But we will start our narrative from afar. In 1946, Piether Ferrero, the native of the Italian province of Cuneo, inherited from his parents, was transferred to a small bakery in the city of Alba in the north of Italy. Due to irrepressible fantasy and love for experiments with products, Pietro turned his shop into a confectionery shop with a tiny workshop. In her, he spent all his free time, experimenting with various ingredients to please his buyers with fresh and diverse pastry. In this, he helped Pierre's spouse and brother Giovanni.
To keep the farm in Russia was not easy. Without accessing modern benefits of mankind, the ancient masters invented the subjects of everyday life, which helped a person to cope with many cases. There were already forgotten about many of these inventions today, because technology, household appliances and a change in lifestyle completely outstretched them. But despite this, according to the originality of engineering solutions, ancient objects are not inferior to modern.
Bad chest
For many years, people have kept their valuable things, clothes, money and other trifles in the chests. There is a version that they were invented in the Stone Age. It is reliably known that they were used by the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. Thanks to the armies of conquerors and wombing tribes, the chests spread throughout the Eurasian mainland and gradually reached Russia.
The chests decorated with painting, cloth, carvings or patterns. They could serve not only a cache, but a bed, a bench or chair. The family, having several chests, was considered a wealthy.
Sadnik.
One of the most important items of the national economy was considered Sadnik. He had a kind of flat wide shovel on a long stalk and was intended to send bread or cake to the oven. Russian masters have made an item from a solid piece of wood, predominantly aspen, linden or alder. Having found the tree of the desired size and suitable quality, it was split into two parts, carving from each one long board. After that, they were smoothly sharply and dragged the outline of the future Sadnik, trying to remove all sorts of bones and jar. Cutting the right object, it was carefully cleaned.
Rogach, Kocherga, Chapelnik (SPA)
With the advent of the furnace, these items became indispensable in the household. Usually they were kept in the backspace and were always at hand at the hostess. A standard set of furnace equipment was considered several types of grasp (large, medium and small), chapelnik and two kochergs. In order not to confuse in the subjects, the identification signs cut out on their handles. Often, such utensils were made to order at the village blacksmith, but there were craftsmen who could easily make a chockerel at home.
Sickle and Pulzov
At all times, bread was considered the main product of Russian cuisine. The flour for cooking was removed from the collected grain crops, which were planted annually and were collected by hand. He helped them in this sickle - a device having a look of an arc with a sharpened blade on a wooden handle.
As it is necessary, the collected crop peasants were ground into flour. This process was facilitated by hand mills. For the first time, such an instrument was found in the second half of the 1st century BC. Handheld Gherry had a type of two circles, the sides of which were tightly fit to each other. The top layer had a special hole (a grain was falling asleep into it) and the handle, with which the top of the mill was rotated. It was made by such utensils from stone, granite, wood or sandstone.
Pomel
Pomelo had a kind of cutlets, at the end of which pine, juniper branches, rags, washed or twig were fixed. The name of the purity attribute occurred from the word revenge, and it was used exclusively for cleaning ash in the furnace or cleaning near it. For compliance with the order in the entire exhaust broom was used. Many proverbs and sayings are connected with them, which are still many on the lips.
Rocker
Like bread, an important resource has always been water. To prepare lunch, drink livestock or wrapping, it was necessary to bring. The faithful assistant was a rocker. It had a kind of bent stick, to the ends of which special hooks were mounted: buckets clung to them. They made a rocker from linden wood, willow or aspen. The first memos about this adaptation date back to the 16th century, but many rumors manufactured by the Great Novgorod were found by the archaeologists made in 11-14 centuries.
Corto and Rubel
In ancient times, manual underwear was washed in special vessels. For this purpose, served trough. In addition, it was used for feeding livestock, as a feeder, kneading tests, salty cooking. The subject received its name from the word "bark", because initially the first trough was made from it. Subsequently, he began to make a mastery of the decks, hollow out in the loosening logs.
Upon completion of washing and drying underwear stroked with Rubel. He had a view of a rectangular board with a jar on one side. Things neatly wrapped on the rolling pin, the ruble and rolled on top. Thus, the linen fabric softened and smoldering. The smooth side painted and decorated with carvings.
Cast iron irons
A cast iron iron appeared on replacing a light in Russia. Indicated this event is the 16th century. It is worth noting that he was far from everyone, since it was very expensive. In addition, the cast iron was heavy, and it was harder to iron than the old way. There were several types of irons, depending on the method of heating: Burning coals were falling apart, and others were heated on the furnace. Weight such an unit from 5 to 12 kilograms. Later, the coals were replaced with cast-iron blanks.
Spinning
An important component of Russian life was a straw. In ancient Russia, it was also called "spicy", from the word "spin." Popular there were donations-donations, having a kind of flat board, which was fitted with a vertical neck and burst. The upper part of the spindles was abundantly decorated with carvings or painting. At the beginning of the 14th century, the first self-dye appeared in Europe. They had the kind of wheels located perpendicular to the floor and cylinder with spindlers. Women, one hand, served to spindle threads, and the other scroll through the wheel. This method of twisting fibers was easier and faster, which greatly facilitated work.
Today it is very interesting to see what it was.
The objects of Russian life are a special world. We are all talking about the history of the country, about her greatness, about great accomplishments. And for the pathos of words somehow forget that the story begins with us at home with simple things, small items that we do not notice. Meanwhile, just look back around, look at things that surround you in the apartment. If you have an old cottage, the house inherited from the grandmother, do not be lazy to look at the attic or in the barn. You will open an amazing world of things - the history of the family in detail. After all, it is interesting to trace how our life changed for several generations. And this can be done on a simple example - well, the same irons, for example.
Russian life objects are not unique. In each country you can find something similar. But there are differences. For example, samovars. This item of life was popular in 18th and in the 19th centuries. Now they are almost forgotten about them and if they are in the dwelling, then only as exotic. But how great was to sit for a samovar, which was melted, and was not only a big electric kettle.
Pathetones and gramophones. We have long forgotten what analog sound is. Electronics. Of course there are still vinyl players, but it is for gourmets. And a hundred years ago, the pattephone or gramophone was the prestigious subject of Russian life.
In the 50-70 years, receivers with players were popular - pretty bulky items, but if anyone remembers, how great it was at night to seek with a wave with a foreign pop melody - nostalgia.
And such a little thing as a turk. By the way, this household items have not changed for how much hundred years. As was the Turk in the 18th century, she remained in 21. The coffee grinders were changed and electrical came to replace the manual, but how pleasant to grind coffee itself. The point is not in convenience, but the process itself.
The 19th century household items are the little things that are talking about many. For example, simple sacqued. You did not think about the fact that the shape of the saczoy did not change from those times. This is what distinguishes household items of the 19th or 18th century - the thoughtfulness and completion of all forms.
This is exactly what distinguishes the objects of the past - thoughtfulness. After all, the form of these objects was worked out by centuries. Hence their versatility and completeness - their authors were thousands of people throughout generations. Now, many things have one author or several, but not the fact that the form of life of life will attract everyone.
Objects of Russian life 19-20 century photos from the exhibition
