Ecology is a very common concept. It is usually called good or bad. It affects our life, health, well-being. The philistine opinion on ecology is closely related to environmental pollution. It is believed that its main task is to preserve our world. This is not quite like this: the ecology is multifaceted and has many directions of its activities.

What is ecology?

This is a science of living beings, their connections among themselves and connections with inanimate (inorganic) nature. More precisely, this is an idea of \u200b\u200bnature as a system, studying its structure and interactions between parts of this structure.

The main directions of ecology:

1. Bioecology. It is the basis, or base, ecology. It studies the natural biological systems and according to the degree of organization of all living things shares:

• on molecular ecology;
• ecology of tissues and cells (morphological);
• autoecology (at the body level);
• demolar (at the level of populations);
• eidocology (at the level of species);
• sysecology (at the community level);
• global ecology studying the biosphere.

2. Geoecology. It studies the geospheric shell of the Earth as the basis of the biosphere and the influence of natural and technogenic factors.

3. Applied ecology. Not only the scientific, but also the practical part of the ecology, the result of which is the project on the complex transformation of ecosystems. These projects use the latest achievements in the field of ecology, such as new air purification technologies, water, soil.

4. Ecology of a person. The subject of the study is the interaction of a person and the environment.

Why did the need to create such science like ecology? Due to the unbalanced activities of mankind, there was a threatening size of environmental change. Ecology problems have acquired a global scale.

Ecological problems

According to some estimates, during the existence of human civilization, about 70% of biological systems were broken, capable of recycling negative human activity. According to scientists, after 40 years, the onset of the so-called irreversible process is possible when the proportion of pollution exceeds the ability to neutralize harmful emissions and a global environmental catastrophe will come.

Already now the state of the environment is characterized as a deep crisis. Environmental problems acquire a global, regional and local character. Global environmental problems are presented by climate change, decreasing the ozone layer, the pollution of the oceans, the extermination of the animal world, and regional and local pollution of water, soil, air on certain geographic spaces.

Factors that have a detrimental effect on the environment are:

1. Excessive and uncontrolled expenditure of natural resources.
2. Creation of weapons of mass lesion (nuclear, chemical, biological).
3. Uneven economic development of countries.
4. Negative (anthropogenic) impact on nature (change in the landscape, cutting down, drying the marshes, production emissions and much more).

To create an ecological equilibrium, an environmental policy has appeared in our lives.

Ecological politics

In the general sense, environmental policy is a complex of political, economic, legal, educational and other activities aimed at resolving the impact of mankind in nature. In a narrower sense, these are measures for environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources.

Environmental policy is divided into the following types of (levels):

1. Global (international).
2. State.
3. Regional.
4. Local.
5. Ecopoly enterprise.

Environmental policy has its own elements: principles, priorities, goals, subjects, tools (implementation mechanisms).

Principles are divided into political and socio-economic. Political principles:

1. Democraticity.
2. Publicity.
3. Voluntaryness.

Socio-economic principles:

1. Compliance of ecology and economic development.
2. New ways to solve environmental problems at the expense of scientific and technological progress.
3. Control regulation.
4. Planned population growth.

The main purpose of the eopolitics is a balanced development of the economy, society and the environment.

Global Environmental Policy

The main problem of global environmental policies is the development of uniform views and approaches between countries. Attempts to come to a single solution to problems are hampered by the economic interests of some countries, as it is about the restriction or redistribution of natural resources between different countries. And also often charges are charged with facts, opinions that there are no problems with the ozone layer, global climate warming. Nevertheless, international conferences, where a single ecological culture is produced, continue. International organizations playing international environmental organizations.

International Standards for Environmental Management and Audit ISO 1400 have been developed and implemented.

Ecological policy of the Russian Federation

The environmental situation in Russia is significantly better than in Europe, where natural resources are almost fully used. Of 17 million square meters. km of a total area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Federation 9 million square meters. KM - untouched natural systems, most of which are represented by Fondra. These environmental systems are not only effective in our country, but also affect the world ecology.

But on the other hand, there are many places in Russia, where environmental equilibrium is excessively violated. After all, the economic policy of our state in the past was characterized by indicators of production efficiency and labor productivity. Indicators of the USSR Economic Development for a long time were high due to the development of natural resources. There are so voluminous stocks that seemed to never end.

The result of ill-conceived agricultural activities was the deterioration of the characteristics of the soil and, as a result, the quality and results of agricultural products. Production emissions into the atmosphere spawned such a phenomenon as acid rain, which also affected the agricultural genera and on the quality of life of Russians in general. The uncontrolled use of water resources provoked the disappearance of the Aral Sea, which was classified as an ecological catastrophe.

At the moment, environmental protection and the environmental policy of Russia are carried out by the Unified State Authority - the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Environment, or the Ministry of Ecology, considers its mission to ensure the rational use of natural resources, excluding their exhaustion and pollution of the environment, as well as the preservation of natural potential. The structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology includes:

1. Federal Service for Supervision in Environmental Management.
2. Federal Agency for Subsoil Use.
3. Federal Agency Water Resources.
4. Federal Forestry Agency.
5. Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.

Environmental policy of the state, its directions and structure

The Ministry of Ecology has the following areas of activity:

• administrative and control (control of environmental legislation, licensing, creating standards for the use of natural resources, environmental certification and expertise, standardization, environmental impact assessment);
• technical and technological (consideration of new technical and technological solutions for protection and environmental protection);
• economic (resource planning, development and implementation of targeted programs, economic incentives: benefits, payments, taxes);
• legislative and legal (development and adoption of the legislative framework governing the relationship between society and the environment);
• political (use of the activities of political and public organizations to protect nature);
• educational-educational (activities aimed at creating environmental views, thinking, responsibility of each person).

State environmental policy is implemented with the participation of environmental policy entities:

1. State. Its main function is the installation of rules of economic activities, coordination and control of compliance with legislation in the field of environmental protection.
2. Regional organs for environmental management and nature conservation. All subjects of the Russian Federation form regional environmental policies on their territory.
3. Economic entities. These are state organizations and enterprises of large, medium and small businesses. Russian legislation obliged them to protect the environment, use gentle production technologies, eliminate environmentally harmful effects.
4. Research organizations. The role of such organizations is not only in obtaining research, but also in developing new ways for sustainable economic development, taking into account environmental protection.
5. Political parties. The main role of parties is in the formation of political programs, taking into account environmental problems, as well as in the creation of environmental consciousness among citizens of our country.
6. Public organizations. Formed independent public opinion, directly participate in nature conservation events, conduct educational and educational work.
7. Separate citizens. Environmental consciousness and high requirements for the purity of the environment allow individual people to perform with new initiatives, unite like-minded people in groups, solve some local environmental problems.

Regional and Local Environmental Policy

The regional and local environmental policy of the Russian Federation is characterized by the organization of environmental protection activities in specific territories, taking into account geographical, geological, climatic, economic, social characteristics. In other words, this is the socio-ecological policy of the region, city, the village, which is formed on the following basis:

1. Socio-economic plan for the development of the region.
2. Assessment of the current state of nature.
3. Accounting for environmental assessment, anthropogenic influence on infrastructure development.
4. The normalization of anthropogenic influence in order to stabilize and the sustainability of the environment.
5. Development and implementation of new methods for economic analysis of the results of negative impact on the environment.
6. Constant monitoring of nature parameters, assessing the impact on their individual production facilities.
7. Organization of optimal environmental conditions for population accommodation.
8. Education and development of environmental consciousness.

Economic and economic entities, research organizations, political parties, public organizations, individual citizens are also subjects of regional environmental policies.

Basic impact methods (tools)

Why do state and regional bodies use different methods of exposure? Very often, economic and social aspects in the development of regions are contrary to environmental policies. For example, the expansion of production brings profit and new jobs, but causes damage to the environment. Or the introduction of new environmentally friendly technologies, products are economically unprofitable.

For the efficiency of ecopoly, about 40 different tools are used. They are divided into fiscal and nephiscal. Fiscal tools are directly related to finance and may be related to:

• with state revenues (taxes and licensing);
• state costs (targeted environmental programs, research activities, environmental investments).

Nefiscal include education, rationing, legislative base.

Environmental policy of the company

First of all, the Environmental Policy of the company developed on the basis of ISO 1400 is reflected in the document of the same name. The creation of such a document is a statement about its intentions and principles aimed at protecting the environment. Environmental policy (an example of a document) may contain:

Solving environmental problems

Ways to solve environmental problems have long been found. They, large or small, are available to large corporations and any individual citizen:

• the use of new renewable energy sources;
• termination of the cutting of tropical forests;
• reducing energy consumption;
• reducing waste.

2. Fighting soil erosion:

• use of small fields;
• planting trees and shrubs to combat wind and destructive aquatic streams.

3. Fight against the offensive desert:

• the use of irrigation as a method of combating soil cutting;
• planting trees and shrubs;
• the use of new agricultural technologies, cultures.

4. Restoration of animal populations:

• organization of new natural parks as habitats;
• strict animal control;
• prohibition of hunting on rare and extinct animals.

5. Fighting acid rains:

• reduction of chemical production emissions;
• reducing the use of chemical fertilizers;
• use filters and other sources of cleaning.

It should be remembered: the protection of nature is the debt of everyone, further pollution of the planet can lead to the extinction of the next type of living organisms - people!

This chapter analyzes the theoretical foundations of environmental policies, its tools, components and mechanisms. In addition, a description of the economic consequences of environmental problems in the country, and also characterizes the environmental quality management systems, control and monitoring its condition.

Environmental Policy: Concept, Types, Principles

Environmental policy is a relatively new type of state policy of the countries of the world, as well as the activities of various political, economic, state and non-governmental organizations. The formation and development of environmental policies of various states and regions has an impact of many factors, among which the level of economic and social development of society can be considered the significance of the economic and social development of the country, the level of environmental problems on the development of the country, the level of production of production and the use of natural resources, as well as the level of environmental literacy and culture of the population. Features of the formation of environmental policies are associated, first of all, with the stage of development on which the country is located. The process of forming regional environmental policies also depends on political installations in society and the system of the state device.

We can identify environmental policies as the direction of the activities of state and public organizations aimed at protecting the environment, rational environmental management and solving environmental problems. However, it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of "environmental policy" in terms of global and regional levels. On the global scale "Environmental Policy" is a set of measures and shares of international political and public organizations, the main purpose of which is the consideration of global environmental problems in terms of the influence of these problems on the social and economic development of the entire society, as well as taking into account available resources and their Distribution. Regional environmental policy for a set of function is similar to the global, however, it considers the influence of environmental problems in terms of one continent, country or region.

In the modern world, much attention is paid to regional environmental policies, especially from the point of view of individual business entities of economic activity, which are the main sources of environmental pollution. Regional environmental policy is one of the most important components of the state policy of the majority of developed countries. In this case, we can talk about the elements of state environmental policy. Among them, it is possible to distinguish goals, mechanisms and implementation tools, priorities and exercise costs. State environmental policy is based on the economic and social objectives of the entire state policy, and also depends on the degree of influence by environmental issues and natural catastrophes on the development of the country, the level of scientific and technical progress and the possibilities of applying its achievements to solve environmental problems. Social environmental policy is most often considered as a set of measures aimed at improving the environmental literacy of the population, and regulating the relations of the country's population to the use of natural resources and a careful environment.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the level of economic development of the country and the state of the environment are closely interrelated. Providing high growth rates without environmental protection will lead to environmental degradation, and will also have an impact on the lives and health of people, which in turn will lead to even more negative consequences in the long run.

The process of implementing the environmental policy includes three steps:

• · Development of regulatory acts, administrative and control measures, direct regulation by state bodies;
• · Creation of environmental monitoring and monitoring institutions;
• · Development and implementation of tools for economic incentives associated with the development of various market mechanisms and aimed at environmentalizing economic agents.

The main tools of environmental policies are administrative and economic methods. Economic methods include various ways to stimulate users of natural resources to develop, use and improve resource-saving technologies, as well as encourage them to use more environmentally friendly methods for organizing and implementing production activities. Such methods can directly include the price and fiscal policy tools, the state subsidizing program of various environmental programs, as well as the sale of pollution rights. Administrative methods include a system of fines, legislative regulation, environmental payments, the establishment of the norms of extremely permissible emissions for various sources of environmental pollution, including power plants, industrial enterprises and vehicles.

There is a more detailed classification of environmental policy methods. In social ecology, the following environmental policy mechanisms are allocated: legislative, legal, economic, political, educational and scientific and technical. Legislative - legal methods in this case are considered as a set of legislative acts and regulatory and legal instruments that regulate relations between the state, society and nature, and also establish penalties for environmental pollution. Under scientific and technical methods means a set of knowledge and technologies that contribute to preventing and solving environmental problems. Under political methods, the actions of political parties and organizations on the improvement of environmental complexes, reserves are understood. Educational measures occupy a special place, as their main task is to educate society in the spirit of careful attitude towards nature.

The process of implementing environmental policies is carried out by actors of environmental policy, which includes: states, economic agents, political parties and organizations, non-governmental organizations and research and educational institutions.

The objectives of environmental policies include: achieving results in the field of environmental protection and the solution of both regional and global environmental problems, rational environmental management, the preservation of public health and reducing the effect of environmental pollution on human health, the use of environmental relations to solve other state policy tasks. To carry out these purposes, it is necessary, first of all, to solve a number of essential tasks:

• · Development, improvement and development of the population of the methods of rational use of natural resources, as well as environmentally friendly production methods;
• · Formation of the environmental value system in society and understanding the limited natural resources;
• · Education of the population with the awareness of the Global Sustainable Development Strategy;
• · Development of a system of safe disposal of waste;
• · Ensuring food security and improvement of food quality;
• · Reducing the risk of a catastrophe of natural and man-made character.

To address the above tasks, the state needs to develop a clear environmental policy, as well as to promote financial and material support for studying the state of the environment and biological diversity, creating an effective monitoring system for the state of the environment and its components, developing methods for monitoring the production activities of economic entities, Financing and supporting the use of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies.

One of the directions of environmental policy is also a decrease in the damage caused by the natural environment from anthropogenic activities. Such damage can be divided into calculated and conditionally calculated damage.

The damage to the calculated damage includes economic and socio-economic types of damage. Economic damage is the costs of the state to eliminate the effects of natural disasters and disasters, the loss of society as a result of the failure of the results of forestry, industrial and agricultural activities, reduced yields and as a result of strengthening food problems, the costs of maintaining and restoring equilibrium in ecosystems, fuel loss, raw materials and Materials.

Socially economic damage include the costs of preserving recreational resources, an increase in the number of people suffering from chronic diseases, as well as the consequences of the population migration caused by the deterioration of the environment.

Condolic-calculated damage is an increase in pathological changes in the human body, an increase in the number of people who suffer from allergies from childhood, as well as aesthetic damage caused by the population, from changing the species of surrounding landscapes due to environmental pollution.

The correct interpretation of economic damage from environmental problems is necessary in almost all spheres of economic activity. It allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the economy of the region or the country as a whole, and also contributes to the development of such market mechanisms for monitoring the state of the environment as environmental insurance. The lack of a qualitative assessment of environmental damage leads to the fact that environmental management is excluded from factors that determine the overall efficiency of the economy.

1. Environmental policy.

Environmental Management The main task of environmental protection, as environmental protection is the main tool in the environmental management system.

The control system, in accordance with GOST R ISO, includes the following links: environmental policy, planning, implementation and operation, conducting inspections (monitoring and auditing) and corrective actions, as well as the analysis by the leadership. All these actions should lead to "continuous improvement of the" environment.

For the success of the management of its "environmental policy" should make all levels of management, ranging from the state and ending with a business entity and just a citizen. The demonstration of successful environmental policy is necessary in order for the stakeholders to make sure that the proper environmental management system.

In the field of environmental protection, the demonstration of environmental policy is most important, since this industry is the most "tight" interacts with the environment. Therefore, any organization by environmental protection should create, implement, maintain or improve the environmental management system. At the same time, it should make sure of the "justice" of its environmental policy. To do this, it is necessary to demonstrate the compliance of its environmental policy to the interests of other organizations and citizens and achieve approval (certification or registration) of its environmental policy by society (foreign organization, for example, with the environmental examination of the Project of Natural Project).

This procedure usually begins with an independent determination of the compliance of the environmental management system to legal and technical regulations, for example, the "Law on Environmental Protection" or Ghosts of the ISO 14000 series.

In a narrow sense, under environmental policy is meant - the application of the organization about its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental efficiency. This serves as the basis for action and establishing targeted and planned environmental indicators.

An environmental indicator is called - "The detailed requirement for environmental efficiency expressed quantitatively (where it is real), an organization or its parts that follows from the target environmental indicators and which must be established and implemented in order to achieve targets."

So, environmental policy should:

comply with the nature and scope of the organization's activities to take into account the type of product or services and correspond to environmental impacts; include obligations regarding conformity to environmental legislation and regulations; include liabilities regarding environmental improvement and prevent pollution; provide for the basis for the establishment of targeted and planned environmental indicators and their analysis (such indicators, for example, can enter the structure of ameliorative regime); Documented, implement, supported by management and communicate to all employees, as well as to be accessible to the public.

Environmental policy is an engine in implementing and improving the environmental management system at all levels of economic activity. The policy should reflect the supervisory commitments to comply with the applicable laws on the basis of the installation of planned environmental performance indicators, in particular the implementation of the reclamation regimes of environmental protection. The policy should be quite clear to understand the internal and external participants in economic activity. It should be periodically improved (analyzed and revised).

1.1 Environmental rationale at various stages of environmental protection.

The concern of humanity by their future arose about the middle of the twentieth century. It was time quite prosperous. The "World War II" ended, the economies of countries stabilized, the accumulations appeared, which could be investing not only in the national business. There were transnational companies. Investors needed to receive an answer to the question of which industry, in which direction should be inserted to obtain maximum profits. The answer was hoping to obtain as a result of modeling global socio-economic processes.

A group of fashion designers, the so-called "Roman Club", tried to answer the questions. The answer was formed in the form of a forecast for the development of the world in various strategies of human behavior in the period from 1970 to 2020.

The following key variables were selected in the models - the change in the number of humanity, changing the number of non-repaired resources, a change in the level of nutrition, a change in environmental pollution. As a result of the simulation, it turned out that the most anxious indicator leading to substantial mortality in the world was contaminated.

The international community needed to decide that capital should be investing not to improve the existing standard of living, not for enrichment, but to preserve human life on Earth. The awareness of this event, in the future led to the emergence of various environmental movements that demanded changes in legislation.

The greatest concerns of the international community called "large projects" related to the change in nature, i.e., the projects of a significant redistribution of natural resources on the territory, for example, in oil - and gas production or transferring the flow of rivers, land reclamation projects and and projects leading to pollution Natural medium.

A natural reaction to this threat was a limitation of the activity of a dangerous person, which was realized in many countries in the form of environmental control, for the planned economic activities (NCD).

The impact of economic activity on the natural environment is diverse. This, first of all, the effect on the abiotic medium, and then, through it, on biotic.

The approximate scheme of such an effect is shown in Fig. 1. "The scheme of the influence of the planned economic activity on the environment."

From the figure it is clear that human activity affects the main geographic spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere), through them to the soil, then on the flora and fauna and as a result of a person.

Any activity of man is based on a specific plan, a number of stages pass. Such stages, at least five - planning, design, construction, operation and liquidation of the object of economic activity.

Each stage should correspond a certain procedure for assessing the possible influence of economic activity. So, for example, at the primary stages of planning can be used strategic environmental impact assessment , at the project stage – evaluation of environmental impacts (EIA) and it environmental expertise , at the operation of the existing object – Environmental monitoring and ecological audit.

However, they can all be combined into the procedure. environmental assessment.

The environmental assessment procedure in the project analysis can be formalized as a block diagram shown in Fig. 2

Figure 2, you can trace the procedure sequence at the design and operation. Starting from the block "Analysis of the situation in the country and the analysis of the development programs of the region, the characteristics of the environment. Next, following a clockwise arrow, you can see as research materials (the "primary study of the environment") is transformed into a "detailed project work" and are transmitted to the "examination". With a positive conclusion of the examination, the project goes into the implementation stage.

At this stage, the presentation of loans is associated with the Environmental Protection Agreement and Natural Resources. In the future, measures should be taken on the conservation of nature, and their effectiveness is monitored. At the stage of completion of the project, it is evaluated by its results through audit and monitoring the current enterprise.

Consider in more detail the design stages and in connection with this, individual environmental assessment procedures. The main principle of any environmental assessment is its preventiveness, i.e., possible damages must be installed in the earliest stages.

2 The main stages of "design" of economic activity.

The general structure of the design of economic activity can be submitted in the form of a block diagram shown in Figure 3 "The main stages of" design "of economic activity". In this figure, it is shown that a comprehensive environmental assessment (examination) must be carried out consistently at all stages of the NCD implementation.

1. The need for examination of legal norms.Legal norms significantly affect the social, economic, political and moral state of society. Incorrect legal laws can have a destructive impact on the environment and, consequently, on the biotic community. For example, the adoption of amendments to the Constitution, allowing to import radioactive waste (substances) to the territory of the Russian Federation from other countries.

2. Forecast of the development of the national economy.Forecasts for the development of the national economy are drawn up for 10-20 years ahead and determine the life of the country, current and subsequent generations. If the direction selected in development forecasts is erroneously, it can lead to disastrous consequences up to the decay of the country.

Figure 1 scheme of the influence of economic activity on the environment.

Fig. 2 Environmental Assessment Procedure in Design Analysis (CIET)

3. Features of the expertise of a feasibility study.The feasibility study (TEO) is a mandatory pre-project document, therefore, the assessment of economic efficiency and environmental safety can significantly affect the further passage of the project, since it is at the TEO stage that the total cost of the project is determined, which then can only be adjusted towards a decrease. .

3.1. Economic examination of TEO.Economic examination of the TEO is aimed at establishing the compliance of project decisions with actual economic costs. For example, many projects do not take into account the costs associated with the processing and liquidation of waste; Costs associated with the cost of liquidation of production (for example, arms elimination)

3.2. TEO and projects of economic activities in neighboring states.These projects are special attention of experts deserves cross-border issues of use or change in the quality of natural resources. In most cases, these projects solve issues in the interests of one state without taking into account the interests of another, although it should take into account the interests and those and others.

3.3. Materials on the creation of mining and processing industries. In these materials, it is necessary to pay attention to solutions (costs) associated with the destruction of soil cover (costs of restoration), the costs of restoration (damage to disappearance) of individual species of animals. Pollution of the surrounding area .

4. Projects of international treaties. It is necessary to evaluate the environmental consequences of the production of products and the environmental consequences of activities on issued licenses.

Environmental assessment (examination) of the first four stages of economic activity is quite complex and therefore is not always carried out. Consequently, when developing and examining these stages, special attention should be paid to environmental consequences and develop methods for economic evaluation of these consequences.

5. Examination of design - technical documentation. General provisions: In the examination of the technical documentation, first of all, the project section was considered, called "Evaluation of Environmental Impacts" (EIA). This section in the project is mandatory. When considering the EIA section, the correctness of the Dick evaluation method, the reliability of the source materials, the correctness of the conclusions from the obtained estimates is considered. In addition, an assessment of environmental impact in emergency situations and during the liquidation of production should be considered.

6. Examination of materials on the creation of specially protected territories. When conducting such an examination, it is necessary, first of all, to pay attention to the correctness of the allocation of the borders of this territory. It will be more correct to highlight the river basin, i.e., the basin principle of the allocation of natural territory.

7. Examination of projects and schemes for the rational use of natural resources. In the course of this examination, it is necessary to pay attention, first of all, to the availability of natural resources to biotic communities, i.e. the availability (rational use) of natural resources not only for a person, but also for biota. It is necessary in these projects to assess damages that can be caused by biota.

8. Documents on changing the functional status of the territory.These documents require special attention, so large areas may be affected, for example, the territory of origin of the ethnos or the place of recreation of local residents. For example, the translation of the forest foundation lands in the land of settlements or the translation of deer pastures in the land of another destination.

Figure 3 The main stages of design of economic activity.

9. Other documents that provide economic activities that are able to provide direct or indirect environmental impact.This item as it is backing the place for new or not yet existing documents that are not included in the above.

Based on the above, we will conduct a classification of tools for implementing environmental policy in the field of environmental protection. Classify tools can be classified depending on the level (stage) of economic activity (see Table 1).

Classification of tools for implementing environmental policies in the field of environmental protection.

Table. one

3 Environmental assessment and tools for its implementation.

Environmental assessment is more important in the earliest stages of NCD planning. In a market economy, this is the stage of lending to future activity in the size of the country, region or a separate project. Experts of the World Bank so determined this concept. Environmental Evaluation, or Environmental Impact Assessment: Extensive studies performed by the country-borrower for the World Bank for operations that can have a significant negative impact on the environment.

Impact assessment- This is the process of analyzing and evaluating the impact of any event (implementation of policies or legislation in the field of energy or agriculture, the plan of urban development, the construction of a reclamation system, etc.) on the environment (or on the local community, culture, economy, etc. .).

Impact assessment is one of the inalienable elements of the environmental management system, since it gives knowledge and information about the availability and scope of exposure. Without knowledge and understanding of the negative environmental impact it would be impossible to plan and effectively implement measures to protect the biotic community and the protection of public health.

Impact assessment is an integral element of all steps and control processes. Its greatest role in the decision-making process and the prioritization process. At the same time, special attention is paid to those activities that seriously affect the environment. This is especially important in the conditions of limited resources and opportunities to prevent, negative consequences.

The greatest benefit of the impact assessment can bring in the early stages of the planning process. For example, when developing plans, programs and strategies to prevent the negative impact of the NCD and solving various environmental problems. Such an assessment can be called a strategic assessment.

3.1 Strategic environmental impact assessment (SOCOM)

Strategic environmental impact assessment (SOCOM) is a fairly new approach, which although based on the concepts and principles of the EIA, but unlike it implies comprehensive impact assessment on the environment plan, Programs, Politics or Project of the Legislative Act of the Government.

The main objective of the joints is to ensure the accounting and environmental assessment before making policies, strategies, programs, plans and legislation. In other words, the SOCM should be applied at the stage when persons responsible for making decisions are still able to take into account the possible impact of a certain environmental strategy and affect the course of events.

The SOCM can be distributed to such areas such as trade, taxation, rural and fisheries, energy, transport, etc. So, the SOCM can be carried out to evaluate the national energy, industrial or agricultural policy, territorial development plans at various levels (district or district ), National legislation projects in various fields (waste management, consumption), etc.

As a rule, a strategic assessment is aimed at analyzing and evaluating the following factors:

solving the existing environmental issues and health problems within the framework of the strategy under consideration; analysis of the goals and objectives of the strategy from an environmental point of view; contribution of the strategy to achieve environmental sustainability; key alternatives to the strategy; The impact of environmental measures offered for all variants (solutions) of environmental and health; Evaluation of the monitoring system, the potential impact of the environmental strategy and health.

Two approaches are commonly used in the COPS: impact assessment and evaluation of the expected results.

Impact assessment proceeds from the premise that until the final decision makes it necessary to evaluate any impact of the strategy under consideration and its alternatives to the environment and health. The process itself is to implement such an assessment (the emergence of a new knowledge) may affect the final decision.

Another approach is an assessment of the expected results - aims to answer the question of how effectively the environmental interests at all stages of planning strategy are taken into account and how adequate to the goals and tasks of the strategy compared to possible alternatives.

Typically, strategies, programs and plans create strict rules for making decisions at a lower level (when implementing project projects), so developers must provide information to the public. They should create conditions for the implementation of its right to participate in the planning and development processes of such documents. This can be done either through public organizations or through the selected bodies (tips, Duma, etc.)

In any case, the SOCM should be carried out in the effective participation of the population, provided that the population has objective information, and comments (wishes) of the population are necessarily taken into account.

In the event that the implementation of the strategy may affect the environment of another country, the authorities and the public affected by the country should be informed in advance about all significant potential transboundary forms of exposure to the strategy, to be able to participate in its discussion and express their wishes.

Within the framework of the Soviet, the wishes of other countries should be taken into account when making decisions to the country planning to implement the evaluated strategy.

This circumstance is taken into account in European and international legislation, which recognizes the importance of the democracy of the Soviet. Within the EU, the 2001/42 / EC Directive on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment has been operating. It has direct legal force for 31 European states (Member States and EU Candidates) and requires the introduction of common approaches.

However, in no country, the SOC is not used comprehensively, that is, at all levels of developing strategic documents - policies, plans, programs.

In a number of countries, the joints are used at the level of policy development (for example, in Canada, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland and Slovakia), or in the development of legislation and subtitle acts (Denmark, Netherlands).

In most cases, the SOCM is used only for plans or programs. The main sectors to which the Soviet are directed are the areas of the country's industry: land use, water sector, waste management, transport and energy.

In some countries, the COP is largely based on the modified EIA procedures and is carried out as an additional event that has a real impact on program planning and development processes.

In the new independent states (NIS), the "similar" with the SOPS is the system of state environmental impact assessment (GEE), which has the status of a national law in a number of countries (Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine).

The GEE is held with respect to projects, but also for strategic activities, including development plans, sectoral programs and policies, legal norms, sets of mandatory rules related to environmental protection. At the same time, the GEE procedure, unfortunately, does not require public participation and sometimes does not have strict legal force to develop strategic development documents.

3.2 Evaluation of environmental impacts (EIA).

Evaluation of environmental impact (EIA) was formed as an integrated system process. The EIA Concept was first introduced in the United States, with the adoption of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act. EIA is usually used to identify the negative impact of the planned project Environment before approval and implementation, as well as to plan relevant measures to reduce or prevent such impact.

The project under consideration (for example, the construction of a dam or highway, the drainage of the marshes or irrigation of land for the expansion of agricultural land) is usually one of the elements of a wider development program.

In most European countries and some countries of the former USSR, the EIA has the status of the National Law.

In terms of its functions and features of the EIA - a preventive tool, and not the solution to the problem already arising. Therefore, an assessment of environmental impact is a process that ensures that all environmental consequences from the implementation of economic activities are taken into account before the decision is implemented.

The EIA procedure makes it possible to analyze possible environmental impacts and document them in the form of a report. After that, to conduct public hearings to review the report, take into account all comments of citizens and submit a report with the final decision and, finally, to inform the public about this decision.

The main objectives of the oat in the context of the environmental support are as follows:

evaluate the direction and depth of environmental changes in the implementation of the project; evaluate possible changes in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems; Identify ways to minimize the negative impact on the environment and biota; Suggest alternatives with various environmental consequences; prevent worsening the habitat, realizing possible alternative solutions and taking measures to reduce negative impact; acquaint people who make decisions with the possible consequences of the implementation of the planned project; announce the public to the reasons for the implementation of the project and possible environmental consequences; promote cooperation between stakeholders; Stimulate the future public participation in the decision-making process related to economic activities.

The EIA is always held at the initial stage of project development (this is a mandatory procedure for the projects listed in the National EIA legislation). The EIA procedure is coordinated by the competent authority (for example, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Commission on the EIA authorized by the Department of Local Government, etc.).

Details of the assessment of impacts at different stages of decision-making non-etinakov. Some differences and goals. So, when conducting an assessment when choosing a construction site, the development of feasibility studies (TEO) and construction projects are:

Comprehensive consideration of all the estimated advantages and losses of an environmental, economic and social nature related to economic development; search for optimal design solutions that contribute to:

(a) preventing environmental degradation;

(b) ensuring the social and environmental and economic balance of economic development;

(c) improving the living conditions of people;

(d) developing effective measures to reduce the level of forced adverse environmental impacts to an insignificant or acceptable level.

As shown above, economic activity affects almost all areas of land, so the impact assessment is carried out in relation to the following objects: Flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, landscape, historical monuments and other material objects or relationships between these.

3.2.1 EIA functions are:

1. Detection, analysis, assessment and accounting in design solutions:

(a) the intended impact of the planned economic activity;

(b) environmental changes as the results of these effects;

(c) the consequences for the society and the ecosystem to which changes in the environment will lead;

2. Identification, analysis and comparison of all real and reasonable alternatives (including a complete refusal of activity) on the basis of social and environmental and economic estimates of each of them;

3. Formalization, in which the Customer presents the results of the conducted EIA procedures in the process of developing project plan at various design stages;

Thus, the EIA is a decision-making tool. The EIA results should be a clear picture of the developed alternative development opportunities and their consequences for society and ecosystems with a suspended socio-ecological and economic assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative.

3.2.1 EIA is based on the following principles:

1. Compelling. Conducting EIA procedures in full is mandatory for the following types of business objects - 1. Oil and cleaners. 2. Thermal power plants and other installations for burning thermal power 300 megawatts or more, as well as nuclear power plants and other structures with nuclear reactors 3. Installations intended exclusively for the production or enrichment of nuclear fuel, regeneration of spent nuclear fuel or collection, removal and processing radioactive Waste. 4. Large installations for the domain and martenov production and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. 5. Installations for extracting asbestos and processing and conversion of asbestos and asbestos-containing products: with respect to asbestos-cement products. 6. Chemical plants. 7. Construction of motorways, high-speed roads, trails for long-distance railways and airports with a length of the main runway at 2100 meters or more. 8. Oil - and gas pipelines with large diameter pipes. 9. Trading ports, as well as inland waterways and ports for inland shipping, allowing the passage of vessels with displacement of more than 1350 tons. 10. Waste removal systems for incineration, chemical processing or disposal of toxic and hazardous waste. 11. Large dams with a height of 15 m or more, reservoirs with a surface area of \u200b\u200b2 square meters. km and more, main channels, hydro-elevative systems and water supply systems of large cities. Activities for the fear of groundwater in the event that the annual volume of the water taken reaches 10 million cubic meters or more. 13. Production of cellulose and paper with obtaining 200 or more metric tons of products that have passed the air drying. 14. Large-scale mining, extraction and enrichment on the site of metal ores and coal. 15. Production of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf. 16. Large warehouses for the storage of petroleum, petrochemical and chemical products. 17. Constructions for cleaning industrial and utility wastewater with an annual flow of more than 5% of the flow of the river basin. 18. Large livestock complexes with power: 1) pig-breed - 30 thousand heads and more; 2) in fattening the young cattle - 2 thousand heads and more; 3) Dairy - 1200 cows and more. 19. Sweetheart complexes. 20. Poultry farms for 400 thousand chickens - non-masters, 3 million broilers and more. 21. Objects of economic and / or other activities located on specially protected areas and the operation of which is not related to the regime of these territories. 22. Solid wood harvesting of wood on cutting areas with a cutting area of \u200b\u200bmore than 200 hectares or cutting of wood on an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 20 hectares when transferring forest lands to non-exhausted for purposes that are not related to forest management and the use of the forest foundation. For types of economic activities that have not included in this list (including many types of activities in nature, the development is obligatory. project application for environmental impact (ZPS)". The decision on the feasibility of conducting all subsequent EIA procedures is made by government agencies, management and control (supervision) based on the results of the review of the ZVS project and on the basis of an assessment of the significance of the intended impact of the environmental activities.

2. Preventiveness. The EIA is used as a tool for the formation of solutions in the earliest stages of design.

3. Variation. When assessing environmental impacts, alternative design solutions must be considered and proposed, if necessary, new options.

4. Complexity. Integration (consideration in the relationship) technological, technical, social, environmental, economic, and other indicators of project proposals.

5. Publicity. Availability of information on project solutions for the public at the earliest stage of the project.

6. A responsibility. ABOUTcustomer's Tweet (initiator) of activities for the consequences of the implementation of project decisions.

3.2.2 EIA procedure

Before starting designing and conducting an EIA planned activity, the Customer is prepared by the "notice of intent", which contains information about the intentions of the customer in the nature of the planned activity. It is submitted to the state authorities and management (at the levels of competence) in order to obtain an agreement on further preparation and consideration of proposals for the development of outlined activities on possible sites of its implementation. Consent does not mean the consolidation of possible sites or land separations for this customer.

All EIA documentation is prepared by the customer of the planned activity through the developer or specialists in conducting an EIA.

The general procedure for conducting an EIA includes the following steps:

· Project development "Statements on the impact on the environment" ("Project ZVS").

· Representation of the "ZVS project" in government agencies, management and control.

· Development of tasks for designing, researching and research in accordance with the requirements nominated by the results of the review of the ZVS project in government agencies, management and control.

· Development of the ZVS based on the "Project ZVS", according to the results of surveys and research.

· Organization and conduct of public hearings of the ZVS.

· Improvement of a feasibility study or a project for the construction of a business object or complex.

· Adoption by the Customer's decision on the possibility and feasibility of implementing the planned activities on this site on the presented and recorded conditions, based on the formed understanding of the environmental and related consequences of its implementation.

1.3 Environmental Policy Enterprise

Environmental policy (environmental policies) - a statement of an enterprise or organization of its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental efficiency, which serves as a basis for both actions and to establish targeted and planned environmental indicators.

Environmental policy should reflect the obligations of top management of the enterprise to comply with the applicable laws and constantly improve the environmental management system. The policy creates the basis with which the company establishes its target and planned indicators. Policy should be quite clear to understand its internal and external stakeholders. The scope of the policy should be accurately identifiable, must be periodically analyzed and revised, in order to reflect the changing external conditions and take into account the incoming information. The environmental policy in the field of the environment should be regularly monitored to check how compliance with the principles and that there is a constant improvement in the environmental characteristics.

The highest management of the enterprise should determine environmental policy and ensure that this policy is:

a) corresponded to the nature, scale and impact on the environment of the enterprise;

b) included obligations regarding continuous enhancement of the environment and prevented pollution;

c) included obligations to fulfill the requirements of regulatory and legal acts in the field of environmental protection;

d) envisaged the basis for the establishment of targeted and planned environmental indicators and their analysis;

e) was documented, introduced, supported and communicated to all employees of the enterprise;

e) would be available to the public.

The company must identify its own environmental policy and assumes obligations regarding the environmental management system. The process of forming an environmental policy in detail is regulated by GOST R ISO 14004I includes three stages:

1. The adoption of an environmental strategy as the obligations of the management of the enterprise: its compilation is included in the function of the company's head. Must briefly state the intentions of the enterprise's director regarding environmental protection;

2. Initial environmental impact assessment: considers the entire range of operating conditions of the enterprise, including emergency situations. The results of the initial environmental impact assessment must be documented;

3. Environmental policy adoption.

Environmental protection policy means the goals and principles of the enterprise in relation to the environment, including compliance with all the requirements of regulatory and legal acts in terms of environmental protection.

Environmental policy should take into account the following questions:

1. Objectives solved by the enterprise, leadership views on the prospects for the development of the enterprise;

2. Continuous improvement in environmental state;

3. Prevention of environmental pollution;

4. Coordination to resolve environmental protection issues with other aspects of the organization's policy (for example, labor and security hygiene);

5. Specific local or regional conditions;

6. Compliance with current regulatory documents on environmental issues.

In addition to compliance with regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, the Environmental Policy of the enterprise may establish obligations regarding:

· Minimization of any significant negative environmental impacts in the introduction of new technologies;

· Development of the procedure for assessing the environmental efficiency of work and related indicators;

· Designing products in such a way as to minimize its environmental impact in the production, use and disposal;

· Prevent environmental pollution, waste reduction and resource consumption;

· Enhance the level of education and training staff;

· Exchange of environmental experience;

· Encouragement to the implementation of environmental management systems for suppliers and contractors.

The environmental policy in the field of the environment should be regularly monitored.

The purpose of the control is to check how much the policy of the enterprise is conforming to the proclaimed and whether the continued improvement in the characteristics of the environment is observed.

2. General characteristics of the enterprise

2.1 Organizational structure of the enterprise

Sibneft - Hantos LLC formed January 1, 2005. Based on the order of Sibneft OJSC from 6.04. 2005 No. 63 on the basis of TPDN "Priobsky" and TPDN "Palyanovsky"

For eight months of work it was mined:

· 2007.1 thousand tons of oil, which amounted to 98.5% of the planned volume;

· 14.4 million m3 of gas, which is 91.4% of the plan.

Additional oil production from all GTM conducted was 1 101.8 tons. 307416 M rocks drilled (125.2 to plan). 96 new wells were introduced (112.9% to the plan). 6 GPU was held at the current well foundation, additional extraction from GPU amounted to 54.9 thousand tons.

Environmental policies of the enterprise (Organizations) is a statement of an enterprise about its intentions and principles related to its overall environmental efficiency, which serves as a basis for action and to establish targeted and planned indicators. Determines the Environmental Policy of the enterprise its top management. The top management may consist of a separate person or a group of persons carrying administrative responsibility for the organization.

Depicted in fig. 3.2 The management system model reflects the basic principles of the Environmental Policy of the enterprise.

1. Obligations and politics. The company must determine its environmental policy and assume obligations regarding the environmental management system. At the same time, it should be started with what brings apparent benefits, for example, with limitations of root causes leading to a responsibility for violation, or with more efficient use of raw materials and materials.

Environmental policy should reflect the supervisory commitments to comply with the applicable laws and constantly improve the environmental management system. The policy creates the basis with which the company establishes its target and planned indicators. The policy should be quite clear to understand its internal and external stakeholders; It should be periodically analyzed and revised to reflect changing conditions and information. The scope of policies should be accurately identifiable.

2. Planning.The company must develop a plan for implementing its environmental policy. At the same time, environmental management elements include: identifying environmental aspects and related environmental impacts; requirements of legislation; environmental policy; Domestic and external criteria for evaluating environmental efficiency, etc.

3. Implementation.In order to effectively implement the company, the company should create opportunities and develop support mechanisms necessary to implement their environmental policies and achieving targeted and planned indicators. In order to achieve targets, the company should amend it to its employees, systems, strategy, resources and structure, to develop a system of responsibility and reporting.

4. Change and evaluation.The company must measure, monitor and evaluate its environmental efficiency. One of the main control tools is an environmental audit.

5. Analysis and improvement.The company should analyze and constantly improve the environmental management system to increase its overall environmental efficiency. The management of the enterprise must conduct an analysis of the environmental management system through some time intervals to ensure its continuous efficiency and compliance with the existing parameters. The analysis should be wide to take into account the degree of environmental impact on all activities, products or services of a given organization, including their impact on the financial side of activities and possible competitiveness.

In terms of real activity, the environmental management system will carry out this process in the form of a cycle shown in Fig. 3.4.

The basis of environmental management should be the principles of eco-efficiency and ecosicity. Under eco Effectiveness It is understood as the organization of versatile environmental activities, which allows not only to reduce the relevant costs and costs, but also to receive additional profits. Principles ecosibliness Manifest themselves in awareness of the management of moral responsibility for negative environmental impact and the irrational use of natural resources.

In a narrower concept, environmental management is the management of environmental and environmental activities and includes:

legal and economic mechanisms for environmental protection;

control system;

the activities of the specialists of the enterprise (and its leadership) in the field of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources.

In September 2000 in the Vladimir region (Gus-Crystal), a seminar on environmental management was proposed in the implementation of the environmental management system to be guided by the following principles of the Charter of Entrepreneurial Activities:

Corporate priorities;

Integrated management systems;

Gradual improvement;

Training personnel;

Preliminary estimate;

Attention to products and services;

Accounting for customer needs;

Attention to processes and sites in general;

Research programs;

Foresight in everything;

Work with suppliers and contractors;

Preparedness for emergency situations;

Transmission of progressive technologies;

Contribution to the general case;

Openness, readiness for discussion;

Implementation of established requirements and reporting.

Since the environmental management system is part of the general management mechanism of the organization (enterprise), it should strive to achieve a specific goal using a certain mechanism and performing certain functions. So, purpose Environmental Management (as well as any other) is the achievement of the desired results, i.e. a certain state of the environment, and it is the state of the environment an objectcontrol.

Mechanism Environmental Management is a set of means of influence both on the formation of an environmental situation and on possible environmental consequences from human activity. BUT functions Environmental Management is a set of various types of activities that are necessary for managing environmental processes.

Thus, cOLOGICAL POLICY - publicly declared principles and obligations related to the environmental aspects of the enterprise and ensuring the basis for establishing its environmental goals and tasks, including:

conscious use in the practical activity of the enterprise of the foundations of modern environmental culture and environmental ethics; shared responsibility; contribution to sustainable development;

environmental feasibility;

civilized entrepreneurship;

voluntary expansion of the enterprise's environmental obligations in relation to all interested in the environmental aspects of its activities of persons and parties;

health protection and environmental safety of personnel and population in the influence of the enterprise; environmental impact assessment;

support for environmental research and environmental education and enlightenment, including school environmental education; development of voluntary environmental insurance;

achieving the economic efficiency of environmental activities;

improving the quality of products and services due to the development of environmental activities;

the development of more environmentally friendly production; minimization of negative environmental impact;

prevention of negative environmental impact in the sources of its formation; rational use of resources;

an independent assessment of the results of the enterprise's environmental activity (implementation of systematic environmental auditation);

informing, motivation and involvement of all personnel in the environmental activity of the enterprise;

compulsory documentation of environmental activities and detailed voluntary reporting on the results of activities ("green statements" of the enterprise); active cooperation with all interested in the environmental aspects of the company by persons and parties, including the environmental community; cooperation with the media;

compliance with the current environmental legislation, environmental standards and rules; Development and use of their own environmental standards and rules complementing government requirements.

Implementation of the environmental management system in the enterprise

Regardless of the type of production and nature of activity, the enterprise (organization) acts as an indirect element that determines some connection between himself and the environment surrounding it, while the exchange of various types of information is met: energy, real, etc. At all stages of economic activity. The company acts as the main element affecting environmental pollution as a result of human economic activity.

Environmental Management at the enterprise is also the art of making effective management decisions in order to improve enterprise environmental protection

Consider the scheme of the process of implementing the environmental management system in the enterprise shown in Fig. 3.5.

Suppose the highest management of a certain enterprise decided to introduce a system of environmental management. The motives for such a decision may be the following:

creation of conditions for the development of the quality management system;

control of environmental aspects;

compliance with the requirements of legislation;

improving environmental performance;

the possibility of entering the external market, etc.

A prerequisite for the creation of an environmental management system is a preliminary environmental assessment - an objective and necessarily independent, based on system approaches and a documented assessment of the initial situation in the enterprise (at the time of the implementation of the environmental management system), with the subsequent development of recommendations for its improvement. It is understood that the environmental management system is integrated with the general organization management system.

The purpose of such an assessment is to collect the data on the state of the environment necessary for the future work and analyze them. In this case, the obtained characteristics are considered "initial" or "zero" with which the data obtained in subsequent time periods are compared.

This estimate includes research and analysis of the following elements:

application and documentation of the necessary procedures;

compliance with the company's activities by legislative and regulatory requirements;

estimated environmental policy of the enterprise;

the use of raw materials and auxiliary materials;

environmental impact and environmental aspects of activities;

areas of increased risk and readiness for abnormal situations;

interaction of an enterprise with stakeholders, etc.

The next stage is the development of environmental policy. In this situation, this is a special document on the intentions and principles of the organization, which should serve as a basis for the actions of the organization and determination of environmental goals and tasks. Environmental policy must comply with the scale, nature and environmental impacts, created activities, products and services of the company. The document must be brought to all employees of the Organization and to be an affordable public.

Taking into account the significant environmental impacts, legislative and other requirements, the organization should develop environmental goals and objectives. The environmental goal is the overall environmentally significant goal of the organization's activities established by the environmental policy of this organization, the degree of achievement of which is estimated in cases where it is practically possible. The environmental task is a detailed requirement for environmental performance of the organization as a whole or its divisions, which follows from the established environmental goal of the organization's activities and is subject to implementation in order to achieve this goal. Moreover, the goal is the expected result of solving problems or use the current opportunities now, and tasks are the steps of eliminating the causes that cause this particular problem.

Objectives and tasks should be quantified if possible. They must be based on environmental policies and are defined for each function and level of the organization. With their wording, the views of the "stakeholders" should also be taken into account (under which any groups and citizens are understood, whose interests are affected by the environmental aspects of the enterprise, or concerned about these aspects).

To achieve their goals, the organization is developing a program of environmental management, which determine responsible, means and timing to achieve goals and objectives. Programs should be regularly revised and reflect the change in the objectives and objectives of the organization.

For the implementation of programs, certain procedures are developed and priorities are determined in the enterprise. The organization should monitor or measure the basic parameters of the activity that can have a significant impact on the environment.

Procedures should cover all parties to the enterprise from the moment of the receipt of raw materials and ending with the sale of a finished product; All aspects that can somehow lead to environmental impacts. They can concern not only traditional technologies, but also a procedure for informing and learning personnel, relationships with external stakeholders. The overall list of specific procedures to be documented is established by the company independently.

Environmental indicators characterize the production process, including basic and auxiliary activities. They characterize the operation of the environmental management system and the activities of the system improvement management. In addition, they reflect information about local, regional, global environmental conditions or the state of the environment at the current time.

A number of personnel training requirements must be executed, as well as to prepare for abnormal situations.

In order to determine compliance with the criteria for the ISO 14001 standard, a periodic audit of the environmental management system should be carried out. Such an audit can be both internal and external, and its results are mandatory report to the company's management. The procedure for such control will be considered in subsequent chapters.

The organization's management should periodically consider the work of the environmental management system in terms of its adequacy and efficiency. It is necessary to consider the issue of the necessary changes in environmental policies, purposes and other EMS elements. At the same time, the results of the audit, changed circumstances and the desire for "continuous improvement" should be taken into account. In general, at the heart of the requirements of the standard lies the open cycle "Plan - Implementation - Check - Revision of Plan".

All procedures, their results, monitoring data, etc. must be documented.