Ancient images in folk art - our legacy. Variety and significance of the traditional Russian ornament

In the school program, an important place in the study of national culture occupies an ancient images in folk art. From (visual art) begin to teach from primary classes, and one of the first topics is devoted to the symbols that our distant ancestors embroidered on clothes, cut out on wooden utensils, depicted on decorations and clay cast-windows. served not only with decoration - they carried the sacred meaning.

Spirituality of images

Encoded in architectural compositions, objects of life, artworks and folklore texts Ancient images in folk art reflect the ideas of our ancestors about the world around. The outstanding scientist Nikolai Kostomarov considered the ancient symbols with a figurative manifestation of moral ideas with the help of physical nature items endowed with spiritual properties.

Academician Vernadsky noted that the life of this era and this people appears in works of folk art, and due to this you can study and understand the soul of the people. He recognized the deep symbolism of artistic creativity, which gives us cosmos, passing through the consciousness of a living being.

Main images

Examples of sacred symbols and their value exactly in an accessible form are presented in the school theme "Ancient images in folk art" (grade 5, visual art). This is a geometric ornament, the images of the sun, the eggs, the tree of life, sky, water, mother earth, animal images and others.

• The sun personified the Lono of the Universe.
• The tree of life is the center of the Universe, the hierarchical structure of being.
• Egg - symbol of life, the celestial sphere, from which stars, planets arise.
• The image of the Earth was associated with the path of the Mother of the Kormilitsy.
• With the help of ornaments, the sky, earth, water, animals and plants, fire, manifestations of nature (wind, rain, snow, etc.) were depicted.

The sun

This is the most ancient image in folk art. The sun was considered the center of the world and a source of life, symbolized heavenly spirituality, often acquiring the image of individual gods. The cult of the sun was worldwide. In 1114 it is indicated that "The Sun King, the Son of Svords, hedgehog there is a dazbog." According to other sources, Svarog was considered.

The sun is the "Eye of God", which is endowed with the epithets "Holy", "Righteous", "Clear", "Red", "Beautiful". Later, the Sun occupies a special place in the heavenly hierarchy next to the Most High: a clear month, a bright sun and the God of Heavenly. Let us remember who pointed out the need to give the "morning praise to God, and then the rising sun."

In the school textbook about the ancient images in folk art (grade 5) it was said that the Sun was marked by our ancestors of allegorically in the form of rhombuses, round sockets and even horses (symbolize the arrival of spring). They were decorated with female hats, belts, beads, pastries, wedding loaf, eggs-writings, ceramics, etc.

Tree of Life

This is no less ancient image in folk art than the sun. The tree of life symbolizes the trinity of the world, the mythical bird - the creator of the existing one. It combines the sky (branches), the land (trunk) and the underground world (roots). Also, the tree means the genus, hence the name "Generic Tree", "roots of the kind", "native roots".

The image of the Tree of Life has perhaps the most complex ornamental structure. This is a bizarre pattern, depicting a spreader tree, with leaves, large fruits and flowers. Often the tops of the ornament tree are crowned images (hence the expression "Blue Bird", "Bird of Happiness"). Canonically, the tree is depicted growing from the bowl (vessel), pointing to the origins of their roots from the sacred leave (the containers of the world, the universe). The famous folklorist Xenophon Sosnko noted that the idea of \u200b\u200bworld wood is "considered the people as the first peacekeeping factor."

Mother Earth

The Earth has always been associated with the female manifold, because the Earth is a cormalist. The goddess fertility is found in many world cultures. Ancient images in the folk art of mother of the Earth personified with a bigger woman. She can give birth to children, and yield to "give birth." Until now, archaeologists find the shapes of wooden female idols installed in the fields.

On ornamental images, the mother earth almost always stands with hand to the sky, and instead of the head, a rhombus can be depicted - one of the following is emphasized by the dependence of the crop from solar heat and sky (rain).

Sky

According to the ancient beliefs, the sky seemed to the core of the universe, the symbol of space, that is, order and harmony, a source of life. The semantics of the word "sky" in many nations means "number", "harmony", "middle", "order", "PUP", "Life" (in particular in Latin, English, Latvian, Hett, Irish, Welsh Images Art vested the sky with a special force: often the interpretation of the word "sky" is consonant with the concept of "God."

Our distant ancestors believed that the sky is a river on which the bright sun travels. Sometimes the cow was identified with the sky, which was considered untrushed and was called the "Heavenly Cow". People of the sky seemed to be a hemisphere, dome, lid, vessel that defended them. The sky images were designated on painted eggs, shirts, towels, carpets, etc.

Ornament

Since ancient times, pottery, woven, embroidered, drawn, wicker, carved wooden and stone household items were decorated with various ornaments. The patterns had worldview semantics and composite consisted of simple elements: dots, zigzags, curls, straight and spiral lines, circles, crosses and others. Among the main groups and types of ornaments (geometric, vegetable, zoomorphic and anthropomorphic), researchers allocate a group of symbols of heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars, etc.).

It was in the form of ornaments that ancient images in folk art were most often depicted. The central place in such compositions was usually occupied by astral signs of heavenly fire, stars, the sun and the month. Later, these deified elements were transformed into a floral ornament.

Output

Sun, Tree of Life, Mother Earth, Heaven, Months are the main ancient images in folk art. Discussion of their values \u200b\u200band at the school lesson, and among scientists will develop into an exciting controversy. It is enough to imagine yourself at the place of a long-time ancestor, to understand what an indelible impression is produced by the majestic sunrise and the bottomless depth of the heavenly arch over the head, the auspiece of the elements and the peaceful fire of the hearth. All this beauty, greatness, the informance of our progenitors captured in methods available to them for future generations.

The Cross of the Lada-Virgin - The symbol of love, harmony and happiness in the family, in the people they called Ladynets. How he was worn in mostly a girl in order to have protection from "bad eyes." And so that the power of the power of the Ladinz was constant, he was fitted into the Great Colo (Circle).

Ladiline, he is the harmony of the female beginning, the female essence leading to harmony. Calm and joy on the soul immediately reflect on appearance - you become more painful and attractive, and most importantly - healthier.
The charm gives peace of mind, joy and awareness of a woman.

The red ray remains unchanged anyway, the color of the second ray varies depending on the sign of the zodiac.
Fire - Aries, Lion, Sagittarius,
Water - Cancer, Scorpio, Fish,
Earth - Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn,
Air - Gemini, Scales, Aquarius

For the elements of the Earth - classic black color (many embroidered dark green).
For the element of fire - black color is also used (many embroidered dark brown).
For air elements - blue color.
For the elements of water - blue or turquoise.

Ladilies are usually embroidered in combined with roses.

The girl, a woman who was presented by the wanish ladies or female harmony, should after receiving a gift for 40 days to walk in the skirt and dresses !!! Even at home you need to wear bathrobes or sundresses, in pants, shorts, etc. It is impossible! This also applies for her beloved !!! It is very important!
Ladiline is still a folk and simplified name of the charm "Kolo-Sadnik".
Ladiline is a couple to the beadnik (Rodovich). First, they personify the female (Ladynets) and the male (carladnik) the beginning, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe heavenly family.

The goddess of Lada Slavs called the Great Goddess Mother, or by the woman in labor. It is Kolo (Circle, Women's Beginning) and 8 elements (symbol of infinity) emphasize the female chart of the guard, harmony and the incarnation in the eternity of all living and existing.
Coultry or Ladiline can be seen in a pair with a carwdnik inside a family house - these are symbols of the giving and perceive beginnings, they personify the unity of the man and women, and are spinning in the whirlwind of the solar movement, which is embodied in 2 overalls.
Ladyarta give a woman, and regardless of its marital status. If the Ladiline carries an unmarried girl, a girl - he reveals femininity in her, female qualities and character traits. A married woman in Ladyarta will help to give birth to healthy children, promotes family well-being, keeps the world in the house, PLA and consent.
The Cross of the Lada of the Virgin (Ladynets) is a symbol of love, harmony and happiness in the family. This charm wore mostly a girl to have protection against "evil eyes." In order for the power and power of the Ladinz to be constant, the charm fit into the Great Kolo (Circle).
If in the house there is a guard of Ladynets - it will never be comprehended by his trouble. For this pattern, traditional colors: blue and emerald green.
When to embroider: 10, 14 lunar day.

Mezensky painting is one of the most ancient Russian art crafts. Her folk artists decorated most of the objects of life, which accompanied the person from birth and to a deep old age, bringing joy and beauty to life. She occupied a great place in the design of facades and interiors. Like most other folk crafts, this painting has received its name from the area in which it originated. The Mezen River is located in the Arkhangelsk region, between the two largest rivers of Northern Europe, the Northern Dvina and Pechor, on the border of the taiga and tundra.

This painting was called me because her homeland is considered to be the village of Palazel, located on the banks of the Mezeni River, which, as the center of the wood painting, is first mentioned in 1906. Therefore, in encyclopedias and various books on visual arts, you can meet the second name of Mezen painting - Palachelskaya. In the very same messen, they did not engage in painting.

First of all, the mesensky painting is its original ornament. This ornament attracts and fascinates, despite its seeming simplicity. And the items written by Mezensky painting, as if glow from the inside, through the good and wisdom of ancestors. Each detail of the ornament of Mezen painting is deeply symbolic. Each square and rhombic, a leaf and twig, a beast or a bird - are located in the place where they should be to tell us the story of the forest, wind, earth and sky, the thoughts of the artist and the ancient images of the Northern Slavs.

Symbols of animals, birds, fertility, harvest, fire, sky, other elements are still from rock paintings and are the appearance of an ancient letter, transmitting the traditions of the peoples of the North of Russia. So, for example, an image of a horse in the tradition of peoples, since the population inhabited this terrain, symbolizes the sunrise, and the duck image is the order of things, it takes the sun to the underwater world until dawn and keeps it there.

Traditionally, the objects painted by Mezen painting have only two colors - red and black (soot and ocher, later Surik). The painting was applied to a negotiated wood with a special wooden stick (tailand), a muffhahar feather or a techeva, a tassel from a human hair. Then the product Olives, which gave him a golden color. Currently, in general, the technology and technology of Mezensky painting has been preserved, with the exception, except that the brushes have become more often used.

The origins of the symbols of Mezensky painting are primarily in the Mattric Outlines of the Peoples of the Ancient North. For example, often found multi-tiery speaks of following the shamanic tradition. Three tiers - three worlds (lower, medium and top or underground, ground and heavenly). This is the basis of the Shaman's worldview of many peoples of the North. In Mezen painting, the lower and middle tiers fill deer and horses. Upper tier - birds. Rimpets of black and red horses in tiers may also mean the worlds of dead and alive. Located around horses and deer numerous solar signs emphasize their unearthly origins. The image of the horse among the peoples of the Russian North is also an overlap (horse on the roof), as well as the symbol of the sun, fertility, the source of life benefits.

The tiers are separated by horizontal stripes filled with a repeated pattern. Elements of such patterns, as well as some other, frequent elements of Mezen painting in the figures below.

Land. The straight line can mean both heavenly, and the earthly firm, but let it be confused by this two-hazel. By location in the composition (top - bottom), you can always correctly determine their value. In many myths about creating peace, the first person was created from the dust of earthly, dirt, clay. Maternity and protection, the symbol of fertility and the bread of the pressing - that's what land is for a person. Graphically land is often depicted by a square.

Water. No less interesting celestial design. Heavenly waters are stored in the hanging clouds or spill on the ground with oblique rains, and rains can be with the wind, with a hail. Ornaments in the oblique strip most of all reflect such pictures of natural phenomena.

Wavy lines of water elements in a set are present in Mezen ornaments. They certainly accompany all straight lines of ornaments, as well as constant attributes of waterfowl.

Wind, air. Numerous short strokes in a set scattered in a mesensky painting on ornaments or next to the main characters are likely to mean air, the wind is one of the first-electroelectants of nature. The poetic image of the revived spirit, whose impact can be seen and hear, but who himself remains invisible. Wind, air and breathing are closely connected in mystical symbolism. Being begins with the Spirit of God. He like the wind rushed over the abyss before the creation of the world.

In addition to the spiritual aspect of this symbol, specific winds are often interpreted as frantic and unpredictable forces. It was believed that the demons fly on fierce winds carrying evil and illness. Like any other element, the wind can carry destruction, but it also needs people like a powerful creative power. No wonder the mesensky masters like to depict the curled elements. The wind touches they often have "risen" on crossed straight lines, which is very like a windmill ("caught wind", "children say).

The fire. Divine energy, cleansing, revelation, transformation, inspiration, ambition, temptation, passion, - a strong and active element, symbolizing both creative and destructive forces. Ancient considered the fire of a living being that eats, grows, dies, and then born again - signs that suggest that the fire is the earth's incarnation of the Sun, so he largely divided the solar symbolism. In the graphic plan, everything that seeks to a circle, reminds us the sun, fire. As Academician B. Rybakov believes, the motif of the spiral arose in the mythology of agricultural tribes as the symbolic movement of the solar shine on the heavenly sum. In the mesensky painting spirals scattered everywhere: they are concluded in the framework of numerous ornaments and in abundance crowd around the heavenly horses and deer.

The spiral itself carries other symbolic meanings. Spiral forms are found in nature very often, ranging from galaxies to the water films and tornado, from the sinks of mollusks and to the drawings on human fingers. In art, the spiral is one of the most common decorative patterns. The multivalousness of the characters in the spiral patterns is large, and their use is rather involuntary than conscious. Compressed spiral spring - hidden strength symbol, energy ball. A spiral combining the shape of a circle and momentum of movement is also a symbol of time, cyclic rhythms of the seasons of the year. Double spirals symbolize the balance of opposites, harmony (as a Taoist sign "Yin-Yang"). The opposite forces visually present in the waterways, torngers and flame languages \u200b\u200bare reminded of ascending, descending or rotating energy ("Kollet"), which manages the space. The ascending spiral is a male sign, descending - female, which makes a double spiral with a symbol of fertility and childbearing.

Interesting and beautiful ancient fertility signs - abundance symbols.

Where they were not placed, and everywhere they were to the place! If the gicleina (lining on the locking well) of such a form hang on the doors of the barn - it means to wish it to be full of good. If you depict an abundance sign on the bottom of a spoon, it means to wish that hunger has never been. If the bridal wedding shoes are in the navel - wish a young big full family. The fertility sign can be found on the ancient cult figurines depicting young pregnant women who were placed where the child is in the future mother. Almost all Mezen ornaments are somehow related to the theme of fertility, abundance. In many and varieties are depicted in them plowing fields, seeds, roots, flowers, fruits. The ornament can be built in two rows and then the elements in it are located in a checker order. An important symbol was a rhombus endowed with many values. Most often, the rhombus was a symbol of fertility, the revival of life, and a chain of rhombuses meant a genital tree of life. At one of the mesensky splices, it was possible to consider a half-bright image of just such a unique tree.

Patterns in a straight cell
The geometric ornament was widespread in folk art. Especially often it can be found in weave and embroidery. The basis of the ornament is diamonds, squares, crosses and skewers. Rhby-point ornament in agricultural peoples is a symbol of fertility.

Simple items
No painting costs without the image of all sorts of zigzag and spiral forms. Especially often they are found in the image of a global tree, or the "Tree of Life". Researchers believe that the spirals and zigzags are nothing but a picture of snakes, always present in such plots.

Spit-cage patterns

The motive of birds bringing a good news or a gift is widespread in folk art. The bird on the top of the tree can often be found on the Mezen Bershest Tuesa. Bird, perhaps, the most favorite motive of people's masters. In addition, the northern peasants in the custom of hanging wooden birds from chips in the red corner of the hut. This is a remnal of the same motive - "Bird in the tree", since with the red corner of the house connected a revered tree.

Quite often occurs on Mezen bush, the image of several trees or lonely standing tree, often ate. Of particular interest is the composition of three trees: two identical wood are located symmetrically with respect to the central tree that is relatively large. The fact that such a plot is not accidental on Mezen's battle, shows the fact that the same plot takes place in the painting of antique furniture in Mezen houses.

The most common and favorite images, most often depicted by Mesen masters, include the image of horses and deer. Koni Mezensky Rospise mostly than the images of horses in other peasant paintings, will be distorted from the real prototype. Most of them had red-orange color, unusual, as you know, horses. The black horse was often covered with a solid lattice pattern, even more emphasizing his unusual origin. The abnormally long and thin horses legs ended at the ends of the features of feathers, similar to those that were drawn in birds.

Often horses were depicted not as follows with each other, but opposing each other. Sometimes on raised horses, riders fighting with each other were drawn. The persecution of unearthly origin depicted on bilks is also indicated by numerous solar signs placed by pool handsels over the manems and near the legs of the horses.

Animal figures images are very similar to each other. All difference between the deer from the horses is that instead of the mane, branched horns are drawn behind the black strokes. Children copy the proposed image of a deer or horse. Each subsequent image of the animal differs from the previous appearance of additional parts.