Durer bush grass. Albrecht Dürer Pictures

(Self-portrait. 1500. Picture gallery of old masters, Munich.)

Albrecht Durer (it. Albrecht Durer, May 21, 1471, Nuremberg - April 6, 1528, Nuremberg) - the greatest master of the Renaissance, German painter and schedule.

Durer was born in the family of an immigrant Jeweler from Hungary. His teacher in art was his native father, gold and silver deeds master. That is why in the paintings of Albrecht Dürer, each detail is always discharged with jewelry accuracy, each trifle is taken into account. See, for example, with what subtlety each Tresting is drawn in the picture "Herb Kush" or every furry in the image of a bunny on the picture "Young hare", especially the bunny mustache.

(Bush grass. 1503 year. Museum of Arts, Vienna.)

It seems that Grass is about to cherish under a light blow of the wind. And when looking at the bunny, I want to stretch your hand and touch his soft silky fur. Both of these pictures are drawn by watercolor and gouache with very, very thin brushes. By the way, the contemporaries noted that the artist loved very closely peering into nature and was constantly interested in science.

(Young hare. 1502 year. Albertina Gallery, Vienna.)

When Albrecht turned 15 years old, his father realized that his son had a teaching for painting classes and he sent him to study in the workshop of the famous Nuregherg painter Michael Volhemut. In this school, Durer studied not only drawing, but also engraving on wood and copper. Interestingly, in this school, the study ended with a mandatory journey of graduates. After release in 1490, in four years Albrecht Dürer visited several cities in Germany, Switzerland and Holland. Continuing to improve in visual art and processing materials.

(Portrait of a young Venetian. 1505 year. Museum of Art History, Vienna.)

In 1494 Durer returns to his homeland in Nuremberg, soon after returning, he marries the same year. Then leaves to Italy. In Italy, he had several interesting acquaintances with the work of such masters of the Epoch of Early Renaissance, as Manteny, Polanolo, Lorenzo Di Cours and other masters. In 1495 Dürer returned to Nuremberg and there, until his next trip to Italy in 1505, he creates most of his most famous engravings that made his name so famous.

(Saint Eustafius. Ok. 1500-1502. State Museum of Hermitage, St. Petersburg.)

Durer was famous not only as a painter, but also as an outstanding master graphics. Most of Albrecht Dürera engravings are drawn to biblical and evangelical stories.

(Melancholy. 1514. State Museum of Hermitage, St. Petersburg.)

And Albrecht Dürer became famous as a great portrait. He was the best portrait in the entire history of world painting. Heroes of his portraits have always been any very interesting and inspired people. It is amazing that all these people are shown so realistic that it hardly believes that they are drawn 500 years ago, when artists, in essence, just started learning to write realistic paintings. But the vintage costumes on portraits convince us that Durer, like a portraitist, was much ahead of his era.

(Portrait of a young man. 1521 year. Art gallery, Dresden.)

Thanks to its autoports, we can now judge how the artist himself looked like. Moreover, no one even doubts that its self-portraits are made no worse than the photograph, if at the time there was a photograph.

(Portrait of Dürer's father at 70 years. 1497. London National Gallery, London.)

Look at his picture "Self-portrait" from the Prado Museum in Madrid. Albrecht Durer portrayed himself in pretty fashionable, even somewhat silent, clothing of that time. He has a very fashionable, at the time, hairstyle with carefully curled and laid hair. The posture gives a proud and intelligent person in it with self-esteem.

(Self-portrait. 1498 year. Prado Museum, Madrid.)

In 1520 the artist goes back to Holland. There he, unfortunately, becomes a victim of an unknown illness, which tormented him 8 years before the end of his life. Even modern doctors are difficult in the diagnosis. Albrecht Durer died in his hometown in Nuremberg.

(Praying hands. 1508 year. Albertin Gallery, Vienna.)

Albrecht Durer. Scientific activity.

And Albrecht Durer was an outstanding scientist. He knew mathematics very well, physics, astronomy and was engaged in philosophy. Durer wrote books on art and architecture, wrote poems. He supported dating with the most famous writers and philosophers of that time. Durer drew several geographical and astronomical maps. In the last years of his life, Albrecht Durer is fond of improving defensive fortifications. It was associated with the appearance and widespread spread of firearms. He even wrote the book "Guide to strengthen cities, castles and Tesnin," which described his fundamentally new type of military fortifications.

(Magic Square Dürer, fragment of Engravings "Melancholy". 1514. State Museum of Hermitage, St. Petersburg.)

Durer was his famous magic square drawn on his Engraving "Melancholy". This magic square is interesting in that it so filled it with numbers in order from 1 to 16, that sum 34 is obtained not only when the numbers are added vertically, horizontally and diagonally, as they require the rules of any magic square. Amount 34 turns out in all four-quarters, in the central four-brief and even with the addition of four angular cells. Albrecht Durer managed to enter this magic square also the year of creating Engravings "Melancholy" - 1514. Pay attention to the middle two squares in the first vertical. It is clearly seen that Durer made the error correction. The figure 6 is fixed by 5, and 5 fixed by 9. It remains a mystery, whether the artist left us to see these corrections and then, what's sense is that we have seen these corrections.

(Rhino, wood engraving. 1515 year. British Museum, London.)

The famous painting of Dürer "Rhino" at first glance is not remarkable. Moreover, with a careful comparison of this picture with a photo of a real rhino, you can see several inaccuracies. The uniqueness of this picture is that Albrecht Dürer has never seen any living rhino, nor his images. This picture is drawn according to the verbal description. In Europe first brought rhino from Asia to Portugal. Immediately Dürer from Portugal sent a letter with a verbal description of this amazing beast. At that time there were no phones and Albrecht Dürer could not ask anything to clarify the details. To assess the degree of genius of Dürer, try to ask your friends to find some kind of an exotic deep-water animal or a fantastic animal and describe it to you once writing. Then draw this animal for such a description and then compare with the original image.

Like many outstanding people of the Renaissance era, Albrecht Durer was a universalist and showed himself in many areas. But still painting he appreciated more than all sciences. In one of his books, you can read an interesting thought: "Thanks to painting, the measurement of the earth, waters and stars has become clear, and much will reveal much through painting."

Sections: Primary School

Churakova N.A., Literary reading: Tutorial for grade 3: in 2 parts. Part Two, Pages: 41 - 42.

The purpose of the lesson:

• educational: lead a line associated with the statement of poetry as a special look at the world (understanding of the poet of beauty and fragility of the world; the desire of the poet to preserve, protect the world from destruction: on the material of the poem, I. Bunin "The thick green spruce by the road ...", works A. Durera "Hare", "Herbs"); form the ability to compare and compare pictures and poems, picking up quotes and figurative expressions to describe the picture; continue the formation of expressive reading skills;
• developing: develop students spending, emotional attitude to works of art and ability to perceive the beauty of the poetic word, to regain their impressions;
• rising: to educate interest in literary creativity, careful attitude towards nature, instill a love for his native land.

Equipment: literary reading, textbook for grade 3; Portrait I. Bunin; words of gratitude.

Multimedia equipment: reproductions with the image of nature; The title of the topic "The world needs our defense"; Portrait I. Bunin; Vocational and lexical work, reproduction with the image of the Yelnik and deer; graphic work on poem; homework.

During the classes.

1 slide opens (literary reading lesson Appendix 1)

1. Organizational moment.

– Good day. I am glad to meet you. Today is a wonderful day. Smile to each other. I am pleased to start a lesson.

- I hope you will be active. I am waiting for beautiful answers from you.

2. Actualization of reference knowledge.

2 presentation slides (3 - 4 reproductions of nature)

- What would you like to talk about today at the lesson, looking at these landscapes?

(about nature, plants, about animals, rivers, etc.)

- What do you think this amazing world of nature needs our defense? And why?

- You are right: the world needs our protection.

3 slides (the name of the lesson theme)

- We will go to the world that needs our defense.

- I think that I made the right choice by going with you on the road.

- And what will take with you on the road?

(I get out of the backpack different items: a slingshot, notepad, magnifier, pen, brush, book, binoculars, air ball, cuckoo .... The guys choose what is needed to observe nature.)

- What person is able to be a defender of nature?

(Kind. Attentive. Strong. Loving nature. Having a heart and soul.)

- Here is a person who loves nature with all the heart and soul who can defend nature, can write wonderful poems and amazing paintings.

3. Preparation for perception.

I invite you to get acquainted with the wonderful works of art ...

4. Working with the "Art Gallery".

Work with the picture of A. Dierer "Zayats" (hall 8).

4 slides (painting by A. Durera "Hare")

- Let's visit the "picture gallery" and consider the reproduction from the picture in the technique of the watercolor of the German artist Albrecht Dürer.

- Consider carefully a hare.

- What notifies the artist and portrayed what features of his appearance, hasty, state?

(What ears, mustaches, claws, etc.)

- What do you hear?

(Heart beats, the wind is noise, the hare breathes ...)

"Where did the artist saw the hare and depicted?"

- The artist depicts a hare on a neutral background (that is, not in the room, not on the grass, but on the "scratch"). And why?

- And how do you think in what setting the hare will be the cozy all, where he will feel calm, "how at home"?

(Of course, in the grass)

Working with the picture A. Dürer "Herbs" (Hall 8).

5 slides (painting by A. Durer "Herbs")

- Consider the grass attentively on reproductions from Dürer's picture.

- What plants did you find out?

(Dandelions, already hazardous, with bright yellow stalks and cut-out leaves; Mattik meadow, small flowers of which are hiding in spikelets that make up the woven sweaters; fleshy leaves of the plantain, illuminated by the sun; sometimes, the narrow, the thinnest and long leaves of which are reminded of onions.)

- Why did you recognize these plants?

- (These plants grow in our area.)

- Well done guys that they know the plants so well.

- Imagine a moment that summer came, and we have found yourself on this meadow.

- What sounds heard?

(Dry grasshoppers. Slate grass. Singing birds.

- Can you feel the features of the air?

(Smells herbs. Air warm, summer.)

- Do you feel the proximity of the water?

(High, juicy plants)

- Is it an early morning, day or twilight starting?

(This is twilight. Dandelions closed)

6 slides opens (2 pictures together)

Generalization in the picture.

– Does the artist love the world of nature, judging by the two reproductions?

(Albrecht Durer loved the nature very much.)

- You can imagine how to love and appreciate the world of nature to write every epics of herbs with such attention, every wool on the holy skirt?

-What did the artist show us?

(Beauty of Nature)

- What makes these reproductions make them think about?

(About the careful attitude towards nature. About love for animals.)

"Durer believed that there was nothing insignificant in the world: every tiny detail of life spiritualized and full of meaning.

5. Thematic Fizkultminutka "Travel to Forest"

6. Reading and analyzing the poem I. Bunin "The thick green spruce by the road ..." (p. 42.)

– Nature is enthusiastic, not only artists, but also poets, writers and me with you.

7 slides (portrait and years of life I.A. Bunina)

- Guys! That work that we will read today, keeps the experiences, thoughts and soul of the poet who wrote them.

- Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born on October 10, 1870 in Voronezh, in the old nobility family. He traveled a lot and knew Russian well, English, French. For poems, the pounin is characterized by sincere intonation. They reflected the love of the poet to Russia, native land.

- Open tutorials on page 42.

- Listen to the poem I.A. Bunin and try to understand the attentive and careful attitude of the poet to the world of nature.

(Expressive reading poem.)

- Did you like this poem? Why?

- What mood caused this poem in you?

(joy, feeling admiration)

- What causes this joy in you?

- What words helped the poet to convey this mood?

Oh, how easily he left the valley!
How mad, in excess of fresh strength,
In the rapidness of the joyful-animal
He worn beauty from death!

- Read the poem yourself, find the difficult words for you and emphasize them.

Dictionary and vocabulary work.

(work in pairs)

- Connect the word and its value.

- Check if you performed the task correctly.

8 slides (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th stanza in turn)

Ylannik - the forest in which the ate grown.
Tonky deer - deer, who has thin legs.
Grave horns - heavy horns

Tooth scroof - tooth gnaw
Ostinka is a diminishing form of the word "Ast": a thin long bristle on the colosue from cereals; In this case, we are talking about coniferous needles.
Yolka Makushka - Top Tree

Dimensional trail - a definite measure for a trace
Dog Gon - (drive - hunt, drive.)

Valley - open area
Fucking - struggling
In excess of fresh strength - a lot of new forces
Swiftness - speed

- Which of you fulfilled the task without errors? - Come up with this poem.

("Handsome deer", "Beauty wins death," "The dense green spruce by the road ...", "Beauty")

(It deprives the reader the opportunity to penetrate the feeling of admiration for the beauty of the beast.)

Conversation.

- Why does the poem begins with the description of a dense green frying?

- Before us unfolds the calm life of the forest, beautiful in his ordinary.

Thick green spruce by the road
Deep fluffy snow.

9 slide opens (fannik landscape appears)

- What do you think is the hero really - the story of this poem watched the events that he described?

- How did he understand what happened in the forest? (In the footsteps.)

- What traces did he see? Whose traces were there? (Deer traces.)

- How do deer traces change? ("And suddenly - jump!")

- Whose traces of snow appear? (Hunting dogs)

- Where does the trace lead from the forest? (In the meadow, in the valley)

- What kind of landscape now in front of us at the end of the poem?

(Verbal drawing of children.)

10 slides (deer)

- What ended the chase?

(Deer is saved.)

- What is the beauty of deer?

("Mighty, ton-legged, throwing a grave horns to his back")

- What can be said about the storytellor, who was able to restore the events in the footsteps? (He is an observant person.)

- Does he love in nature?

- Where and why is the fracture of the mood? Where is the culmination of this poem? Specify exactly the line.

("And suddenly - a jump!" - the meaning of the fight of life and death, beauty and death.)

- There is an opinion that two people get along in a lyrical hero: a poet and hunter.

- Who is the lyrical hero? (Definition)

11 slides (definition "lyrical hero")

The lyrical hero is a narrator hero or an artistic "double" of the author-poet, growing from the text of the work, as a person endowed with certain, the individuality of fate, psychological disclosure of the inner world.

- The lyrical hero of the poem, the hero of the narrator is not named, but constantly present. After all, if you carefully re-read the text, it turns out that the tonler handsome man with grave horns, this mighty, white deer, exists only in the imagination of the lyrical hero, for he is in the foothold of what is happening.

- Can you detect it in the text?

- Who wins in the soul of the lyrical character: a poet or hunter?

Work in groups.

(I distribute words-mood cards.)

(Sadness, loving, waiting, sadness, joy, peace, anxiety, resentment, delight, admiration, ease, excitement, observation, pleasure, knowledge, disappointment ...)

- Distribute these words to each person.

One person overlook the board and attach words.

(There is a collection of words that fell and a poet and hunter.)

- Indeed, the poet wins. The poet expressed his attitude to the salvation of a deer in the last rows: "He worn from death from death!" In the salvation of deer, he sees more than in the preservation of the life of the animal, - the salvation of beauty.

6. Work on the expressive reading of the poem.

- What lines are read slower, and what are the fastest?

Expressive reading poem with placed pauses.

12 slides (poem with broken pauses)

7. Reflection (lesson)

– What was especially interested in each of you at the lesson?

(I really liked the pictures of Albrecht Dürer. I liked the poem I. A. Bunin.)

(The artist and poet love the world of nature and teach us this.)

- What excited you? What did you think about?

(Such people can love and appreciate nature, so they painted amazing paintings with paints and words.)

- This poem is written 100 years ago, but today, almost a century, we study this poem and admire these pictures. Why?

- (The desire to save beauty from death is still relevant, and therefore the beautiful poem of the Bunin sounds very modern.)

- I thank you for work in the lesson. In memory of this lesson, I would like to give you these notepads with the image of nature and handles. And when the poet or artist will wake up in your souls - be sure to bring your feelings in a notebook.

8. Homework.

13 slides (homework)

Readers: Expressive reading poem I. Bunin.

Artists: make two illustrations to this poem in notepad.

Poets: to find or compose poems about nature.

14 slides (gratitude)

* * *
Dense green elannik at the road I.
Deep fluffy snow. II.
They went to them deer,I. Mighty, I. tonky, I.
Back to back grave Horn. II.

Here track his. II. Here Natoptal tropes,I.
Here christmas tree Bent and white tooth scribble - II.
And a lot of conifers cross, I.ostinok. +
Calked from the macushkin on snowdrift. II.

Here again track, I. measured and rare I.
AND suddenly – II.bounce! IIIAnd far in the meadow +
Loses doggy – II. and things, I.
Obuchy horns on run ... III

ABOUT, I. as easilyhe leaving the valley! III
how ramane, I.in excess fresh forces, I.
In swiftness joyful animal +
It beauty from of death Brew! III

A. Durer. Self-portrait at the age of 13. Silver pencil. 1484.

I praise the great skill of Albrecht Dürer ... Erasmus Rotterdam
Albrecht Durer belongs to the number of the greatest artists of the whole world. In his book "Dialectics of Nature", F. Engels calls Durer directly next to Leonardo da Vinci as one of the best representatives of the Renaissance.
The time when Durer lived and worked, it was largely conflicting, difficult, heavy for his homeland - Germany. The country decayed a number of individual small states. Popular movement against unlimited power richly increased in the cities.

A. Durer. Self-portrait with flower. Butter. 1943.

And Durera, we especially appreciate that in art and life, he was faithful to humanistic ideals.
He was born in 1471 in the city of Nuremberg, which was one of the most advanced cities. The father of Durer was a simple worker and wanted to teach a son to the same craft, but the boy pulled to painting, and only to her. Dureru had to serve his painter owner, run for him for a treat, sweeping the floors in the workshop; To endure the wrath of senior substrursions.
He left his portrait of this time aged 13 years. It is filled with a silver pin on paper covered with special soil. Several timid drawing is quite artistic. The boy on it is attentive and serious.
Dürer has learned to rub paint paints, priming for drawing paper, make brushes, watched how the wizard works. Free time went on copying artworks feared to him. Durer himself clearly understood all the shortcomings of such an art education. Being a famous artist, he began to make an "training guide for boys, studying paintings," one of the first in the history of art.
Durer became painter, and not bad. Nineteen years old, graduating for a long-term teaching in Wolgemut's workshop, he goes to the "Wearing of Apprentices". This custom was then widespread throughout Europe. Turning out of the city to the city, working in one, then in another workshop, the young artisan mastered a variety of equipment, studied skill in different countries and among different persons. Durer worked in Switzerland, in Alsace, in 1495 visited Italy in 1495.

A. Durer. Melancholy. Fragment. Copper engraving. 1514.

He draws incessantly. Pen, pencil, coal. His attention attracts everything that then can be transferred to engravings. Highly and most of all he draws a person. Soldier, Mercenaries-Landsknechtov, which passed from the country to the country, offering their services for an inexpensive fee; Persons of contemporaries, simple and noble people. In 1493, returning from wanderings, he performed a picturesque self-portrait: Dürer has a careful eyes, a serious expression of a person, and in his hand a flower, maybe, having some meaning.
Of course, much in the early art of Dürer is still imperfect. But he passionately seeks to know if there are any rules to achieve truth and beauty in the art of reproduction.
The first large series of Dürera Engravings is "Apocalypse". They are permeated with the feelings of irrepressible anger, passion and pathos struggle. Images of this series are consonant with the moods of a restless, controversial era in which the artist lived.
Durer performs engravings and more simple. He draws a "prodigal son" - a barrack, nursing pigs on the yard of the wealthy farm, the types of citizens and the figures of the peasants. In his work, Durer is detected as a master, gradually mastering the ability to transfer the real world as it is. Strokes in its engravings and in many preserved figures become certain, bold, strong. In portraits, he is bright, several rigid paints captures the images of his friends - Nuremberg citizens, well-known scientists of that time.

A. Durer. Saint Jerome in the cell. Copper engraving. 1514.

Durer is working hard on his artistic and scientific education. His life passes in stubborn work. It creates extraordinarily thorough paintings by watercolor, depicting animals, plants. A small bunny, pressed her ears, herbs bushing, a bouquet of violets, the bird wing is transmitted with perfection that is difficult to surpass.
In 1506-1507, or maybe, the thirst for self-improvement lead him to a new journey, again in Italy. Durer lives in Venice, where for the first time he felt like a free person, full of their own dignity. He meets with outstanding masters of Italy. Old Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini visits Durera in his workshop. This is preserved such a story.
From Venice, Dürer returned to the homeland enriched with many. His painting became juicy, softer, colorful. In drawings and engravings, even more or rather, it depicts Durer to the surrounding reality, people of their time - their character, costumes, classes. With a special interest in the psychological expression of the senile face, Durer made a portrait of his mother's carbon.

A. Durer. Hare. Watercolor, gouache. 1502.

Durer is one of the few artists-philosophers. In art, it is strange to get deep realistic truth and fantastic fictions, prompted by the artist by the worldview of his era. He often uses complex allegory allegory allegory and immediately, in other drawings, the peasant dance is somewhat joking. Carefully draws the inside of the sun-illuminated room, where Ieronim, the legendary holy, writer, philosopher, who was told that he tamed the lion.
In constant work, artistic and scientific, the life of Dürer is held. The case of his people was always his own business. The images shown by Durer in the "four apostles" of images of ordinary people, wrestlers for the truth, embodied by the artist strictly and strongly.
The image of a scientist and writer, a humanist and thinker captured in one of the most recent work - in the portrait of the famous actor of his era of Erasmid Rotterdam.
He is for Scripture, with a pen in one hand, inkwell in another, in simple home clothing. In the foreground, Engraving Durer masterfully depicted books and did not forget the scientist on the table to put a vase with flowers.

Already in life Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528) "Great between the most great"artists of their time not only at home, in Germany, but also beyond. The glory of an outstanding painter, graphics and engraving did not die after death. In the history of the visual art, even a special term appeared - "Dürorsky Renaissance".

In the work of Dürer with the greatest artistic force and originality, a tendency was embodied with the greatest artistic art and originality - a combination of medieval national traditions with the need for Renaissance the need for rationalistic knowledge and realistic image of the world around. The spiritual tension of the Reformation Epoch and the balanced beauty of antiquity, skillful sophistication and German simplicity and the coarseness was reflected in its original style.

From the craft of engraving to the art of engraving

Durer was the third of 18 children in the family of gold and silver maststers from Nuremberg Albrecht Dürer Senior. Between 1486 and 1489. He was given to the disciples to the artist-engrave Mikhael Wolgemut, who collaborated with a major typographer A. Koberger, whose bookstores were scattered throughout Europe.

The desire of parents to make their son engraver was quite understandable. With the emergence of typography, this work was very popular and well paid. In the workshop of Wolgemut, the novice artist studied the techniques of engraving and drawing, as well as, making copies, acquainted with samples of European visual art. Here, a young man saw the work of the famous German engraving on Martin Schongauer's cop.

In the time of Düreir, painting, sculpture, and even more so the graphics did not turn on, in contrast, for example, from astronomy or philosophy, "Free arts", And they were considered a craft. To be accepted into a handicraft workshop, the artist was supposed to prove his right to be called a master, by the city of the city outside the city and confirming the professional consistency with its own products. In 1490 - 1494.

Durer made a journey required to get the title of the Master. Significant information about the artist's route is not preserved. It is assumed that he intended to meet with Schongauer, who, however, died shortly before his arrival. For a long time, Durer spent in Basel, making the engraved type Publisher-typographical publisher * on a tree illustration to Comedy, Tournah Knight, Joffre de la Tour Landry and "Ferrakov's ship" Sebastian Brant.

The book of Sebastian Brand "Ship of Fools", having riselled the morals of contemporaries, was a befelector of the 1490s. Not least thanks to Dürer illustrations. Apparently, in this final period of apprenticeship, the artist acquired the skills of engraving on copper and met the etching technique.

In 1496, Durer creates a series of stunning stress drama engravings to the apocalypse. The end of the century is always, and especially in the Middle Ages, binds to the consciousness of people with the expectation of the thorough end of the world. Four riders of the apocalypse should have appeared in 1500 g.

Durer wrote a whole series self-portrait. One of the most beautiful dates from 1498, then the artist was 28 years old. Dear Skyogolsky Clothing, Complete Dignity The face, attentive look - this is the Renaissance Age, believing mind and beauty.

Journey to Italy

At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. Durer made his first trip to Italy. Watercolor landscapes of the artist allow you to restore its route: he drove through the outsburgh and Innsbruck, passed through the Brenner pass and finally arrived in Venice. Here Durer met with famous brothers Bellini and Jacopo de Barbari, whose advice he began to study proportions.

Upon returning from Italy, Durer opened his own workshop and began selling his own engravings. In addition, during this period, he created several altar paintings for which, in accordance with Dutch and Italian samples, he chose the form of triptych. It is known that one of the customers was Nuremberg's Synovnik Pumenger, whose sons the artist captured in the form of knights on sash depicting St. George and St. Eustafia.

Durer is not only an outstanding painter and engraving, but also a wonderful watercolorist and schedule. It left more than 1000 drawings and watercolors. Basically the artist worked as silver pencil, brush, ink, feather and coal. Watercolor landscapes of Dürera are characterized by amazing accuracy. You can reliably determine the place captured by the artist, set the time of year and day.

Most watercolor scenery sketches Durer did in 1494 - 1496, especially much - during the first trip to Italy. He was 23-25 \u200b\u200byears old.

Sculpture plastic figures resembling sculptures, anticipate the style characteristic of the later works of the wizard. Among the works of the stroke of ages stands out self-portraitwritten by the artist in 1500 g

Self-portrait Dürer 1500 is one of the most famous works in world portrait painting. In it, the artist is not just a person who took place, but the prophet, Messiah. His symmetric frontal composition resembles medieval images of Christ. This picture can be viewed as a wizard thinking about the fate of the artist and its place in the world. The man is wise, who has passed the long way of suffering and searches, such is the Creator in the understanding of a mature Durer.

Virgo Maria in the image of Durera (1503) is rather an ordinary town and the contemporary of the artist than the canonical image of Our Lady.

The contemporaries of Durer, apparently, was perceived primarily as an engrave. In the creative heritage of the artist 350 engravings on a tree, 100 copper engravings and several etchings **. Dureru managed to achieve the unity of space and body volume of characters and achieve almost photographic accuracy in their engravings.

In the graphic and watercolor works of Durer, the Renaissance admissance of the beauty of the surrounding world, even in the most "non-liberty" of its forms, combined with German care and attention to detail. One of the first, emphasizing the independent value of such works, the artist began to date and sign his drawings and etudes. "Herbs" (1503) Drew Durer with a biologist accuracy.

Picture "Adam and Eve" Was written in 1507 Drawing this picture, Durer showed a very non-standard technique, as it shows not one whole picture, but two engravings. The picture was painted with oil paints. In size, these engravings were quite cumbersome and held a lot of space, their dimensions were 200 m. At 80 m. This work was exhibited in the National Prado Museum. The artist drew the picture specifically for the altar, but unfortunately he was never completed.

The picture "Adam and Eve" and its plot was created in the spirit of ancient time. The artist stressed inspiration during his travels in Italy. People depicted on the canvas are completely naked, everything is written to the smallest details, even their growth, they are depicted in their true magnitude. This is very important due to the fact that the Bible Adam and Eve are the progenitors of mankind, the first people who have come from heaven to Earth and who have granted the beginning of the race of people.

The Bible says that Adam and Eve had many differences between themselves, which is why the author depicted them separately. But looking attentively, you can see that the picture is a single whole - Adam holds the branch, and Eva is a fruit that was hung before her. A snake drawn next to the people who pushed people to break the sacred fruit. Even in the picture you can see the sign on which the author and the date of writing the canvas are specified.

In 1508 - 1509. Durer worked on the creation of one of his best religious works - "Altar Geller". Unfortunately, the central panel belonging to the brushes of the artist himself and portrayed the Ascension of Mary, reached us only in the copy. However, by numerous preparatory drawings, it can be judged about what the impression should this grandiose composition should be produced.

Master

By the end of the first decade of the XV century. The artist gained recognition and material well-being. In 1509, Durer becomes a member of the Nuremberg Great Council, which was the privilege of noble citizens. As a master engraver, he does not know himself equal. In 1511, the artist publishes a series of engravings on a tree: "Large and small passions", "Life of Mary", "Apocalypse".

In 1515 he receives an order from Emperor Maximilian and performs allegorical humanistic cycles - "Triumphal Arch" and "Procession". Durer proved to be the only artist who Maximilian prescribed a lifelong annual rent in 100 florins.

Rhino shook the Europeans XVI century. He was presented in 1512. Portuguese king Emanuel Pape Roman. Made in the port of the sketch of the monstrous beast passed Durer, who completely reliably reproduced the animal on his engraving "Rhinoceros" (1515). The engraving is made on a tree. This image was a grand influence on art.

Durer endowed the rhinoceros fabulous features. So, for example, on his back one can see another horn. He has a shield from the front, and under the most the legendary lats itself. Some researchers are confident that these lats are not the fruit of the artist's imagination. Before the rhino was donated with dad, a whole presentation was conceived. The rhino was supposed to fight the elephant. It is likely that it was for this that these lats were put on the animal. The eyewitness saw him in them and sketched.

The creation of Durer became famous. It was distributed in a large number of copies. BeforeXVIII century This image was used in all textbooks on biology. Salvador Dali created a sculpture depicting this animal. The rhinoceros of Dürer is charming today. Most likely, the secret lies in surprise, which this unusual picture causes.

In 1520, Dürerge went to the Netherlands to obtain a sanction to continue the payment of rent from the new Emperor Charles V. This trip became the triumph of the artist. Everywhere he expected invariably enthusiastic reception, he met the most outstanding representatives of the creative elite of that time: artists Luyuda Leidensky, Jan, and Ioachim Patinir, a writer and philosopher Erasmus Rotterdam. Upon his return, the artist created a whole gallery of the picturesque and enhath portraits of celebrities with whom she personally met.

The image of an open door on the shield indicates the name "Durer". Eagle wings and black leather men - symbols that are often found in South Mimets Heraldry; They also used the Nuremberg family Dürer's mother, Barbara Holper. Durer was the first artist who created and used his coat of arms and a famous monogram (a large letter A and inscribed in her D), he subsequently had many imitators in this.

Durer left not only artistic, but also theoretical heritage. In 1523 - 1528. He published his treatises "Guide to the measurement of the circulation and a ruler", "four books about the proportions of man." Albrecht Durer. " Portrait of an unknown "(1524)

Among the works of the master of recent years of life, diptych is highlighted "Four Apostles" (1526). In this work, the artist managed to combine the antique ideal of beauty with gothic rigor. A solid and calm faith, which is performed by this creation, according to researchers, expresses the solidarity of Durer with Luther and the Reformation. John, placed in the foreground, was the favorite Apostle Luther, and Paul is the undisputed authority of all Protestants. Diptych "Four Apostles" Dürer wrote two years before death and visited the Nuremberg City Council.

In the Netherlands, Durer became a victim of an unknown disease (perhaps malaria), from whose attacks suffered to the end of life. Symptoms of the disease - including a strong increase in spleen - he reported in a letter to his doctor. Durer painted himself pointing to the spleen, he wrote in explanation to the drawing: " Where a yellow spot, and what I point out my finger, I hurt me there. "Albrecht Durer died on April 6, 1528 in his homeland in Nuremberg. Willibald Pirkheimer, as promised, composed an epitaph for his beloved friend: " Under this hill rests what was mortal in Albrecht Dürere. "

Albrecht Durer was born in Nuremberg on May 21, 1471. His father moved from Hungary in the middle of the 20th century and heard the best jeweler. There were eighteen children in the family, the future artist was born third.

Durer from early childhood helped the dad in the workshop on jewelry work, and he laughed in his son high hopes. But this dreams did not come true, because the talent of Dürer of the younger manifested itself early, and the Father has come torturing that the child will not become a jewelry master. At that time, the workshop of the Nuremberg artist Mikhael Volhegemut was very popular and had an impeccable reputation, which is why Albrecht aged 15 years was sent there. Volgahemut was not only an excellent artist, but also skillfully worked on wood engraving, copper and perfectly handed over his knowledge to a truly student.

Having finished learning in 1490, Durer wrote his first picture "Portrait of the Father" and went on a journey in order to take skills from other masters and gain new impressions. He visited many cities of Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands, increasing its level in the visual arts. Once in Colmar, Albrecht had the opportunity to work in the workshop of the famous painter Martin Schongauer, but he did not have time to meet with the famous artist personally, because a year earlier Martin died. But the amazing work of M. Schongauer greatly influenced the young artist and was reflected in the new paintings in an unknown style.

While in Strasbourg, in 1493 Durer receives a letter from his father, where he reported on the agreement of the marriage of his son on a friend's daughter. Returning to Nuremberg, the young artist played a wedding with Agnes Frey, a doctor's daughter, mechanic and musician. Thanks to the marriage, Albrecht raised his social status and could now have his own business, since the family of his wife was respected. The artist drew a portrait of a spouse called "My Agnes" in 1495. You can not be called a happy marriage, because my wife was not interested in art, but they lived to the very death together. The spouses were childless and did not leave the offspring.

The popularity outside of Germany came to Albrecht with copper and wooden engravings in a large number of copies when he returned from Italy. The artist opened his own workshop, where he published engravings, in the very first series of his assistant was Anton Coberger. In his native Nuremberg, Masters had more freedom, and Albrecht applied new techniques in creating engravings and began selling them. A talented painter collaborated with famous masters and performed work for famous Nuremberg publications. And in 1498 Albrecht performed xylography to the publication "Apocalypse" and received European fame. It was during this period that the artist joined the circle of Nuremberg Humanists, who headed Kondrat Thtchis.

After in 1505, Dürer was met in Venice and took respect of both honor, and the artist fulfilled the altar image of the "holiday of rosets" for the German church. When having acquainted here with the Venetian school, the painter changed his work manner. The creativity of Albrecht was very highly appreciated in Venice, and the Council offered money for the content, but the talented artist still went to his hometown.

The glory of Albrecht Dürer increased every year, his work was respected and recognizable. In Nuremberg, he acquired a huge house in Cissergass, in which you can visit today, there is a Dürer House-Museum. Having met with the emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Maximilian I, the artist showed the two portrait of his predecessors drawn in advance. The emperor was delighted with the pictures and immediately made his portrait of his portrait, but could not pay on the spot, so I began to pay Durer annually a decent prize. When Maximilian died, the award stopped paying, and the artist went on a journey to restore justice, but he failed. And at the end of the trip, Albrecht fell ill with an unknown disease, perhaps with malaria, and suffered from the attacks of the remaining years.

Dürer worked for his last years of life as a painter, one of the important paintings is considered to be presented to the city council "four apostles". Researchers of the works of the famous artist come to disagreements, someone sees four temperaments in this picture, and someone is the response of Durer to disagreements in religion. But Albrecht took his thoughts in the grave about this. Eight years after the disease, A. Durer died on April 6, 1528 in the city, where he was born.