Humanism in the literature. Dictionary of medical terms
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Humanism is a democratic, ethical life position that argues that human beings have the right and obligation to determine the meaning and form of their lives. Humanism calls for the construction of a more humane society through ethics based on human and other natural values, in the spirit of the mind and free search, due to the use of human abilities. Humanism is not asistic and does not accept the "supernatural" vision of the real world. (eng.)
Humanism is a progressive life position that, without the help of faith in the supernatural, approves our ability and obligation to conduct an ethical lifestyle for self-realization and in the desire to bring greater benefit to humanity. (eng.)
Ideas of humanism in human history
Thinking, the ideas of which influenced the Humanism of the Renaissance era:
- Enao Silvio Piccolomini (Pope Pipe II);
- cardinal Pietro Btembo;
- VIVES (Spain);
- Robert Euth (France);
- Karl Bovil;
- Thomas Mor (England);
- John Kola;
- thinkers of the Cambridge School.
The thinkers of neuhumanism (the end of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX century):
Communication with monotheism
Marxist (Socialist) Humanism
Humanism today
Yuri Black in his work "Modern Humanism" offers the following periodization of the development of modern humanistic movement:
Modern humanism is a diverse ideological movement, the process of organizational design of which began in the period between the two world wars and intensively continues in our days. The concept of "humanism" as the definition of own views on life is used by agnostics, free-sisted, rationalists, atheists, participants of ethical societies (seeking to separate moral ideals from religious doctrines, metaphysical systems and ethical theories in order to give them an independent force in personal life and social relations ).
Organizations of supporters of humanistic currents that exist in many countries of the world are combined into an international humanistic and ethical union (IGA). Their activities are based on software documents - declarations, charters and manifestos, the most famous of which are:
- Humanistic manifesto I ();
- Humanistic manifest II ();
- Declaration of secular humanism ();
- Humanistic manifesto 2000 ();
Other international and regional humanistic organizations (World Union Commissions, International Academy of Humanism, American Humanistic Association, British Humanistic Association, Dutch Humanistic League, Russian Humanistic Society, Indian Radical Humanistic Society, are also played in the development of humanistic values \u200b\u200band coordinating Association, Santhies (Public Fund), International Coalition "For Humanism!" And others).
Theorists of modern humanistic movement and supporters of ideas of humanism:
- Yaaap P. Wang Paag ( Jaap P. Van Praag, 1911-1981), Professor of Philosophy in Utrecht (Holland), subsequently the first chairman of the IPP;
- Harold John Blackham ( Harold J. Blackham.born in 1903), United Kingdom;
- Paul Kurtz ( Paul Kurtz., 1925-2012), USA;
- Corgiss Lamont ( Corliss Lamont., 1902-1995), USA;
- Sidney Hook (1902-1989), USA;
- Ernest Agel (1901-1985), USA;
- Alfred Ayer (1910-1989), President of the British Humanistic Association in 1965-1970;
- George Santyana (1863-1952), USA.
Criticism
According to the religious existentialist, Nikolay Berdyaev (1874-1948), atheistic Humanism is dialectically reborn into antigumanism, in brassity. In ideological terms, he ultimately leads to Nizrasche and Marxism, in social - to the inhuman regimes of Nazi Germany and Communist Russia, in which a person is sacrificed to the nation and class, the ideas of power and a common good. This is due to the will of the person to the absolute, which is either carried out in the act of compounds with God, or leads it to the idedness and self-destruction. But "After Nietzsche, after the matter of him and the fate of his humanism is no longer possible, forever overcome." Through the experience of humanism and come to replace the renewal, enlightened and peeled from anthropomorphism, sociomorphism and naturalism in the presentation of God, religious consciousness:
There is a true and false criticism of humanism (humanitarianism). His main lie in the idea of \u200b\u200bself-sufficiency of man, self-propagation of a person, that is, in the denial of the God. The rise of man, reaching the height, implies the existence of a higher than a person. And when a person remains with himself, closes in the human, he creates idols, without which he cannot rise. This is based on true criticism of humanism. False criticism denies the positive importance of humanistic experience and leads to the denunciation of human humanity. It can lead to a breastalization when they worship inhuman God. But the inhuman God is not at all better and even worse than a godless person. In the history of Christianity, the inhuman god was very often approved, and this led to the emergence of a godless person. But you should always remember that the denying of God and God in the surface consciousness does not mean the lack of real boroughties in the person. In Christianity, the highest humanity is laid, as it relies on the God of God and Christian personalism, on the recognition of the highest value of any human personality. But in the history of the Christian world, it would be possible to establish three stages: inhumanity in Christianity, humanity outside of Christianity, new Christian humanity.
Also, humanism criticized the Orthodox Archbishops in the United States, Andrei (Rymarenko) and Averki (Taushev), belonging to the ROCI.
see also
| Humanism in Vikislovar | |
| Humanism in wiking | |
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I. Introduction
Humanism of Russian classical literature
The main source of artistic strength of Russian classical literature is its close relationship with the people; In serving the people, Russian literature saw the main meaning of its existence. "Glagol burn the hearts of people" called poets A.S. Pushkin. M.Yu. Lermontov wrote that the mighty words of poetry should sound
... as a bell on the tower
During the days of celebrations and misfortunes.
Fight for the happiness of the people, for his liberation from slavery and poverty gave his Lira N.A. Nekrasov. Creativity of ingenious writers - Gogol and Saltykov-Shchedrin, Turgenev and Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Chekhov - with all the difference in the artistic form and ideological content of their works, united by a deep connection with the life of the people, the truthful image of reality, sincere desire to serve the happiness of the Motherland. Great Russian writers did not recognize "art for art", they were the heralds of the art of socially active, art for the people. Revealing the moral grandeur and the spiritual wealth of the labor nation, they awakened the reader to sympathize with ordinary people, faith due to the people, his future.
Starting from the 18th century, Russian literature led a passionate struggle for the liberation of the people from the oppression of serfdom and autocracy.
It is Radishchev, drawing the autocratic system of the era as "mandeship of Oblos, mischievous, huge, chasing and lean."
This is Fonvizin, putting on the shame of gross serfs of the type of space and cattle.
This and Pushkin, who considered the most important merit, that in "his cruel century he recalled him freedom."
It is Lermontov, referred to by the government in the Caucasus and there who found her premature death.
There is no need to list all the names of Russian writers to prove the loyalty of our classical literature ideals of freedom.
Along with the urgency of social problems characterizing Russian literature, it is necessary to point out the depth and breadth of moral problems.
Russian literature always tried to awaken from the reader "Goodness", protested against any injustice. Pushkin and Gogol for the first time raised their voice in defense of a "little man", modest worker; Following them took the protection of "humiliated and offended" Grigorovich, Turgenev, Dostoevsky. Nekrasov. Tolstoy, Korolenko.
At the same time, the consciousness increased in Russian literature that the "small person" should be not a passive object of pity, but a conscious fighter for human dignity. This thought was especially clearly manifested in the satirical works of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Chekhov, condemned any manifestation of humility and diet.
A large place in Russian classical literature is given to moral issues. With all the variety of interpretation of moral ideal, various writers are not difficult to notice that for all the positive heroes of Russian literature, dissatisfaction with the existing provision, a tireless search for truth, disgust for vulgarity, the desire to actively participate in public life, readiness for self-sacrifice. With these features, the heroes of Russian literature differ significantly from the heroes of the West's literature, the actions of which mostly manage the pursuit of personal happiness, for the career, for enrichment. The heroes of Russian literature, as a rule, do not think personal happiness without happiness of the Motherland and the people.
Russian writers argued their bright ideals primarily by artistic images of people with hot hearts, an inquisitive mind, a rich soul (Chatsky, Tatyana Larina, Rudin, Katerina Kabanova, Andrei Bolkonsky, etc.)
Truthfully illuminating Russian reality, Russian writers did not lose faith in the bright future of their homeland. They believed that the Russian people "wide, clear breasts will pave themselves ..."
II. Russian literature of the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries
Derzhavin G.R., Zhukovsky V.A. (Review study)
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799 - 1837)
Life and creative way
The great Russian poet was born in Moscow, in the old aristocratic family. The great-grandfather of his mother was "Arap Peter the Great", the Packed African Abram (Ibrahim) Hannibal. Pushkin has always been proud of its origin and the participation of his ancestors in historical events.
In 1811, by the decree of Alexander I, a lyceum was opened at the Tsarist village near St. Petersburg - the first training for noble children, where Pushkin was enrolled.
Lyceum years(1811 - 1817) will be the beginning of serious literary activities for him: for the first time the early poems of Pushkina will be published, he will get acquainted with the leading writers of that time (G.R. Derzhavin, N.M. Karamzin, V.A. Zhukovsky, etc.), It turns on in the literary struggle, becoming a member of the Arzamas society. The "Spirit of the Lyceum Brotherhood" will retain Pushkin for many years, devoting not one poem of the anniversary of October 19 (the date of receipt in the Lyceum) and supporting friendship with many lyceists - poet A.A. Delvig, future Decembrists V.K. Kyhelbecker, I.I. Pushchina. The second Pushkin's fatal duel will be a former lyceumist K.K. Danzas. For the lyceum period of the poet, cheerful and carefree motives are characterized.
Petersburg period(1817 - 1820) In the work of Pushkin, it comes to turning towards romanticism: from here the Bunlet appeal to political topics in the civil lyrics. Oh yeah "WILLY"(1817) Calls on almost a popular uprising and testifies to the extreme contempt of a young poet to the royal regime.
Poem "Village"(1819) built on the opposition of idyllic patterns of rural nature and unnatural serfs.
Message "To Chaadaev"(1818) ends with persuasive assurances that liberty (the fall of autocracy) will necessarily come:
Comrade, Believe: She will go out
Star of captivating happiness,
Russia will poss out from sleep,
And on fragments of selfhood
Write our names!
In 1820, Pushkin finished the poem "Ruslan and Ludmila",in which the romantic mood of the young poet also manifested.
South Link(1820 - 1824) - a new period in the work of Pushkin. The poet was expelled from St. Petersburg for the corlast poems that fell into the hands of the government, first in Ekaterinoslav, from where the will of the Fate comes a trip to the Caucasus and the Crimea with the family of the Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General N.N. Raevsky, then lives in Chisinau, in Odessa. Cycle of romantic "southern poems" "Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1820 -21), "Brothers-Robbers"(1821 -22), "Bakhchisarai fountain"(1822 -23) is dedicated to an outstanding personality ( exceptional hero) on the lone of luxurious southern nature in a society where "liberty" is thriving ( exceptional circumstances). However, already in the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus" begins in "Gypsies"(1824) The turn turns to the realism associated with the dissemination of the exclusivity of the romantic hero.
Periodregular links to generic estate Mikhailovskoe(1824 - 1826) was for the poet of the time of concentrated work and thinking about the fate of Russia and its generation, the progressive representatives of which came out on December 14, 1825 on the Senate Square. The realistic approach to the image of the story has become decisive for the tragedy "Boris Godunov"(1825). The poem of the Mikhailovsky period is represented by a mature lyrical hero, not a dishonorant-free-free-free, and the artist experiencing the need to recall the last one. Poem "October 19"("Rhines the Forest of the Criminal Procedure"), "I.I. Pushchina "("My first friend, my friend is invalid"), "Winter evening", "Winter Road", "Nyan", Written during this period, imbued with the mood of sadness and loneliness.
Retrorsed to Moscow in 1926 by the new king Nikolai I, Pushkin is hardly worried about the arrest, the link and execution of his comrades and himself falls under the cheer of the Tsar and the Chef of Gendarmes Benkendorf. Sample civil lyrics of mature Pushkin serve poems "In the depths of Siberian ores"(1827) and "Anchar"(1828). In 1828 - 1829 working on the poem "Poltava".In 1829 it goes second journey into the Caucasus - to Arzrum. In the same year, the masterpieces of his love lyrics appear "On the hills of Georgia there is a night blah," "I loved you: love can still be ..."
In the autumn of 1830, Pushkin, who was personal affairs in the estate of Boldino, Nizhny Novgorod province, was forced to stay with departure to Moscow. The cholera epidemic was raged in Central Russia, and in connection with Quarantine all roads were blocked. September 7 - November 6, 1830became in the life of Pushkin by a special period called Boldinsky autumn - the highest lifting of his creative forces. In a short time, such masterpieces as poems were written. "Demons", "Elegy",poem "Domik in Kolomna", "Tale of the Pop and an employee of his Bald", "Tale of Belkin",dramatic cycle "Little tragedies."
Boldinsky autumn was completed and roman in verse"Eugene Onegin" Started in Chisinau in 1823, the work on which was over 7 years old and who was published on the chapters. Life and morals of that time are discharged with such reliability and thoroughness that V.G. Belinsky called Roman "Encyclopedia of Russian Life" , and the work is rightfully considered the first russian realistic novelXIX century.
In 1833, Pushkin writes the poem "Bronze Horseman".In the same year, with the aim of collecting material for the History of Pugachev, the poet goes to the Orenburg province. Parallel writes a historic novel "Captain's daughter"(1836).
In 1836, Pushkin, family man, father of four children, publisher of the leading literary magazine "Contemporary". It turned out to be drawn into a dirty secular intrigue associated with the name of his wife. A quick-tempered and proud poet was forced to memorize Natalia Nikolaevna and called on Duel Baron George Dantes, the Guards officer, an empty and cynical person. The fatal fight took place on January 27 (February 8) of 1837 on a black river, in the suburbs of St. Petersburg. The death-wounded Pushkin dance bullet in large torment died in the St. Petersburg apartment on the car wash. Buried in the Svyatogorsk Monastery near Mikhailovsky.
By coincidence a poem "I will erect a monument to yourself ...",written in half a year before the tragic death, became a creative testament of the poet, summing up his life. He wrote:
Rumor about me will pass throughout Russia,
And I will call me any language in it,
And proud grandson of Slavs, and Finn, and now wild
Tonguz, and friend steppes Kalmyk.
Life and creative way
The ancestor of the Russian noble family of Lermontov Scot Lermont, who received in the 17th century to the service for the Moscow king, took place from the legendary state of Scottish literature Thomas Rifmach (XIII century). The future Russian poet was born in Moscow, in the family of an officer, a small landlord, after the death of his wife in 1817, who left the only son on the care of strict, but caring grandmother E.A. Arsenyeva. Separation with the father of Lermontov will devote a poem "The terrible fate of the Father and Son"(1831).
The Childhood of Lermontov took place in the estate of the grandmother - the village of Tarkhana Penza province, as well as in Moscow. The boy's weak health was often exported to the Caucasus, whose beauty was mowed in early poems.
In 1828, Lermontov enters the Moscow Noble Pension, in 1830-1832, he studies at the moral and political department of Moscow University, from which it is expelled for liberty. In 1832, along with her grandmother, he moved to Petersburg and enters the school of junkers, and in 1834 he was produced in Chin Kornet Life Guard of the Hussar Regiment.
Already in youth poems (" Sail "(1832)) Lermontov manifested itself the main motive of his work - loneliness , associated both with the features of the personality of the poet himself, and with the romantic tradition and her cult of a single hero, rejected by society, - rebar and freedomist.
The young poet, being influenced by Bairon and Pushkin, seeks to get rid of this influence, realize his own path. So, in the poem "No, I'm not Byron, I am another ..."(1832) The poet emphasizes its "Russian soul", but nevertheless, the bayronic motives remain strong.
The first printed from the knowledge of the poet, the poem was "Borodino"(1837), in which Lermontov realism first manifested itself.
In 1837, Lermontov, being in St. Petersburg, received the news of the death of Pushkin and immediately responded with an angry poem "Death of poet"- The first in the history of literature, in which the value of the Great Russian poet is realized in the entire fullness. Recognizing the danger of this poem extending in the lists, Nikolai I ordered Lermontov to arrest and exit the Caucasus. In 1838, with the consent of the king on the existence of E.A. Arseny poet returned from the link.
Things about the fate of their generation, doomed to inaction and nonsense, a poem is devoted to "Thought"(1838):
Sad I look at our generation:
His coming Ile is empty, il dark ...
Gorish meditation of the poet about loneliness in the society of "secular mobile" fill his poems "How often the Movie Tip is surrounded ..."(1840), "And boring and sad, and some kind of hand feed ..."(1840).
But not everything is so gloomy in the artistic world of Lermontov: the poet sometimes knows how to find harmony with the world. Poem "Prayer"("In a minute of life difficult", 1839), "When the yellowing Niva is worried ..."(1837), "I go out alone on the road"(1841) sum up the results of lyrical dreams of the poet about harmony with nature. Native nature for Lermontov is the closest way of the Motherland, which the poet loves "Strange Love" is not for its state and historical greatness, and for the "forests of banging bars", "the spills of her rivers, similar to the seas" ... Such attitude to Russia was new and Unusual for Russian lyrics of the XIXVEK.
Realistic drama in verse "Masquerade"(1835 -1836) became the top of the Dramaturgia of Lermontov. The peak of the poet's creativity in the major poetic form of the poems "Demon" (1839) and "MTSYRY"(1839), and the final prosaic work - Roman "Hero of our time"(1837 -1840). it the first Russian realistic novel in prose.The image of Pechorin is revealed by Lermontov through the prism of the complex composition of the novel, consisting of five novels, the stories of which are told by three narrator characters: the author and Maxim Maximich ( BALE), author ( "Maxim Maximach"), « Pechorina Journal » ( "Preface"), Pechorin (Taman, "Princess Mary", "Fatalist").Such an unusual composition transmits the complexity and inconsistency of the character of Pechorin, and the narrative from several persons helps to assess its actions from different sides. The discovery of Lermontov-Romanist is also in deep penetration into the inner world of Pechorin, therefore the "hero of our time" is the first Russian psychological novel.
The fate of Lermontov himself was tragic. In 1840, for a duel with the Son of the French ambassador, he was again exiled to the Caucasus. Here Lermontov participates in hostilities, and in 1841 after a short vacation conducted in St. Petersburg, he returns to Pyatigorsk. Representatives of the St. Petersburg society located on mineral waters, many of which hated the poet, provoked a conflict with a former friend of Lermontov. The clash leads to a duel: July 15 at the foot of Mount Mashuk Martynov killed Lermontov. The poet's body was first buried in Pyatigorsk, and in 1842 at the insistence of Grandma E.A. Arsenyeva is reburied in the gravestone in Tarkhans.
Life and creative way
The full surname of Gogol-Yanovsky, who was taken from parents, small-position Ukrainian nobles, Gogol reduced to the first part. A writer was born in the town of Big Sorochians of the Mirgorod County of Poltava province. His childhood passed in the estate of Father Vasilyevka-Yanovschina. He learns Gogol first in the Poltava School, in 1821-1828 - in the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nezhin.
The first one's poem "Hans Kyhehelgarten"Gogol publishes in St. Petersburg in 1829, where he moved after the end of the Nezhinskaya gymnasium, and after it there was a burst for the last money all copies and burns them. So, from the first steps in the literature, Gogol appears a passion to burn its own works. In 1831 and 1832, there are two parts of the collection of Hogol's "Evening in the farm near Dikanka" ("Sorochinskaya Fair", "Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala", "May night. Or a drunkenness", "Missing grades", "Night before Christmas", "Terrible revenge", "Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and his aunt," enchanted place "). The humorous stories of "evenings" contain a rich Ukrainian folklore, thanks to which comic and romantic and fantastic images and situations have been created. The publication of the collection immediately brought Gogol glory to the comic writer.
In 1835, Gogol receives the place of Adjunct-Professor at the University of St. Petersburg and lectures on the history of the Middle Ages. New collections of leads Mirgorod(1835) ("Starlavetsky landowners", "Taras Bulba", "Viy", "The story about how Ivan Ivanovich was quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich") and "Arabesque"(1835) ("Nevsky Prospect", "Notes of the Crazy", "Portrait")specify the turn of the writer to the realism, but the realism is a special fantastic.
The dramaturgy of Gogol was both: comedy "Auditor"(1835) and "Marriage"(1841) enriched with the new content of the Russian theater. The auditor is written on the plot of a funny story told by Gogol Pushkin, how provincial officials were accepted for the auditor of Khlezlekov, an "empty person." The comedy had a huge success among the public and gave rise to a huge number of reviews - from the most eloquent to the most enthusiastic.
Fantastic story "Nose"(1836) and then the story "Shinel"(1842) Complete "Petersburg Tale" of Gogol. In "Sinels", the writer continued to be launched the Pushkin theme " little man ».
Back in 1835, by the legend spread by Gogol himself, Pushkin "presented" to him the plot of the main work of his life - poems (in prose) "Dead Souls".In 1836, Gogol left abroad, he visited Germany, Switzerland, Paris, and before 1848 he lived in Rome, where he began his immortal poem. The plot base of the Gogol Poem is simple: the adventurist of chikchiki, traveling in Russia, intends to bother at the landowners of dead peasants who are alive on paper, - in the "Audivian fairy tales", and then lay them into the guardian council, receiving money for this. The hero implies to find the whole of Russia, which was required to the author to create a comprehensive picture of Russian life. As a result, an amazing picture of Gogol Russia occurs. This is not only the "dead souls" of landowners and officials, but also the "living souls" of peasants as an embodiment of a Russian national character. Copyright attitude to the people, to their homeland is expressed in numerous author's departures . Gogol writes about Russia and its future with special love and scope in them, creating magnificent images of the road and racing on it "Birds-Troika".
The author's plans were to resurrect the "dead soul" Chichikov, make it an ideal Russian landowner, a strong businessman. Images of such landlords are outlined in the preserved draft variants of the II volumes of the "dead souls".
By the end of his life, Gogol is experiencing a deep spiritual crisis, associated with the fact that he does not find the strength to be a true religious writer (the entire problems of spiritual life is devoted to the scandalous and undervalued by contemporaries "Selected places from correspondence with friends" (1847)), since the moral resurrection of the heroes of the "dead souls" is a religious task associated with the Christian tradition.
Before death, Gogol burns the version of the second volume of his poem. It was an ordinary practice: the failed, in his opinion, he destroyed the text to rewrite again. However, this time - did not have time. Gogol died in Moscow, was buried in the Holy Danilov Monastery, and in 1931 the Prahi writer was postponed to Novodevichi Cemetery.
V. Literature for the second half of the XIX century
Magazine "Contemporary".
The magazine was founded by Pushkin in 1836. After his death in 1837, the editor of the journal became a friend of Pushkin Professor of St. Petersburg University of Plenev.
In 1847, the Journal of Rent took N.A. Nekrasov and I.I. Panayev. They managed to group all the best literary forces of that time around the magazine. The critical department led Belinsky, printed his works of Herzen, Turgenev, Grigorovich, Tolstoy, Fet, etc.
During the revolutionary rise in the editorial office of the contemporary, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov entered. They turned the magazine in the instrument of struggle for the overthrow of autocracy. At the same time, among the employees of the journal there were irreconcilable contradictions between democratic writers and liberal writers. In 1860, a split occurred in the editorial office. The reason served as the Dobrolyubov article "When a real day comes," the Roman Turgenev "on the eve" will come. Turgenev, defending liberal positions, did not agree with the revolutionary interpretation of his novel and after the article was printed, in protest he left the editorial board. Together with him left the magazine and other liberal writers: Tolstoy, Goncharov, Fet, and others.
However, after their care, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov managed to rally around the "contemporary" talented youth and turned the magazine to the revolutionary tribune of the era. As a result, in 1862, the edition of the "contemporary" was suspended for 8 months, and in 1866 it was closed finally. The traditions of "Contemporary" continued the magazine "Public Notes" (1868 - 1884), which was published edited by Nekrasov and Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Life and creative way
Born by A.N. Ostrovsky March 31, 1823 in Moscow in the family of an official - a difference. The Ostrovsky family lived at the time in Zamoskvorechye, in the part of Moscow, where merchants had long sedired. Subsequently, they will become the heroes of his works, for which the Ostrovsky Columbus of Zamoskvorechye will be called.
In 1840, Ostrovsky enters the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow University, but the profession of a lawyer does not attract it, and in 1843 he leaves the university. Father deprives his material support, and A.N. Enters the service at the "Coming Court". In the "conscientious court" disassembled "on conscience" between relatives. Two years later, in 1845, he translates the papers to the commercial court. In 1847 it comes out of his first play "His people - to tear up" ("bankrupt").
Since the beginning of the 1850s, Ostrovsky's play is put with the success of St. Petersburg Alexandrinsky and Moscow Small Theaters. Almost all the dramaturgy of the Russian classic will be connected with the Small Theater.
From the mid-50s, the writer collaborates in the magazine "Contemporary". In 1856, he, together with a scientific expedition, comes a trip to the upper reaches of Volga, studies the life of Volga cities. The result of this trip was the Piez "Thunderstorm", printed in 1859. After "thunderstorms", the life of the writer flowed smoothly, he works a lot on his works.
In 1886, Ostrovsky was appointed head of the repertoire of Moscow theaters, the head of the theater school. He dreams of the theater reform, but the writer's dreams were not destined to come true. In the spring of 1886, he is seriously ill and is leaving for the estimated shikolo in the Kostroma province, where June 2, 1886 dies.
Ostrovsky - author more than 47 original plays. Among them: "Do not sit down in our sleeves", "on every sage is pretty simplicity," "Didnotection", "talents and fans", "without guilt", "Wolves and sheep", "not all Cool carnival", " Hot heart, "Snow Maiden" and others.
Piece "Thunderstorm"
Life and morals of the city of Kalinova
Action Drama A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" occurs in the provincial city of Kalinov, located on the banks of the Volga. "The kind of extraordinary! Beauty! The soul rejoices! "Kuligin exclaims, one of the locals.
But against the background of this beautiful landscape there is a noticeable picture of life.
In merchant houses, behind the high fences, the invisible tears are poured behind heavy locks, dark cases are happening. In stuffy merchant sorries, the arbitrariness of self-timers reigns. Immediately it clarifies that the cause of poverty is the shameless operation of the poor rich.
Two groups of the inhabitants of the city of Kalinov are played in the play. One of them personifies the oppressive power of the "Dark Kingdom". This is wild and kabani, oppressors and enemies of all living and new. The other group includes Katerina, Kuligin, Tikhon, Boris, Kudryash and Varvara. These are victims of the "Dark Kingdom", but in different ways expressing their protest against this force.
Drawing images of representatives of the "Dark Kingdom", Wild and Kabani self-rigging, the Ostrovsky clearly shows that despotism and cruelty of them hold on the money. This money gives the boa of the opportunity to dispose of themselves in the house, and command the strangers who constantly spread her ridiculous thoughts to all over the world, and in general to dictate moral laws in the entire city.
The main meaning of wild life - enrichment. Thirst for money disfigured him, turned into a reckless breath. The moral foundations in his soul are thoroughly loosened.
Kabaniha - protector of the old basics of life, rites and customs of the "Dark Kingdom". She all seems that the children began to go out from under the influence of parents. Kabaniha hates everything new, believes to all ridiculous fudges of the fecles. She, like wild, extremely ignorant. Her activity is a family. It is not considered with the interests and inconsistencies of their children, at every step insults them with their suspicions and reproaches. According to her conviction, the basis of family relations should be fear, and not mutual love and respect. Freedom, according to Kabani, leads a person to a moral fall. The despotism of the Kabani is hacked, hypocritical. All of her actions are covered by the mask of the humility of God's will. Kabaniha - a cruel and heartless man.
Between the ribbons and wild much in common. They are united by despotism, superstition, ignorance, heartlessness. But wild and kabani do not repeat each other. Kabaniha wilder wilderness. Wild does not cover his homework. Kabaniha is hiding behind God, to whom she supposedly serves. No matter how disgusting wild, Kabaniha is terrible and more harmful. Her authority is recognized by everyone, even wildly he tells her: "You can talk me alone in the whole city." After all, the wildmake of the wild is based primarily on impunity, and therefore it will leave in front of a strong person. It is impossible to "enlighten", but you can "stop". Marf Ignatievna it easily succeeds.
It is wild and kabani who create an atmosphere of "brutal morals" in the city, in which fresh, young forces are choking. It rushes from a cliff to the Volga Katerina, runs away from the house with Kudryash Barbara, not to withstand the despotism of the mother, Tikhon lost all the ability to live and think independently. There is no place in this atmosphere of good and love.
The action of the play does not go beyond the family, domestic conflict, but this conflict has a great socio-political significance. The play was a passionate accusation of despotism and ignorance that reigned in the predhormed Russia, a hot appeal to freedom.
Life and creative way
Goncharov was born in Simbirsk, in the family of rich merchants, the primary education received at home, then in a private noble guest house. In 1822, he was sent to the Moscow Commercial School, where he studied for 8 years, which he recalls with bitterness. In 1831-1834, Goncharov studies on the verbal branch of Moscow University and falls in a completely different circle of student youth - the future noble and middle intelligentsia. After graduating from the university, he served several months by the secretary of the symbirsk governor, he moved to Petersburg and gets closer to literary circles, surprising everyone with rather weak verses and trying herself in the genres of essay and stories.
In 1847, in the magazine "Contempora" comes out his first novel "Ordinary History",which, according to Belinsky, inflicted a "scary blow to romanticism, dreaminess, sentimentalism, provincialism." In 1852 - 1855, Goncharov, as a secretary, make a world tour on the Fregate "Pallada", the impressions of the expedition were embodied in the book of essays, which was called "Fregate Pallada"(1855 -1857). Upon returning to St. Petersburg, the writer serves in the Department of the Ministry of Finance, then in the censorship committee, until it comes to resigning in 1860.
In 1859, the second Roman Goncharov was published, work on which lasted about ten years, - "Oblomov".The main artistic discovery is the image of the chief hero of Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, the Russian Barina "Years of Thirty-Two-Three-three", conducting his life, lying on the couch in the St. Petersburg apartment. The novel is important not so much the plot as the image of the main character, the relationship with other heroes (gallez, Olga, Zakhar, Agafia Matveyevna).
An important role in artistic relationship plays in the novel "Sleep Oblomov",written significantly earlier than others (1849). It shows not just a special, and to the extremes of the conservative world of the generic estate. In the reality, the crushing is the earthly paradise, where everything, even the peasants and the yard, live happily and measuredly, do not care about anything, Paradise, who left the bugs, matured and appear in St. Petersburg. Now, out of the crushing, he is trying to recreate the former paradise in the new conditions, as well as the real world, several layers of partitions - a bathrobe, a sofa, apartment, creating the same closed space. The faithful traditions of the crushing, the hero prefers to be lazy, inactive, plunging into a serene sleep, which is sometimes forced to interrupt Zakhar's fortress servant, "passionately devotee Barina", and at the same time a big liar and grure. Nothing can break the Oblomovsky pinning. Perhaps only one Andrei gallez, a friend of childhood Oblomov, manages on a relatively long time to "wake up" a friend. Stolz - in all the opposite of Oblomov. In this antitheseand the whole novel is built. Stolz - energetic, active, purposeful. Thanks to him, the bugs are published, engaged in launched activities of the estates and even falls in love with the familiar gallery - Olga Ilinskaya. Love for Olga, according to the plan of the gallery, was to finally "awaken" the Oblomov, but this did not happen. On the contrary, the bugs not only returned to its previous state, but also aggravated him, marrying her good and caring widow - Agafier Matveyevna Whentica. Which, creating all the conditions of a quiet manifold for him, revived his favorite breakdown and led him to death.
The Roman "Oblomov" was met by the public enthusiasm: it was appreciated, first of all, a detailed analysis of the social phenomenon described by Goncharov - oblomeness -as the states of spiritual and intellectual stagnation, taking place in Russian Baroge and serfdom.
After "Oblomov", the writer returns to public service: since 1862, edits the newspaper of the Ministry of the Interior of Northern Mail, then enters the press on printing council, is again appointed to the post of censor and with great breaks his last, third, Roman - "Open"(1849 -1869).
In recent decades of life, Goncharov writes memories, essays and critical articles, including the classical analysis of the comedy "grief from the mind" A.S. Griboedov "Millon Torzania" (1872).
Poets of "pure art"
Life and creative way
"His romance (Feta) sows almost all of Russia," the composer Shchedrin wrote in 1863. Tchaikovsky called him not just a poet, but a poet musician. And, indeed, the indisputable advantage of most poems A.Feta is their singer and musicality.
Feta Feta, a rich and born Orlovsky landowner Athanasius Shenshin, returning from Germany, secretly taken from the wife of the Darmstad Officer Charlotte Feth in Russia. Soon Charlotte gave birth to a son - the future poet, who also received the name of Athanasius. However, the official marriage of Shanshina with Charlotte, who passed in Orthodoxy under the name Elizabeth, was accomplished after the birth of the Son. After many years, the church authorities revealed the "illegality" of the birth of Afanasia Afanasyevich, and, already being a 15-year-old young man, he began to be considered not the son of Shenshina, but the son of the Darmstadsky official of Feta residing in Russia. The boy was shocked. Not to mention other things, he deprived of all the rights and privileges associated with the nobility and legitimate inheritance. The young man decided in order to achieve all the fact that fate took him so cruelly. And in 1873, the request for the recognition of his son Sheenshina was satisfied, however, the price he paid for achieving his goal, to correct the "misfortune of his birth," was too large:
Multi-year (from 1845 to 1858) military service in a deaf province;
Failure to love the beautiful but poor girl.
He acquired everything he wanted. But it did not soften the blows of fate, as a result of which the "ideal world", as Fet wrote, "was destroyed for a long time."
The first poems published their poet in 1842 under the surname of Fet (without points above E), which became its constant literary pseudonym. In 1850, he became close to the "contemporary" of Nekrasov, and in 1850 and 1856 the first collections were published - "poem A. Feta". In 1860 - 1870, Fet leaves poetry, giving up economic cases in the estate of Stepanovka Oryolsky province, next to the possessions of Shenschin, and for eleven years he served the position of the magistrate. In the 1880s, the poet returned to literary creativity and published the collections "Evening lights" (1883, 1885, 1888, 1891).
Fet is the most significant representative of the Pleiads of poets " pure art ", In the work of which there is no place for citizenship.
Fet constantly emphasized that art should not be associated with the life that the poet should not interfere in the affairs of the "poor world".
Disposable from the tragic aspects of reality, from those questions that painfully worried his contemporaries, Fet has limited his poetry by three topics: love, nature, art.
Feta poetry - the poetry of hints, guessing, defaults; His verses for the most part do not have the plot - these are lyrical miniatures, the appointment of which to transfer not so much thoughts and feeling as "bat" the mood of the poet.
IN landscape lyricsFeta to perfection brought penetration into the slightest changes in the state of nature. So, the poem "whisper, timid breathing ..." consists exclusively from the recording proposals. Due to the fact that there is not a single verb in the proposal, the effect of the exactly seized momentary impression is created.
Poem
Shone night. Moon was full of garden. Lying
Rays from our legs in the living room without lights
you can compare with Pushkinsky "I remember a wonderful moment." Just like Pushkin, in the Fetovo poem, two main parts: the first meeting with the heroine and the second one says. The years past after the first meeting were loneliness days and longing:
And many years have passed a volatory and boring ...
The final of true love is expressed in the final, which raises the poet over time and death:
And there is no end of life, and there is no goal,
As soon as we believe in the sobbing sounds,
Love you, hug and cry over you!
Poem " One shock to drive a freight alive "- About poetry. For feta, art is one of the forms of expression of the beautiful. The poet, says A.A. Fet, able to express whether "before the language does not know."
Life and creative way
Tyutchev - "On Dean from the greatest lyrics that existed on earth."
Topic III. Artistic culture and science of Europe Renaissance (4 h)Lessons 8-9.High revival. The ideas of humanism in literature and music
ROUTING
Possible personally meaningful problem: the relevance and modernity of the views of the humanists; The significance of the priority of universal values \u200b\u200bto form their own views on humans and the world. Ecology of culturePlanned Material Study Results
Students assimilate that humanism is in the era of the revival, the philosophical system, proclaiming a new attitude towards peace, nature, man. Its incarnation in the artistic culture of Europe of the end of the XV - the first half of the XVII century. The art of rebirth is the anthem of the beauty of a person, the approval of the infinity of its possibilities
Training methods and form of training activities
Illustrative reproductive, partially search methods.Variants of cognitive questions and problem tasks: 1. The famous historian of culture M. V. Alpatov belongs to the statement: "Antiquity, this forgotten world, is again the revival, like an ancient fabulous bird Phoenix." Comment on the quote. How do you understand the words "Forgotten World"? Do you agree that the "return" of ancient culture is like a Phoenix (a fabulous bird that was revived from the ashes)? 2. Humanists created a slim philosophical system, the appearance of which was dictated by the peculiarities of his time. What do you think are interesting if their reflections on the world, nature, man people start the III Millennium? 3. Renaissance literature leads a dispute about man. Writers and poets defend a new one (compared to the religious representations of the Middle Ages) a look at its place in the world. Is the attitude of the poets and the Writers of the Renaissance to the personality of a person? Perhaps you would want to talk or even argue with the heroes of T. Mora, W. Shakespeare or M. Cervantes. About what? Explain your point of view. 4. The Renaissance Age knows many examples of how simple people with genuine interest followed the birth of picturesque masterpieces, and then they wore them through the streets of the city, and he watched them with deep excitement, he watched the construction of a new palace or the construction of the grand dome of the cathedral. Many rulers of Italian cities and even dads were the largest experts of art and collectors of unique artistic collections. Are these facts evidence that art has become an integral part of the life of the Renaissance Society? How do you think preserved (lost, changed) This tradition is in our time? How do you think there should be a relationship of a modern man to cultural heritage?
Form of the lesson: Combined lesson.
Teacher's activities: Explanation, story, conversation, creating pedagogical situations to solve cognitive tasks and problematic issues, organization of discussion of various opinions with elements of discussion
Development of students' skills
Students are mastering the algorithm of logical operations to understand theoretical material: summarizing and systematizing historical knowledge, draw conclusions about the relationship in the development of spiritual and material culture; The experience of establishing the continuity bonds between cultures of various eras (antiquity - revival). Getting acquainted with the phenomena of artistic culture, learn to perceive it as a kind of "window" into the world, a unique opportunity "dive" in the Renaissance era; The creative abilities of the recreation of the multidimensional "image of the era", the development, "residence" of the historical and cultural reservoir. In the process of communicating with works of art, schoolchildren learn to see in them the embodiment of humanistic philosophy, design historical images of artistic culture creators; form specific skills to work with literary text; accumulate the experience of listening to musical works; "Travel" by cities - the custodians of the culture of the past
Basic concepts and terms
Antiquity, revival (Renaissance), humanism, philosophy, asceticism, culture, art, cultural heritage, utopia, romance, playwright, sonnet, madrigal, opera
Sources of information: School and extracurricular
Tutorial, § 7-8. Tasks from the working notebook for the choice of teacher and students. Tests to the topic.
Educational space expandsdue to artistic and popular science literature: L. Lyubimov. Art of Western Europe; The sky is not too high. E. V. Fedorova. Famous cities of Italy: Rome. Florence. Venice. N. V. Miracksky, E. V. Mirtskaya. Lessons of ancient culture. E. Rotterdamsky. Praise stupidity. F. Rabla. Gargantua and Pantagruel. W. Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet; King Lear; Sonnets. M. Servantes. Don Quixote.
Comments on the technological map
These lessons discover the section on the study of the issues of the Renaissance artistic culture of Europe. Considering the volume and degree of complexity of this material, it is advisable not to conduct a survey of students. In a well-trained class, where students have the experience of collective discussions, the teacher can begin a brief entry conversation. Offer to reflect on the social role of art, using the questions: what can be said about the society that takes care of the increase in cultural wealth, visiting predecessors, and about society, which, on the contrary, dilutes, and even destroys them at all? What circumstances can contribute (interfere) the prosperity of the arts? What does people encourage people sometimes sacrifice so many for the sake of creating or preserving works of culture?
It is desirable that students, express their opinions about the attitude of society to the cultural heritage in different historical periods, remembered historical facts explaining and complementing their answers. The conversation contributes to the awareness of schoolchildren of culture as a kind of memory of mankind. Respect for the cultural heritage, concern for its preservation is a sign of a full-fledged and harmonious society, the evidence of the moral health of the nation.
Announced theme of the lesson, the teacher notes that the revival is one of the most vivid and dramatic pages of the history of mankind. The era of Titans enriched world culture with outstanding monuments - witnesses. Thoughtful and attentive interlocutor, these monuments can "tell" about their time and his creators, if you enter into a dialogue.
Acquaintance of students with the world of high rebirth occurs, taking into account their knowledge of the reasons for Renaissance, about the peculiarities of a new culture, a certain idea of \u200b\u200bthe views of Humanists from the course of the history of the Middle Ages. During the next three lessons, it is assumed not only to expand and add them, but also to comprehend on another personally significant level. The beginning of introductory classes can be organized in two versions. The first, more traditional, passes in the form of a frontal conversation on issues.
What events prepared the Renaissance Epoch? It is important to draw attention to the economic and political conditionality of a grandylogon, which was accompanied in philosophy and art. Pupils will undoubtedly call the development of production, an increase in the number of various manufactories, the emergence of trade unions, the expansion of trade and cultural ties, which the great geographical discoveries contributed to a large extent.
Why did the birthplace of Renaissance become Italy? The discussion of the question is important for understanding the continuity in the development of artistic culture. The teacher summarizes the answers, stressing that not only the intensive development of bourgeois relations, rich banks, extensive trade relations contributed to the formation of the Renaissance culture. The historical fate of the ancient heritage was played. Dante wrote: "The ruins of the walls of Rome deserve the worship, and the land on which the city stands is sacred than people think." It was during the early rebirth that the educated Italian know, the rulers of cities and dads in every way encouraged the search and study of antiquity monuments. By this time, the fate of the first private museums opened to visit the public (in 1471, the collection of ancient works belonging to Pope, was put up for the review of all wishing). You can use the excerpt from the book L. L. Favimov "Art of Western Europe":
Italian humanists opened the world of classical antiquity, found in the forgotten books of the creation of the ancient authors and painstakingly work purified them from distortion made by medieval monks. Their searches were marked by fiery enthusiasm. When in front of Petrarch, which is considered to be the first humanist, loomed in the way the silhouette of the monastery, he literally trembled from the thought that there may be some kind of classic manuscript. Other crpaved fragments of columns, statues, bas-reliefs, coins. The abstract beauty of the Byzantine Mercla icon in front of the warm, living beauty of Marble Venus, the joy of all Florence or the entire Rome extracted from the Earth, where she lay for over a thousand years. "I resurrect the dead," said one of the Italian humanists, who devoted himself to archeology (M., 1982. - P. 117).
In a conversation, the teacher once again draws the class of attention to the fact that the Renaissance - a wonderful example of the "resurrection from non-existence" of a huge reservoir of an ancient culture that has become a source of inspiration for the creators of the new time art. Due to the formation of humanists, modern humanity was able to touch the sources of ancient civilization, participate in the "dialogue of cultures". In turn, the Renaissance culture will feed creative searches for subsequent generations, tying together the past and present. It is advisable to call (or, if there is an opportunity, to show in slides) monuments of ancient culture, returned to humanity in the Renaissance Epoch. It is logical to complete the conversation discussion of the first problem task.
Who are Humanists? What did they see the world and man? Student responses about the views of humanists are complemented by new information (in the textbook). In the course of the conversation, clarifying questions are quite appropriate: what are the segments of the population and why did the views of the Humanists welcomed? How has the lives of people in the revival era change? In a strong class, it is possible to discuss the fourth problem task.
The second version of the lesson is an imaginary journey to Florence with the role-playing elements. The teacher reminds of seventh graders that at the beginning of the XV century. In European culture, a grandiose revolution due to the rapid economic development and political transformations is performed. Everywhere the interest in earthly life is growing, the desire to enjoy her joys, which brightly embodied in the views of the humanists. Florence was a recognized center of humanism in the era of high revival. Special prosperity, this beautiful, rich and cheerful city reached during the rule of Lorenzo magnificent (1469-1492). Numerous festivals, funny carnivals, lush techniques followed one after another, attracting foreigners who visited Italy by trade or with diplomatic orders. The teacher suggests students to dream - to submit that by the will of the case there were guests from the distant snow-covered Muscovy here: "We will pass on the wings of imagination to Florence and, together with Muscovites, we will pass through the streets and squares, listen to the conversations of citizens, we will try to remember as much more details as possible, because ingenians Soon there will be to return home and tell everything they saw and heard, Ivan III itself - the great prince of All Russia. "
To make the perception of students more meaningful and targeted, we will invite them to think about the supporting issues recorded on the board: What could Florence Russian travelers see? What would make a special impression on them? What would they certainly be told on return? What would the prosperity of Florence be related? How would you explain to those humanists? Questions will serve as a basis for a conversation with schoolchildren after the short story of the teacher.
By the end of the XV century, a powerful Tuscany was put forward among the many independent regions of Italy. Through the picturesque meadows, framed by the hills, rolls the yellowish waves of the Arno River. On her shores there is an ancient capital of Tuscany - Florence. Justifying its name (from Latin - "blooming"), Florence was a rich and prosperous city. On weekdays and holidays with the sunrise, numerous shops and the owners have been led to passersby admire the goods. There was no dickey or luxury object, which could not be used there: carved furniture and precious dishes, overseas spices and jewelry from the east, rich weapons and carpets. Urban fashionistas and fashionists from wealthy families were flagged in rich outfits stitched from luxurious tissues of all sorts of shades, giving the streets of the city a festive and elegant look.
The population was divided into "skinny" and "fat" people. The first one treated small artisans, hired workers, urban poor. To the second - bankers, merchants, owners of manuff, lawyers. The well-developed production of woolen fabrics, trade, banking allowed urban bourgeoisie to accumulate considerable wealth. Bankers lent money to fellow citizens, overseas merchants and even to the Pope Roman. And once he was helped by the English king Eduard III, issuing a huge amount for the preparation of war with France.
Wealthy people filled their days with no prayers, but travel, trade transactions, reading, scientists talking. They sought to make the life of an active, useful and beautiful, hurried to enjoy the earthly joy, and did not wait for the eternal bliss after death. The numerous bourgeoisie was formed, appreciated not only money, but also scientific knowledge, art. According to orders of the rich, majestic buildings were built: residential buildings and public buildings, similar to palaces, decorated with paintings, wall paintings and sculpture. West citizens began to collect the collection of rarers and works of art.
The life of ordinary people has been transformed. Although there were still many poor people, heavily and many workers who worked, their life decorated entertainment, holidays, princely trips, theatrical performances, allowing to openly having fun, stressing their behavior to the rejection of medieval asceticism. Magnificently acquired art. A new wonderful picture or a statue of the people solemnly rushed around the city, everyone watched the construction of a new cathedral dome or palace. Once, when the famous artist finally completed work on the work, Florentine swept this delight that the quarter, where the painter lived, was called the Quarter of Joy.
As anywhere, in Florence there were many educated people who read a lot, traveled, spoke in several languages, were interested in philosophy, art, history. Their thoughts were directed not to the illuminated, but to the earthly life they believed beautiful. Amazes were extended among the inhabitants, and religious ignorance caused ridicule. Not faceless saints, but real people were interested in philosophers, poets, artists. The best of them began to be called humanists (translated from the Latin "human"). They sought to show the value and uniqueness of each person. People in their works appear strong, active and beautiful. Having praised the mind and physical beauty of a man, humanists believed that a person could achieve everything wished, and the sky for him is not too high. Famous Florentine philosopher Pico della Mirandola wrote: "On the wondrous and sublime appointment of a person who is given to achieve what he seeks to be, and to be what he wants!"
The townspeople of Florence were brought up by humanists in the spirit of worship before ancient art. Humanists told them about the finds of ancient manuscripts, ancient coins, sculptures and other monuments of ancient culture, which sometimes saved with risk to life. The rulers of the city, also collecting cultural monuments, put them on review the inhabitants. They strongly encouraged classes with science and art, attracted talented and educated people to their courtyard, arranging disputes, during which humanists talked about the perfect person.
The fame of Florence introduced one of the richest and influential genera - Medici whose ancestors - Lekari (hence there was a surname) - Later, the banker house was founded. Medici actively participated in political life, for many years ruled the city and were able to win the love and respect of the Florentine. After the death of one of them, they said: "He never criticized the limits of modesty, like a simple citizen ... for it was well understood that the luxury, constantly exposed to the deposit, generates a greater envy of people than the real wealth ..."
A student and follower of Humanists considered himself the ruler of Florence Lorenzo Medici, nicknamed magnificent. In the urban art gallery, its portrait has been preserved: a thin ugly man surrounded by art objects is sad and thoughtfully looks at the viewer. In all the aids, calm, self-esteem, an outstanding mind is guessed. Lorenzo was perfectly educated, read and spoke in Greek, wrote poems. In the garden of his house, he collected a collection of antique works and organized a school of painting and sculpture. Among her students was Michelangelo - in the future, the famous architect, sculptor and artist, one of the geniuses of Renaissance. Lorenzo loved festive marchs, funny feasts, ideas that were arranged on urban streets and squares and lasted several days. In every possible way encouraged the performances of poets and musicians, sometimes he himself took part in the contest for the joyful cries of the crowd. In one of the poems, he calls for contemporaries to enjoy every mig life:
Oh, how youngest is beautiful,
But, instant, please sing! Laugh!
Be happy, who wants happiness!
And tomorrow you do not hope.
All Medici collected works of art, sacrificed money for public buildings. Their Palace (Palazzo Medici) became the authentic center of humanistic culture, a repository of a unique collection of artistic values. And the palace himself was a real masterpiece of architecture. The walls of the lower tier, lined with coarse, untreated stone, make the construction of a similar to the medieval fortress. But elegant proportions of the building, a variety of windows, elegant doors and a wide cornice over the third floor give him a festive appearance. The courtyard is surrounded by colonnay, on the facade, the name coat of arms: six balls (pill) on a smooth field - a reminder of the drug profession.
Favorable orders of the city rich were attracted to Florence famous architects. In the middle of the XV century. Pope Lion X (also from the family of Medici) instructed Michelangelo to attach to the old building of the Capella's generic church - the burial place of family members. A small building of the Medici Capella is decorated with a dome. Along the inner walls there are tombs, in front of the altar, Lorenzo is gorgeous. Contemporaries were amazed not only by Michelangelo's architectural finds, but also wonderful sculptures, which were decorated with sarcophages. On the lid of one master posted allegorical images of the day (the figure of an athlete in the flourish of forces) and the night (beautiful aging woman). Florentine saw a symbol of rapidly passing beauty and the fate of the city itself, which began to gradually lose its spiritual influence.
This lesson block (regardless of the selection of the material presentation option) completes the conclusion: more than 500 years ago, the system of views corresponding to the requirements of time has developed in Italy. On the board is recorded the main problem, to which the class will return after acquaintance with the literature and music of Renaissance: Are the thoughts expressed by the Humanists of Renaissance, representing interest only for historical specialists, or are they consonant with reflections of a modern person?
The teacher commented on the task, noting that the views of the Humanists enriched and changed the life of contemporaries; served as a source of inspiration for writers, poets, artists, sculptors, musicians who embodied the ideals of humanistic philosophy in artistic images. It is art that not only helps us see, feel, realize the characteristic signs of their time, but also raises the themes "Eternal", exciting people of subsequent eras. We will offer students to make sure that it determine that in the literary works of the Renaissance - a testimony of historical time, and what "crossed" the temporary framework and is relevant to us. Through the prism of this task, consider the literary creations of the era with students.
Given the large volume of material, we recommend to make the center of discussion of the work of E. Rotterdamsky, W. Shakespeare and M. Servantes, and the work of T. Mora and F. Rabel to give more review. It is advisable to select small, bright, "key" fragments of works, which students listen, read (in a book or housing), work with printed texts (either with text played on the screen; it is possible to use audio recordings), commented, answer questions, Express your opinion, exchange impressions.
The world of renaissance literature for sevenches opens the book Erasmus Rotterdam's "praise stupidity." The teacher reminds that the work was completed in 1508, and suggests "search" in the text of the signs of that time. First of all, we will pay attention to schoolchildren on the preface (the language of the original - Latin; "Praise of nonsense" was written after the author's return from Italy and is dedicated to the famous Humanist Thomas Moru). The comments of the text will help connect the work and the era into which it was created. To find out what the author of contemporaries wanted to say, we will offer students to read Fragments I, III, IV chapters and answer questions: Who is the main character of the work? How is the story built? Why does the author choose a similar form? Summarizing opinions, the teacher may emphasize that the author resorted to the help of satire, showing the vices of his contemporaries in the laugh mirror. But, as proved time, the work is no less interesting and distant descendants. What can attract the book of the modern reader? During the discussion, the disciples can take advantage of those fragments that they are already familiar with them, or supplement the answers with new ones (we recommend using the text X, XII, XXI, XXII, XXVI, XXVII, XXX, XXXIII chapters).
To work with the novel of Thomas Mora "Golden Book, as well as a pleasant, about the best device of the state and about the new island of Utopia, the teacher selects fragments, drawing poverty and dislike the peasants, the inhumanity of laws against the poor, and passages telling about the nravas, reigning among the islanders, their respect, goodwill, mutual assistance; On the relationship of the inhabitants of the island to art and sciences. The discussion of texts will allow students to highlight those that were created by the author under the influence of oppressive reality and express its compassion for thousands of people devoid of bed. Pupils will recall the historical context - the development of capitalist relations in England, accompanied by the enjoyment and the widespread Sgon of the peasants from the ground. These fragments carry a bright imprint of that time. In other passages, they will see the true humanistic dreams of the writer about the perfect social structure, the relationship between people who and today are very modern. It is worth reminding schoolchildren that the name of the novel has become a nominal - utopians call works describing a certain ideal device of life. Maybe they will remember other well-known works (including modern) relating to this genre.
Familiarity with the novel Francois Rabl "Gargantua and Pantagruel" can be predicted with a short comment. The author worked on the work of about 20 years: the first part of the book was published in 1533, the fourth - in 1552, the last, the fifth book was in 1562, after the death of the author. The heroes of the novel are good giant kings, often found in popular legends. Perhaps these images of the fantasy Rabel "suggested" the painting of the Sistine Chapel (no doubt the writer saw her), with the only difference that the images of Michelangelo Titanic, and the characters Rabl Ghotasca.
Almost all problems that worried contemporaries, one way or another, found an incarnation in the book: Education and education, war and politics, religious prejudices and the role of a woman in society, the perfect social structure and relationships of various segments of the population. In his characteristic manner, Rabel rigidly ridiculed the talked feudal orders and traditions. To work at the lesson, fragments, drawing training of Gargantua with medieval scholastics and humanists (BN 1, Ch. XIV, XV, XVI); War, broken down between Picrochl and Grangizye (KN. 1, Ch. XXVI-XXVIII); The device of the life of the inhabitants of the television monastery, which is essentially a "utopia" option (KN. 1, ch. Li-LVII). Particular attention should be paid for a trip, which is taking the heroes of the book on the island of Papahans and Papief (KN. 4, Ch. XLV-L). In the inhabitants of this fantastic island, contemporaries Rabel, of course, recognized themselves, just like in a pug's bird sitting in a cage and silently observing the order, - Pope Roman.
But Rabol could not limit himself only to the criticism of what was not satisfied with him in real life. A special place in the book is occupied by images of a smart, daring and cynical passage of Panurge, Brother Jean - the intercession of offended, good and bold man, and, finally, Gargantua himself. It was the Gargantua, the central and most beloved Charlable character, embodies the ideal of a wise, a fair, humane ruler, that whatever they wanted to see the sovereign Humanists.
Among the writers and the Renaissance poets, the name of William Shakespeare is familiar with the sequids better than others. Perhaps some have seen the screening of its works, know their content. For discussion at the lesson, the teacher will choose one or more tragedies (fragments of them), based on the classroom, the degree of preparedness of students. For example, from "Gamlet" to work at the lesson, students can be offered an excerpt that draws the historical era.
Whose image just appeared before us
As you know, it was caused to fight
The ruler of Norwegians Fortinbras.
In battle mastered our brave Hamlet,
So I have hearing in the enlightened world.
Enemy fell. There was a contract,
Bonded with observing the rules of honor
What together with life should Fortinburg
Leave the winner and land
In exchange for which on our part
Went pledge extensive possessions,
And they would take hold of FortourBras,
Take it up. On the same foundations
His land on the named article
His heir, Jr. Fortinbras,
In excess of born back
Scored along the whole of Norway a detachment
For bread ready to fight thugs.
Preparations visible goal
How confirmation of the reporting, -
Forcibly, with weapons in hand,
Delete the Father Lost Earth.
Here then, I guess, and lies
The most important cause of our fees,
Anxiety source and pretext
To the Skyatitice and the Sutol in the region.
(Horatio)
At the same time, it is much more important to focus on the problems that disturb us and today. Read along with students passages, listen, what the characters of the tragedy say, and we will offer to think: with the opinion of whom you will agree? Who would you like to argue? What thoughts seemed to be consonant with your own reflections?
The growth of life is not in one to develop muscles.
As the body grows in it, as in the temple,
The serving of the spirit and mind is growing.
What does man mean
When his cherished worship -
Eating yes sleep? Animal - and that's it.
Probably the one who created us with understanding
About the future and past, wondrous gift
Invested not with the fact that the Mind of Rotch without use.
To be or not to be, that is the question. Worthy
To humble under the blows of fate
Il must be resignated
And in the mortal battle with the whole sea of \u200b\u200btroubles
End of it? Die. Forget.
And know that they cut the chain
Heart torments and thousands of deprivation,
Inherent body. Is it not a goal
Welcome? . Some forget.
To sleep ... and see dreams? That's the answer.
What dreams in that mortal sleep will dream
When is the cover of the earthly feeling?
That is what a raidness. That's what extends
Misfortunes of our life for so many years.
And who will demolish the humiliation of the century,
Income the oppressor, noble
Correspondence, revolved feeling,
Non-Court and most
Mockery unworthy over decent,
When how just drives all the ends
Strong dagger! Whoever agreed
Groaching, under the rosary of life weave,
When the unknown after death
Fear countries from where no
Did not return, did not inclined the will
To put up better with familiar evil,
The flight to the unfamiliar to strive!
So all of us in panties turns the thought
And swept like a flower, our determination
In the probability of a mental dead end.
And I did not bother on the oath, I remember.
No, these outbreaks do not give heat,
Get blind on a moment and go out in the promise.
Do not take them, daughter, for fire.
Be poison for the future.
Let your conversation value.
Do not hurry towards meet, just clicked.
And gamlet believe only in that one,
What is young he and less in the command
Cramped than you; Excellent - do not really believe.
And the oaths and is suppressed. Oath - Lguni.
Not that they seem to be outside.
They are like experienced eyelas
Deligious breathe with the meekness of the holy,
To get around the easier.
(Polonium)
Suffocating Smyrad of the evils of mine.
On me the seal of ancient curse:
Murder brother. Thirst grief,
All hearts rushing, but I can not pray.
Pardon there is no such fault.
As a person with a fluctuating purpose,
I do not know what to start, and nothing
I do not do. When blood brother
I was all covered, unless then
Is it possible for no power these hands?
What would goodness do without villains?
Why did you need mercy?
We pray, so that God did not fall to us
Ile rescued from the depths of the Padena.
Despair early. Above guess!
I fell to get up. What words
Pray here? "Forgive the murder me"?
No, it is impossible. I did not return the extraction.
With me, everything, why I killed:
My crown, edge and queen.
For what to forgive one who is firm in sin?
We often focus on
Criminal handful of gold in his hand
And the most fruit of his villain
There is a deposit of legality. Not that
There, upstairs. There in authenticity naked
Lying our act without embellishment,
And we must at a pivot rate with the past
Keep the answer. So what? What do i do?
Confess? Repentance allocating.
But that when it is impossible!
Multi! About chest, black death!
About the puddle, where, floundering, soul
Everything is deeper!
What a miracle of nature man! How noble argues! What endless abilities! As accurate and striking in a warehouse and movement! Acts like close to the angels! Almost equal to God - Wake up! Beauty of the Universe! Crown of all living!
Possessed about the "eternal" values \u200b\u200bof a more personal character, cause a strong emotional response to help the lyrical poems of Shakespeare. The deep and beautiful world of human feelings is revealed in front of the reader in a cycle of 154 sonnets. Some sneeze friendship with wonderful young men, others narrate about straw and painful love for a beautiful black woman; In some verses, the lyrical hero utters passionate monologues about the hypocrisy and cruelty of society.
Acquaintance with sonnets makes it possible to talk a little about the features of poetry. It is worth reminding that Sonnet is a form of poem from 14 lines - originated in Italy in the XIII century. And it became especially popular in the revival era. Understand the attention of students to the fact that the lines are grouped in a special way: four - four - four or two. What is the meaning of this construction of the work? Rereading text, students will probably notice that the last lines are the character of philosophical generalization (they would be interested to comment). In the context of the conversation it is appropriate to note the musicality of the sonnets (not by chance, many of them attracted composers). If time allows time, you can say a few words about the art of translation, how difficult it is to look for poetic equivalents in another language, trying to convey not only the meaning, but also the sound of the original, shaped, associative structure of the work. We have the opportunity to read Shakespeare's sonnets in amazing translation S. Ya. Marshak.
This part of the lesson is better to organize in the form of a concert lesson, during which sonnets will be performed performed by the teacher or students. We recommend listening to the records of readers or singers (for example, a music cycle of ten sonnets of Shakespeare composer D. B. Kabalevsky). To discuss in the classroom, the texts below, or any others, on the selection of the teacher (students) can be used.
Goodbye! Hold you not dare.
I am expensive for your love.
I do not at the age of what I own,
And I pledge submissively give.
I, as a gift, I take love.
It is not bought by her merit.
And, it means voluntary assignment
By whim, you break free.
Daril you, the price is not knowing
Or not knowing, maybe me.
And not rightfully taken award
I kept until this day.
I was a king only in a dream.
I deprived the throne awakening.
Just if you're sobering, - so now
Now that the whole world is with me in the part.
Be bitter of my losses
But only the last drop of grief!
And if the sorrow is given to me overcome,
Do not hit an ambush.
Let the stormy not resolve the night
Rainy in the morning - in the morning without a spree.
Leave me but not in the last moment,
When I weaken from the small mischief
Leave now, so I will immediately comprehend,
That this grief of all adversity is more painful.
What is not adversity, but there is one trouble -
Your love will lose forever.
I love, but less often talk about it,
I love gentle, but not for many eyes.
Trades feeling one who is in front of the light
The whole soul puts off the head.
I met the song, as greetings,
When Nova's love was for us.
So nightinglets threatening at midnight hour
In the spring, but the flute forget in the summer.
Night will not lose the charms of yours
When it is smelled to the outpour.
But music, sound from all branches,
Ordinary becoming, loses charm.
And I'm silent, like a nightingale:
I miss my own and no longer.
Her eyes on the stars are not like
It is impossible to get lost corals,
Not snow white shoulders open skin,
And the black wire will strand.
With damask rose, scarlet or white,
You can not compare the shade of these cheeks.
And the body smells like the body smells,
And not violet gentle petal.
You will not find the perfection of lines in it,
Special light on the brow.
I do not know how the goddess marvels,
But cute steps on the ground.
And all that she will give way to those who hardly
Who in comparison with lush rolled out.
Whether the soul is cursed that he pulled
Me and a friend of priest.
You seemed to be tormenting me, -
My best friend is captured in the same captivity.
Cruel, unfinished eye
You forever deprived three hearts:
Losing will, I lost up
You, yourself and friend, finally.
But a friend you get rid of the slave share
And the orders, so that I dereg.
I will be guarded while in captivity,
And I will give the heart for him in a deposit.
Molver is in vain. You are my dungeon,
And my whole should be all with me.
My soul, the core of the land of sinful,
Rebel forces giving a captive,
You tear away from the need of spiritual
And spend on the painting of external walls.
Short guest, why such funds
Spending on your hired house?
To give the blind worms to inherit
Property extracted by labor?
Grow, soul, and satisfy
Card your treasure due to running days
And, better acquiring a share
Live richer, outwardly victory.
Above the death in the life of the fleet
And death will die, and you will prebe the forever.
I call me death. I see unclear
The dignity that he asks the laying,
Over the simplicity of mocked lies,
Nutty in a luxurious apparel,
And perfection is a false sentence
And virginity, dedicated rude,
And inappropriate honors shame
And the power in captivity at the gentleness toothless
And the directness that it will be angry with stupidity
And stupidity in the mask of the wise men, the Prophet,
And inspiration clamped mouth,
And righteousness in the service at the vice.
Everything is volatile that I see around,
But how to leave you, a dear friend!
Roman Cervantes "Don Quixote", one of the most striking works of revival, embodies the contradiction of the era itself. Timeths of time are obvious, and students can find fragments themselves in the text, indicating the breakdown of old traditions. Recall that the novel was published in 1605 and at first glance continued the tradition of the "knightly novel", an extremely common and popular genre. However, his appearance is strongly puzzled by the reader. We will suggest schoolchildren to think than exactly. Once again, attentively, read the name - "Cherny Hidalgo Don Quixote Laman." Why does the author endow the hero in the title "Clear"? Compare with the typical name of the popular novel of that time "Four books about the invincible knights Amadis Galsk, in which it is narrating about his great exploits on the field of Brahi and gallant adventures." The strange name is not the only digression of the author from the rules. In the knight's novels, it was customary to describe the childhood and youth of the hero. But what the reader knows about Don Quixote:
In a certain village of Lamanchi, whose name I don't want to mention, one Hidalgo lived a long time ago, one of those who have a tribal spear, an ancient shield, skinny klyach and a greyhound dog. Olya, in which there was much more beef than lamb; For dinner almost always vinaigrette; On Saturdays, the scrambled eggs with Salom, on Fridays, lentils, on Sundays in the form of a dove of an extra dish, - three-quarters of its income left for all this. The rest was spent on a raincoat of good cloth, on velvety pants and shoes for holidays, - on the other days of the week he donounced the costume from homemade cloth, which neither is thin. (Hidalgo is a small nobleman, Olya - National Kushanye.)
During the discussion of this, the pupils will come to the conclusion that the author deliberately "lands" the sublime, the heroic pathos of the Knight's novel, little describing the romantic details of the dong of the Don Quixote, makes it a typical representative of a poor Spanish nobility. And this very ordinary hero suddenly survives extraordinary adventures. Survantes explains that the hero of the "madness" at the soil of reading knightly novels and he imagined himself a wandering knight "for his own glory and for the benefit of a native country." We offer students to reflect on the question: What is the madness of Don Quixote? Excerpts from the novel will answer.
First of all, he cleaned his armor, which belonged to his great-grandfathers and was lying around somewhere in the corner, abandoned and covered with century rust and mold. He cleaned and repaired them as he could better; But suddenly noticed that there was not one very important thing. Instead of a helmet with a pick, was just an open shish. However, his ingenuity helped him, he made herself from the cardboard, attached him to Shisha, and it turned out something similar to the closed helmet.<...> Then he exposed his crock and<...> I came up with how it would give her name, for, he argued with himself, unfairly, to the horse such a famous knight and by himself so wonderful did not have any nice name.<...> He invented different names for a long time, led, discarded, again composed, rejected and threatened his memory again and imagination, until finally, did not stop in the name Rosinint, which seemed to him an elevated, sonorous, expressive, it showed that his horse was just Klyach, and now became the first klyach in the world and ahead of everyone else.
Our Knight did not have time to drive a few steps, as it seemed to him that from the thicket of the forest, who was right hand, heard weak and melted moans; And, barely hearing them, he said:
Thank you for grace, I sent me! It is already a case for me to fulfill the debt of the knight and shake the fruits of my noble solution: undoubtedly, it moans some needy or needing needing in my intercession and help.
And, the twins of Rosinant in Uda, he hurried to the other side where the moans were distributed. As soon as he drove into the forest, his eyes appeared to the mare, tied to the oak, and next to her another tree was tied a boy of fifteen years old, naked to the belt; This is he moaning, and not for no reason, since some kind of dozen peasant mercilessly fermented by his belt belt, accompanying every blow by edifications and tips.<...>
Seeing this picture, Don Quixote exclaimed an angry voice:
Unworthy knight, ashamed to attack those who are unable to defend themselves: Sit down to the horse, take a spear and I will prove you all the lowestness of your act.
Seeing over his head some kind of figure hung with a weapon and waving a spear before his nose, the peasant decided that he had come to the end, and therefore she answered with a meek voice:
Senor Knight, the boy, whom I punish, is my servant, grazing near the flock of my sheep; He is such a distribution that every day disappears on the sheep. I punish him for negligence and get angry, and he claims that I make it from the malice, so as not to pay him a salary. He lies, swear to you by God and the salvation of the soul!
- "Lies"! Do you say that in my presence, low grubean? - angry exclaimed Don Quixote. - I swear the sun, which we shine to us, I am now looking through you with a spear. Immediately pay him and do not talk; Not that - I swear to the king of heaven! - I'm one blow to embroider the spirit of you and cut off on the spot. Now you will give him!
Here they saw thirty or forty windmills, standing in the middle of the field; Noticing them, Don Quixote told her squire:
Good fate leads our affairs better than we could wish. Look out in the other side, a friend of Sancho Pansa, you see there thirty, or even more fierce giants? Now I will enter with them into battle and interrupt them all to one: this prey will serve as the beginning of our wealth: for such a battle is righteous, and God himself, so that this evil seed is erased from the face of the earth.
What are the giants? - asked Sancho Pansa.
Yes, here are those that before you, "answered Don Quixote. - See, what are their huge hands? Some have almost two miles long.
Believe me, your grace, what can be seen there, are not great, and wind mills, but what you take by hands are wings, which are spinning from the wind and rotate the millstone.
It is immediately visible, "Don Quixote replied," that in the adventuries, you're still a newcomer: these are giants: And if you are scared, so get away and read the prayer, and in the meantime I will enter into a brutal, unequal battle.
With these words, he won spurs in the Rosincant Boca, not paying attention to the shouts of Sancho, who assured him that, beyond any doubt, he attacks not at giants, but on windmills. Don Quixote, being firmly convinced that they were giant in front of him, did not listen to the shouts of his squire Sancho and did not recognize the mills, although they were completely nearby. He rushed forward, exclaiming loudly:
Do not run, unwell and vile creating, because only one knight attacks you all! - At that moment a light wind rose, and huge wings began to rotate. Noticing this, Don Quixote continued:
If you had more hands than the Giant Briaria, and you would like them, you still can't leave.
Having said this and commissioning his soul to his lady Dulciner with a request to help him in a dangerous moment, he, bonded the shield, with a spear of the road, put Rosinanta in a gallop, rushed to his nearest mill to him and saw a spear in her wing. At this moment, a strong gust of the wind turned the wing, and it, in blooming in a pinch of a spear, dragged behind me and horse and rider, who was prevented by a long distance.
Discussion, comparison of literary texts will help students understand that the oddities of behavior and funny at first glance did not hide the courage, the nobility, the elevated soul of the knight of the sad image, who believes that his true purpose is to "help weak, revenge for oppressed and caraap the lowestness." The desire of the hero to help those who are unhappy, unshakable faith in their strength Rodinithon Don Quixote with the heroes of Renaissance. It is important to emphasize that the image of Don Quixote over time has acquired a symbolic value; Today we are resorting to the image of this literary hero. Invite students questions for discussion: Can you call situations in which Don Quixote do usually remember? What does the expression "Donkyottia" mean? Explain how you understand the expression "fight with windmills." What does it mean and in what situations is used?
The conversation about the development of musical culture in the revival era is carried out in the volume of the textbook. To create a more figurative view among students, it is possible to consider the images of the scenes of musice in the works of the Renaissance artists (Caravaggio. "Butterist", master of women's semi-imagine. "Musician").
The final part of the classes is given to discuss the problem task. Attracting the mined knowledge, his own impressions of acquaintance with the cultural monuments of the Renaissance, ask students to express judgments about how much, from our point of view, modern (or hopelessly outdated) thought expressed by humanists. Probably not all students will be ready to participate in the discussion, so it is especially important to encourage the most active. After listening to the answers, it is advisable not to give categorical estimates, even if the position of students is contrary to your own. The only requirement for answers is the evidence and validity of statements.
Options for homework may be different, but they are based on the methodical apparatus of the textbook and task No. 3, 10 of the working notebook.
The XIX century is called a century of humanism in the literature. The directions that literature chose in their development reflected those community sentiments that were inherent in people in this time period.
What characterized the frontier of the XIX and XX centuries
First of all, this is due to a variety of historical events, which was full of this duller in the world history of the eyelids. But many writers who started their creativity at the end of the 19th century were revealed only at the beginning of the 20th century, and their works were inherent in the mood of the two centuries.
At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. A lot of ingenious, memorable Russian poets and writers emerged, and many of them continued the humanistic traditions of the last century, and many tried to convert them according to the fact that referred to the XX century.
Revolutions and civil wars have completely changed the consciousness of people, and naturally, it has significantly affected Russian culture. But the mentality and spirituality of the people cannot be changed by any cataclysms, so morality and humanistic traditions began to be disclosed in Russian literature on the other hand.
Writers were forced to raise theme of humanism In his works, as the number of violence that the Russian people experienced, was blatantly unfair, it was impossible to relate indifferent to this. The humanism of the new century has other ideological and moral aspects that were not and could not be raised by writers of past centuries.
New aspects of humanism in the literature of the XX century
Civil War, forced family members to fight against each other, was saturated as cruel and violent motives that the theme of humanism was tightly intertwined with the theme of violence. Humanistic traditions of the XIX century are reflections on what is the place of a true person in the whirlpool of life events, which is more important: a person or society?
The tragedy with which the self-awareness of people described the writers of the XIX century (Gogol, Tolstoy, Kuprin) is more internal character than the external one. Humanism declares itself from the inside of the world of a person, and the sentiment of the 20th century is more connected with the war and the revolution, which changes the thinking of the Russian people in an instant.
The beginning of the 20th century is referred to as the "silver age" in Russian literature, this creative wave brought another artistic look at the world and man, and a certain implementation of aesthetic ideal in reality. Symbols reveal a thinner, spiritual nature of a person who is above political coup, thirst for power or salvation, above those ideals that give us the literary process of the XIX century.
The concept of "creativity of life" appears, this topic reveals many symbolists and futurists as Ahmatov, Tsvetaeva, Mayakovsky. Religion begins to play a completely different role in their work, its motives are revealed in a very deep and mystically, there are several other concepts of "male" and "female".
The main source of artistic strength of Russian classical literature is its close relationship with the people; In serving the people, Russian literature saw the main meaning of its existence. "Glagol burn the hearts of people" called poets A.S. Pushkin. M.Yu. Lermontov wrote that the mighty words of poetry should sound
... as a bell on the tower
During the days of celebrations and misfortunes.
Fight for the happiness of the people, for his liberation from slavery and poverty gave his Lira N.A. Nekrasov. Creativity of ingenious writers - Gogol and Saltykov-Shchedrin, Turgenev and Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Chekhov - with all the difference in the artistic form and ideological content of their works, united by a deep connection with the life of the people, the truthful image of reality, sincere desire to serve the happiness of the Motherland. Great Russian writers did not recognize "art for art", they were the heralds of the art of socially active, art for the people. Revealing the moral grandeur and the spiritual wealth of the labor nation, they awakened the reader to sympathize with ordinary people, faith due to the people, his future.
Starting from the 18th century, Russian literature led a passionate struggle for the liberation of the people from the oppression of serfdom and autocracy.
It is Radishchev, drawing the autocratic system of the era as "mandeship of Oblos, mischievous, huge, chasing and lean."
This is Fonvizin, putting on the shame of gross serfs of the type of space and cattle.
This and Pushkin, who considered the most important merit, that in "his cruel century he recalled him freedom."
It is Lermontov, referred to by the government in the Caucasus and there who found her premature death.
There is no need to list all the names of Russian writers to prove the loyalty of our classical literature ideals of freedom.
Along with the urgency of social problems characterizing Russian literature, it is necessary to point out the depth and breadth of moral problems.
Russian literature always tried to awaken from the reader "Goodness", protested against any injustice. Pushkin and Gogol for the first time raised their voice in defense of a "little man", modest worker; Following them took the protection of "humiliated and offended" Grigorovich, Turgenev, Dostoevsky. Nekrasov. Tolstoy, Korolenko.
At the same time, the consciousness increased in Russian literature that the "small person" should be not a passive object of pity, but a conscious fighter for human dignity. This thought was especially clearly manifested in the satirical works of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Chekhov, condemned any manifestation of humility and diet.
A large place in Russian classical literature is given to moral issues. With all the variety of interpretation of moral ideal, various writers are not difficult to notice that for all the positive heroes of Russian literature, dissatisfaction with the existing provision, a tireless search for truth, disgust for vulgarity, the desire to actively participate in public life, readiness for self-sacrifice. With these features, the heroes of Russian literature differ significantly from the heroes of the West's literature, the actions of which mostly manage the pursuit of personal happiness, for the career, for enrichment. The heroes of Russian literature, as a rule, do not think personal happiness without happiness of the Motherland and the people.
Russian writers argued their bright ideals primarily by artistic images of people with hot hearts, an inquisitive mind, a rich soul (Chatsky, Tatyana Larina, Rudin, Katerina Kabanova, Andrei Bolkonsky, etc.)
Truthfully illuminating Russian reality, Russian writers did not lose faith in the bright future of their homeland. They believed that the Russian people "wide, clear breasts will pave themselves ..."