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The word "scoop" in the sense of "Soviet to the marrow" is well known. This is one of the most popular neologisms of the post-Soviet era: Yandex lists three million web pages among examples of its use. How and when did this word originate, who introduced it?

In “Arguments and Facts” (02 (544) dated 01/11/2007), this question of the latest etymology received an answer from a specialist:

For many years it has been fashionable to call the inhabitants of the former USSR “scoops”. Tell me, who came up with this unpleasant word and called it hundreds of millions of honest people? N. Varich, Brest.

According to Raisa Rozina, Doctor of Philology (Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences), several people claim the authorship of this word at once. The first in line is the famous musician Alexander Gradsky. He and his friends once drank in the sandbox. Glasses for friends were plastic molds forgotten by children, and Gradsky himself got a scoop.

The writer and philosopher Mikhail Epshtein, in confirmation of authorship, refers to his book “The Great Owl” (the title is formed by analogy with the word “Rus”), the heroes of which he called “scoops” and “cowgirls”. In 1989, the author read it on the BBC, from where the insulting nickname could leak into the USSR.

Readers will decide for themselves which motivation is stronger for them in the word "scoop". It is obvious to me that it did not spread because it was associated with a material object, a “scoop”. Let us substitute here the words “shovel” or “shovel”, which is used in children's everyday life, and we will see that it would be strange and inappropriate to call Soviet people to the marrow of their bones “shovels”, although shovels can rake sand from a sandbox or things from the shelves no worse than scoops. The word spread because it was associated with the name of the country, citizenship, Soviet / Soviet identity - and at the same time, the suffix "ok" gave the word that familiar-informal sound that is generally characteristic of this suffix. "Here to me my friend came." "What is this local kinglet such!" “Scoop” (from “owl”, “owl”), by its morphological properties, falls into this diminutive and derogatory series, while in “scoop” as a cleaning tool, the suffix “ok” is not distinguished (since there is no word related in meaning without this suffix).

The word "scoop" came to me in 1984, when I started writing the book "Great Owl". owl(formed according to the type "Rus", "chud") - this is a country of owls, as well as those tribes that revere them as their totemic ancestors, conduct rituals sovienia and for a long time soviet, becoming like their midnight ancestors. The word "scoop" in my mind is generally associated not only with the name of the "Soviet" country, but also much deeper with the root system of the language. This includes the meanings of the words:

"advise"- to be in a strange state between life and death, to live as if in a dream, to fall into a drowsy state due to fatigue or intoxication;

"poke"- offer and impose on others what they do not ask for;

"poking in"- interfere in other people's affairs;

"advise"- teach everyone how to live, including asking for (unsolicited) advice (see chapters 1, 19).

It is significant that the word "sovki" did not arise on its own, but in the nest of several related words denoting different Velikosov types or social groups. I will give their names and definitions, and an example from the book will follow below.

sovichi- the common name of all the inhabitants of the country Great Owl and the descendants of the Great Owl, deifying him as their totemic ancestor and leading a nocturnal lifestyle.

owls- the upper, ruling group of Velikosovsky society, sitting on the very top of the Old Oak.

Soviets- the intellectual layer of this society, the ideological servants of the Soviets, the army of squeaking, singing and looking out on the horizon, the rising of the invisible night sun (singers sunshine).

scoops- ordinary workers of the Great Owl, scurrying through the bushes, peeling off their feathers in search of their daily bread - gray mice.

co-workers- a group consisting exclusively of women (who are present in all other groups, but this one consists only of them).

It is noteworthy that of all these words, it is precisely the one that, with its suffix, expresses the most condescending and dismissive connotation of “Soviet / Soviet / Soviet”, has become widespread.

After the Great Owl book was finished in 1988, I began to distribute it among my friends and deliver it to the editorial offices of magazines. He also referred the remarkable critic and essayist Lev Anninsky, one of the editors of the magazine, to Friendship of Peoples. For some reason, it seemed to me that "Friendship of Peoples" is the most suitable place for publishing a mythopoetic study about the Velikosov ethnos. So for some time the typescript of the book wandered around colleagues and editorial offices, without any printed result.

In early 1989, during my first trip to the West, I made a series of programs - readings from the "Great Owl" - on the BBC radio station from London (program editor - Natalia Rubinshtein). Among the five chapters was read (April 4) and the one called "Social groups", with a description of the Soviets. Here's an excerpt:

« scoops they scurry mainly along the bottoms, their job is to get mice. Their color is so gray that you can’t distinguish it at dusk, so the mice, so to speak, go to their claws themselves, so to speak. Many Soviets and Soviets consider scoops to be exemplary representatives of the entire Velikosovsky people. Unlike the Soviets, who sit on the peaks, and the Soviets, who look into the gaps, scoops they constantly live and hunt at twilight for mice gray as twilight, and they themselves are gray like twilight, which means that they are quite likened to what they are among, having fulfilled the philosophical precept: "light determines the reflection, the shadow determines the shade." Therefore, even more than the Soviets, they have earned the right to be considered model citizens of the Great Twilight, and their portraits, drawn with charcoal pencils, are much more represented on the slate Roll of Honor than other groups.

In the hunt for mice, now and then hitting the branches, peeling off the bushes and thorns, scoops lost almost all the feathers - only the wings remained - and achieved such noiselessness and invisibility that they almost equaled the angels. One self-critical Soviet citizen rightly wrote: “If the Soviet people try to enter into communication with angels, to guess their outlines in the flaring dawn, then scoops, through daily efforts, they themselves become angelic. Our task is to descend closer to the earth, carefully examine these angels in the flesh, study them, display them in pictures and drawings, so that we no longer blindly, but scientifically look for incorporeal brothers ”(from the article “Closer to the subject of our concern!”) ” "Great Owl", 1984 - 1988.

Almost half of the country listened to the BBC in that spring season of glasnost. It is possible that at that time the word was picked up, in any case, it was from that time that it began to spread to denote the most characteristic, tenacious thing that was in Soviet man and that did not disappear even with the death of the country.

In all dictionaries of the new Russian jargon, the first examples of the use of this word are noted in 1990-91, and the bulk of them fall on 1992-94. For example: “These are Soviet people, scoops” (1990). “We defended our right to be human, we were tired of being scoops” (1991). There are no earlier examples, and it is characteristic that the earliest dictionary of Russian jargon of the era of stagnation (1973) does not contain this word. Most likely, it appeared, spilled into the air shortly before 1990, when the saga of the Great Owl and its tireless scoops sounded on the BBC.

Meanwhile, Lev Anninsky, who in 1988-89. failed to publish the book in Friendship of Peoples, wrote an extensive and very sympathetic review of the first American edition of Great Owl (1994; the second was published in Russia in 2006). The review published in the journal Svobodnaya Mysl (formerly Kommunist) was called Minerva's Scoops. I sent L. Anninsky a letter of gratitude and with a question about the origin of the word "scoop", to which he answered me the following:

"... About the term" Scoop ". I first heard it from my youngest daughter in December 1990. She then went with a school class to France for a week and told how they, crossing the border HERE (that is, on the way back), said with disgust: “We are returning to the Scoop.”

I must say that at that moment my disgust at their insolence was equal to their disgust at my country; I hated this term, which on occasion I declared publicly and in print, in no case did I use this word BY MYSELF; I used it in a dialogue with you - in response to you, and having already come to terms with the fact that the word has come into general use.

I do not rule out that your radio recordings of the spring of 1989 influenced the process of his approval in youth slang and even became his discovery. It is psychologically difficult for me to congratulate you on this for the above reason (my aversion to the term), but if this is important from the point of view of source study, I readily testify that the authorship is yours.

I myself first heard the word "scoop" from someone else's lips not earlier than 1992, already in the USA, and it sounded so contemptuously and arrogantly that I did not even immediately hear the echo of the "Great Owl" in it. Without disclaiming responsibility for the introduction of this word, I must admit that he himself never use. I am disgusted by the mocking intonation attached to him. And I fully share the feelings of Lev Anninsky (in his letter to me):

“I hated this term, which, on occasion, I declared publicly and in print, in no case did I use this word FROM MYSELF; I used it in a dialogue with you - in response to you, and having already come to terms with the fact that the word has come into general use.

I will add to this that I consider the word "scoop" stylistically and intonation quite soviet, even the quintessence of sovietness. There are words that characterize the speaker no less than the topic of conversation. For example, the word “boor”, to my ears, is terribly boorish, and only a boor can call other people names with this word. In Chekhov's story "The Teacher of Literature" there is an old man Shelestov, a boor and a vulgar man who repeats for every reason and without reason:

“This is rudeness! he said. - Rudeness and nothing more. Yes, rudeness, sir!”

This is how people who brand others (and each other) as “scoops” rarely realize that they are thus signing their sovietness.

So, to the question of the reader of "Arguments and Facts": "Tell me, who came up with this unpleasant word and called it hundreds of millions of honest people?" - I answer:

The word was probably coined by me. But they called them "hundreds of millions of people" - they themselves. The one who uses it calls himself that.

Words have their own destiny. And fate, as you know, has its own irony.

____________________________________________________

Notes

1. The word "Owl" also began to penetrate into literature. See, for example, the poem of Alla Khodos:

Oh, Great Owl! * Close your eyes in the night! Sleep, Lubyanka, sleep, informers... A piece of the patient's history has grown to the soul. Sleepless night, dry, does not ask for tears. All hushed up. Job is silent. Such pain does not utter words. And only quietly the cat purrs at the feet, an unexpected lump of warmth. * "Great Owl" - the title of the book by M. Epstein.

2. First edition: Great Owl. Philosophical and mythological essay. New York: Slovo/Word, 1994, pp. 151-152. Second Edition: Great Owl. Soviet mythology. Samara: Bahrakh-M, 2006, p.137.

3. "We", 1990, no. 2, 12, in the book. V. M. Mokienko, T. G. Nikitina. Big dictionary of Russian jargon. St. Petersburg: Norint, 2000, p. 552.

4. A. Cherkizov, "Echo of Moscow", 09/29/1991, in the book. O. P. Ermakova, E. A. Zemskaya, R. I. Rozina. Words we've all met. Explanatory Dictionary of Russian General Jargon. M.: Azbukovnik, 1999, p. 197.

5. A. Flegon. Beyond Russian dictionaries. London, 1973. There is “Sofya Vasilyevna” (aka “Vlasyevna”), a paraphrase-paronym for the expression “Soviet power”, but not “scoop” or “scoops”.

6. Lev Anninsky. Owls of Minerva. Free Thought, 1995, No.9, pp. 97-107.

Not to be confused with: Thistle spotted (wild artichoke)

Is an:

Food product

Artichoke: instructions for use

Various dosages have been used throughout the studies, including 6,000 mg of the base extract (non-concentrated) and 1,800 mg of a 25-35:1 concentrated extract. Both dosages show a bioactive effect, but at the moment it is not known which of them is more optimal. It is not known whether artichoke should be taken with food or not.

Sources and structure

Sources

Artichoke extract is a term used to refer to an extract from the plant Cynara Scolymus, (from Latin, Spanish artichoke). Artichoke extract has a short history of medicinal use in the treatment of dyspepsia (due to its choleretic effect), gout, and as an anti-diabetic agent. The Spanish artichoke is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family, the inflorescence of the same plant is eaten in North America, Europe and the Mediterranean. Other "artichokes" - Chinese artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke. Jerusalem artichoke is also a food product, but it is a tuberous plant (reminiscent of yucca or potatoes covered with tree bark). Artichoke extract is obtained from the Spanish artichoke, which is eaten in the West.

Structure

Artichoke extract contains:

Neurology

Appetite

Some research studies the effects of artichoke extract and the possibility of reducing appetite, usually in combination with kidney bean (white kidney bean extract). As a result of research, the artichoke was found to be ineffective, in contrast to its combination with beans. The ineffectiveness of using artichoke extract has been observed in other studies. The combination of both extracts reduces appetite in obese (BMI over 35) people without abnormalities. persons without highly abnormal health parameters. All participants in the study adhered to a restricted calorie intake every day, those who received 100 mg of white bean extract and 200 mg of artichokes (BONVIT® with 30-60% caffeylquinic acid) for 8 weeks had a decrease in hunger, which may be based on improvements in levels glucose and BMI. Does not reduce appetite in rodents, studies are skewed in some studies using white bean extract.

Cardiovascular health

Cholesterol (absorption)

Artichoke extract induces the secretion of cholephilic compounds from the bile ducts, which then leads to the accumulation of bile acids in the intestine. This increase in bile acid in the gut, seen in rodents, is responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effects associated with artichokes. Rats that received 100, 200, or 400mg/kg of artichoke extract (80% bioactives) had increased bile secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The efficacy of the 400mg/kg dose did not differ significantly from that of 20mg/kg dehydrocholic acid, the performance of the 100mg/kg dose group did not differ significantly from that of the control group, and the performance of the 200mg/kg group averaged between 100mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Bile acid secretion induced by artichoke extract is at the heart of the cholesterol-lowering mechanism, along with lowering plasma cholesterol levels, artichoke increases fatty acid absorption (due to increased levels of fatty acids in the intestine).

Cholesterol (in blood)

Artichoke (0.25 ng/mL) inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme by 30% (atorvastatin, the active control, reduces enzyme activity by 50% at the same concentration). Artichoke extract, at 26mg/kg (human 1.6g) was unable to reduce the sharp rise in triglycerides from Pluronic F-127 in rats and in response to a 10-day high-fat diet. When artichoke is combined with turmeric (which contains curcumin) and prickly pear at 80mg/kg and 22mg/kg (5.6 and 1.5g equivalent human dose), the efficacy of this mixture is comparable to 10mg/kg atorvastatin (a statin drug). ) for all blood parameters; adding garlic to the mixture does not cause further improvement. Lack of effective effect when using isolated artichoke, combination therapy is more effective. In the study, 18 patients with moderate hyperlipidemia took artichoke leaf juice (20 ml; 2.5% fiber, 0.7% glucosides) and followed a standard lipid-lowering diet for 6 weeks. As a result, there was an increase in triglyceride levels in the treatment-only group, and a decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C in both groups (due to diet). Another study in which patients with high cholesterol levels (7.3 mmol/L or higher) took 450 mg of the extract in capsules (25-35:1 concentration) four times a day (1800 mg total) daily showed a decrease in total levels cholesterol by 18.6%, reduction of LDL-C by 22.9%, but there was no effect on HDL-C or triglyceride levels. A third study (double-blind) using 1280 mg of artichoke extract noted a reduction in cholesterol levels in 75 patients over 12 weeks, only the difference between artichoke (4.2% decrease) and placebo (2% increase) was significant; the reduction in cholesterol levels from baseline was not significant, and there was no effect on LDL-C, HDL-C, or triglycerides. The last study used 1280mg of a 4-6:1 extract, suggesting that there is a possibility of underdosing. Only one study noted an increase in HDL-C levels with 500mg of artichoke extract, compared to other studies, this is both a lower and a higher dosage. And only one study noted a reduction in triglyceride levels, during which 15 diabetics were given 6 grams of crushed artichoke added to crackers. As a result, they experienced a 10% reduction in triglierides after 90 days of supplementation; all other studies showed either no effect or increased triglyceride levels (according to one study). In summary, the Cochrane meta-analysis found only three studies met the inclusion criteria and demonstrated the ability of artichoke extract to lower cholesterol levels (tentative but promising). It has good potential for lowering circulating cholesterol levels, but compared to other drugs, its effectiveness is markedly lower. The potency of artichoke extract, even at a high dosage, is extremely low.

Endothelium

Artichoke flavonoids increase iNOS gene expression in human endothelial cells, do not increase NO production in vitro, and require a long incubation time. These properties are primarily responsible for luteolin and its glycoside, luteolin-7-O-glucopyranoside. In in vitro studies, artichoke extracts prevent the oxidation of LDL (to oLDL) and reduce the oxidative effects of oLDL on endothelial and immune cells (monocytes) in vitro. Artichoke flavonoids induce nitric oxide and exhibit antioxidant properties. Drinking artichoke juice for 6 weeks in combination with a standard AHA hypolidemic diet lowers VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 levels (30.3% and 16.8%), but has no effect on E-selectin, these changes are accompanied by an increase in blood flow (36% ), but there is no effect on lipoprotein. It increases blood flow, which suggests that the above mechanisms are relevant when taken orally.

Effect on glucose metabolism

Research

Taking 500, 1000 or 1500 mg/kg of artichoke extract (from flowering buds) one hour before the glucose tolerance test reduces subsequent glycemia 6 hours after ingestion (by 24%, 29.5% and 41%, respectively); the extract has a beneficial effect on lean mice at any dosage, while obese mice require high doses. Similar results were noted in a human study, boiled artichokes reduced postprandial (post-meal) glucose increases in a healthy control group, but were less effective in people with metabolic syndrome; other varieties of artichokes were considered in this study. Artichokes are able to instantly reduce the peak of glucose, the effectiveness of the action on thin patients is higher than on full ones; the reason for this is unknown. Another human study showed a decrease in glucose levels after 12 weeks of taking 200 mg of artichoke extract, but the study also used white bean extract, which could have affected the results, and there was also weight loss due to a decrease in appetite (in parallel, reduces glucose levels in blood), which mimics a previous animal study with the same extracts. The only long-term study without white bean extract, in which patients with type 2 diabetes received 6 g of crushed artichoke (as part of a wheat biscuit) for 90 days, showed a 15% reduction in fasting glucose and a 7.9% reduction in postprandial glucose. In another study using 1800mg of a 25-35:1 concentrated extract, there was no reduction in hyperlipidemia. Studies in which the artichoke has been used for a long time show mixed results, but not very promising.

Effect on organs

digestive tract

Artichoke extract induces the secretion of cholephilic compounds from the bile ducts, which then leads to the accumulation of bile acid in the intestine. Inulin (a dietary fiber derived from the artichoke) promotes the proliferation of bacteria in the colon. Artichoke bacteria have inulin in a high degree of polymerization compared to other inulins (inulin chain length can be 2-60), the degree of polymerization reaches 200. Daily intake of 10 grams of artichoke inulin (average degree of polymerization 55 and above) for 3 weeks increases the level bifidobacteria in the intestines of a healthy person (by 2.82 times) and, although to a lesser extent, the effect continues even after inulin is stopped. Changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have also been noted with inulin, but these changes are not statistically significant. The dietary fibers of artichoke extract (not polyphenolic compounds, dietary fibers are not contained in the concentrated extract) have prebiotic properties.

Liver

A study in humans with high cholesterol levels showed a decrease in liver enzyme activity when using artichoke at a high dosage (1,800 mg 25-35:1 concentrated extract), after 45 days of administration, there was a decrease in y-GT (25.8%), AST (17.3%) and ALT (15.2%), but there was no effect on GDH.

Impact on cancer

breast cancer

An in vitro study in the MDA-MB231 cancer cell line noted that artichoke polyphenols (1/1 water/ethanol extract with high caffeylquinic acids) induce up to 60% apoptosis at 600µM for 24 hours; a lower but still significant level of cytotoxicity was noted in the BT549, T47D and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, but not in breast epithelial cells. A concentration of 400 µm blocks the proliferation of MDA-MB231 cells for 6 days and reduces the virulence potential of these cells, suggesting that these processes are mediated by the content of chlorogenic acid in artichoke.

Effect on oxidation

The antioxidant potential of artichoke is lower than that of turmeric (a source of curcumin), but higher than that of rosemary and dandelion root.

Influence on the sexual sphere

erectile function

The active compound luteolin is believed to have pro-erectile properties through inhibition of PDE5 (Viagra's mechanism of action). Luteolin is a high affinity phosphodiesterase inhibitor, but it is not selective and affects all 5 PDE isomers. Affinity for PDE4 has an EC50 value of 11.2µm, a previous study looking at the level of inhibition noted that all isozymes have an IC50 value in the range of 10-20µm when luteolin dominates when its glycoside (luteolin-7- glucoside) inhibition of PDE2 and PDE4 occurs at an IC value of 40 µm. Although luteolin compounds inhibit a class of phosphodiesterase enzymes, inhibition of PDE5 (one of the mechanisms of action of Viagra) occurs to a greater extent, and also has a low proerectile effect.

Use in aesthetic medicine

Hair

UV rays (sunlight) break down melanin and protein in hair follicles (providing hair color and structure respectively), this process is mediated by the induction of oxidation (reactive oxygen species; ROS) that damages the sulfur bonds of the protein, causing lipid peroxidation and melanin breakdown. Antioxidant compounds can block these changes, and this process has been noted in an in vitro study of hair follicles using a shampoo-like solution containing 5% artichoke extract. Protects hair from UV rays, but this may not be a unique property of the artichoke, but a property of all antioxidants.

Safety and toxicity

Genotoxicity

An in vitro study examining DNA damage caused by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS, a genotoxic substance) and comet analysis (to assess DNA damage) showed that 0.62-5mg/ml of the substance caused genetic damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells, with an effect from 5 mg /ml artichoke extract does not significantly differ from the effect of 350 µm EMS. When incubated before or after EMS, artichoke extract slightly increases genotoxicity; when co-incubated with 0.62 mg/ml of the extract, it reduces the genotoxicity caused by EMS by 77%; 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml reduce genotoxicity by 17 and 24.6%, respectively. Interacts with DNA. The practical significance of the study results is unknown.

Carlo lay in his closet, covered with an old blanket. Pinocchio and Artemon sat next to him. There was not a crust of bread in the house, not a piece of firewood. The last candle lit up dimly on the table. The shadows in the corners grew, thickened, climbed to the ceiling. It seemed that the light would go out, darkness would rush in, and Carlo would die ... What a sad time it was!

Pinocchio was wiping the patient's hot forehead with a towel. And the poodle laid his muzzle on the edge of the bed and, blinking sadly, looked at his master with kind black eyes.

They were waiting for the doctor, but the doctor did not come.

Finally Malvina returned, wet and cold. Not a single doctor in the city agreed to treat Carlo. Pierrot ran into the forest - maybe there is a doctor there?

And if I don’t find it,” said Malvina, pulling off her wet stockings, “then I’ll go around the whole Tarabar country and search the entire globe, and only I’ll find a doctor for Papa Carlo.

Thank you girl! whispered Carlo and stroked her blue hair.

And all four began to wait for the doctor again.

The morning has come. A bird chirped outside the window. Above the neighboring roof, a piece of orange sky shone. And then someone quickly and cheerfully ran up the stairs. It was Pierrot.

Papa Carlo, I brought the doctors! he shouted. - Here they are!

And the forest doctors were already entering the door - Professor Owl, the paramedic Zhaba and the folk healer Zhuk-Praying Mantis. The closet immediately smelled of pine needles, swamp and fresh forest herbs. Carlo smiled, Malvina curtsied, and Pinocchio stood on his head and kicked his legs with joy!

The owl stepped forward and said:

Papa Carlo! We are simple forest animals, not scientists like other doctors! But we love you and will treat you for free!

Great idea! cried the dolls.

Doctors wanted to examine the patient. The owl listened to his heart for a long time, thoughtfully flapping its round yellow eyes. The toad gently felt his stomach with a soft and wet paw. And the Mantis Beetle lightly tapped him on the knee with his withered hand, like a withered stalk. Then they shook their heads for a long time.

They cured many sick people in their lifetime, but they had never seen such a strange disease. It happened to them to bandage a broken wing of a chick, to set a dislocated leg of a squirrel, to pull out a bad tooth in a hedgehog, to treat cats for headaches, and frogs for heart attacks. But Papa Carlo's illness was very special. Nothing hurt him, and yet he was seriously ill.

Finally Owl took a checkered handkerchief out of her pocket, wiped her glasses, cleared her throat and said:

The disease is very dangerous! You, Papa Carlo, do not have enough happiness! Try to get it!

Ah, happiness is the best medicine! Toad sighed.

And Mantis Beetle straightened his gray coat, put on his hat and said:

Take happiness in powder or pill form. This will save you!

They bowed and left.

But where can I get it, happiness? said Carlo.

But the doctors didn't answer. They hurried into the forest. There, by a large hollow, sick animals with simple forest diseases were waiting for them.

The apothecary hedgehog was already dispensing medicines—healing herbs, pure pine resin, and morning dew in acorn cups. The doctors had no time to discuss human happiness with Papa Carlo.

They probably didn't even know where it was.

And so the dolls began to invent where they could get happiness for the sick Carlo.

I figured it out! Piero said. - I'll run to the pharmacy, I'll ask for happiness in debt - even for a penny. Maybe they will?

You're a fool! - answered Malvina.

Pierrot was offended and fell silent.

And Pinocchio climbed onto the box, drew himself up and said:

Listen, puppets! Sitting at home - you can’t see happiness.

Let's go around the world. Let's start asking oncoming and transverse, look into all holes and nooks and crannies. Maybe we'll find happiness for Papa Carlo!

Let's go to! - said Malvina and shook her head.

Let's go to! repeated Pierrot, wiping away his tears.

And the poodle whined and began to rush through the door. He also wanted to seek happiness for Papa Carlo.

Go, children, take a walk in the air! Carlo said. “Just don’t be upset if you don’t find happiness.

Happiness, they say, does not lie on the ground and is not sold in a pharmacy.

We have more than enough grief, but happiness has not been heard for a long time!

But we will still find it! the dolls said. They kissed Papa Carlo, put on their caps, called the dog and left the house.

It was not an easy task to find happiness in the Tarabar country. The fields were overgrown there with weeds, and the streets with mud. Hungry, ragged children hid in destroyed houses. And if they crawled out into the light, the crows mistook them for garden scarecrows.

The therapeutic effect of the artichoke is due to the complex of its biologically active compounds. The most important of these are caffeylquinic acids (derivatives of caffeic acid), flavonoids and bitter substances. The greatest medicinal value are silymarin, caffeylquinic acids contained in all parts of the plant. One of the derivatives of these acids is cynarine. In addition to these groups of biologically active substances, the artichoke contains protein, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, vitamins A, C, B1, B2, carotene, minerals, especially potassium salts and aromatic substances, which give the artichoke a characteristic pleasant taste. The high content of inulin in artichoke pulp determines its inclusion in the diet of diabetic patients. Silymarin and other artichoke bioflavonoids have an effect on liver diseases and help protect the body from damaging kidney toxins, have cleansing properties. During severe intoxication of the body, it is necessary to take artichoke so that pathological changes do not occur, blood serum enzymes remain normal, since artichoke silymarin completely destroys toxins. Recently, cymarin, similar in properties to silymarin, has been found in artichoke flower buds. Artichoke extract is recommended for anyone with skin problems, those who smoke, drink alcohol or live in a polluted environment. The artichoke practically does not absorb lead and mercury, even if it grows on soil with their content.

In Russia, the artichoke has been used since the 18th century as a remedy that can “cure jaundice, swelling, joint pain, cleanse clogged liver and kidneys.”

Functional action:
- Artichoke extract activates the activity of the intestines, is useful in the treatment of constipation, enhances intestinal motility;
- Artichoke extract removes toxins, salts of heavy metals, radionuclides from the body;
- regenerates the liver, stimulates the excretion of waste products of the body from its tissues, helps with dyspeptic disorders and reduces the level of cholinesterase, which means a decrease in fat and lipid output of the liver, lowers blood cholesterol levels;
- Artichoke extract has a choleretic effect;
- Artichoke extract has a diuretic effect, accelerates the withdrawal of excess fluid, increases the excretion of urea, creatinine and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the urine. In the air, in such urine, under the influence of the bacterial flora, ammonia is quickly formed, which gives it an unpleasant odor.
- Artichoke extract maintains excellent skin condition by providing the body with important nutrients.

Indications for use
- Gastrointestinal diseases (dyspeptic disorders, epigastric heaviness, flatulence, nausea, belching).
- Diseases of the liver and gallbladder (impaired outflow of bile and hypokinesia of the gallbladder).
- Hypercholesteremia (high blood cholesterol).
- Diseases of the kidneys.
- Diabetes.
- Atherosclerosis.
- Skin diseases.

Contraindications: Pregnancy, lactation, individual intolerance to the components.

How to use: 1 capsule of artichoke extract 1-3 times a day with meals. For greater effect, it is recommended to take with LiverDetox and Alpha Lipoic Acid.

Storage conditions: Store the artichoke in a dry, cool place out of the reach of children, t° not higher than +25°С.

The story of the emergence of Dr. Aibolit resembles the story of a puppet man named Pinocchio, who originates from a wooden doll named Pinocchio from an Italian fairy tale, or the story of the wizard of the Emerald City, which arose as a result of a retelling of a fairy tale by Frank Baum. Both Pinocchio and Goodwin with the company "outplayed" their predecessors in terms of artistic expression. The same thing happened with Dr. Aibolit.

The first image of an animal doctor was invented by the Englishman Hugh Lofting in The History of Doctor Doolittle (the first book with this hero was published in 1922). Doctor Dolittle (Dolittle) literally means "Doctor Relieve (pain)" or "Doctor Reduce (pain)". Doolittle is very fond of animals, which live in many in his house. Because of this, he loses all his former patients and livelihood. But then his pet parrot teaches him the language of animals, and he becomes the best veterinarian in the world. One day, the doctor receives a message that monkeys are seriously ill in Africa, and sets off on a journey to help them. On the way, he has to survive a shipwreck, he is captured by the black king, but in the end everything ends well.

Korney Chukovsky borrowed from Hugh Lofting the very figurative idea of ​​an animal doctor and some plot moves; in addition, individual characters moved from Dr. Doolittle's sofa and closet to Dr. Aibolit's sofa and closet. But as a result, the artistic shift turned out to be so strong that it is impossible to even talk about retelling. Chukovsky's prose story about Dr. Aibolit is a completely new work, although it was written based on the fairy tales of Hugh Lofting. And this story is valuable not only for the exciting adventures described in it. It also contains an absolutely integral concept of the world order, which a child of five to eight years old is able to comprehend.

There are many different animals in the fairy tale. This is how Dr. Aibolit's house is “arranged”: “Hares lived in his room. There was a squirrel in the closet. There was a crow in the buffet. A prickly hedgehog lived on the sofa. White mice lived in the chest. This list is not exhaustive, because "of all his animals, Dr. Aibolit loved most of all the duck Kiku, the dog Avva, the little pig Oink-Oink, the parrot Karudo and the owl Bumba." But this is not all, because new ones are added to the permanent inhabitants of the house all the time (and become active acting characters).

In other words, Dr. Aibolit's house is full of different animals, and they all coexist there in peace and harmony. I would say, in an implausible peace and harmony. Nobody eats anybody, nobody fights anybody. Even the crocodile “was quiet. I didn’t touch anyone, I lay under my bed and thought about my brothers and sisters, who lived far, far away in hot Africa.”

The inhabitants of the house are united by love and gratitude to Dr. Aibolit, who is said to be very kind. Actually, the tale begins like this: “Once upon a time there was a doctor. He was kind." "Kind" is the main and most important characteristic of the protagonist of this story. (By the way, the main distinguishing feature of Dr. Doolittle is that he “knew a whole bunch of all sorts of useful things” and was “very smart.”) All decisions and actions of Dr. Aibolit stem precisely from his kindness. In Korney Chukovsky, kindness manifests itself in activity and is therefore very convincing: a good doctor lives for the sake of others, serves animals and poor people - i.e. for those who have nothing. And his healing abilities border on omnipotence - there is not a single character that he would undertake to heal and did not cure. Almost all the animals acting in the story, in one way or another, owe the doctor their lives, their return to life. And of course, he understands animal language. But if Hugh Lofting in his story explains in detail how Dr. Doolittle mastered him, then the author only briefly reports about Aibolit: “I learned a long time ago.” Therefore, his ability to speak with animals in their language is perceived almost as primordial, as evidence of special abilities: he understands - that's all. And the animals living in the house obey the doctor and help him do good deeds.

What is this if not a children's analogue of paradise? And the image of the doctor's evil sister named Barbara, from whom impulses hostile to the doctor's world constantly emanate, is easily correlated with the image of a snake. For example, Varvara demands that the doctor drive the animals out of the house (“from paradise”). But the doctor does not agree to this. And this pleases the child: the “good world” is strong and stable. Moreover, he is constantly striving to expand his boundaries, turning more and more new animals into the "faith" of Dr. Aibolit: rhinos, tigers and lions (which at first refuse to participate in good deeds, but after their cubs get sick and the doctor heals them, they gratefully join to everyone else).

However, the children's "paradise", as it should be in mythology, is opposed by another place - the source of suffering and fears, "hell". And the absolutely good "creator" in Chukovsky's fairy tale is opposed by the absolute villain, the "destroyer" - Barmaley. (This image of Korney Chukovsky came up with himself, without any prompting from Lofting.) Barmaley hates the doctor. Barmaley seems to have no obvious, “rational” motives to persecute Aibolit. The only explanation for his hatred is that Barmaley is evil. And the evil one cannot bear the good, he wants to destroy it.

The conflict between good and evil in Chukovsky's story is presented in the most acute and uncompromising form. No halftones, no "psychological difficulties" or moral torment. Evil is evil, and it must be punished - this is how it is perceived by both the author and the child. And if in the story “Doctor Aibolit” this punishment is indirect (Barmaley loses his ship for pirate raids), then in the sequel, in the story “Penta and the Sea Robbers”, the author cracks down on evil characters in the most ruthless way: the pirates find themselves in the sea, and their sharks swallow. And the ship with Aibolit and his animals, safe and sound, sails further to their homeland.

And, I must say, the reader (small) meets the end of the robbers with a "sense of deep satisfaction." After all, they were the embodiment of absolute evil! The wise author spared us even a hint of the possible existence of Barmaley's "inner world" and a description of some of his villainous thoughts.

Actually, the good doctor also does not think about anything. Everything we know about him follows from his actions or words. From this point of view, Chukovsky's story is "anti-psychological". But the author did not intend to immerse us in the inner world of the characters. His task was to create just such a polar picture of the world, to present personified good and evil in relief. And the definition of good and evil in the fairy tale is extremely clear: good means to heal, give life, and evil means to torment and kill. Who among us can object to this? Is there anything that conflicts with this formula?

Good and evil in a fairy tale fight not for life, but for death, so the story about Dr. Aibolit turned out to be tense, exciting and sometimes scary. Thanks to all these qualities, as well as the clear opposition of good and evil, the story is very suitable for children aged five to eight years.

Around the age of five, children begin to master rational logic (the period of explaining that “the wind blows because the trees sway” is over). And rationality initially develops as thinking by the so-called "dual oppositions", or clear opposites. And now the child does not just learn from the words of an adult, “what is good and what is bad”, but also wants to motivate, justify, explain actions and deeds, i.e. wants to know why it's good or bad. At this age a child? he is also a tough moralist, not prone to looking for psychological difficulties. He will discover the existence of complexity, duality and even reciprocity of some meanings later, at the age of 9-10.

As for the “terrible” characteristic, this is exactly what a child after five years of age also really needs. By this age, his emotional world is already quite mature. And a five-six-year-old differs from younger preschoolers in that he learns to control his emotions. Including the emotion of fear. The child's request for scary things, including scary tales, is associated with the need for emotional "training" and an attempt to determine their tolerance threshold. But he will have to put these experiments at full power on himself in adolescence.

Viktor Chizhikov's illustrations, however strange it may sound, are in some contradiction with the tension and "scaryness" of the tale. The images in the illustrations are funny, funny. Dr. Aibolit is so round, rustic. Most of the characters have their mouths stretched into a smile. And even the most dramatic moments - the attack of pirates, the clash of pirates with sharks - are depicted cheerfully, with humor. There is not a drop of humor in the story itself. There is nothing fun about the battle between good and evil. It is not even clear at what point in the story you can smile. So Chizhikov's drawings, as it were, reduce the degree of drama and thus give the reader a break. Well, and to think that maybe everything is not so scary.

Marina Aromshtam

You can read about the experiment with covers of different editions of "Doctor Aibolit" in the article