The origin and early history of Finno-Ugric peoples to now remain the subject of scientific discussions. Among the researchers, the most common is the opinion that in ancient times there was a single grouping of people who spoke on the general Finno-Ugric defense. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugro until the end of the Third Millennium BC. e. Saved relative unity. They were resettled in the Urals and West Ural, and perhaps also in some areas adjacent to them.

In that epoch, called Finno-Ugorsk, their tribes were contacted with Indoirans, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennia BC. e. Separated from each other uGORSKAY and finno-Permskaya branches. Among the peoples of the last, settled in the Western direction, independent subgroups of languages \u200b\u200bwere gradually separated and aligned:

• baltic-Finnish,
• volzhsky-Finnish,
• permian.

As a result of the transition of the population of the Far North, Saama formed on one of the Finno-Ugric Union. The Ugragic group of languages \u200b\u200bbroke out by the middle of the I millennium BC. e. The separation of the Baltic-Finnish occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm has existed somewhat longer - until the eighth century.

The contacts of Finno-Ugric tribes with Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkish, German peoples played a major role in the separate development of these languages.

Territory of settlement

Finno-Ugric peoples in our day predominantly live in North-West Europe. Geographically, they are resets in a huge territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kamya, the lower and middle tritobol.

Hungarians are the only people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-speaking group, who formed their state aside from other tribal related to them - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

The total number of peoples talking in the Ural languages \u200b\u200b(they include Finno-Ugors, together with the self-ideas), is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. Their world has more than 15 million people. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most of the other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.

Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia

Russian migrants massively rushed to the lands of Finno-Ugrov in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Most often, the resettlement process in these parts occurred peacefully, but some indigenous peoples (for example, Mari) have long and fiercely resisted their importance to the Russian state.

Christian religion, writing, urban culture, brought by Russians, began to push local beliefs and adverbs. People moved to cities, moved to the Siberian and Altai lands - there, where the main and general was Russian. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed a lot of Finno-Ugric words - is more visible in the field of toponyms and names of nature phenomena.

In places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia were mixed with Turks, adopting Muslims. However, a significant part of them was still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not care anywhere - even in those republics that are their name. Nevertheless, according to the census in 2002, in Russia there are very significant in numbers of Finno-Ugric groups.

• mordva (843 thousand people),
• udmurts (almost 637 thousand),
• markets (604 thousand),
• komi-Zyryan (293 thousand),
• komi-Perm (125 thousand),
• karelia (93 thousand).

The number of some nations does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhorstsy have 327 people, and the people are water - only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Saama live in Russia.

Development of Finno-Ugric Culture in Russia

In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national publications, and two are nationally territorial. Other resets dispersed throughout the country. On the national and local level, programs are being developed, with the support of which the culture of Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects are being studied. Thus, Sami, Khanty, Mansiysky teach in primary classes, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovsky - in secondary schools of those regions where large groups of relevant ethnic groups live.

There are special laws on culture, languages \u200b\u200b(Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia, the law on education that enshrines the right of Episses and Karelov to study in its native language. The priority of the development of cultural traditions of these peoples is determined by the law on culture. Also in the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, in the Khanty-Mansiysk JSC there are their own concepts and programs of national development. The fund of development of the cultures of Finno-Ugric peoples (in the territory of the Republic of Mari El) has been created and operates.

Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance

The ancestors of the current finno-thief occurred as a result of the mixing of Paleoevurine and Paleoisian tribes. Therefore, in the appearance of all peoples of this group, both European and mongoloid features are present. Some scientists even advanced the theory about the existence of an independent race - the Ural, which is "intermediate" between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.

Finno-eel is heterogeneous in anthropological terms. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric People has characteristic "Urals" features in one way or another. This is usually medium height, very light hair color, "smoky" nose, a wide face, a nursing beard. But these features appear in different ways.

So, Mordvinka-Erzya - the tall, winners of light hair and blue eyes. Mordviny Moksha - on the contrary, below the growth, wiping, with longer hair. Udmurts and Mariers often meet the characteristic "Mongolian" eyes with a special fold in the inner corner of the eye - Epicatus, very wide faces, a liquid beard. But at the same time, their hair is usually blonde and red, and the eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not the Mongoloids. "Mongolian fold" is also found at Izhorts, Rod, Karel, and even Estonians. Komi look different. Where there are mixed marriages with nonsense, representatives of this people are disclosure and drafts. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more likely to go to Scandinavians, but more broadcasters.

Religion and language

Finno-horses living in the European part of Russia are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Marietsians managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the self-foundations and residents of Siberia - Shamanism.

Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bare related modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples speaking them make up the Finno-Ugric ethno-speaking group. Their origin, the territory of the settlement, the community and the difference in external features, culture, religion and traditions is the objects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. Briefly highlight this topic will try this review article.

Peoples included in the Finno-Ugric Ethnic Summer Group

Based on the degree of proximity of languages, researchers share Finno-Ugric peoples by five subgroups. The basis of the first, Baltines-Finnish, make up Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. Setu is a small group of Estonians - resettle in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia is Karelia. In everyday life they use three autochthon dialects, while the literary language is considered to be Finnish. In addition, the same subgroup includes Veps and Izhorstsi - small peoples who have preserved their languages, as well as water (there are less than a hundred people left, their own language is lost) and Liva.

Second - Samskaya (or Lopar) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave her the name is reset in Scandinavia. In Russia, Saama live on the Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these nations occupied a more significant territory, but subsequently they were pushed north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish laws.

Third The subgroup constituting the Finno-Ugric peoples is the Volga-Finnish - enter Mari and Mordva. Markets are the main part of the population of the Republic of Mari El, they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of Russian regions. They allocate two literary languages \u200b\u200b(with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva - Autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; At the same time, a significant part of Morderov is resettled throughout Russia. The composition of this nation is two ethnographic groups, each with their literary written language.

Fourth The subgroup is called Perm. It includes Komi, Comi-Perm, as well as Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy (though, in Russian), Komi were approaching the most educated peoples of Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the UDMurts, their dialect is preserved for the most part in the villages of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of the same cities, as a rule, forget the indigenous language, and customs.

TO fifth, Ugor, the subgroup includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the dense of Obi and the Northern Ural separates from the Hungarian state on the Danube many kilometers, these peoples are actually the most closest relatives. Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.

Disappeared Finno-Ugric Tribes

The tribes were also treated to Finno-Ugric peoples, mentions of which are currently preserved only in the chronicles. So, people Merya In the middle of the Volga and Oka in the first millennium of our era in the first millennium - there is a theory that he subsequently merged with the eastern Slavs.

The same happened with muromoy. These are even more ancient people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-language group, the once inhabited Oka Pool. For a long time disappeared Finnish tribes, who lived along the rivers of Onega and Northern Dvina, researchers call miracle (According to one of the hypotheses, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).

Community of languages \u200b\u200band culture

Announces Finno-Ugric Languages \u200b\u200bby a single group, researchers emphasize this community as the main factor that unites the peoples speaking them. However, the Ural ethnic groups, despite the similarities in the structure of their languages, still understand each other far from always. So, Finn will definitely be able to explain to Estonian, Erianian - with Mokshanin, and Udmurt - from Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically removed from each other, should attach a lot of effort to identify common features in their languages \u200b\u200bthat would help them talk.

The linguistic relationship of Finno-Ugro is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic structures. This significantly affects the formation of the thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the difference in crops, this circumstance contributes to the emergence between these ethnic groups of mutual understanding. At the same time, a peculiar psychology due to the mental process in these languages \u200b\u200benriches the unique culture of their unique vision of the world.

So, unlike Indo-Europee, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. Finno-Ugric culture largely contributed to the desire of these peoples peacefully adapt to the neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, while maintaining their identity. Also, the characteristic feature of the peoples of this group is openness to ethnocultural interchange. In finding ways to strengthen relationships with related peoples, they support cultural contacts with all those who surround them.

Mostly Finno-Ugrics managed to maintain their languages, the main cultural elements. Communication with ethnic traditions in this area can be traced in their national songs, dancing, music, traditional dishes, clothes. Also, many elements of their vintage rituals reached this day: wedding, funeral, remembered.

Finno-Ugry is one of the largest ethno-speaking communities in Europe. In Russia alone, 17 peoples of Finno-Ugric origin live. Finnish "Kalevala" inspired Tolkien, and Izhora fairy tales - Alexander Pushkin.

Who are the Finno-Ugry?

Finno-Ugry is one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. It includes 24 people, 17 of which live in Russia. Saama, Ingermanland Finns and Setume live both in Russia and beyond.
Finno-Ugry are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugor. The total number today is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, Hungarians are about 19 million, 5 million Finns, about a million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordlov, 647 thousand Udmurts and 604 thousand Mariers.

Where do Finno-Ugry live in Russia?

Given the current labor migration, it can be said that everywhere, but the most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their republics in Russia. These are such peoples as Mordva, Udmurts, Karelia and Marijah. There are also autonomous counties of Khanty, Mansi and Nenets.

Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous District, where comi-perm were mostly combined with the Perm Region in the Perm Territory. In Finno-Ugro Veps in Karelia has its own national volost. Ingermanland Finns, Izhora and Sellocking Autonomous Territory do not have.

Moscow - Finno-Ugric name?

According to one of the hypotheses, Okonim Moscow has a Finno-Ugric origin. From the Komi language "Mosk", "Moska" translates into Russian as a "cow, chick", and VA translates as "water", "River". Moscow in this case translates as "cow of the river". The popularity of this hypothesis brought her support to Klyuchevsky.

The Russian historian of the XIX-XX century Stephen Kuznetsov also believed that the word "Moscow" of Finno-Ugric origin, but suggested that it comes from the Maryry words "Mask" (Bear) and "Ava" (mother, female). According to this version, the word "Moscow" is translated as "Medleang".
Today, these versions, however, are refuted, since they do not take into account the oldest form of the "Mosknian". Stephen Kuznetsov used the data of the Erzyansky and Mari Languages, in Mari Language the word "mask" was only in the XIV-XV centuries.

Such different Finno-Ugra

Finno-ugrons are far from uniform in the language relations or in the anthropological. In terms of language sign, they are divided into several subgroups. The Permian-Finnish subgroup includes Komi, Udmurts and Edmen. The Volga-Finnish group is Mordva (Erizan and Mokshan) and Mari. The Balto Finns include: Finns, Finns-Ingermanlanders, Estonians, Setu, Quene in Norway, water, Izhorstsev, Karelies, Veps and descendants of Mary. Also, Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval vesnets and Murom are most likely belonging to the Volga Finns.

The peoples of the Finno-Ugric Group are inherent in both European and mongoloid signs. Obskie (Khanty and Mansi), part of Marijtsev, Mordva have more pronounced mongoloid features. The rest of these features either equally, or the European divisory component dominates.

What do haplogroups say

Genetic studies show that each second Russian Y-chromosome refers to the r1a haplogroup. It is peculiar to all the Baltic and Slavic peoples (except for the southern Slavs and the Northern Russians).

However, the inhabitants of the North of Russia are brightly presents characteristic of the Finnish group of peoples of the Gaplogroup N3. In the very north of Russia, its percentage comes to 35 (Finnov has an average of 40 percent), but than south, the one is lower below. In Western Siberia, the relative N3 haplogroup N2 is also common. This suggests that in the Russian north did not mix the peoples, but the transition of the local Finno-Ugric population into Russian and the Orthodox culture.

What fairy tales we read

The famous Arina Rodionna, Nanny Pushkin, as you know, has had a strong influence on the poet. It is noteworthy that she was Finno-Ugric origin. She was born in the village of Lampovo in Ingermanland.
This explains a lot in understanding Pushkin's fairy tales. We know them since childhood and believe that they are invoking Russian, but their analysis suggests that the plot lines of some Pushkin fairy tales go to the Finno-Ugric folklore. Thus, for example, the "Tsar Tsar Saltan" is based - the fairy tale of "wonderful children" from the Vepsian tradition (Vepsa - the small Finno-Ugric people).

The first large work of Pushkin, the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". One of his main heroes is an old man Finn, a wizard and magician. The name is called saying. Philologist Tatyana Tikhmenheva, the compiler of the book "Finnish album" also noted that the connection of Finns with a witchcraft and clairvoyance was recognized by all nations. Finns themselves, the ability to magic admitted above force and courage and revered as wisdom. It is no coincidence that therefore the protagonist "Kalevala" Veetemeinen is not a warrior, but a prophet and poet.

Naina, another poem character, also carries the traces of Finno-Ugric influence. Finnish woman - "Nainen".
Another mischievous fact. Pushkin in a letter Delvigu wrote in 1828: "To the new year, it is awesome, I will return to you to Chukhlyandia." So Pushkin called Petersburg, obviously recognizing the originalness on this land of Finno-Ugric peoples.

Who are the Finno-Ugry?

It is believed that the pranodine of Finno-Ugric peoples is in the west of the Ural Mountains, in the area of \u200b\u200bUdmurtia, Perm, Mordovia and Mari El. By 3000 BC e. The Baltic-Finnish subgroup moved not the West on the shores of the Baltic Sea. At about the same time, Saama moved deep into the northeast, reaching the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Magyars (Hungarians) did the longest and most recent way from the territory of the Urals to their real homeland in Central Europe, only in 896 N. e.

What is the age of Finno-Ugric peoples?

The culture of waste-comb ceramics (the name was given by the way to decorate ceramic finds characteristic of this culture, which looks like prints of the ridges.), Reached a heyday in the 4200-200 years BC. e. Between the Urals and the Baltic Sea, in general, it seems like ancient clear evidence of early Finno-Ugric communities. The settlements of this culture are always accompanied by the burials of representatives of the Ural race, in the phenotype of which the mixture of the Mongoloid and Caucasian elements is detected.

But does the culture of non-combustion ceramics be the beginning of the life of the Finno-Ugric people or this distinguishing pattern is just a new artistic tradition among the old already at the time of Finno-Ugric civilization already at that time?

So far, archaeologists have no answer to this question. They found settlements in the area, which date back to the end of the last glacial period, but so far scientists have enough grounds for the assumption that these were the settlements of Finno-Ugric or other peoples known to us. Since two or more people can live on one territory, only geographical information is insufficient. In order to establish the belonging of these settlements, it is necessary to show a specific connection, for example, similar artistic traditions that are an indicator of community culture. Since the age of these early settlements is 10,000 years, the archaeologists simply do not have enough evidence in order to make some kind of assumption, so the origin of these settlements remains a mystery. What is the age of Finno-Ugric peoples? Currently, it is impossible to give an accurate answer to this question. We can only say that Finno-Ugry appeared in the west of the Ural Mountains between the end of the last ice age and 8000 - 4200 years BC. e.

Let's look at this time of time in perspective:
Writing was invented by the Sumeris about 3800 BC. e.
Egyptian pyramids were built in 2500 BC. e.
Stonehenge in England was built in 2200 BC. e.
Celts, the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish, landed on the British Islands about 500 BC. e.
The British landed on the British Islands after 400 N. e.
Turks began to move into the territory of modern Turkey about 600 N. e.

As a result, anthropologists call the Finno-Ugric peoples with the most ancient permanent residents of Europe and the oldest surviving residents of Northeastern Europe.

However, it is no longer possible to separate the story of Finno-Ugr from the history of another people, Indo-European Slavs.

By 600 N. e. There was a separation of Slavs into three branches: southern, western and eastern. A slow process of relocation and settlement began. In the 9th century, the Eastern Slavs have formed a center in Kievan Rus and Novgorod. By the middle of the 16th century, with the conquest of Russia of Kazan Khanate, almost all the Finno-Ugric peoples, not counting Saamov, Finnov, Estonians and Hungarians, were proceeding under Russia.

To date, most Finno-Ugrov lives in the Russian Federation, and their future is forever connected with their large Slavic neighbor.

Finno-Ugors

"A variety of languages \u200b\u200bis an integral part of human heritage. Each language embodies the unique cultural wisdom of the people. Thus, the loss of any language is a loss for all mankind. "
UNESCO, United Nations Education of Science and Culture

Estonian philologist Mall Hellam found only one sentence, understandable on the three most common from Finno-Ugric languages: Hungarian, Finno and Estonian. Living fish swims in water

"Eleven Hal úszkál a víz alatt." (Hungarian)
"Elävä Kala Ui Veden Alla." (Finnish)
"Elav Kala Ujub Vee All." (Estonian)

You can add Erzyansky "Ertsia Kaloso pricked by Alga" (Erzya) to these languages

The following groups and languages \u200b\u200busually allocate in Finno-Ugric languages:

Compare Finno-Ugors

As in any family, some e members are more similar to each other, and some have only distant similarities. But we are united by the community of linguistic roots, which determines us as a family and creates the basis for the detection of cultural, artistic and philosophical connections.

Score at Finno-Ugric Languages

Komi language is included in f and n o - y, and with a language family, and with the closest Udmurt language, the Perm group of Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bis facing. In total, 16 languages \u200b\u200bare among the Finno-Ugric family, which in deep antiquity developed from a single language - the Basics: Hungarian, Mansiysky, Khanty (Y G O R S K a group of languages); Komi, Udmurtsky (n e r m s k a group); Mariy, Mordovian languages \u200b\u200b- Erzya and Moksha: PRI and B A L T I S K O - F and N with K and E Languages \u200b\u200b- Finnish, Karelian, Izhora, Vepssky, Water, Estonian, Liv Languages. A special place in the Finno-Ugric family of languages \u200b\u200bis occupied by Sami, which is very different from other related languages.

Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200band self-deeded languages \u200b\u200bform in the family of languages. C and m Languages \u200b\u200binclude Nenets, Enetsky, Nganasansky, Selkup, Kamasinsky Languages. Peoples speaking in self-found languages \u200b\u200blive in Western Siberia, except for nonsense, living also in the north of Europe.

The question of the question of the ancient Finno-Thies has long been interested in scientists. Ancient Pranodina was looking for both Altai and Yenisei and Yenisei district, and on the shores of the Northern Ocean. Modern scientists based on the study of the vocabulary of Flora Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bcame to the conclusion that Praodin Finno-Thieves was located in the Volgo-Kamya area on both sides of the Ural Mountains. Then the Finno-Ugric tribes and languages \u200b\u200bwere divided, altered, and the ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples left the ancient Pranodin. The first chronicles mentioning the Finno-Ugric peoples will already find these nations on the places of their current residence.

Hungary More than millennium back moved to the territory, surrounded by the Carpathians. The self-sizing of Hungarians Modor is known to V c. n. e. Writing in Hungarian appeared at the end of the XII century, Hungarians have a rich literature. The total number of Hungarians about 17 million people. In addition to Hungary, they live in Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.

Mansi (Vogulu) They live in the Khanty-Mansiysk District of the Tyumen region. In Russian chronicles, they were called the Ugra together with Khantam. Mansi enjoy writing in a Russian graphic basis, have their own schools. The total number of Mansi is over 7,000 people, but only half of them consider the Mansius native language.

Khanty (Osya) Live on the Peninsula Yamal, Lower and Middle Ob. Writing in the Khanty language appeared in the 1930s of our century, however, the dialects of the Khanty language are so different that communication is often difficult between representatives of different dialects. Many lexical borrowings from Komi language have penetrated into the Khanty and Mansiysk Languages. The total number of kantov 21,000 people. Traditional occupation of Obzhrov - reindeer herding, hunting, fisheries.

Udmurt The least advanced from the territory of Finno-Ugric Pranodina; They live in the lower course of the Kama rivers and Vyatka, except for the Udmurt Republic, live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El, Vyatka region. Udmurts in 1989 there were 713,696 people, writing appeared in the XVIII century. The capital of Udmurtia is Izhevsk.

Mariyza live in the territory of the Volga Levobasya. In the Republic of Mari El lives about half of Mariers, the rest live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and Udmurtia. Writing in the Mari language arose in the XVIII century, there are two options for the literary language - meadow and mountain, they have a major difference in phonetics. The total number of Mariers 621,961 people (1989). Capital Mari El - G. Yoshkar-Ola.

Among the Finno-Ugric peoples in numbers 3 place occupiesmordva. Their more than 1,200 thousand people, but Mordva lives very wide and fragmented. Their more compact groups can be found in the basins of the Moksha rivers and sura (Mordovia), in Penza, Samara, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Nizhny Novgorod regions. There are two nearby Mordovian languages \u200b\u200bof Erzya and Moksha, however, the carriers of these languages \u200b\u200bare explained in Russian. Writing in Mordovian languages \u200b\u200bappeared in the XIX century. The capital of Mordovia - Saransk.

Baltic-Finnish Languages \u200b\u200band peoples are so close that the speakers in these languages \u200b\u200bcan be expressed with each other without a translator. Among the languages \u200b\u200bof the Baltic-Finnish group are the most common -finnish, they say about 5 million people, self-configuration of the Finnssuomi. In addition to Finland, Finns live in the Leningrad region of Russia. Writing originated in the XVI century, since 1870 the period of the modern Finnish language begins. In Finnish, the Epos "Kalevala" sounds, a rich original literature has been created. About 77 thousand Finns live in Russia.

Estonians They live on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, the number of Estonians in 1989 was 1,027,255 people. Writing exists from the XVI century, until the XIX century. Two literary languages \u200b\u200bdeveloped: South and Northstones shot. In the XIX century These literary languages \u200b\u200bhave become close to the middle-edge dialects.

Karelia Live in Karelia and the Tver region of Russia. Karelov has 138,429 people (1989), his native language owns a little more than half. Karelian language consists of many dialects. Karelia is studied in Karelia and enjoy a Finnish literary language. The most ancient monuments of Karelian writing belong to the XIII century, in Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bin antiquity it is the second writing (after Hungarian).

Izhora The language is safe, it says about 1,500 people. Izhorstsev live on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the river. Izhore, the influx of the Neva. Although the hezhors themselves are called Kareli, it is customary to allocate independent Izhorsky in science.

Veps. They live on the territory of three administrative-territorial units: the Vologda, Leningrad regions of Russia, Karelia. In the 1930s, there were about 30,000 people, in 1970, 8,300 people. Due to the strong influence of the Russian language, the Veps is noticeably different from other Baltic-Finnish languages.

Wasky The language is on the verge of extinction, since no more than 30 people remained on this language. The water lives in several villages located between the northeastern part of Estonia and the Leningrad region. Water language is safe.

Do you They live in several seaside fishing villages in the north of Latvia. Their number during history due to devastation during World War II declined sharply. Now the number of speaking in Liv language is only about 150 people. Writing is evolving from the XIX century, but at present, Livy go to Latvian.

SAMA The language forms a separate group of Finno-Ugric languages, since there is a lot of specific features in its grammar and vocabulary. Saama lives in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. They are only about 40 thousand people, including about 2000 in Russia. Sami has a lot in common with the Baltic and Finnish languages. SAMA writing is developing on the basis of various dialects in Latin and Russian graphic systems.

Modern Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bso moved away from each other, which at first glance it seems not completely connected with each other. However, a deeper study of sound composition, grammar and vocabulary shows that there are many common features in these languages, which prove the former single origin of Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bfrom one ancient defense.

On the concept of "comi language"

Traditionally, a tongue is traditionally understood by all three Komi Nashias: Komi-Zyryansky, Komi-Permytsky and Skin-Yazvinsky. Many foreign finno-thyroids do not distinguish between Komi-Zyryansky and Comi-Permytsky languages. However, in Soviet ethnography, two ethnos - Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Perm, and in linguistics, respectively, two languages \u200b\u200bare distinguished. Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyaki among themselves freely communicate in their languages, without resorting to Russian. Thus, Komi-Zyryansky and Komi-Permytsky literary languages \u200b\u200bare very close.

This proximity is clearly visible when comparing the following two proposals:

1) Komi-Zyryansky literary language -Rule Vocodliz Gogorbok and Ydzhyd Goats Floy Addpisis Uros, Code Tov Kezlo Dasytes Tshak .

2) Komi-Permytsky literary language -Ruch Vizoti Gogor and Ydzhyt Goats Yyli Kazyliis Uroccos, Code Tov Kezho Poppis Tshakkes .

"Fox looked around and at the top of a high spruce saw a squirrel, which in the winter pointed mushrooms".

The study of Komi-Zyryan literary language in principle makes it possible to read everything written in Komi-Perm, as well as freely communicate with Komi-Perm.

Residence and number of Komi

A special ethnographic group of Komi are Komi-Yazvinians whose language is very different from modern Komi-Zyryan and Comi-Permytsky dialects. Komi-Yazviny residents live in the Krasnovishera district of the Perm region in the middle and upper flow of p. Yazvy, left tributary r. Vishera flowing into kama. The total number of about 4,000 people, but currently there is a rapid division of Komi-Yazvinsev.

In the Afanasyevsky district of the Kirov region, the so-called "Zyuzdy" Komi, a dialect of which stands as it were between Komi-Zyryansky and Komi-Permytsky naschayi. In the 50s of Zyuzdintsev, there were over 5,000 people, but then their number began to decrease.

Komi-Zyryan They live in the Komi Republic in the pools of the rivers of the Luba, the exhaust and her tributaries of Sysol, by vyi, in the pools of the Izhma rivers and Pechora, flowing into the White Sea r. Men and her influx you. Accordingly, according to rivers and are divided by ethnographic groups of Komi - Luzsky Komi, Sysolsky, Vychychorski, Vynovskie, Udory, Izhemskie, Verkhnepeche Komi, etc. About 10% of Komi-Zyryan lives outside of the republic: in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk region, in the north of Tyumen The areas, in many villages of the Lower Ob and its tributaries, on the Kola Peninsula in the Murmansk region in the Omsk, Novosibirsk and other areas of Siberia.

Komi-Permyaki Live in the detachment from Komi-Zyryan, south, in the Perm region, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe upper kama, on the tributaries of her spit, An Inin. The capital of the Komi-Perm autonomous region - Kudymkar.

The total number of Komi people (Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyakov), according to the data of the population, was constantly increased: 1897 - 254,000; 1970 - 475,000; 1926 - 364,000; 1979 - 478 000; 1959 - 431,000; 1989 - 497 081.

Demographers noticed the tendency of a sharp reduction in the coma of the population in recent decades. If for 1959-1970 The increase was 44,000 people, then for 1970-1979. - Total 3,000 people. At 1979 r. In the USSR there were 326,700 Komi-Zyryan and 150,768 Komi-Permyakov. 280,797 people of Komi-Zyryan lived in Komi SSR, which amounted to 25.3% of the population of the republic.

In 1989, among the population, Komi SSR Komi amounted to 23%. According to the population of 1989, 345,007 Komi-Zyryan and 152,074 Komi-Permyans lived in the USSR. However, the number of people who own Komi language decreases. Thus, in 1970, the Komi language was named by a native of 82.7% of Komi-Zyryan and 85.8% of Komi-Permyakov. In 1979, Komi language called the native already 76.2% of Komi-Zyryan and 77.1% of Komi-Permyakov. For 10 years, the Komi language team decreased by 33,000 people. Reducing the number of speakers in the Komi language continues. According to the census of the population of 1989, among all Komi in the USSR, a native language was called Komi tongue 70%, that is, now every third komi no longer owns the maternal language.

From the book "Komi Kyv: Tutorial Komi Language" E A Tsypanov 1992 (Syktyvkar, Komi Book Publishing)

Considering the geographical map of Russia, it can be noted that the names of the rivers ending on the "VA" and "Ga" are common in the basins of the Middle Volga and Kama: Socheva, Rywie, Cokshag, Wind, etc. In those places they live Translated from their languages "VA" and "ha" Mean "River", "moisture", "wet place", "water". However, Finno-Ugric Toponymis{1 ) There are not only where these nations make a significant part of the population, form the republics and national districts. The arole of their distribution is much wider: it covers the European North of Russia and part of the central regions. Examples can be brought quite a few: the old Russian cities of Kostroma and Murom; River Yakhroma, Iksha in the Moscow region; Verkol Village in Arkhangelsk, etc.

Some researchers consider finno-Ugrics by origin even those familiar words as "Moscow" and "Ryazan". As scientists believe, in these places the Finno-Ugric tribes sometimes lived, and now the memory of them is stored ancient names.

{1 } Toponym (from Greek. Topos - "Place" and "Onima" - "Name") - a geographical name.

Who are such finno-ugrin

Finns Call the people inhabiting his neighboring Finland (Finnish " Suomi "), but ugra In the ancient Russian chronicles called Hungarian. But in Russia there are no Hungarians and very few Finns, but there are peoples talking in languages \u200b\u200brelated to Finnish or Hungarian . These nations and call Finno-Ugrics . Depending on the degree of proximity of languages, scientists share finno-Ugro for five subgroups . First baltic-Finnish , enter Finns, Izhorstsy, water, Veps, Karelia, Estonians and Liv. The two most numerous people of this subgroup - finns and Estonians - They live mainly outside our country. In Russia finnov. You can meet B. Karelia, Leningrad region and in St. Petersburg; Estonians - in Siberia, Volga region and in the Leningrad Region. Small group of Estonians - Setu - lives in Pechora district of the Pskov region. By religion, many Finns and Estonians - protestants (usually, Lutherans), setu - orthodox . Small nate veps. lives in small groups in Karelia, Leningrad region and northwestern Vologda, but water (there are less than 100 people left!) - In Leningradskaya. AND WEPES, and water - orthodox . Orthodoxy confess I. Izhhorians . They are in Russia (in the Leningrad region) 449 people, even about the same in Estonia. Veps and Izhhorians Save their languages \u200b\u200b(they even have dialects) and use them in domestic communication. Water language disappeared.

The biggest baltines-Finnish Russian people - Karelia . They live in Republic of Karelia, as well as in Tverskaya, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In everyday life, Karelia speak three dialects: Actually karelian, Livikovsky and Livvikovsky, and their literary language is Finnish. Newspapers are published on it, magazines, at the Philological Faculty of Petrozavodsky University there is a department of Finnish and literature. Kareli and Russian know.

The second subgroup is made Saama , or blades . Their main part is resettleve in Northern Scandinavia, but in Russia saama - inhabitants Kola Peninsula. According to most professionals, the ancestors of this people once occupied a much larger territory, but over time they were pushed back to the north. At the same time they lost their tongue and learned one of the Finnish devices. Saama are good reindeer herders (in the recent past nomads), fishermen and hunters. In Russia they confess orthodoxy .

Third, volzhsko-Finnish Subgroup includes markets and Mordva . Mordva - indigenous population Republic of MordoviaBut a significant part of this nation lives throughout Russia - in Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in Chuvashia etc. Before joining the XVI century. Mordovian lands to Russia, the Mordov appeared his own know - "Iminitions", "Gulf", that is," the hosts of the Earth. " Iminitions The first were baptized, quickly bliss, and in the future their descendants were the element in the Russian nobility, a little smaller element than immigrants from the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. Mordva shared on erzu and Moksha ; Each of the ethnographic groups has a written literary language - erzyansky and Mokshansky . According to Mordva religion orthodox ; They were always considered the most Christian head of the Volga region.

Mariyza Live predominantly B. Republic of Mari ELas well as in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. It is believed that this people have two literary languages \u200b\u200b- meadow-based and mountain-mariy. However, not all philologists share this opinion.

More ethnographers of the XIX century. celebrated an unusually high level of the national identity of Mari. They stubbornly resisted accession to Russia and baptism, and until 1917, the authorities prohibited them to live in cities and handicrafts and trading.

In fourth permian Subgroup includes actually Komi. , comi-Perm and Udmurts . Komi.(in the past they were called Zyryanov) form the indigenous population of the Komi Republic, but they also live in Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk regions, in Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Districts. Their primordial classes - agriculture and hunting. But, unlike most other Finno-Ugric peoples, there were many merchants and entrepreneurs among them. Even before October 1917. Komi in terms of literacy (in Russian) approached the most educated people of Russia - Russian Germans and Jews. Nowadays, 16.7% of Komi works in agriculture, but in industry - 44.5%, and in education, science, culture - 15%. Part of the Komi - Izhtems - mastered the reindeer herding and became the largest reindeer herders of the European North. Komi. orthodox (part of the Old Believers).

Very close in tongue to Zyryanam Komi-Permyaki . More than half of this nation live in Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous District, and the rest - in the Perm region. Permians are mostly peasants and hunters, but throughout their history they were both factory fortress peasants in the Urals, and burlaca on Kame and Volga. By the religion of Komi-Perm orthodox .

Udmurt{ 2 } focused mostly in Udmurt Republicwhere they make up about 1/3 of the population. Small groups of Udmurts live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Republic of Mari El, in Perm, Kirov, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk regions. Traditional occupation - agriculture. In cities, they most often forget their native language and customs. Maybe, so the Udmurt language considers only 70% of Udmurts relatives, mostly residents of rural areas. Udmurt orthodox But many of them (including baptized) adhere to traditional beliefs - worship the pagan gods, deities, spirits.

In the fifth uGORSKY Subgroup includes hungarians, Khanty and Mansi . "Ugra "In Russian chronicles called hungarian, but " yugroy " - obzhrov, i.e. Khantah and Mansi. Although Northern Urals and Lowwhere Khanty and Manci live, are located thousands of kilometers from the Danube, on the shores of which the Hungarians created their state, these nations are the next relatives. Khanty and Mansi. Below to small nodes of the North. Mans live mostly in x anty-Mansi Autonomous District, but khanty. - in Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous districts, Tomsk region. Mansi primarily hunters, then fishermen, reindeer herds. Khanty, on the contrary, first fishermen, and then hunters and reindeers. And those and others confess OrthodoxyHowever, they did not forget the ancient faith. The big damage of the traditional culture of Obzhrov inflicted the industrial development of their edge: many hunting grounds disappeared, rivers polluted.

Ancient Russian chronicles preserved the names of the Finno-Ugric tribes, now disappeared - chud, Merya, Murom . Merya In the first millennium N. e. The Volga and Oci died in the interflore, and at the turn of the I and II millennium merged with the eastern Slavs. There is an assumption that modern Mariers are the descendants of this tribe. Murom in the first millennium BC. e. lived in the Oka basin, and by the XII century. n. e. Mixed with eastern Slavs. Miracle Modern researchers consider Finnish tribes who lived in antiquity on the shores of Onega and Northern Dvina. It is not excluded that they are the ancestors of Estonians.

{ 2 ) Russian historian XVIII century. V. N. Tatishchev wrote that the Udmurts (before them called the Voyets) they commit prayers "with any good tree, but not with a pine and ate, which do not have a sheet, do not have a fetal, and aspen is honored for a damned tree ... ".

Where they lived and where the finno-ugrons live

Most researchers converge on the fact that Pranodina finno-Ugro There was at the border of Europe and Asia, in areas between Volga and Kama and in the Ural. It is there in the IV-III millennia to n. e. There was a community of tribes related in the language and loved ones by origin. By the first millennium H. e. Ancient Finno-Ugry settled to the Baltic States and Northern Scandinavia. They occupied the extensive territory, crumbling forests, is almost the entire northern part of the current European Russia to the Kama in the south.

Excavations show that ancient finno-jerse belong to ural race: In their appearance, the features are mixed with European and Mongol-ID (wide cheekbones, often Mongolian eye cut). Moving to the West, they mixed with Europeanoids. As a result, some peoples that occurred from the ancient Finno-Things, the Mongoloid signs began to smooth and disappear. Now the "Ural" features are characterized in one degree or another Finnish peoples of Russia: Middle height, wide face, nose, referred to as smoking, very blonde hair, a non-beard. But these features are manifested in different ways. For example, mordva Erzyahigh, blonde, blue-eyed, and Mordva-Moksha and increasing down, and face wider, and their hair is darling. W. marytsev and Udmurtov There are often eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - Epicatus, very wide cheekbones, a liquid beard. But at the same time (Ural Race!) Light and red hair, blue and gray eyes. Mongolian fold is sometimes found in Estonians, and at the Rod, and from Izhorts, and Karel. Komi. There are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with nonsense, they are black-haired and discoloration; Others are rather reminiscent of Scandinavians, with a slightly wider face.

Finno-Ugry farming (To prevent the soil ashes, the forest areas burned out), Hunting and fishing . Their settlements were far from each other. Maybe for this reason they have not created states anywhere and began to be part of the neighboring organized and constantly expanding powers. Some of the first references to Finno-Thieves contain Khazar documents written in Hebrew - the state language of the Khazar Kaganat. Alas, there are almost no vowels in it, so it remains to guess that the "CCRS" means "Mary's Cherems", and "MKSh" - "Moksha". Later, the Finno-Ugry was paid to the tribute to Bulgaram, they were part of the Kazan Khanate, to the Russian state.

Russian and Finno-Ugry

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Russian immigrants rushed to the lands of Finno-Ugrov. Most often, the settlement was peaceful, but sometimes indigenous peoples resisted their edge to the Russian state. The most fierce resistance was made by Mariers.

Over time, baptism, writing, urban culture, brought by Russians, began to push out local languages \u200b\u200band beliefs. Many began to feel Russians and really became them. Sometimes it was enough to be baptized for this. The peasants of one Mordovian village wrote in the petition: "our ancestors, the former Mordva", sincerely believing that only their ancestors, pagans were mordeva, and their Orthodox descendants do not treat Mordve.

People moved to the cities, left far - to Siberia, to Altai, where there was one tongue for all - Russian. Names after baptism did not differ from ordinary Russians. Or almost nothing: Not everyone notice that in the names of the Schukshin type, Vedenyapin, Piyashev is not Slavyansky, but they immediately go to the name of the Shukshi tribe, the name of the Goddess War, the Doashness of the Doashristian name. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugro was assimilated by the Russians, and some, accepting Muslim, mixed with Turks. Therefore, Finno-Ugry and do not constitute the majority anywhere - even in the republics who gave their name.

But, dissolved in the mass of Russians, Finno-Ugry has retained their anthropological type: very blonde hair, blue eyes, nose-shchka, a wide, cheese face. This type of XIX Writers. called "Penza's peasant", is now perceived as typical Russian.

The Russian language included a lot of Finno-Ugric words: "Tundra", "Kilka", "Salaka", etc. Is there a more Russian and all the favorite dish than dumplings? Meanwhile, this word is borrowed from the Komi language and means "Bread Ushko": "Pel" - "Ear", and "Nyan" - "Bread". Especially many borrowing in the northern dialects, mainly among the names of nature phenomena or elements of the landscape. They give the peculiar beauty of local speech and regional literature. Take at least the word "Taibol", which in the Arkhangelsk region are called a deaf forest, and in the pool of the river Mezen - the road walking along the sea shore near Taiga. It is taken from Karelian "Taibale" - "Estiments". For centuries, people living nearby have always enriched each other's culture.

Finno-Ugilities on the origin were the Patriarch Nikon and the Avvakum Protopop - both Mordvini, but the enemies are irreconcilable; Udmurt - Physiologist V. M. Bekhterev, Komi - Sociologist Pi-Tirim Sorokin, Mordvin - Sculptor S. Nehodov-Erzya, who took the name of the people with his pseudonym; Mariec - Composer A. Ya. Espai.

Ancient clothes in about d and and and z o r c e in

The main part of the traditional female costume of Power and Izhoriev - shirt . Vintage shill shiva is very long, with wide, too long sleeves. In the warm time of the year, the shirt was the only woman's clothes. Esho in the 60s. XIX century The young after the wedding was supposed to walk in one shirt until the coat did not give her a fur coat or caftan.

Wask women have a long preserved an ancient shape of a notchy waist clothing - hursguxet which put on top of the shirt. Hursguxet looks like russian ponyth. Its richly decorated with copper coins, sinks, fringe, bells. Later when in life was entered Sarafan. The bride put on the wedding of Hursguxet under the sapan.

Peculiar disheveled clothes - annu - worn in the central part Ingermanland (part of the territory of the modern Leningrad region). It was a wide, reached by the armpits of a cloth; It was sewn to his upper ends and shifted it through the left shoulder. Anna daveed on the left side, and therefore the second cloth was put on him - Hurstut . He was wrapped around the waist and also wore on the strap. Russian Sarafan gradually pushed out of the vintage clothes from the engineer and Izhoriev. Successful clothes leather belt, cords, wicker belts and narrow towels.

In ancient times, Wall women shawl's head.

Traditional clothing x and n t o v and m and n s and

Clothes Khanty and Mansi sewed from Skur, fur, fish skin, cloth, rope and linen canvas. In the manufacture of children's clothing, the most archaic material was used - bird skins.

Men Winter worn swing fur coats from deer and hasty fur, squirrel and fox paws, and in the summer a short robe of coarse cloth; Gate, sleeves and right floor twisted fur. Winter shoes It was fur, and wore it with fur stockings. Summer Made from Rumpuhi (suede from deer or energies), and the sole of the elk skin.

Men's rubahi Sili from a speckled canvas, and pants from Rumpuga, fish skin, canvas, cotton fabrics. On top of the shrue necessarily put on Woven belt , to which suspended by beaded bags (They held a knife in wooden sheaths and lights).

Genis Winter worn Shub From the skins of deer; The lining was also fur. Where there was little deer, the lining was made from the holy and squirrel skins, and sometimes from the duck or swan fluff. In summer wore sukonny or Cotton Bathrobe , Decorated with stripes from beads, colored matter and tin plaques. These plaques of women were cast in special molds of soft stone or pine crust. The belt was already male and more elegant.

Women and winter and summer covered their heads scarves with a wide border and fringe . In the presence of men, especially the older relatives of her husband, traditionally relied on the clock close up. Existed at Khantov and headbands embroidered beads .

Hair Before it was not taken to cut. Men, dividing hair on a straight sample, collected them in two tails and tied with a color cord . Genzhens swung two braids, decorated them with color cord and copper suspensions . At the bottom of the braids so as not to interfere with the operation, combined the thick copper chain. Rings, bubrels, beads and other decorations were suspended to the chain. Hasshes at Khantah, according to custom, wore a lot copper and silver rings. The jewelery from the beads were also widespread, which was covered by Russian merchants.

How dressed m and r and y

In the past, Mari's clothing was extremely homemade. Upper (she was put in winter and autumn) sewed from homemade cloth and sheepskin, and Shirts and summer cafts - from white linen canvas.

Genis wore shirt, caftan, pants, headdress and lapties . The shirts embroidered fish, wool, cotton threads. They were worn with belts that were caught with wool and silk, decorated with beads, brushes and metal chains. One of the species Married Married Headpapers looked like a cap was called shymaksh . It was sewed from a thin canvas and put on a bark skeleton. Mandatory part of the traditional costume Mariek was considered Decorations of beads, coins, tin plaques.

Men's suit consisted of holshoy embroidered shirt, pants, canvas kaftan and lapes . The shirt was shorter than feminine, she was wore with a narrow belt of wool and skin. On the head nailed felt hats and sheepskin caps .

What is the Finno-Ugric Language Rodation

Finno-Ugric peoples in terms of lifestyle, religion, historical destinies and even appearance differ from each other. Combine them in one group based on kinship of languages. However, the language proximity is different. Slavs, for example, can easily agree, explaining each on their adverbs. But the Finno-Ugry will not be able to simply explain to the collections in the language group.

In the deep antiquity, the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugrle said in one language. Then his carriers began to move, mixed with other tribes, and once a single language broke up into several independent. Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bdiverged so long ago that there are few words in them - about a thousand. For example, "House" in Finnish - "Koti", in Estonian - "Kodu", in Mordovski - "Kudu", in Marijskaya - "Kudo". It seems the word "oil": Finnish "VOI", Estonian "VDI", Udmurt and Comi "New", Hungarian "VAJ". But the sound of languages \u200b\u200b- phonetics - it remained so close that any Finno-Ugric, listening to another and not even understanding what he says, feels: this is a kind language.

Finno-Ugrome names

Finno-Ugric peoples confess (at least officially) orthodoxy Therefore, their names and surnames, as a rule, do not differ from the Russians. However, in the village, in accordance with the sound of local languages, they change. So, Akulin becomes Okul, Nikolai - Nikul or Mikul, Cyril - Kyrlya, Ivan - Jõwan. W. komi. For example, patronymic is raised before the name: Mikhail Anatolyevich sounds like a Misha, that is, Anatolyev Son Mishka, and Rosa Stepanovna turns into Stepan Rose - Stepanov's daughter a rose. In the documents, of course, everyone has ordinary Russian names. Only writers, artists and artists choose traditionally rustic uniforms: Jõwan Kyrlya, Nikul Erket, Illya Vasya, Yard Stepanov.

W. komi. often found surname Durkin, Rochev, Kanev; Udmurt - Corepanov and Vladykin; W. mordeva - Vedenyapin, Pi-Jashev, Kechin, Mokshin. Especially common in the face of the surname with a decreasing suffix - Kirdyakin, Viyaykin, Popsuchkin, Alyoshkin, Varlashkin.

Some mariyza , especially unprotected chi-Marie. In Bashkiria, at the time accepted Turkic names. Therefore, Chi-Marie is often found surnames similar to Tatar: Anduga-Nov, Baythemirov, YashpatrovBut the names and patronymic have Russians. W. karelian There are names and Russians, and Finnish, but necessarily with the Russian end: Perchtuev, Lampiev. Usually in Karelia by last name you can distinguish Karel, Finn and St. Petersburg Finn. So, Perchtuyev - karelian, Perthu - petersburg Finn, but Perchunen - finn. But the name and patronymic of each of them may be Stepan Ivanovich.

What do the Finno-Ugry believe

In Russia, many finno-ugrin profess orthodoxy . In the XII century Veps were chosen, in the XIII century. - Karelia, at the end of the XIV century. - Komi. Then to transfer the Holy Scripture to the Komi language was created perm writing - the only original Finno-Ugric alphabet. Throughout the XVIII-XIX centuries. Kresen Mordva, Udmurts and Mariy. However, the Mariyians so fully and did not accept Christianity. To avoid appeal to a new faith, some of them (they called themselves "Chi-Marie" - "True Mari") went to the territory of Bashkiria, and those who stayed and baptized often continued to worship the old gods. Among mariers, Udmurts, Sami and some other nations were distributed, and now preserved, the so-called Dvelverie . People worship the old gods, but recognize the "Russian God" and His Saints, especially Nicholas. In Yoshkar-Ola, the capital of the Republic of Mari El, the state took under the protection of the sacred grove - " kyusoto"Now there are pagan phenoths here. The names of the supreme gods and mythological heroes are similar to these peoples and are likely to rise to the Old Finnish name of the sky and air -" iLMA. ": Ilmarin - Finns, Ilmilina - karel, Inmar. - udmurtov, EN - at Komi.

Finno-Ugrome cultural heritage

Writing many Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bof Russia are created on the basis of cyrillic, with the addition of letters and admonish signs transmitting sound features. Karelia , whose literary language is Finnish, write Latin letters.

Literature of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Very young, but in oral folk creativity a centuries-old history. Finnish poet and folklorist Elias Lronrot (1802-1884) Collected the tested epic " Kalevala "Among Karelov Olonetskaya province of the Russian Empire. In the final editorial office, the book was published in 1849. Kalevala, which means" Country Kaleva ", in his songs-runes tells about the exploits of the Finnish heroes of Vynyamyarden, Ilmarin and Lemminkäinena, about their struggle with the evil Louchi. , hostess of grate (Northern Country of Mraka). In a magnificent poetic form, the epos talks about the life, beliefs, customs of the ancestors of Finns, Karel, Vepes, Veps, Izhoriev. These information is unusually rich, they reveal the spiritual world of farmers and hunters of the North. "Kalevala" stands Along with the greatest epomasics of mankind. There are EPOS and some other Finno-Ugric peoples: "Kalevipoeg."(" Son Kaleva ") - estonians , "Pen-Bogatyr"- W. komi-Permyakov , preserved Epic legends morder and Mansi .