Years of Mongolo Tatar Iga in Russia. Was the Tatar-Mongolian Igo

The traditional version of the Tatar-Mongolian invasion on Russia, "Tatar-Mongolian Iga", and the liberation from him is known to the reader from school bench. In the statement of most historians, the events looked like this. At the beginning of the XIII century, in the steppes of the Far East, the energetic and brave tribal leader of Genghis Khan gathered a huge army from nomads, soldered by iron discipline, and rushed to conquer the world - "Go to the last sea."

So was it in Russia Tatar-Mongolian Igo?

Conquering the nearest neighbors, and then China, the powerful Tatar-Mongolian horde rolled to the West. After passing about 5 thousand kilometers, Mongols defeated Khorezm, then Georgia and in 1223 came to the southern outskirts of Russia, where the Russian princes's army won in the battle on the river Kallet. In the winter of 1237, Tatar-Mongols invaded Russia with all his countless army, burned and disassembled many Russian cities, and in 1241 they tried to conquer Western Europe, invading Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary, reached the banks of the Adriatic Sea, but turned back, because What was afraid to leave in their rear in the rear, but still dangerous for them Russia. The Tatar-Mongolian Igo began.

The great poet A. S. Pushkin left the penetrated lines: "Russia was determined by a high purpose ... its unaware plains were absorbed by Mongols and stopped their invasion on the very edge of Europe; Barbarians did not dare to leave the enslaved Russia in their rear and returned to the steppes of their east. The resulting enlightenment was rescued with a confused and spraying Russia ... "

A huge Mongolian Power, Straighting from China to the Volga, who ominous shadow hung over Rus. Mongolian khans were issued by the Russian princes labels for the reign, many times attacked Russia to rob and robbed, repeatedly killed in their golden Horde Russian princes.

Stopping over time, Rus began to resist. In 1380, the Grand Duke of the Moscow Dmitry Donskoy broke the Orda Khan Mamaha, and the century later in the so-called "standing in the thorough" the troops of the Grand Duke Ivan III and the Ordan Khan Akhmat. The opponents have long stood the camp on different sides of the Ugrian River, after which Khan Ahmat, finally understood that the Russians were strong and he had little chance to win the battle, gave the order to retreat and relieved his Horde on the Volga. These events are considered the "end of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke."

But in recent decades, this classic version has been questioned. Geographer, ethnographer and historian Lev Gumilev convincingly showed that relations between Russia and Mongols were much more complicated than the usual confrontation of cruel conquerors and their unfortunate victims. Deep knowledge in the field of history and ethnography allowed a scientist to conclude that there was some "complimentaryness" between the Mongols and Rusichs, that is, the combination, the ability to symbiosis and mutual support on the cultural and ethnic level. Also, the writer and publicist Alexander Buschkov, "Dot" the theory of Gumilyov, went to a logical end and expressed a completely original version: what is called by Tatar-Mongolian invasion, in fact it was a struggle of the descendants of Prince Vsevolod a big nest (son Yaroslav and the grandson of Alexander Nevsky ) With your rivals-princes for the sole power over Rus. Khana Mamay and Ahmat were not aliens raiders, but noble nobles, which, according to the dynastic relations of Russian-Tatar births, had legally informed rights to the Grand Diction. Thus, the Kulikov battle and "standing in the thief" are not episodes of the struggle with foreign aggressors, and the pages of the Civil War in Russia. Moreover, this author was made public at all "revolutionary" idea: under the names "Genghis Khan" and "Bati" in the history there are ... Russian princes Yaroslav and Alexander Nevsky, and Dmitry Donskoy - this is Han Mamai (!).

Of course, the conclusions of the publicist are filled with irony and borders with the postmodern "stem", but it should not be noted that many facts of the history of the Tatar-Mongolian invasion and Iga really look too many and need more close attention and unbiased research. Let's try to consider some of these mysteries.

Let's start with the general comment. Western Europe in the XIII century was a disappointing picture. The Christian world was experiencing a certain depression. The activity of Europeans shifted to the borders of their range. The German feudal feudal began to seize the border Slavic lands and turn their population in powerless fortress. Western Slavs who lived by Elbe resisted German pressure by all their might, but the forces were unequal.

Who were the Mongols, approaching the borders of the Christian world from the East? How did the powerful Mongolian state appear? We will make the excursion to his story.

At the beginning of the XIII century, in 1202-1203, the Mongols were smashed first Merkitov, and then ceraims. The fact is that ceraims were divided into supporters of Genghis Khan and his opponents. The opponents of Genghis Khan headed the son of Van Khan, the legal heir to the throne - Nilha. He had the grounds to hate Genghis Khan: while Van Khan was an ally of Chingis, he (the leader of cerapets), seeing the indisputable talents of the latter, wanted to give him the Kerat's throne, bypassing his son. Thus, the collision of the parts of the keraits with the Mongols occurred during the lifetime of Van Khan. And although the cerapes had a numerical superiority, the Mongols were divided into them, since they showed exceptional mobility and captured the enemy by surprise.

In a collision with ceraims, the character of Genghis Khan was fully manifested. When Van Khan and his son Nilha fled from the battlefield, one of their noions (military leaders) was detained with a small squad, saving their leaders from captivity. This Neuon grabbed, led to the eyes of Chingis, and he asked: "Why do you, Neuon, seeing the situation of their troops, did not go? You also had time and opportunity. " He answered: "I served my khan and gave it to escape, and my head is for you, about the winner." Genghis Khan said: "It is necessary that everyone imitated to this person.

See what kind of brave, faithful, valiant. I can't kill you, Neyon, I offer you a place in my army. " Neyon became thousands and, of course, served Genghis Khan, because the Keratskaya Horde broke up. Wang-Khan himself died when attempting to flee to hires. Their guards on the border, seeing Keraita, killed him, and the head of the old man was brought to her Khan.

In 1204, the collision of the Mongols of Genghis Khan and the powerful Nimansky Khanate occurred. And again the victory won the Mongols. The defeated were included in the Horde of Chingis. In the Eastern steppe, there were no more tribes capable of actively resisting the new order, and in 1206, on Great Kurultai, Genghis was again elected Khan, but for all Mongolia. This was born the ProseculsionGolsk state. The only hostile tribe remained ancient enemies of Bordzhiginov - Merkites, but those by 1208 were displaced in the Valley of the IRGI river.

The growing power of Genghis Khan allowed His Horde is quite easy to assimilate different tribes and peoples. Because, in accordance with the Mongolian stereotypes of behavior, Khan could and had to demand humility, obedience to the order, fulfillment of duties, but to force a person to refuse to be faithful or customs was considered immoral - behind the individual there was the right to their own choice. This state of affairs was attractive for many. In 1209, the State of Uigurs sent ambassadors to Genghis Khan with a request to take them to his ulus. The request, naturally, was satisfied, and Genghis Khan gave huge trading privileges to Uigur. Through Uyiguri walked a punishment path, and Uigur, being as part of the Mongolian state, the treasures due to the fact that at high prices they sold water, fruits, meat and "pleasures" with ruddering caravantes. The voluntary connection of Uiguria with Mongolia was useful for both Mongols. With the accession of Uiguria, the Mongols came out beyond the boundaries of their ethnic range and came in touch with other peoples of Okumen.

In 1216, the River Irgiz Mongols was attacked by Khorezmians. Khorezm by that time was the most powerful of the states arising after the weakening of the power of the Seljuk Turk. The rulers of Khorezm from the governors of the ruler of Urgench turned into an independent sovereign and adopted the title of "Khorezmshakh". They turned out to be energetic, enterprising and militant. This allowed them to conquer most of Central Asia and South Afghanistan. Khorezmshahi created a huge state in which Turks from the adjacent steppes were major military.

But the state turned out to be fragile, despite wealth, brave warriors and experienced diplomats. Military dictatorship regime relied on someone else's tribes, who had a different language, other morals and customs. The cruelty of mercenaries caused dissatisfaction of the residents of Samarkand, Bukhara, Merva and other Central Asian cities. The uprising in Samarkand led to the fact that the Turkic garrison was destroyed. Naturally, this was followed by the punitive operation of the Khorezmians who were severely dealt with Samarkand's population. The other large and rich cities of Central Asia were injured.

In this setting, Khorezmsh Muhammed decided to confirm his title "Gazi" - "the winner of the wrong" - and become famous for the next victory over them. The case was introduced by him in that very 1216, when Mongols, fighting with Merkitami, reached Irgiz. Having learned about the arrival of Mongols, Mohammed sent an army against them on the grounds that Stepnyakov must be paid to Muslim.

The Khorezmian army collapsed on the Mongols, but those in the anrighard battle themselves switched to the offensive and walked around Khorezmians. Only the attack of the left wing, which was commanded by the son of Khorezmshaha, the talented commander of Jelal-hell-Dean, straightened the situation. After that, the Khorerazimians moved away, and the Mongols returned home: they were not going to fight with Khorezm, on the contrary, Genghis Khan wanted to establish connections with Khorezmshah. After all, through Central Asia, a great caravan way and all molded the lands, for which he ran, the riskers at the expense of duties paid by merchants. The merchants willingly paid the duties, because they shifted their expenses on consumers, while not losing anything. Wanting to preserve all the advantages associated with the existence of caravan paths, Mongols sought to peace and peace on their turns. The difference of faith, in their opinion, the reason for the war did not give and justify bloodshed could not. Probably, Khorezmsh himself understood the collision episodic on Irshze. In 1218, Muhammed sent a shopping caravan to Mongolia. The world was restored, especially since the Mongols were not to Khorezm: shortly before that Namansky Tsarevich Kuchluk began a new war with Mongols.

Mongol-Khorezmian relations were violated by the Khorezmsha and his officials themselves. In 1219, a rich caravan of Genghis Khan land came to the Khorezmian city of Refrave. The merchants went to the city to replenish the food reserves and wash out in the bath. There, the merchants met two acquaintances, one of whom reported to the ruler of the city, that these merchants are spies. He immediately realized that there was a wonderful reason to rob travelers. The merchants were confiscated, the property was confiscated. Half of the worn ruler of the reflection sent to Khorezm, and Muhammed accepted production, which means it was divided responsibility for the deed.

Genghis Khan sent ambassadors to find out why an incident occurred. Muhammed was angry, seeing incorrect, and ordered part of the ambassadors to kill, and a part, Donaga rank, expel to the right death in the steppe. Two or three Mongols still got home and told about what happened. Genghis Khan's anger had no limits. From the point of view of Mongol, there were two worst crimes: deception of the trust and murder of guests. According to custom, Genghis Khan could not leave indiscreets neither the merchants who were killed in the refill, nor the ambassadors who insulted and killed Khorezmshah. Khan should have been fighting, otherwise the tribesmen would simply refuse him in trust.

In Central Asia, Khorezmshah had a four-hundredth regular troops at his disposal. And from Mongols, as the famous Russian orientalist V. Barthold believed, there was no more than 200 thousand. Genghis Khan demanded military aid from all allies. Warriors came from Turks and Kara Kitaev, the Uigurs sent a detachment of 5 thousand people, only the tangutic ambassador replied: "If you do not have enough troops - do not fight." Genghis Khan considered the answer to insult and said: "Only the dead I could demolish such an offense."

Genghis Khan threw the collected Mongolian, Uigur, Turkic and Kara-Chinese troops on Khorezm. Khorezmshah, having quarreled with his mother Turkan Hatun, did not trust the warlords associated with her relatives. He was afraid to collect them in a fist in order to reflect the onslaught of Mongols, and scattered the army by garrisons. The best commander of Shah was his native unloved son of Jelal Ad-Dean and the commandant of the fortress Khododeh Timur-Melik. Mongols took the fortress one after another, but in a walking, even taking the fortress, they could not capture the garrison. Timur-Melik put his warriors on the rafts and in broad Syrdarya left the persecution. Scattered garrisons could not hold back the onset of the troops of Cenghis Khan. Soon all the major cities of Sultanate - Samarkand, Bukhara, Merch, Herat - were captured by Mongols.

Regarding the Mongols of the Central Asian Cities, there is a well-established version: "Wild nomads destroyed the cultural oasis of agricultural peoples." Is it so? This version, as L. N. Gumilev showed, was built on the legends of the court Muslim historians. For example, about the fall of herata Islamic historians reported as a disaster, in which the entire population was exterminated in the city, except for several men who managed to escape in the mosque. They hid there, afraid to go out into the streets littered with corpses. Only wild animals wandered around the city and tormented the dead. After sitting off for a while and having come to themselves, these "heroes" went to the long-range edges of robbery caravans to regain the lost wealth.

But is it possible? If the entire population of a big city was exterminated and lay on the streets, then inside the city, in particular and in the mosque, the air would be full of corpus miasms, and the hidden there would just die. No predators, except Shakalov, do not live near the city, and in the city and they penetrate very rarely. By the exhausted people move robbing caravans for several hundred kilometers from Herat, it was simply impossible, because they would have to go on foot, carrying gravity - water and provisions. Such a "robber", having met a caravan, could no longer rob him ...

More interesting information reported by historians about Merve. Mongols took it in 1219 and too, as if they would have destroyed all the inhabitants there. But in 1229, Merv rebelled, and Mongols had to take the city again. Finally, in two years, Merv put out a detachment of 10 thousand people to combat Mongols.

We see that the fruits of fancy and religious hatred gave rise to legends about Mongolian atrocities. If take into account the degree of reliability of sources and set up simple, but inevitable issues, it is easy to separate the historical truth from literary fictions.

Mongols occupied Persia almost without fighting, pushing out the son of Khorezmshaha Gelal-Ad-Din to Northern India. Mohammed II Gazi himself, durable by struggle and constant defeats, died in the colony of lepers on the island in the Caspian Sea (1221). The Mongols also concluded the world with the Shiite population of Iran, which was constantly offended by the Sunnites who stood in power, in particular the Baghdad Caliph and the Jelal Ad-Dean himself. As a result, the Shiite population of Persia suffered significantly less than the Sunnis of Central Asia. Be that as it may, in 1221, with the state of Khorezmshakh, it was finished. With one ruler - Mohammed II Gazi - this state reached the highest power, and died. As a result, Khorezm, Northern Iran, Horacean were attached to the Mongol Empire.

In 1226, he struck the hour of the tangut state, which in a decisive moment of war with Khorezm refused Genghis Khanta in help. Mongols reasonably considered this step as a betrayal, which, in accordance with the Yasoy, demanded a mess. The capital of Tangut was the city of Zhongsin. His besieged in 1227, Genghis Khan, defeated the tangut troops in the preceding battles.

During the siege of Zhongsin, Genghis Khan died, but Mongol Neuons on the orders of their leader hid his death. The fortress was taken, and the population of the "evil" city, which fell collective wines for betrayal, was exposed to execution. The state of Tangutov disappeared, leaving after himself only written evidence of the past culture, but the city survived and lived until 1405, when he was destroyed by the Chinese Ming Dynasty.

From the capital of Tangutov Mongols took the body of their great ruler to the native steppes. The rite of the funeral was as follows: the remains of Genghis Khan laid down the grave along with many valuable things and killed all the slaves who performed funeral work. According to custom, exactly one year later, it was necessary to post alert. In order to then find the burial place, Mongols made the following. On the grave they were sacrificed just taken from the mother of a small camel. And after a year, the camel sama found the place in the bounded steppe, where her young was killed. The bumps of this camel, the Mongols made the laid surveillance rite and then left the grave forever. Since then, no one knows where Genghis Khan is buried.

In the last years of life, he was extremely concerned about the fate of his power. Hana had four sons from his beloved wife Borte and many children from other wives who were considered to be legitimate children, but did not have the right to the throne of the Father. Sons from Borte differed on the tenders and in nature. The eldest son, Juchi, was born shortly after the Merkitsky captivity of Borte, and therefore not only evil tongues, but also the younger brother Chagayt called him "Merkitsky geek." Although Borte invariably defended Juci, and Genghis Khan himself always recognized him with his son, the shadow of Merkitsky captivity of the mother fell on Juci Bremen suspicious of illegality. One day, in the presence of Father, Chagatai opened Juchi illegitimately, and the case almost ended the fight of the brothers.

Curious, but according to the testimony of contemporaries, in the behavior of Djuci there were some stable stereotypes that have greatly distinguished him from Chingis. If the concept of "mercy" did not exist for Genghishana in relation to enemies (he left life only to small children who adopted his mother Oalong, and the valiant luggage, which were rebounded by Mongolian service), then Djuci was distinguished by humanity and kindness. So, during the siege of Gurganja, completely exhausted war Khorezmians asked to accept the surrender, that is, to simply speaking, spare them. Djuci spoke in favor of the manifestation of mercy, but Genghis Khan categorically rejected the request for mercy, and as a result, Gurganj's garrison was partially carved, and the city himself was flooded with the waters of Amudarya. The misunderstanding between the father and the eldest son, constantly heated by intrigues and by statements of relatives, in time they deepened and passed into the distrust of the sovereign to his heir. Genghis Khan suspected that Juci wants to gain popularity among the conquered peoples and separate from Mongolia. It was unlikely that it was so, but the fact remains a fact: at the beginning of 1227, the juchi fucking in the steppe found a dead - he had a broken spine. Details of what happened held in secret, but, no doubt, Genghis Khan was a man interested in Djuchi's death and completely able to break the life of the Son.

In contrast to Juchi, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chaga Tai, was a man of strict, executive and even cruel. Therefore, he received the position of "Keeper Yaasi" (something like the Prosecutor General or Supreme Judge). Chachatai strictly observed the law and, without any mercy, referred to his violators.

The third son of the Great Khan, Ugudei, like Juci, was distinguished by kindness and tolerance for people. The nature of the UGEDEY is best illustrated by such a case: once in a joint trip, the brothers saw the Water Muslim in the water. According to Muslim custom, each faithful is obliged to make Namaz and ritual ablution several times a day. Mongolian tradition, on the contrary, forbade a person to wash throughout the summer. Mongols believed that washing in the river or lake causes a thunderstorm, and the thunderstorm in the steppe was very dangerous for the travelers, and therefore "challenge a thunderstorm" was considered as an attempt on the lives of people. Nuchers-journalism of the ruthless jealous of the law Chagatai grabbed Muslim. Anticipating the bloody junction - the muffled head was threatened, - Ugtei sent his man, so that he ordered Muslim to answer that he dropped in the water with gold and just looking for him there. Muslim said Chagatayu. He ordered to look for a coin, and during this time, the Bureau of Ughedya threw the golden into the water. The coin found was returned to the "right owner." To the farewell of the Ugheday, drove out of his pocket a handful of coins, handed them out of a saved man and said: "When you throw gold to the water, do not climb him, do not break the law."

The youngest of the sons of Chingis, Tului, was born in 1193. Since then, Genghis Khan was in captivity, this time the wrongness of Borte was quite obvious, but Genghis Khan and Tulua admitted to his legitimate son, although he did not resemble her father.

Of the four sons of Genghis Khan, younger possessed the greatest talents and showed the greatest moral dignity. A good commander and an outstanding administrator, Tului, besides, was a loving husband and distinguished by nobility. He married his daughter of the deceased head of Keraitov Van Khan, which was a pious Christian. Tului himself did not have the right to take the Christian faith: as Chingisid, he had to confess the religion of Bon (paganism). But his wife, the son of Khan allowed not only to send all Christian rites in the luxurious "church" yurt, but also have priests with him and take monks. The death of Tulua can be called heroic without exaggeration. When Ugtei got sick, Tuluus voluntarily accepted a strong shaman potion, striving to "attract" the disease to himself, and died, saving his brother.

All four sons had the right to inherit Genghis Khan. After the elimination of Juchi heirs, three left, and when Chingis was not, and the new Khan was not yet elected, the ulus rules of Tului. But on Kurultai 1229, Great Khan chose, in accordance with the will of Chingis, a soft and tolerant Ugheda. Ugadei, as we have already mentioned, possessed a good soul, but the sovereign's kindness is often not beneficial to the state and subject. Ulus management under it was carried out mainly due to the rigor of the Chagatai and the diplomatic and administrative ability of Tulua. The Great Khan himself preferred to the state concerns of nomads with hunting and peers in Western Mongolia.

The grandchildren of Genghis Khan were allocated various areas of ulus or high positions. The eldest son of Juci, Orda-Icheng, received a white horde that was located between the Irtysh and the Tarbagatay Range (the area of \u200b\u200bthis Semipalatinsk). The second son, Bat, began to own a golden (big) Horde on the Volga. The Third Son, Sheebani, went through the blue horde, nomaded from Tyumen to Aral. At the same time, three brothers - the rulers of uluses - was allocated only one or two thousand Mongolian warriors, while the total number of Mongolian army reached 130 thousand people.

Children's children also received a thousand warriors, and the descendants of Tuluya, being at the courtyard, owned all the grandfathers and fatherly ulus. So the Mongols have established a system of inheritance, called Minrat, in which the younger son received all the rights of his father in the heritage, and the older brothers - only a share in general inheritance.

The Great Khan Ugheda also had a son - GUUK, who claimed inheritance. The increase in the clan still in the life of Chingis's children caused a section of inheritance and enormous difficulties in managing the ulus, spreading on the territory from black to the Yellow Sea. In these difficulties and family accounts, the grains of future strife were buried, destroying the state created by Genghis Khan and his associates.

How many Tatar-Mongol came to Russia? Let's try to deal with this question.

Russian pre-revolutionary historians mention the "half-million Mongolian army". V. Yang, the author of the famous trilogy "Genghis Khan", "Bati" and "To the last sea", calls the number of four hundred thousand. However, it is known that the warrior of a nomadic tribe goes on the campaign, having three horses (at least two). One takes a swing ("dry buckles", horseshoes, a spare harness, arrows, armor), and for the third time you need to transplanted, so that one horse can relax, if you suddenly have to get into battle.

Uncomplicated calculations show that for the army in half a million or four hundred thousand fighters, it is necessary at least one and a half million horses. Such a herd is unlikely to effectively move to a long distance, since the advanced horses will instantly destroy the grass on a huge space, and the rear will die from the infants.

All major invasions of Tatar-Mongol at the limits of Russia took place in winter, when the remaining grass is hidden under the snow, and you will not take a lot of foil with you ... Mongolian horse really knows how to extradite meal from under the snow, but the ancient sources do not mention the horses of the Mongolian breed that had "In service" hordes. Specialists in horse breeding prove that the Tatar-Mongol Horde traveled on Turkmen, and this is a completely different breed, and it looks different, and it is not capable of feeding in winter without help ...

In addition, the difference between the horse released in winter without any work, and the horse, forced to perform long transitions under the sedock, and participate in battles is not taken into account. But they, besides horsemen, had to carry more and heavy prey! For the troops moved an overview. Cottle, which drags the carts, also need to feed ... The picture of the huge mass of people moving in the ariecargard of half-million troops with interses, wives and children seems to be rather fantastic.

The temptation for the historian to explain the campaigns of the Mongols of the XIII century "migrations" is great. But modern researchers show that Mongolian hikes were not directly related to the movements of vast masses. The victories did not hide the hordes of nomads, but small, well-organized mobile detachments, after campaigns returning to the native steppes. And the khans of the branches of Juci - Bati, Horde and Sheibani - received on the will of Chingis for only 4 thousand riders, that is, about 12 thousand people who settled on the territory from the Carpathians to Altai.

In the end, historians stopped at thirty thousand soldiers. But here are questions unanswered. And the first among them will be like this: is not it? Despite the separation of Russian principalities, thirty thousand contesions - too small number in order to arrange the "Lights and ruin" across Russia! After all, they (even supporters of the "classic" version admit this) did not move the compact mass. Several detachments crumbled in different directions, and this reduces the number of "innumerable Tatar Hordes" to the limit followed by elementary distrust: could such a number of aggressors conquer Russia?

It turns out the enchanted circle: the huge army of Tatar-Mongol for purely physical reasons could hardly be able to maintain combat capability to quickly move around and apply notorious "uncomplicated blows." A small army could hardly establish control over most of Russia. To get out of this enchanted circle, you have to admit: the invasion of Tatar-Mongol was actually only an episode of the bloody civil war in Russia. The forces of opponents were relatively small, they relied on their own, accumulated in the cities of forage. And the Tatar-Mongols became an additional external factor used in the inner struggle in the same way as the troops of Pechenegs and Polovtsy were previously used.

The chronicle of the military campaigns 1237-1238 draws the classically Russian style of these battles - the battles occur in winter, and the Mongols - Stepnyaki - with striking skills act in the forests (for example, the environment and subsequent full destruction on the City of the City Detachment River under the command of the Great Prince Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich).

Throwing a common look at the history of the creation of a huge Mongolian power, we must return to Rus. Consider the situation with the battle with the river Kalka, not fully fully understood by historians.

Not a stepwise presented at the turn of the XI-XII centuries at the turn of the XI-XII centuries for Kievan Rus. Our ancestors were friends with Polovtsy Khan, married "Red Girls Polovkoy," took baptized Polovtsy in their Wednesday, and the descendants of the latter became Zaporozhye and Slobodsk Cossacks, no wonder in their nicknames, the traditional Slavic suffix belonging to the "s" (Ivanov) was changed to the Turkic - " UNKO "(Ivanhenko).

At this time, the phenomenon was more terrible - the fall of the morals, the rejection of traditional Russian ethics and morality. In 1097, the Princely Congress was held in Lisher, which began the beginning of the new political form of the country's existence. It was decided that "Everyone yes keeps his father." Rus began to turn into a confederation of independent states. The princes swore indestructible to observe the proclaimed and the cross. But after the death of Mstislav, the Kiev power began to quickly disintegrate. The first postponed Polotsk. Then the Novgorod "Republic" stopped sending money to Kiev.

The act of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky became a bright example of the loss of moral values \u200b\u200band patriotic feelings. In 1169, capturing Kiev, Andrei gave the city for a three-day looting to his warriors. Until that moment in Russia, it was customary to be treated in a similar way with alien cities. For Russian cities, under any internecasters, this practice has never spread.

Igor Svyatoslavich, the descendant of Prince Oleg, the hero of the "Words about the regiment of Igor", which became Prince of Chernigov in 1198, set himself to deal with Kiev - the city where his dynasty's rivals were constantly strengthened. He agreed with Smolensky Prince Rürik Rostislavich and called for the help of Polovtsy. In defense of Kiev - "Mother of Russian cities" - Prince Roman Volynsky, who appeared on the allied troops to him.

The Chernihiv Prince plan was implemented after his death (1202). Rurik, Prince Smolensky, and Olgovichi with Polovtsy in January 1203 in battle, which was mainly between the Polovtsy and the tops of the novel Volynsky, took the top. Capturing Kiev, Rurik Rostislavich subjected the city to terrible defeat. The tenty church and Kiev-Pechersk Lavra were destroyed, and the city itself was burned. "They created a great evil, which was not from baptism in Russian land," the annals left the message.

After the fateful 1203 year, Kiev no longer recovered.

According to L. N. Gumileva, by this time the ancient Rusichi has lost their passionarity, i.e. the cultural and energy "charge". In such conditions, a clash with a strong opponent could not be tragic for the country.

Meanwhile, the Mongolian shelves approached the Russian borders. At that time, the main enemy of the Mongols in the West were Polovtsy. Their enmity began in 1216, when Polovtsy took the blood enemies of Chingis - Merkitov. The Antimongy Politics Polovtsi was actively carried out by constantly supporting the Finno-Ugric tribes hostile to the Mongols. At the same time, the steppes-Polovtsy were as mobile as the Mongols themselves. Seeing the futures of cavalry clashes with Polovtsy, Mongols sent an expeditionary building into the enemy rear.

Talented commander Subetay and Jebe told the body of three tums through the Caucasus. Georgian king Georgy Lasha tried to attack them, but was destroyed with the army. Mongols managed to capture the conductors who indicated the path through the Darialya gorge. So they went out to the upper shovel Kuban, in the rear of Polovtsam. Those, finding the enemy in her rear, retreated to the Russian border and asked for help from Russian princes.

It should be noted that the relations of Russia and Polovtsy do not fit into the scheme of an irreconcilable confrontation "Seceded - nomads." In 1223, Russian princes made allies of Polovtsy. Three strongest prince Rusi - Mstislav removed from Galich, Mstislav Kievsky and Mstislav Chernigov, - by collecting the troops, tried to protect them.

The collision at Kalka in 1223 is described in detail in the chronicles; In addition, there is another source - "the story of the battle on Kalka, and about the princes of Russians, and about seventy heroes." However, the abundance of information does not always make clarity ...

Historical science has not been denied for a long time that events on Kalka were not aggression of evil aliens, but by the attack on the part of Rusich. Mongols themselves did not strive for war with Rus. The ambassadors who arrived to Russian princes were quite friendly asked Russians not to interfere with their relations with Polovtsy. But, faithful to allied obligations, Russian princes rejected civilians. At the same time, they made a fatal mistake that had bitter consequences. All ambassadors were killed (according to some sources, they were not even just killed, but "ugly"). At all times, the murder of the ambassador, the parliamentary was considered a grave crime; According to the Mongolian law, the deception of the trusting was an unforgivable atrocity.

Following this, the Russian army performs on a long campaign. Leaving the limits of Russia, it first attacks the Tatar camp, takes prey, cares cattle, after which another eight days moves beyond its territory. On the river Kalka there is a decisive battle: the eighty-thousand Russian-Polovkaya army fell on a twenty thousand (!) Mongol detachment. This battle was played by allies due to the inability to coordinate actions. Polovtsy in a panic left the battlefield. Mstislav delete and his "younger" Prince Daniel fled for the Dnieper; They were the first to be at the shore and managed to jump in the rook. At the same time, the rest of the princes knocked the prince, fearing that the Tatars would be able to cross the following, "and, fear was fulfilled, traveled to Galich". Thus, he is observed on the death of his associates, whose horses were worse than the princely. The enemies killed everyone who was overtaken.

Other princes remain one on one with the enemy, three days beat his attacks, after which, believing the assurances of the Tatars, they are prisoned. Here is another mystery. It turns out that the princes surrendered after some Rusich named Froyan, who was in the fighting orders of the enemy, solemnly kissing the native cross in the fact that the Russians will spare and do not shed their blood. Mongols, according to her custom, the word was restrained: tied the captives, they put them on the ground, covered the floor with a decidant from the boards and sat down on the bodies. Not a drop of blood was not solito! And the last one, according to Mongolian views, was considered extremely important. (By the way, the fact that prisoners were put under the boards, only "the story of the battle on Kalka". Other sources write that the princes were simply killed, without mocking, and the third - that they were "captured". So the story with Famon on bodies - only one of the versions.)

Different peoples perceive the norms of law and the concept of honesty differently. Rusichi believed that Mongols, killing prisoners, broke their oath. But from the point of view of the Mongols, they were keen, and the execution was the highest fairness, because the princes committed a terrible sin of the murder of confidence. Therefore, it's not in cunning (history gives a lot of evidence of how the Russian princes themselves violated the "cross kissing"), and in the personality of the plane himself - Russian, Christian, some mysterious way, among the soldiers of the "unknown people".

Why did Russian princes surrendered, listening to the Plogni's persuasion? "The story of the battle on Kalka" writes: "Were together with the Tatars and Porodnikov, and they had a plane to be a governor." Porodniks are Russian free verges who lived in those places, the precursors of the Cossacks. However, the establishment of the social status of the plane only only confuses the case. It turns out that the fagments in the short time managed to negotiate with the "peoples of unknowns" and got together so much that they hit together in their blood brothers and in faith? One can argue with all certainty: part of the troops, with whom the Russian princes fell on Kalka, was Slavic, Christian.

Russian princes in all of this story look not the best way. But back to our mysteries. The "Tale of Battle on Kalka" mentioned by us is not able to definitely call the enemy of the Russians! Here is a quote: "... because of our sins, the peoples of unknown people came, godless Moavityans [the symbolic name from the Bible], about which no one knows who they come from, and what are their language, and what kind of tribe are, and what faith. And they call them by Tatars, and others say - Taurmen, and others - Pechenegs. "

Amazing lines! They are written much later than the events described when it seemed to have already supposed to know exactly whom the Russian princes fought at Kalka. After all, part of the troops (although Small) still returned from rolling. Moreover, the winners, pursuing the broken Russian shelves, chased themselves to Novgorod-Svyatopolcha (on the Dnieper), where they attacked the peaceful population, so among the citizens there should have been witnesses, who had seen enemy who saw their eyes. And at the same time, he remains "unknown"! This statement confuses more. After all, Polovtsy to the time described in Russia knew perfectly - for many years they lived nearby, they fought, they rushed ... Taurmen - a nomadic Turkic tribe that dwells in the Northern Black Sea region, - again, it was well known to Rusych. It is curious that in the "Word about the shelf of Igor-Ve", some "Tatarins" were mentioned among the Chernihiv princes of Turkic-nomads.

It seems that the chronicler hides something. For some not led by the reasons for us, he does not want to directly call the opponent of Russians in that battle. Maybe the battle on Kalka is not at all a clash with unknown peoples, and one of the episodes of the civil war, which was conducted among themselves the Russian Christians, Christian-Polovtsy and the Tatars enjoyed in the case?

After the battle on Klock, the part of the Mongols turned his horses to the east, seeking to report on the fulfillment of the task - about the victory over Polovtsy. But on the shores of Volga, the army was pleased with the ambush, arranged by Volzhsky Bulgarians. Muslims, hated Mongols as pagans, unexpectedly attacked them during the crossing. Here the winners at rod suffered a defeat and lost many people. We managed to cross through the Volga left the steppes east and united with the main forces of Genghis Khan. So the first meeting of Mongols and Rusich ended.

L. N. Gumilev collected a huge material, clearly indicating that the relationship between Russia and the Horde can be designated by the word "symbiosis". After Gumileva, especially many and often write about how Russian princes and Mongolian khans became twinmed, rhodiers, the eve and tests, as they went to joint military campaigns, as (let's call things with their own names) they were friends. The relationship of this kind is unique in its own way - in any conquered country of the Tatars did not behave this way. This symbiosis, the brotherhood in arms leads to such a weakening of names and events, which is sometimes even difficult to understand where the Russians end and begin the Tatars ...

Therefore, the question of whether the Tatar-Mongolian Igo was in Russia (in the classical understanding of this term) remains open. This topic is waiting for its researchers.

When it comes to "standing in the thorough", we are confronted with no diligence and defaults. How diligently studied the school or university course of history, in 1480, the troops of the Grand Duke Moscow Ivan III, the first "sovereign of All Russia" (the ruler of the United Power) and the Horde of Tatar Khan Akhmat got up on opposite banks of the Ugra River. After a long "standing", the Tatars were fled for some reason, and this event was the end of the Ordane Iga in Russia.

Dark places in this story a lot. Let's start with the fact that the famous picture that fell even to school textbooks - "Ivan III bophat Khan Basma," is written on the basis of the legend, the studied years after 70 after "standing in the thief." In fact, the Khan's ambassadors did not come to Ivan and no diploma-bass in their presence solemnly did not tear.

But again on Russia there is an enemy, an innovative, threatening, if you believe contemporaries, the very existence of Russia. What, all in a single impulse is preparing to give a soup back? Not! We are faced with a strange passivity and lusion of opinions. With the news about the approach of Ahmat in Russia, something happens that there is still no explanation. These events can be reconstructed only by meager, fragmentary data.

It turns out that Ivan III does not seek to fight the enemy at all. Khan Ahmat is far away, for hundreds of kilometers, and the wife of Ivan, the Grand Duchess Sophia, runs from Moscow, for which he is honored from the chronicler of accusatory epithets. Moreover, at the same time, some strange events unfold in the principality. "The story of standing in the thief" tells about it like this: "In the same winter, the great princes Sofia from escape returned, for she ran on Belosero from Tatars, although no one was chasing her." And further - even more mysterious words about these events, in fact, the only mention of them: "And those land for which she wandered, it became worse than from the Tatars, from the boyars of the holsters, from the Christian blood circuit. They give them, Lord, in the cunning of their actions, give them their hands to them, for they loved more wives, rather than the Orthodox Christian faith and the holy churches and agreed to betray Christianity, because they blinded their evil. "

What is it about? What happened in the country? What are the actions of the boyars brought accusations against "blood purification" and apostasy from faith? We practically do not know what we were talking about. A little light shedd reports of "evil advisers" of the Grand Duke, who advised not to beat with the Tatars, and "Abati away" (?!). Even the names of "Counselorov" are known - Ivan Vasilyevich Oskher Sorokumov-Glebov and Grigory Andreyevich Mamon. The most curious thing is that the Grand Duke itself does not see anything reprehensible in the behavior of the near Boyar, and subsequently there are no shadows of disgrace: after the "standing in the thief" both before the death of death are in Favor, receiving new awards and positions.

What is the matter? Almost deeply, foggy it is reported that the gentleman and Mamon, defending their point of view, mentioned the need for a non-one "old". In other words, the Grand Duke must refuse to resist Ahmat to observe any ancient traditions! It turns out that Ivan violates certain traditions, deciding to resist, and Ahmat, respectively, acts in his right? Otherwise it is impossible to explain this riddle.

Some scientists suggested: maybe a purely dynastic dispute? Again, two - representatives regarding the young North and more ancient south, and Ahmat, seem to be not less rights than his opponent!

And here in the situation, Rostov bishop Vasian Rylo interferes. It was his efforts that the situation is rehearsed, it is he who pushes the Grand Duke in a campaign. The bishop of Vasian begging, insists, calls to the conscience of Prince, leads historical examples, hints that the Orthodox Church may turn away from Ivan. This wave of eloquence, logic and emotions is aimed at convincing the Grand Duke to go to the protection of his country! What a great prince about something hard does not want to do ...

Russian army, to the celebration of the bishop of Vasian, goes to the thief. Ahead - long, for several months, "standing". And again there is something strange. First, negotiations begin between Russian and Akhmat. Negotiations are quite unusual. Ahmat wants to do business with the Grand Prince himself - Russians refuse. Ahmat is a concession: asks for the brother or son of the Grand Prince, the Russians refuse. Ahmat is inferior again: now he agrees to speak with a "simple" ambassador, but for some reason, Nikifor Fedorovich Basenkov should certainly become this ambassador. (Why exactly he? Riddle.) Russians again refuse.

It turns out that in the negotiations, for some reason they are not interested. Ahmat goes on concessions, for some reason it is necessary to agree, but the Russians reject all his suggestions. Modern historians explain it like this: Ahmat "intended to demand tribute." But if Ahmat was interested only in Dani, why so long negotiations? It was enough to send some baskak. No, everything indicates that we have a certain big and gloomy mystery, not stacked in the usual scheme.

Finally, about the riddle of the retreat "Tatars" from the Ugra. To date, there are three versions in historical science. There are even a deviation - hasty flight of Akhmat with Ugra.

1. A series of "fierce battles" undermined the morale of the Tatars.

(Most historians reject this, rightly stating that there were no battles. There were only small clashes, clashes of small detachments "on the neutral strip.")

2. The Russians applied firearms, which led the Tatars in the panic horror.

(It is unlikely that: by this time and the Tatar had a firearm. The Russian chronicler, describing the capture of the Moscow Reli of the Bulgar in 1378, mentions that residents "allowed thunder from the walls.")

3. Ahmat "Went to" a decisive battle.

But here's another version. It is extracted from the historical essay of the XVII century, belonging to Peru Andrei Lyslov.

"The unplanned king [Ahmat], not in the power of the smoke of his tolerate, in the summer 1480s gathered a considerable force: Tsarevichi, and Ulan, and Murz, and princes, and soon came to Russian turns. In Horde, he left only those who could not own weapons. The Grand Duke, consulting with the boyars, decided to make a good deed. Leading that in a big Horde, where the king came from, there was no military left, secretly sent his numerous army into a large Horde, to the dwellings of the dies. The chapter stood a serunen king freaks of Gorodetsky and Prince Rvzdyev, Governor Zvenigorodsky. The king did not lead about that.

They, in the rags, sailing at the Volga in the Horde, saw that military people were there, and there is only a female floor, old men and the rates. And they undertook to capture and empty, wives and children of fruitful deaths of a lot of death betrayed, Ignoring them. And, of course, they could kill everyone.

But Murza is strong, servant Gorodetsky, whispered to his king, saying: "Oh King! It would be ridiculous, this would be a great sort of kingdom to the end and ruin, because you are from here, and you yourself come true, and we are all, and here - our statement. We leave here, and without that rather ruin arranged, and God may freeze us. "

So the adestrate Orthodox host returned from the horde and came to Moscow with a great victory, having a lot of production and a considerable full. The king, having learned about all this, at the same time retreated from the Ugra and ran in the Horde. "

Wouldn't one of this, that the Russian side deliberately delayed negotiations - while Ahmat tried to achieve his unclear goals for a long time, making a concession for the concession, the Russian troops were sailed to the capital of Ahmat and cut off women, children and old people, while the commanders did not wake up that - It seems to be conscientious! Please note: it is not said that the governor nails responded to the decision of the crackle and stop the massacre. Apparently, too, he was filled with blood. Naturally, Ahmat, having learned about the defeat of his capital, retreated from the jelery, hurrying home at all possible speed. So what is next?

A year later on the "Horde" attacks the army "Nogai Khan" by name ... Ivan! Ahmat killed, his troops are crushed. Another evidence of deep symbiosis and the fighting of Russians and the Tatars ... There are another version of the death of Ahmat. According to him, a certain approximate Ahmat named Temir, receiving rich gifts from the Grand Duke of Moscow, killed Ahmat. This version has Russian origin.

Interestingly, the host of the king of the urgent, who organized the pogrom in the Horde, is referred to as the historian "Orthodox". It seems that we are before us - another argument in favor of the version that the Ordans serving the Moscow Princes were by no means of Muslims, but Orthodox.

And another aspect is of interest. Ahmat, on Lyslov, and the freaks - "kings". And Ivan III is only the "Grand Duke". Inaccuracy writer? But at the time when Lyzlov wrote his story, the title "Tsar" was already firmly fixed for the autocrats of Russian, had a specific "binding" and the exact meaning. Further, in all other cases of flavors of such "liberties" does not allow itself. Western European kings of His "Kings", Turkish Sultans - "Sultans", Padishah - "Padishah", Cardinal - "Cardinal". Is that the title of erzgertzoga Dan Lyzlov in Translated "Arzsyknyaz". But this is a translation, not an error.

Thus, in the late Middle Ages, there was a title system, reflecting some political reality, and we are not bad about this system today. But it is not clear why two seems to be the same rational oremizes are called one "Tsarevich", and the other "Murza", why the "Tatar prince" and "Tatar Khan" is by no means the same thing. Why there are so many owners of the title "Tsar" among the Tatars, and the Moscow state trucks are persistently referred to as "Grand Princes". Only in 1547, Ivan Grozny for the first time in Russia takes the title "Tsar" - and how much Russian chronicles reported, he did it only after the Patriarch's long persuasion.

Are Mamay and Akhmat's trips to Moscow are not explained by the fact that according to some, beautifully understandable contemporaries, the rules "king" was higher than the "Grand Duke" and had more rights to the throne? What declared myself some kind of dynastic system, now forgotten?

Interestingly, in 1501, the Crimean King Chess, the victims defeated in the civil war, for some reason he expected that the Kiev Prince Dmitry Putyathich will appear on his side, probably due to some special political and dynastic relations between Russian and Tatars. What - not exactly known.

Finally, one of the mysteries of Russian history. In 1574, Ivan Grozny shares the Russian kingdom into two halves; One rules himself, and another reports to the Kasimovsky king Simeon Bekbulatovich - along with the titles of "Tsar and the Grand Duke Moskovsky"!

Historians still do not have a generally accepted convincing explanation for this fact. Some say that Grozny, according to his usual, mocked the people and close, others believe that Ivan IV thus "suffered" on the new king's own debts, misses and obligations. And can not we talk about the joint board to which the same intricate ancient dynastic relations had to be resorted? Perhaps the last time in Russian history these systems declared themselves.

Simeon was not, as many historians believed before many historians, a "fireless puppet" of Grozny - on the contrary, this is one of the largest state and military leaders of that time. And after the two kingdoms reinforced again into one, the Terrible did not "exiled" Simeon to Tver. Simeon was granted to the great princes of Tver. But Tver during the time of Ivan the Terrible was the recently assimicious source of separatism, followed by a special care, and the one who ruled Tvette necessarily had to be a trustee of Grozny.

And finally, strange misfortunes hit Simeon after the death of Ivan the Terrible. With the argument of Fedor John Simeon "Range" from the Tver Prince, blind (measure, which in Russia, before the time of centuries, was used exclusively to the dominated missions that had the right to the table!), Forcibly will curse into the monks of Kirillov Monastery (also a traditional way to eliminate a competitor to the secular throne! ). But this is not enough: I. V. Shuisky sends a blind nursing monk on Solovki. It seems that the Moscow king arises in this way to get rid of a dangerous competitor who has experienced rights. Applicant for the throne? Is it really the right of Simeon to the throne not inferior to Rurikovich's rights? (Interestingly, the old man Simeon survived his tormentors. Retred back from Solovetskoy references by decree of Prince Pozharsky, he died only in 1616, when Nor Fedor Johnovich, nor Falgestmitria I, nor Shuisky.)

So, all these stories are Mamay, Ahmat and Simeon - more similar to the episodes of the strunestol for the throne, and not to war with foreign conquerors, and in this respect resemble similar intrigues around this or that throne in Western Europe. And those whom we are accustomed to consider the "relief of the land of Russian", perhaps, actually solved their dynastic problems and eliminated rivals?

Many members of the editorial board are personally familiar with the inhabitants of Mongolia, who were surprised to learn about their, allegedly, who had a 300-year-old domination over Russia, of course, this news filled the Mongols with a sense of national pride, but at the same time they asked: "And who is Genghizhan"?

from the magazine "Vedic Culture №2"

In the chronicles of Orthodox antimonians about the "Tatar-Mongolian IGE", it was definitely said: "He was Fedot, and not that." Let us turn to the Vlleslovnsky language. By adapting the rune images to modern perception, we get: Tat - enemy, robber; Mogol-powerful; IHO - order. It turns out that "Tati Aria" (from the point of view of the flour of Christian) with the light hand of the chronicles were called "Tatars" 1, (there is another meaning: "Tata" - father. Tatar - Tata Aria, i.e. fathers (ancestors or More elder) arias) Might-mounted - Mongols, and IHO - 300-year-old order in the Power, who stopped the bloody civil war, which broke out on the basis of the violent baptism of Russia - "Saturantication". The horde is derived from the word Order, where "OR" is power, and the day is the bright time of the day or simply "light." Accordingly, the "Order" is the power of light, and the "Orda" is light forces. So these are the bright forces of Slavs and Ariyev, led by the gods and ancestors by our: a family, welcome, a swarm, Perun was stopped by a civil war in Russia on the basis of violent Christianization 300 years retained order in Power. And were there in the Horde of black, chornasty, dark-eyed, barrel, narrow-eyed, krivonogii and very evil warriors? Were. Mercenary detachments of various nationalities, which, like in any other army, chased in the forefront, maintaining a loss at the forefront of the main Slavic-Aryan troops.

Hard to believe? Take a look at the "Map of Russia 1594" In the "Atlas of Gerhard Mercator-Country". All countries of Scandinavia and Denmark were part of Russia, which extended only to the mountains, and the Muscovy Principality was shown by an independent state that is not part of Russia. In the East, behind the Urals depicted by the principality of the relief, Siberia, Yugoria, Gorastina, Lukomorier, Belovodye, who were part of the ancient powers of Slavs and Ariyev - Great (Grand) Tartaria (Tartarium - land under the patronage of God Tarh Purunovich and Goddess Tara Perunovna - Son and daughters of the High God Perun - the Rabbar of Slavs and Ariev).

Do you need a lot of mind to carry out an analogy: the Great (Grand) Tartarium \u003d Mogolo + Tartarium \u003d "Mongol-Tatar"? We do not have a high-quality image of the named picture, there is only "Asia Map of 1754.". But it's even better! Ensure yourself. Not only in the 13th, but before the 18th century, the Grand (Mogolo) Tartarium existed as real as the faceless Russian Federation.

"Pisarchuki from history" were not all able to distort and hide from the people. Their multiple duct and latal "Trishkin Kaftan", covering the truth, then it is fascinated by seams. Through the crucians, the consciousness of our contemporaries reaches the truth. They do not have true information, so they are often mistaken in the interpretation of certain factors, but the general conclusion they make sure: what school teachers taught several dozen generations of Russians - deception, slander, krivda.

Published article from S.I. "Tatar-Mongol invasion was not" - a bright example of the foregoing. Comment on her member of our editorial board Gladilina E.A. It will help you, dear readers, place the points over "I".
Violetta Basha,
All-Russian newspaper "My Family",
№3, January 2003. p.26

The main source for which we can judge the history of ancient Russia is considered to be Radzivilovskoye manuscript: "Tale of Bygone Years." The story of the vocation of Varyagov to rule in Russia is taken exactly from her. But can she be trusted? Its copy was brought at the beginning of the XVIII century Peter 1 from Königsberg, then its original was in Russia. Now it is proved that this manuscript is forged. Thus, it is reliably unknown that it happened in Russia until the beginning of the XVII century, that is, before the end of the throne of the Romanov dynasty. But why did the Romanov's house rewrite our story? Is it not then to prove to the Russians that they have been subordinate to the Russian for a long time and are not capable of independence that their lot is drunk and humility?

Strange behavior of princes

The classic version of the "Mongol-Tatar invasion on Russia" is known to many years. She looks like that. In the early XIII century in the Mongolian steppes, Genghis Khan gathered a huge army from nomads, subordinate to Iron discipline, and conceived to conquer the whole world. Odane China, the army of Genghis Khan rushed to the West, and in 1223 it came to the south of Russia, where the squad of Russian princes on the river Kalka. In the winter of 1237, Tatar-Mongols invaded Russia, burned many cities, then they invaded Poland, the Czech Republic and reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea, but they suddenly turned back, because they were afraid to leave the rear on the rear, but still dangerous Russia. The Tatar-Mongolian Goo began in Russia. A huge gold horde had a border from Beijing to the Volga and collected a tribute from the Russian princes. Khans were issued by the Russian princes labels on the reign and terrorized the population with atrocities and robbery.

Even in the official version it is said that among the Mongols there were many Christians and individual Russian princes tied a very warm relationship with Ordan Khans. Another oddity: With the help of the Horde's troops, some princes were held on the throne. The princes were very close people of Khan. And in some cases, the Russians fought on the side of the horde. Is there much stranges? Did you have to treat the invaders so?

Rustling, Russia began to resist, and in 1380, Dmitry Donskoy broke the Orda Khan Mamaya on the Kulikov field, and the century later the troops of the Grand Duke Ivan III and the Oryan Khan of Akhmat were concerned. The opponents have long stood the camp on the various sides of the Ugra River, after which Khan realized that he had no chance, he gave an order to retreat and left for the Volga, these events were considered the end of the "Tatar-Mongolian IGA".

Secrets of disappeared chronicles

In the study of the chronicles of the times of Horde, scientists had many questions. Why did dozens of chronicles disappeared without a trace during the reign of the house of Romanov? For example, "the word about the killed in the Russian Earth", according to historians, it reminds of a document from which carefully removed the VCE, which would testify about the IGA. There were only fragments that tell about some "misfortune", comprehended Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasions of the Mongols".

There are still many oddities. In the story "On the evil tatars", Khan from the Golden Horde makes a penalty of Russian prince-Christian ... for refusing to bow down the pagan god of Slavs! " And in some chronicles there are amazing phrases, for example, such: "Well, with God!" Said Khan and, crossing, cried to the enemy.

Why among Tataromongols suspiciously many Christians? Yes, and the descriptions of the princes and warriors look unusual: the chronicles argue that most of them were a European-like type, were not narrow, and large gray or blue eyes and blond hair.

Still a paradox: why suddenly the Russian princes in the battle on Kalka give a captive "under the honest word" to the representative of the aliens named Farrows, and that ... kisses a native cross?! So, the plane was his own, Orthodox and Russian, and besides the most notable kind!

Not to mention that the number of "combat horses", which means that the warriors of the troops of the Horde at first, with the easy hand of historians of the house of Romanov, were evaluated in three hundred and four hundred thousand. It could not hide such a number of horses in the armor, nor feed in a long winter! Over the past century, historians have reduced the number of Mongolian troops all the time and reached thirty thousand. But such a army could not keep all the peoples from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean! But it could easily perform functions to collect taxes and guidance, that is, to serve something like a police.

There was no invasion!

A number of scientists, including academician Anatoly Fomenko, made a sensational conclusion based on mathematical analysis of manuscripts: there was no invasion from the territory of modern Mongolia! And there was a civil war in Russia, the princes fought with each other. There were no representatives of the Mongoloid race on Russia and did not exist in risen. Yes, there were separate Tatars in the troops, but not aliens, and the residents of the Volga region who were inhabited by the Russians long before the notorious "invasion".

What is customary called "Tatar-Mongol invasion" was in fact the struggle of the descendants of Prince Vsevolod "Big Nest" with his rivals for the sole power over Russia. The fact of war between princes is generally accepted, unfortunately, Russia united immediately, and quite strong rulers fought among themselves.

But with whom did Dmitry Donskoy fought? In other words, who is Mama?

Horde - the name of the Russian troops

The era of the Golden Horde was distinguished by the fact that, along with the power of secular, there was a strong military power. There were two ruler: a secular, called prince, and a military man, and called Han, i.e. "Warlord." In the chronicles you can find such a record: "They were with the Tatars and Porodnikov, and they had such something", that is, the troops of the horde headed the governors! And Porodniks are Russian free verges, the predecessors of the Cossacks.

Authoritative scientists concluded that the Horde is the name of the Russian regular troops (like the "Red Army"). And Tatar-Mongolia is the Great Rus itself. It turns out that no "Mongols", but the Russians conquered a huge territory from the quiet to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Northern Icet to Indian. This our troops were forced to tremble Europe. Most likely, it is the fear of mighty Russians and caused the fact that the Germans rewrote Russian history and turned their national humiliation - in our.

By the way, the German word "Ordnung" ("order") is most likely due to the word "Horde". The word "Mongol" probably appeared from the Latin Megalion, that is, "the Great". Tatary from the word "Tartar" ("hell, horror"). And Mongol-Tataria (or Megalion Tartarium) can be translated as "Great Horror".

A few more words about names. Most of the people of that time had two names: one in the world, and another obtained with baptism or combat nickname. According to scientists who offered this version, Prince Yaroslav and his son Alexander Nevsky are under the names of Genghis Khan and Batiya. Ancient sources paint Genghishana high, with a luxurious long beard, with "trot", green and yellow eyes. Note that people of the Mongoloid race do not have beard at all. The Persian historian of the times of the Horde Rashid Addin writes that children were "born mostly with gray eyes and blond" in the family of Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan, according to scientists, is Prince Yaroslav. He just had the second name - Genghis with the prefix "Han", which meant the "military leader." Battered - his son Alexander (Nevsky). In the manuscripts, you can find such a phrase: "Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on nicknamed Bati." By the way, according to the description of contemporaries, Battered was a fair-haired, Svildence and light-eyed! It turns out, this Ordini Khan broke the Crusaders on the Chief of Lake!

After examining the chronicle, scientists found that Mamay and Ahmat were also noble nobles, according to the dynastic relations of Russian-Tatar births that had the right to the Grand Diction. Accordingly, "Mamaevo Boy" and "Standing in Ugra" - the episodes of the civil war in Russia, the struggle of the princely childbirth for power.

What kind of Russia went to the horde?

In the chronicles they really say; "Horde went to Russia." But in the XII-XIII centuries, Russia was called a relatively small territory around Kiev, Chernigov, Kursk, district near Roma River, Severskaya Earth. But Muscovites or, let's say, Novgorodians were already northern residents who, according to the same ancient chronicles, often from Novgorod or Vladimir "drove in Russia"! That is, for example, in Kiev.

Because the Moscow Prince was going to go hiking on the southern neighbor, it could be called "invasion on Russia" his "Hordes" (troops). No wonder on Western European cards for a very long Russian lands were divided into "Muscovy" (North) and "Russia" (south).

Grand Falsification

At the beginning of the XVIII century, Peter 1 founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. At the historical branch of the Academy of Sciences for 120 years of its existence there were 33 academician-historian. Of these, only three Russians, including M.V. Lomonosov, the rest are the Germans. The history of ancient Russia until the beginning of the XVII century wrote the Germans, and some of them did not even know the Russian language! This fact is well known to professional historians, but they do not apply any effort to carefully view which story the Germans wrote.

It is known that M.V. Lomonosov wrote the story of Russia and that he had permanent disputes with German academics. After the death of Lomonosov, his archives disappeared without a trace. However, his works were published on the history of Russia, but edited by Miller. Meanwhile, it was Miller who arranged the mistake of M.V. Lomonosov in his life! Published by Miller Lomonosov's work on the history of Russia - falsification, it showed a computer analysis. From Lomonosov in them there is little left.

As a result, we do not know their history. The Germans of the House of Romanov killed in our heads that a Russian man is not suitable for anything. That "he does not know how to work that he is a drunkard and eternal slave.

There are a large number of facts that not only unequivocally refute the hypothesis about the Tatar-Mongolian IGE, but also suggest that the story was distorted deliberately, and what was done with a fully definite goal ... But who and why did the story deliberately distort the story? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If you analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongolian Igo" was invented in order to hide the consequences of "baptism". After all, this religion was imposed by far from a peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism", most of the population of the Kiev Principality was destroyed! Definitely it becomes clear that those forces that stood behind the imposition of this religion in the future and fabricated the story, putting the historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and everyone who wants without any problems can find them on the Internet. Owning scientific research and justification, koi are already described quite widely, summarize the main facts that refute the big lies about the "Tatar-Mongolian IHE".

1. Chingis Khan

Previously, 2 people answered in Russia for the management of the state: Prince and Han. He was responsible for managing the state in peacetime. Khan or "Military Prince" took the Brazda of Department for himself during the war, in peacetime on his shoulders they were responsible for the formation of the Horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "Military Prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of commander-in-chief of the army. And people who wore such title were somewhat. Timur was the most outstanding of them, it is usually about him, when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the preserved historical documents, this person is described as a high height warrior with blue eyes, very white leather, a powerful reddish chapel and a thick beard. What obviously does not correspond to the signs of the representative of the Mongoloid race, but it is fully suitable for the description of Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe.").

French engraving Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, in which it would be said that this country conquered almost all Eurasia in antiquity, exactly, like nothing and about the great conqueror of Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "visible and invisible genocide ").

Reconstruction of the Throne of Genghis Khan with a genital tammy with a swastika.

2. Mongolia.

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks arrived in the nomads living in the desert in the desert, and they were the descendants of the Great Mongols, and their compatriot created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and delighted . The word "Mogul" has a Greek origin, and means "the Great". This word Greeks called our ancestors - Slavs. It does not have any attitude towards the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the Army "Tatar-Mongols" amounted to Russians, the remaining 20-30% accounted for other small peoples of Russia, actually, as well as now. This fact clearly confirms the fragment of the icon of Sergius of the Radonezh "Kulikovskaya Battle". It is clearly clearly seen that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

4. What did Tatar-Mongola look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Heinrich II pious, which was killed on the Legnitis field.

The inscription is as follows: "Tatar's figure under the legs of Heinrich II, the Duke of Silesia, Krakow and, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with Tatars at Lignice on April 9, 1241. As we see from this "Tatar" completely Russian appearance, clothing and weapons. In the following image - "The Khan Palace in the capital of the Mongolian Empire Hanbalyke" (It is believed that Hanbalyk is supposedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" here and what is "Chinese"? Again, as in the case of the Tomb of Heinrich II, we are in front of us - people of clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, shooting caps, the same vane beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is a practically exact copy of the roofs of older rubers ... (a. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that the Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russian and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols - colossal: "The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) from Mongolian (almost entirely centrally Asian) is really great - this is like two different world ..." (OAGB.RU).

6. Documents during the period of Tatar-Mongolian yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, a single document has been preserved in Tatar or Mongolian. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. The lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis about the Tatar-Mongolian ig

At the moment there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongolian IHO. But there are many fakes, designed to convince us in the existence of fiction called "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "the word about the death of the Russian Earth" and in each publication is declared "by passage from the poetic work that has not come to us ... About the Tatar-Mongolian invasion":

"Oh, light bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! Many beauties are glorified by: many are famous for lakes, rivers and sources of locally, mountains, steep hills, high dumbers, clean fields, wonderful beasts, various birds, countless cities, villages, glorious, gardens of monastic, temples of God and Grozny, boyars honest and nobles Many. All of you are filled, Russian land, about Orthodox Vera Christian!..»

In this text, there is not even a hint of "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: "To all you are filled, the earth is Russian, about the Orthodox Vera Christian!"

The church reform of Nikon, which was held in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "Orthodox." Orthodox it became called only after this reform ... It became, this document could be written not earlier than the middle of the 17th century and nothing to do with the era of Tatar-Mongolian Yeah ...

In all the cards, which were published before 1772 and were not fixed in the future, you can see the following.

The Western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartarium ... In this small part of Russia, the rules of the Romanov dynasty. The Moscow king until the end of the 18th century was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or Duke (Prince) in Moscow. The rest of Russia, who occupied almost all the mainland of Eurasia in the east and south of the Muscovy of that time is called or the Russian Empire (see Map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called the Great Tartarium. Those tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea, are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek tartars and mongols that live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetan living north-west from China ... " (See the site "RA Food") ...

Where did Tartarium name come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, man. But, like now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those times. People who in their development have left much further than others, and which could manage space and matter (to manage the weather, heal the disease, see the future, etc.), called Wheel. Those of the Magi, who could manage the space on the planetary level and above, called the gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, our ancestors were not at all as it is now. The gods were people who went out in their development much further than the vast majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, nevertheless, the gods were also people, and the possibilities of each God had their limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God, he was also called Dazhibogov (giving God) and his sister - the goddess of Tara. These gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve themselves. So, the Gods Tarh and Tara taught our ancestors to how to build houses, cultivate the land, writing and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and with time to restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors spoke to strangers "We Tarh and Tara ...". They spoke like that because in their development, they were indeed children in relation to the significantly gone in the development of Tarhu and Tara. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors to Tarkhtarai, and in the future, due to the complexity in pronunciation - Tartars. Hence the name of the country - Tartarium ...

Baptism of Russia

And here is the baptism of Russia? - Some can ask. As it turned out, it is very good. After all, baptism took place far from peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, almost everyone was able to read, write, count (see article). Recall from the school program on history, at least, the same "Berevian diplomas" - letters who wrote to each other the peasants on Beretta from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as I wrote above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion is reduced to the blind adoption of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding, why it is necessary to do this, and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people a understanding of real nature, an understanding of how the world is arranged, which is good, and what is bad.

People saw what was happening after the "baptism" in neighboring countries, when under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population was immersed in ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy were able to read and write it, and that's not all. ..

Everyone perfectly understood that the "Greek religion" carries in themselves, in which the Kyiv Rus was going to baptize the bloody and those who stood behind him. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kiev Principality (the province, whipped from the Great Tartarium) did not accept this religion. But Vladimir stood great strength, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of violent Christianization, it was destroyed, with a rare exception, almost an adult population of Kiev Rus. Because impose such a "doctrine" could be only unreasonable, which, by virtue of their youth, could not understand that such a religion paid them into slaves and in the physical, and the spiritual sense of the word. All the same, who refused to take a new "faith" - killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If there were 300 cities to "baptism" in Kiev Rus and lived 12 million inhabitants, then after "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Rus Orthodox before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost all the adult population of Kiev Rus was destroyed by the "saints" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dualsman was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the slaves imposed by the religion, and herself continued to live on the Vedic tradition, however, not exposing it to the appearance. And this phenomenon was observed not only in the masses, but also among the part of the ruling elite. And such a state of affairs remained up to the reform of the Patriarch Nikon, which invented how to deceive everything.

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the Kiev principality, only children were left alive and a very small part of the adult population, which accepted the Greek religion - 3 million people from the 12 millionth population before baptism. The principality was completely broken, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But the authors of the version of the "Tatar-Mongolian IGY" draw the same painting the same picture, the difference is that the same cruel, the actions were made there allegedly "Tatar-Mongols"!

As always, the winner writes a story. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, and was subsequently invented by Tatar-Mongolian Igo. Children were brought up in the traditions of Greek religion (Cult Dionysia, and later Christianity) and rewritten the story where all cruelty dumped into "wild nomads" ...

The famous statement of President V.V. Putin O, in which Russians allegedly fought against the Tatars with Mongols ...

Tatar-Mongolian Igo - the largest myth of history.

No matter how cool, but the story was, there is also enough ghostly and unreliable, and the facts that we are accustomed to take for the purest coin, often find themselves, with a nearest consideration by foggy and vague. Who exactly, and most importantly, for which it rewrites that the very objective information is often not possible to identify, for the absence of eyewitnesses, who can either confirm it, or refute it. However, it is worth saying that there are inconsistencies, a frank Nausecian, as well as Lyapi, who are still rushing into the eyes. It is worth discussing in more detail, because among the huge number, it is quite possible, it is quite possible, and truth will be detected. Moreover, in the history of our country, such good is also enough, for example, it is possible to discuss the Tatar-Mongolian IHO briefly, not to get into the dark debris of a windy girl, named Klio.

Official version: When Mongolian Igo was formed and to whom it could need

First of all, it is necessary to find out what he says about the Mongol-Tatar Igo 1237-1480 The official version of the story, which we have quite successfully studied at school. It is this version that is considered true, because it is necessary to proceed from it. The fans of this version believe, relying on the available sources, which is early in the spring of 1237, that is, at the very beginning of the thirteenth century, Genghis Khan suddenly appeared at the helm, at that time of living community and scattered, nomadic tribes. Only over a couple of years, this truly talented leader, and roughly speaking - a real, ingenious leader, gathered such a tremendous army, which was immediately able to speak his actually victorious, campaign to the north-west.

Although no, everything was not so fast, because at first, the incomplete state, which previously consisted of completely scattered tribes and communities, conquered a rather strong at that time, China, and at the closest neighbors. Only after all this, the Golden Horde, as if the sea is endless, rushed into our side, filling the spears and playing with long beards, riding on dashing rags, going to put on the mother of Russia, the Tatar-Mongolian Igo, which is about.

Tatar-Mongolian IHO: start and end date, according to the official version, dates and numbers

Horror, fear, horror, covered all the ancient Russia, from the edge to the edge, when millions of troops entered our lands. By burning everything in its path, killing, as well as the population kalece, leaving behind only the ashes, was "Horde" in the steppes and plains, exciting all the large territories, leading to the horror of everyone who met on the way.

Absolutely no one could prevent this incredible, fragrant fat and Sovina, and the epics of our kind wellmen and warriors, apparently, were in front of the furnaces, caused their planded thirty-three years. Having reached the Czech and Poland, the victorious campaign, according to completely unknown reasons, suddenly choke and got up as the inserted, and the Tatar-Mongolian Igo stopped, frosked out on the spot, as if the real sea, setting his own orders, as well as a rather hard of his own regime on conquered with Amazing ease of territories.

It was then that the Russian princes and received special letters, as well as labels from Hana to management. That is, the country, in fact, simply continued to live his usual, everyday life. In order to be clearer, it is worth saying that the yoke is in ancient Russia so called the yarm, put on with powerful animals, oxen, pulling unbearable wear, for example, WHO, loaded with salt. True, the Mongols and Tatars, sometimes, apparently, for consupporting the coolness and prevent perturbation by the regime, they ruined several small villages or cities.

Tan Khan had to pay regularly and very carefully, in order to avoid unnecessary conflicts and the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, it took just a bang. Mongols are eastern people - hot-tempered and hot, why tempt fate? So it lasted about three hundred years, while Dmitry Donskoy showed finally Horde Handsman, Khan Mama, where these domestic crayfish winter than the deadly frightened, which seemed completely fearless and invincible, invaders.

Approximately at the same time, in the middle of the fourteenth century of our era, at the River Ugra, Prince Ivan Third and Tatar Ahmat, having stood several days against each other, for some reason simply diverged, even without entered into battle. Moreover, the Ordanets "Glyazhkov" obviously lost. This time is considered to be the official conclusion of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Data these events, approximately 1380.

The period of the Mongol-Tatar Iga in Russia: years and key dates

However, the invaders were hurt and ravened for several other decrees, and the consequences for the country were simply catastrophic, the Horde managed to ember the Russian princes, and so that those were ready to tear up herring to each other for labels and petitions from Khan. At that time, the son of the notorious Genghis Khan, an elderly young man Baty, who passed the enemy's position to the enemy.

Thus, it turns out that the Tatar-Mongolian IHO, how much about two or three hundred years have lasted, and it ended with nothing. Moreover, the official version of the story offers the dates of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, which are key. How many times did the Tatar-Mongolian Igo go on Russia? Consider themselves, it is not difficult at all, because specific numbers are given, and then clean mathematics.

• The Mongol-Tatar Igo, briefly about which we and we narrow, began in 1223, when the unmeasised Horde approached the boundaries of Russia.
• Even the date of the first battle is known, which marked the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke : May 31 of the same year.
• Tatar-Mongolian IHO: Date of massive attack on Russia - Winter 1237 years.
• In the same year, the Mongolian IHO in Russia, briefly mentioned, was captured by Kolomna and Ryazan, and after them and the entire Falo Ryazan Principality.
• In the early spring of 1238, at the very beginning of March, the city of Vladimir was captured, who later became the center, from where Tatar-Mongols were touched, and Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was killed.
• A year later, the horde also captured Chernigov.
• In 1240 Pal Kiev, and it was a full collapse for Russia time.
• Palo Galico-Volyn Principality was captured, after which the activity of the Ordans was clearly suspended.

However, on this, the Tatar-Mongolian IHO was not completed, and for more forty years, Rusichi paid tribute to the Horde Khan, because the official story says that it ended only in 1280. To obtain a clearer view of the events that occur, it is worth considering the map of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, everything is quite transparent there and simply, if you take everything on faith.

Tatar-Mongolian IHO: Historical Fact or Fiction

What do you say, so to speak, alternative sources, was the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia really, or was it specially invented for some specific purpose? Let's start with the Genghis Khan himself, the personality to the extreme of interesting and even, can be said entertaining. Who was this "protester's leader", the talented of all existing rulers, leaders and organizers, surrounding, probably, Adolf Hitler himself? Mysterious phenomenon, but Mongol around the genus and tribe, it turns out, was quite European appearance! Historian Persian, contemporary Mongol-Tatar campaigns, named Rashidad Dean, frankly writes in his chronicles:

"All children from the genus Genghis Hana were born with blond hair, and besides, also with gray eyes. The Great itself, possessed yellowly a green look of the Wild Puma. "

It turns out that no one is Mongol, the Great Mongol! There is also information about snack, and quite reliable: in the twelfth-thirteenth century, when there was an invasion, Mongolian and Tatar peoples simply did not have written! Therefore, they could not write their own sources at all physically. Well, they did not know how to write, and that's it! It is very sorry, because we would have a word of their words in establishing truth.

Letters these nations have learned later after five centuries, that is, much later than the Tatar-Mongolian Igo in Russia existed, allegedly, and even this is not all. If it is thoroughly digging in historical reports of other peoples, then references to the black-eyed and black-haired invaders of huge territories, from China to the Czech Republic and Poland, nothing is written. The track is lost and it is not possible to find it.

Mongol-Tatar Igo on Russia lasted for a long time, but no traces left behind

When Russian travelers, exploring all new and new lands, rushed their feet to the east, to the Urals and to Siberia, then on their way, would certainly have to meet, at least some traces of the presence, once a multi-million troops. After all, Tatar-Mongols, according to legend, had to "hold" and these territories too. Moreover, no burials were found, more or less reminiscent of the Turkic. It turns out, in three hundred years, no one died? Cossack travelers did not even find a hint of cities or any "decent" for their infrastructure time. But it was here that the path was supposed to be held in which the tribute was taken from all over Rus. In the people, the centuries occupied these land, there was a strange forgetfulness - they were neither a dream, nor the Spirit, did not know anything ig.

In addition to the complete "lack of presence,", as everyone would say, Mikhail Zadornov who would say, one can note the elementary impossibility of existence, and even more times the victorious procession of the army in half a million people in those dense times! According to the same evidence that the official story relies, it turns out that every nomad had at least two horses at its disposal, and sometimes even three or four. It is difficult to present this herd to several million horses, and even harder to come up with, what to feed such sleeps of hungry animals. In one day, these unpretentious hordes of hoofs should have devoured all the greens in a radius of several hundred kilometers and leave behind the landscape, most of all resembling the consequences of a nuclear attack or zombie invasion.

Maybe, under the attack and the board of Mongols, someone skillfully disguised something else, absolutely not related to poor nomadic peoples? It is hard to imagine that they, accustomed to life in a fairly warm steppe, calmly felt themselves in the laid Russian frosts, and they could not even withstand more persistent and hardy Germans, although they were equipped with the latest technique and weapons. Yes, and the very fact of such a well-coordinated and well-working mechanism of management, from nomads to expect rather strangely. The most interesting thing is that absolutely wild people, sometimes, were depicted in the early paintings dressed in armor and chain rails, and during the hostilities could calmly roll out to the gates of the city of Taran. With the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Tatar-Mongols of that time, these facts somehow do not fit at all.

Such inconsistencies, large and small, can be found if you dig, not for one of the scientific work. To whom and for what you need to falsify the story, "hovering in volatile" on the poor Mongols and Tatars, not even guessing about something like that? To be honest, it should be confessed that these nations learned about their heroic past, and most likely, with the words of Europeans. Funny, isn't it? What did you want to hide from the descendants, leading responsibility for the destruction and years of the unbearable Dani, in Genghis Khan? While all this is only the theory and guesses, and it is not at all the fact that the objective truth will someday will be clarified.

In the 12th century, the state of the Mongols expanded, their military art was improved. The main occupation was cattle breeding, bred mainly horses and sheep, they did not know agriculture. They lived in felt tents-yurts, they were easily transported during far nomads. Each adult Mongol was a warrior, since childhood was sitting in the saddle and owned weapons. Cowardly, unreliable in the warriors did not get, became an outcast.
In 1206, at the congress of Mongolian, named Great Khan was proclaimed Techovkin with the name of Genghis Khan.
Mongols managed to combine hundreds of tribes under their power, which made it possible to use them in the troops during the war someone else's material. They conquered Eastern Asia (Kyrgyz, Buryat, Yakuts, Uigurov), the Tangut Kingdom (south-west of Mongolia), North China, Korea and Central Asia (the largest Central Asian state of Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara). As a result, by the end of the 13th century, Mongols owned half Eurasia.
In 1223, Mongols switched to the Caucasian ridge and invaded the Polovetsky lands. Polovtsy turned for help to Russian princes, because Russians and Polovtsy traded each other, concluded marriages. The Russians responded, and on June 16, 1223 the first battle of Mongol-Tatars with Russian princes took place. The army of Mongol-Tatars was intelligent, small, i.e. Mongol-Tatars had to divide what lands lie ahead. Russians came to just fight, they weakly imagined that behind the enemy is in front of them. Until the Polovtsy request for help, they did not even hear about the Mongols.
The battle ended with the defeat of Russian troops due to the treason of Polovtsy (they were rushed into flight from the very beginning), and also due to the fact that the Russian princes failed to unite their forces, underestimated the enemy. Mongols offered to give the princes to surrender, promising to keep them their lives and let go of the will for the ransom. When the princes agreed, the Mongols were tied up, put the boards on them, and the nose from above, began to send a victory. Russian warriors, remaining without leaders, were interrupted.
Mongol-Tatars retreated in the Horde, but returned in 1237, knowing already, what an opponent in front of them. Batu Khan (Battered), grandson of Genghis Khan led a huge army with him. They preferred to attack the strongest Russian principalities - and. Defeated and subordinate to themselves, and in the next two years - all. After 1240, only one land remained independent -, because Baty reached its main goals, to lose people under Novgorod did not make sense.
The Russian princes could not unite, therefore defeated, although, according to scientists, the battered lost half of their troops in the Russian lands. He occupied Russian lands, offered to recognize his power and pay tribute, the so-called "output." Initially, she was going to "in kind" and amounted to 1/10 of the crop, and then was transferred to the money.
Mongols have established the ogo system of total suppressing national life at the captured territories. In such a form, the Tatar-Mongolian IHO lasted 10 years, after which the prince offered a new relationship with Horde: the Russian princes went to the service to Mongolian Khan, were obliged to collect tribute, to turn her into the Horde and get a label to the Grand Diction - a leather belt there. At the same time, the prince who pays more received a shortcut for the reign. This procedure was provided with backers - Mongolian commander, who with the army managed Russian lands and watched, whether the tribute is going correctly.
It was the time of vassalitet of Russian princes, but thanks to the act, the Orthodox Church was preserved, raids stopped.
In the 60s of the 14th century, the Golden Horde split into two warring parts, the border between which was Volga. In the Left Bank Horde there were constant gravestics with the change of rulers. In the Right-Bank Horde, Mamay became the ruler.
The beginning of the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongolian Iga in Russia is associated with the name. In 1378, he, feeling the weakening of the horde, refused to pay tribute and interrupted all Baskakov. In 1380, the Mamay commander went with the whole of the Horde for Russian Earth, and the battle occurred.
Maama had 300 thousand "Sabel", and that Mongols almost did not have infantry, he hired the best Italian (Genoese) infantry. Dmitry Donskoy had 160 thousand people, of which only 5 thousand were professional military. The main weapons of the Russians were clubs, hinge and wooden horns.
So, the battle with Mongol-Tatars was suicide for Russian troops, but still the Russians remained a chance.
Dmitry Donskaya crossed Don on the night of September 7-18, 1380 and burned the crossing, there was nowhere to retreat. It remained to win or die. In the forest, he hid 5 thousand deugers, behind his troops. The role of the squad was to save the Russian army from bypass from the rear.
The battle lasted one day for which the Mongol-Tatars was outpathed by the Russian army. Then Dmitry Donskoy ordered an ardent shelf to leave the forest. Mongol-Tatars decided that they were the main forces of the Russians and, without waiting, when everyone came out, turned and began to run, flooding the Genoese infantry. The battle turned into persecution of the running opponent.
Two years later, a new horde came with Khan Tuchtamiam. He captured Moscow, Pereyaslavl. Moscow had to renew the payment of Dani, but was a fracture in the fight against Mongol-Tatars, because The dependence on the horde was now weaker.
After 100 years in 1480, Dmitry Donskoy, stopped the payment of Dani Horde.
Han Horde Ahmed came out with a big army against Rus, wanting to punish a recurrent prince. He came up to the border of the Moscow principality, to the River Ugration-Influx of Oka. There also approached and. Since the forces turned out to be equal, they stood on the River Ugra, Summer and Autumn. Fearing of the coming winter, Mongol-Tatars went to the Horde. It was the end of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, because The defeat of Ahmed meant the collapse of the powers of Batya and the independence of the Russian state. Tatar-Mongolian Igo lasted 240 years.

1. In 1480, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was overthrown, which, to a large extent, was the result of the activities of Ivan III - one of the most progressive Russian princes of that time. Ivan III, the son of Vasily Dark, joined the throne in 1462 and the Rules until 1505. During his reign, the fateful change of the life of Moscow Russia took place:

• Rus was finally combined around Moscow;
• mongol-Tatar yoke was overthrown;
• Rus became the political and spiritual successor of Byzantium;
• the first litthic of the Moscow state was compiled;
• the construction of a modern Moscow Kremlin began;
• the Moscow Prince became referred to as the State Duke of All Russia.

2. A decisive step in the unification of Russian lands around Moscow was the suppression of two feudal centers, many years of competing with Moscow:

• Novgorod in 1478;
• Tver in 1485

The joining of Novgorod - an independent trading democratic republic to the Moscow state occurred forced. In 1478, Ivan III, concerned about the desire of Novgorod to join Lithuania, came to Novgorod with the army and presented an ultimatum. Novgorod, whose forces were inferior to Moscow, were forced to accept him. The Novgorod Evening Bell is a symbol of democracy, he was removed from the bell tower and was taken into Moscow, the veche was dissolved. It was during the joining of Novgorod Ivan III for the first time was publicly represented as the Sovereign of All Russia.

3. After the combination of the two largest Russian centers - Moscow and Novgorod, the next step of Ivan III was the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke:

• in 1478, Ivan III refused to pay tribute to Horde;
• khan Ahmat, together with the Golden Town Army, made Russian lands;
• in October - November 1480, the Russian and the goldside army became camps on the River Ugra, which was called "standing on the River Ugra";
• having stood in the thief of the month, November 11, 1480 Khan Ahmat gathered his army and went to the Horde.

This event is considered the moment of the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, which has been dusing 240 years.

However, standing on the River Ugra is a symbol of the overthrow of the yoke, but not its reason.

The main reason for the sufficiently easy overthrow of the yoke is the actual death of the Golden Horde in 1480 - 1481

The geopolitical situation in the world has changed the Turks who came from Asia:

• at first, in 1453, the Turks crushed 1000-year-old Byzantium and took Constantinople;
• then she came the turn of the Golden Horde (also the enemy of the Turks), which in the 1460s - 1470s. subjected to devastating raids from the south;
• in 1480, the Crimean Tatars - the Allies of the Turks opened the "second front" for Russia, starting the invasion of the Golden Horde.

In addition, in the Golden Horde itself (by that time, she had changed the name several times - a white horde, a blue horde, etc.), centrifugal processes took place - similar to those that led to the decay of Kievan Rus. The golden horde by 1480 was already actually broken into small Khanate. Sometimes the data of the Khanate "gathered" by any of the "strong people" - the leaders or khanov, the last time the Golden Horde was united by Akhmat, which then tried to restore the vassal dependence of Moscow Rus. However, during standing in the thief, the news came about the new invasion of the Crimean Tatars and the new "zamayatin" (cross-timber) in the Golden Horde. As a result:

• khan Ahmat was forced to urgently leave the Ugra to fight the conquerors involved with the south;
• in 1481, the Army of Ahmat was defeated, Ahmat - the last khan of the Horde was killed, and the Golden Horde ceased to exist and broke up into small Khanate - Astrakhansky, Kazan, Nogai, etc. That's why, leaving UGRA on November 11, 1480, Mongol- Tatars never returned.

The last attempt to revive the Golden Horde was undertaken in 1492, but was stopped by the Turks, the Crimean Tatars, and local separatists. The Golden Horde finally ceased to exist. 4. Moscow State, on the contrary, gained momentum and international authority. Ivan III married Sofye (Zoe) Paleologist, niece of the last emperor of Byzantium (the Eastern Roman Empire, having broken down in 1453, like the Golden Horde, under the onslaught of Turkish invasion). The young Moscow state was announced by the political and spiritual adviser of Byzantium. This was our expression as in the slogan: "Moscow - the third Rome" (after Rome and the "Second Rome" - Constantinople) and in borrowing the Byzantine symbolism and the symbols of power:

• The coat of arms of Paleologists - a double-headed eagle was taken as the emblem of the newly educated Russian (Moscow) state;
• gradually, Byzantium, the new name of the country was borrowed by Byzantium - Russia (Russia - the Byzantine version of Rus; in the Byzantine language for the convenience of pronunciation in the name of the letter "y" changed to "O" and the end of "-iya" (-IA) was added, for example, Romania sounded like Romania, Bulgars like Bulgaria, Rus as Rossia).

In honor of the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar Iga, the construction of the symbol of the Moscow Kremlin began with Ivan III. According to Ivan III, the Kremlin was supposed to become a residence of future Russian sovereigns and should personify the greatness and statement. The project was taken by the project of the Italian architect Aristotle Fioreni, according to which, instead of the old white-named, was built the main part of the modern Moscow Kremlin from the Red Brick. Also, under Ivan III, in 1497, a law was adopted - the first set of laws of the independent Russian state. This lawyer legalized:

• unified system of state bodies;
• unified system of government;
• the right of peasants to change landlords ("Yuriev Day").

During the reign of Ivan III, the expansion of the territory of Russia to the East began. So, in the 80s - 90s. XV century Extensive spaces to the Urals and the Arctic Ocean were mastered, as a result of which, with Ivan III, the territory of the Moscow state increased 6 times.

Ivan III died in 1505, leaving behind a strong, prosperous and independent state.