Saints Day Cyril and Methodius: the day of Slavic writing and culture. Class hour on the topic: "May 24 - Day of Slavic writing and culture" Festival May 24th Day of Slavic writing

13.06.2019

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In those years, when the split occurred between the Western Church and its Eastern Orthodox sister occurred, the process of Christianization of peoples began to grow on Slavic lands with a doubled force. Looking back in the past, we see that the Lord urged them to fill out the ranks of her church, sent to them from the educated and advanced, - at the time - the Byzantium of wise mentors. Thanks to them, the light of Orthodoxy for all Slavs fully excused.

Brothers from the city of Fesaloniki

Announted annually on May 24, day and culture was a holiday for a long time. And although he wore a different name, but the meaning was the same - honoring the memory of two great enlighteners, the works of their convicted wints of holiness. These teachers of the Slavic peoples were born in the 9th century, in one of the largest cities of Byzantium - thesantia - thessaloniki (otherwise - Solun), but they committed the main thing to their life in the Slavic lands, to go to which the Lord would like to go.

Kirill (in the baptism of Constantine) and Methodius were their brothers and grew up in a rich and educated family. Their father is a professional military man - served the emperor and occupied high posts at the courtyard. From early childhood, the brothers, except for the Greek, heard the Slavic language, which was talked by many representatives of the tribes who lived around. Over time, the young men traded them perfectly. The elder brother of Methodius, deciding to go in the footsteps of the Father, became the military and even noticeably advanced in this area, but over time he refused a military career and became a simple monk.

Future enlighteners Slavs

His younger brother Konstantin, having received a brilliant education, was still at home by the creator of the verbs - Slavic Azbuchi - and began to translate the Gospel to this language. It is known that being in Constantinople, he studied philosophy, dialectics, mathematics and a number of other sciences from the best teachers of his time. Soon, becoming a priest, he received the place of the library's caretaker with a famous one and a year later, a teacher in Magnavra University, who was finished shortly before. He largely replenished with his education during the period of stay in Corsun, where he spent considerable time together with Byzantine diplomats.

Mission Brothers in Bulgaria

But the main thing was expected brothers ahead. In 862, a delegation from Moravia arrived in Constantinople from the local ruler, who asked to send mentors who could bring Christ's teaching to the people in their native language to the people. In response, the emperor and Patriarch sent brothers to fulfill this great mission. After a year, Konstantin, together with Methodius and students, became the creators of the alphabet, which was the basis of the Old Slavonic language, and transferred to the Bulgarian a number of books from the Holy Scriptures.

Being in Moravia, the brothers led wide educational activities among the local population. They not only taught literacy, but also helped organize worship services to their mission lasts about three years, during which they created the necessary base for the baptism of Bulgaria, which was accomplished in 864. In 867, being already in Rome, Konstantin run from a heavy illness, and shortly before his death, he touched the monks under the name Kirill.

Holiday in honor of the saints

In memory of the acts of these great enlighteners and was installed on May 24 and culture. He goes to its roots in the X-XI century, when in Bulgaria entered the custom of their annual pervent, which was performed on May 24th. The days of the memory of each of them were also installed separately. All this indicates the recognition of the invaluable merit of the brothers in front of the national culture of Slavic peoples. Starting from the XVIII - XIX centuries - a period entered in history as a Bulgarian revival - began to celebrate Slavic writing.

In Russia, the celebration of this day entered the custom quite late. Only in 1863 it was introduced in a special decree. And in the nearby past, in 1985, in connection with the 1100th anniversary of the Frequency of St. Methodius, it was decided to consider this day not only by a religious holiday, but also by the national. That is why the day of Slavic writing is celebrated on May 24th.

Government and Church Initiatives

In 1991, the celebrations were assigned official status. At the meeting of the government, held on January 30, a decree was made, according to which the whole country began to be celebrated - on May 24, the day of Slavic writing and culture. Interestingly, every year his capital is chosen by some regular settlement.

It is symbolic that in the night preceded by the Sunday of the Resurrection of this year, the Patriarch of the candle of the Slavic move aimed at popularizing and preserving the cultural values \u200b\u200bof the Slavic peoples. This good share is a kind of expedition along the main transport arteries, which bind to its path the most important historical centers of the country.

Celebration in Moscow

Initially, it was decided not to bind on May 24 - and cultures - the framework of a particular scenario, but to provide in each particular case the complete freedom of creativity to its organizers.

It opened a wide scope for various conferences, folklore concerts, meetings with writers, festivals and other events aimed at further developing the National Slavic Culture.

In Moscow, the holiday on May 24 (the day of Slavic writing) began this year from the solemn appeal to all Russians of the head of the Church, and then followed the open-air concert, which became on the scale of the event of an all-Russian extent on the number of participants in him. This was covered by representatives of leading media from around the world. Such events are wonderful way to strengthen mutual understanding between representatives of various nations.

Celebrations in the city on the Neva

It was bright and interesting to celebrated on May 24, 2015 - the day of Slavic writing - and in St. Petersburg. Here at the steps of the St. Isaac Cathedral, which is one of the symbols of the city on the Neva, made a choir of three thousand people, which, along with professional musicians, included participants in amateur groups. Interestingly, two years ago on the same steps, Petersburgers and guests of the city heard the singing of the choir, which consisted of 4335 people.

This year, a huge team performed seventeen famous songs and loved ones. However, events for the Day of Slavic Writing (May 24) this year was not limited to this. There were also traditional meetings with writers who had already been held, whose works managed to love Petersburgers, and in many parks of the city folklore groups were performed. This day will remember everyone who participated in celebrations.

Every year on May 24, the church makes a memory and glorifies the saints of equivalent brothers Kirill and Methodius - the creators of Slavic writing. On this day, in many Slavic countries, festive concerts and events dedicated to this event are held.

The celebration of the Divine Liturgy will open in the Cathedral Cathedral Church of Christ the Savior in Moscow. The worship service will be headed by His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill, who will celebrate the memory of his heavenly patron on this day, St. Equal to the Apostles Cyril.

According to the tradition of the past few years, on this day, at the same time in all regions of the country from Vladivostok to Kaliningrad, the All-Russian Festive Concert will be held. Entrance to the concert is free. Festive programs in all cities will begin at 13.00 Moscow time. The main celebration will take place on Red Square in Moscow, with direct inclusions from Novosibirsk, Kaliningrad and Kazan.

The organizers of the festive event are the Russian Orthodox Church, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Moscow Government.

In a festive concert, children's and youth academic choral groups will take part in a large consolidated Moscow chorus. Also participants in the program will be: the Central Military Orchestra of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Symphony and Spiritual Forms), the ensemble of Russian folk instruments "Russia". L.G. Zykina, famous soloists of the country's leading musical theaters, popular cinema and pop artists.

This year, the main topic of the holiday will be the key historical event - the creation of the original source of Slavic writing is the alphabet and the station. The repertoire of the concert will be popular children's songs. The program will sound in the concert program from well-known artistic and animated films devoted to the cinema declared in Russia.

The cinema chain "Moscow Cinema" will hold special free shots dedicated to the date. The action will be held in the cinemas "Satellite", "Saturn", "Cosmos", "Star", "Torch".

Day of Slavic writing. history of the holiday

The history of the holiday dates back to the church tradition, which existed in Bulgaria in the X-XI centuries.

The celebration of the memory of the holy brothers was still in antiquity in all Slavic peoples, but then, under the influence of historical and political circumstances, it was lost. At the beginning of the XIX century, together with the rise of Slavic cultures in Europe, the memory of Slavic primordants was revived.

In 1863, the Russian Holy Synod determined, in connection with the celebration of the Morave Morave Mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius, establish an annual celebration in honor of Rev. Methodius and Kirill. After the revolution of 1917, the tradition was interrupted.

In the Soviet Union, official interest in the personalities of Saints Cyril and Methodius was limited to a scientific environment. Since 1963, irregular scientific conferences dedicated to this holiday took place. For the first time on the day of the memory of Saints Equal-Apostles Kirill and Methodius, official celebrations were held on May 24, 1986 in the cities of Murmansk and Severomorsk, in the Kola and Lovozzersky districts.

Photo: k-istine.ru.On January 30, 1991, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the annual "Days of Slavic Culture and Writing". Every year, a new settlement of Russia became the capital of the holiday (except 1989 and 1990, when the capitals were Kiev and Minsk, respectively).

Since 2010, Moscow has become the center of festive celebrations.

Last year, the celebrations were consecrated at once a few anniversary dates of Russian history. First, this millennium from the day of the death of St. Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir, the Baptist of Russia. Then, in the concert, the music of PI. Tchaikovsky, the 175th anniversary of which was celebrated in 2015, as well as George Sviridov, whose centenary anniversary was celebrated in the country and beyond.

Part of the literary and concert composition was devoted to the work of MA Sholokhov: last year turned 110 years since the birth of a great writer. Found a reflection in the program of the concert and another anniversary - the 70th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War.

From this article you will learn:

You know how to read and write with school bench, thanks to which today is actively and quickly managed with keyboard and sites. Do you know who you owe these unique skills? Of course, his first teacher, but if you look much deeper ... On May 24, Cyril and Methodius day will be celebrated in Russia - the saints of equivalent Solong brothers who created the Slavic ABC. Here they are our first teachers.

Kirill and Methodius: the history of the Solong brothers

About Kirill and Methodius on the network a lot of information. In order not to spread the thought of the tree, we will collect all the facts and lay out a brief chronicle of their lives decorated with curious facts.

Names

The names of the Solun brothers are their monastic naming, and in fact, Cyril from birth was called Konstantin, and Mikhail - Mikhail: such native Russian names ... And Kirill-Constantine was also a nickname in the world: a philosopher. Now we can only guess about the reasons why he got it.

Origin

Konstantin (years of life 827-869) was younger than Michael (815-885), but he died much earlier. And between them their parents had five more sons. Father was a military officer. Some do not understand where the brothers born in the Greek city of the Fesaloniki could know the Slavic language perfectly. But Thessaloniki was a unique city: they were talked to Greek in It, and at Slavic adverbs.

Career

Yes, yes, it is a career. Before the tonsion to the monks, Mikhail managed to become a strategist (the Greek military rank), and Konstantin heard the smartest and educated person in the entire Greek state. Constantine had even a touching story of love with one of the daughters of the Greek dumb. Marrying, he would make a brilliant career. But Greek decides to devote their lives to God and people. The brothers become monks, gather around themselves like-minded people and begin to work hard on creating alphabet.

Missions Konstantin

Konstantin walked into different countries with embassies, addressed people to Christianity, taught them alphabet. For the prescription, we only know about three missions: Khazar, Bulgarian and Moravian. It remains only to guess how many languages \u200b\u200bknew in fact Konstantin.

After his death, the brothers left followers and students who contributed to the spread of Slavic alphabet, on the basis of which our modern letter was created.

Pretty informative biographies. It is difficult to imagine that someone since someone has conceived such a global task - to teach the Slavs to the ABC. And after all, not only conceived, but also created ...

History of the holiday of Slavic writing

How and why May 24 began to day Cyril and Methodius? This unique case, when they found a common point of contact with the state festival and Orthodox. On the one hand, Cyril and Methodius are saints, revered by the Church, and the value of writing for the public perfectly understands the state. So it happened a happy merger of two global understandings. However, the path of becoming this holiday was not from the lungs, if you proceed to the stages:

Russian Holy Synod In 1863, decree determined that in connection with the celebration of the anniversary date (millennium) of the Moravian mission of equivalent Cyril and Methodius, from May 11 (and on a new style - 24) to establish a celebration in honor of Methodius and Cyril annually.
In the USSR, in 1986, when the date of the 1100th anniversary of the death of Methodius was noted, on May 24, officially was announced by the Government of the Holiday Slavic Culture and Writing.
The Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in 1991 adopted a decree on holding every year the "Days of Slavic Culture and Writing".

Through the burned all these transformations and tests of the day of Cyril and Methodius appears to us as it is now.

Day Cyril and Methodius: Customs and Traditions

Any celebration, especially if it goes deep into centuries, is always associated with certain traditions and customs dictated by the daily peasants in Russia. Some elements are reborn and adapt to modern living conditions, and something irretrievably goes into the past. And how do you meet the day of Cyril and Methodius? Maybe one of the traditions of the holiday will have to your taste?

Prayers, worship, goddes

In Orthodox churches on May 24, there are laudatory chants in honor of the Equal-Apostles Brothers. It can be prayers or whole services, but anyway, any Orthodox man seeks that day in the temple, put a candle Cyril and Methodius. Many parishes and dioceses are made by the crusters in honor of the brothers to show the importance of their acts for the entire culture of Russia.

Scientific conferences

As a rule, on May 24 there are various scientific conferences, the symposia of the most different level - from school to All-Russian. Most often the subject of such scientific meetings is the fate and history of the Russian language. In parallel with this, all sorts of thematic exhibitions are drawn up and contests are held.

Here is such a day, Cyril and Methodius, in Russia, in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the heart of every Russian man. This is our story that we must holy honored and respect, transfer to our children. I would like to wish, with the introduction of all computer technologies, people still do not forget the book as one of the main values \u200b\u200bleft to us by the Solong brothers.

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Memorial Day of the Pervasters of Slavic Peoples - Saints Equal-Apostles Brothers Kirill and Methodius

Everyone was able to plow our ancestors to the land, and the canvas are weave, and home-termes chop. Many things were able to, but the letters did not know, the books did not know. And I had to teach them someone.

The word "alphabet" happened from the names of the two first letters of the Slavic Alphabet: A (AZ) and B (Buki): Azbuka: Az + Buki and the word "alphabet" comes from the name of the two first letters of the Greek alphabet: Alphabet: Alpha + Vita Alphabet is much older Alphabet. In the 9th century, there were no alphabets, and the Slavs did not have their own letters. And therefore there was no writing. Slavs could not write a books in their own language, nor even let each other.

The origins of the Russian writing of the alphabet: Az + Buki Greek letters: AA BB GG DD EE KK LL MM Alphabet: Alpha + Vita Slavic letters: AA BG GG DD Her KK LL MM

Cyrillic

In the 9th century in Byzantium, in the city of Solun (now it is the city of Thessaloniki in Greece), two brothers lived - Konstantin and Methodius. City Solun (now he is called Thessaloniki). Greece

St. Methodius St. Methodius - a high-ranking warrior, which ruled about 10 years in one of the Slavic principalities, subordinate to Byzantium, which gave him the opportunity to learn how to Slavic

St. Cyril Sv. Cyril from the Small years was distinguished by mental abilities. Studying at the Solun school and without having reached fifteen years, he already read books

Taking advantage of the new alphabet, Cyril and Methodius transferred a number of liturgical books into Slavic.

The merits of Kirill and Methodius amounted to the Slavic ABC, transferred liturgical books from Greek to Slavic language, contributed to the introduction and dissemination of Slavic worship.

Saints remember and honor

On the broad Russia - our mother's bell ringing is bottled. Now the saints of Saints Kirill and Methodius for the works are glorified. Remember Kirill with Methodius, the brothers of the glorious equivalent, in Belarus, in Macedonia, in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, praise the brothers wisdom in Bulgaria, in Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia. All the peoples that Cyrillic write, which is since ancient times by Slavyanski, they are given a feat of the primordants, Christian enlighteners.

Preview:

Classroom script

on this topic

"Day of Slavic Writing and Culture"

Schuzden Fatima Chealevny

teachers of primary classes MBOU SS No. 4. D.S. Skhalyaho

Explanatory note.

Every people have the right to be proud of their tongue. The Russian language is the richest, the most beautiful language among existing on earth and they have to be proud of, protect it as a unique cultural and spiritual phenomenon.

Therefore, today appeal to the origins of spirituality, the moral revival of society, attentive and careful attitude towards the Russian language, the preservation and increase in its richest heritage,the preservation of centuries-old traditions based on strengthening patriotism, citizenship, responsibility for the fate of the country and the small homeland have tremendous relevance and significance. Caring for the revival of domestic culture based on moral ideals and values, the development of centuries-old folk traditions is the most important tasks of society.

The day of Slavic writing and culture gives the opportunity to turn to the mental gaze in the past, to realize the spiritual value and the current cultural significance of the Savun enlighteners.

Purpose: introduce the history and features of the holiday

Tasks to achieve the goal:

Open the mind: on the emergence of writing, about the origins of Russian writing, about Slavicalphabet and its creators, about the cultural heritage of the Russian people, about the celebration of the day Slavic writing and culture;
develop personal qualities: tolerance, morality; Mental processes: memory, perception, thinking and cognitive processes;
raise the feeling of love and respect for the culture of the Russian people;

Class hour script.

Slide 1:

Notes him as

Slide 2:

Teacher: Saints Memory Day Equal apostatalKirill and Methodius, enlighteners

Slavs.

Slide 3:

(Showing the textbook "ABC" V.G, Goretsky, etc.)

What is this tutorial? (-ABC.)

What does this book teach?

(- This book introduces letters, teaches to read.)

When you were small, my parents read you books. When you went to school, they themselves learned to read and write. Do you think whether our ancestors know and write?

(Children's responses)

Slide 4:

Listen to the poem of N. Konchalovskaya "As church certificates in Starin taught children."

Pupil: Children studied in the old days -

They were taught church deac.

Came at dawn

And told the letters like this:

Yes, yes, as az yes, beech,

In - as led, g - verb.

And teacher for science

On Saturdays their porol.

This feature wrote

From the goose wing.

This knife is not without reason

Called perico

Purified the pen

If it was not sharp.

It is difficult to gram

Our ancestors in the old days,

And the girls were relied on

Do not learn anything.

Only boys studied.

Dyack with pointed hand

Naraspov read them a book

In church language.

How were the leaders of the old days?

(Children's responses)

Always existed letters?

(- No, before there was no, the ancient people did not even have learned immediately.)

It is difficult to believe in it, but once our ancestors did not have books at all, because there were no letters that could be recorded Slavic speech.

After the adoption of the Christian religion, Slavs began to use Latin and Greek letters instead of their simple signs. But it was not very convenient, since these letters could not transmit all the features of Slavic speech.

Did you think where the letters come from? Today we will try to answer this question. But first, compare the words alphabet and alphabet. Are there any difference between them? If there is, what?

(Slova alphabet and alphabet mean the same: a group of words located in a certain prescribed manner. But the origin of them is different.

In the old Slavonic alphabet, each letter has its name. Opens an old Slavonic Azbuka AZ, which means sound [a]. Az is the name of God. In the Bible, the Lord says: "Az Yesh God" - "I am God."

The name of the second letter beech. It denotes the sounds [b] and [b, ]. Buki is the letters. The word "letters" occurred from the title of the tree beech. The ancient Germans made a table of beech and used them for writing.

Fold the first and second letter. What happened?

Alphabet - Slavic Word, originated from the name of the two first letters of the Slavic Alphabet: Az and Buki. AZ + beech \u003d alphabet.

The word alphabet came to us from the Greek language and comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. Alpha + Vita \u003d alphabet.

Slide 5, 6:

Az, Buki, lead ... For several centuries, the first acquaintance of a person with a book began with these letters. And more than a thousand years ago, this alphabet, named later in honor of his creator of Cyril, became the basis of writing.

Slide 7:

Carefully look at the old Slavonic alphabet and tell me if there are unfamiliar letters in it?

(- In the old Slavonic alphabet there are letters that are no longer in Russian.)

Name these letters.

How did our alphabet come from and why is it called Cyrillic?

Slide 8:

In the 9th century in Byzantium, in the city of Solun (now it is the city of Thessaloniki in Greece), two brothers lived - Konstantin and Methodius.

Slide 9, 10.

Scene.

Teacher: Everything in school seemed to be interesting and surprising, and he was still to her elder brother with questions:

Kirill. - Why does the teacher say all the time in Greek? I heard, in the shop he was perfectly talked by Slavyansky.

Methodius. - So it is in the shop. And in school it is possible only in Greek. Because books, knowledge - everything from the Greeks.

Kirill. "Why does Naval have no books?"

Methodius. - Because it is impossible to write in Slavic.

Kirill. - Like this? Here I will take and write "House".

Methodius. - And "I live in the house" you no longer write, because you do not have enough letters.

Kirill (screaming) - So I'll think of it!

Teacher : At this time, by their school teacher passed by. He heard the conversation of the brothers.

Teacher. "Don't you know that only cultural languages \u200b\u200bare worthy ink and parchment - Latin and Greek." All other languages \u200b\u200bare coarse and barbaric, and it is impossible to write on them!

Kirill. - No, you can! Here I am growing and inventing the Slavs letters. They will write, and no worse than the Greeks.

Teacher: Years have passed. The brothers grew up, learned. But the dream of creating a Slavic alphabet did not leave the younger brother. He worked a lot and came up with the initiatives, and made an alphabet of them.

But come up with - it is half an end. It is necessary to translate from Greek to the Slavic Books, so that the Slavs have something to read. It turned out to be very difficult, and one Cyril could not cope. He began to help the elder brother of Methodius.

Pupil: Praying God in the morning,

Leaned over the holy sheet

Letters made to his Peru

Radiant Angel Golden.

And lay the letters of Slavic Vych,

And the string ran after the string,

Book Great becoming

Sent by Divine Hand.

And, it seemed, the glitter of heavenly stars

This book carefully stores

And, it seemed, Jesus Christ himself

By - Slavica speaks with us!

Slide 11.

Slide 12:

The great case of the creation of the Old Slavonic ABC was made by the brothers Kirill and Methodius. The main merit in this business belongs to Kirill. Methodius was faithful to his assistant. By composing the Slavic alphabet, they were able to catch the main sounds in the sound of the Slavic language and found alphabetic designations for each of them. In memory of the great feat of the brothers on May 24 in all Slavic countries celebrate the Day of Slavic Culture and Writing or Memorial Day, Cyril and Methodius.

The holy brothers not only gave the Slavic people to Alphabet and laid the foundation of literature, writing and culture as a whole.

Previously, this holiday was considered church. In the modern world, the day of Slavic culture and writing is the feast of enlightenment, a native word, a native book, native culture and literature.

Slides 13, 14.

Pupil: On the broad Russia - our Mother
The bell ringing is bottled.

Now the brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius
For the works are glorified

Pupil: Remember Kirill and Methodius,

Brothers of nice, equal apostolic,
In Belarus, in Macedonia,
In Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia,
Praise the brothers wisdom in Bulgaria,
In Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia.

Pupil: All the peoples that they write Cyrillic

What is since ancient times by Slavyansky,

Glory the feat of the first points,
Christian enlighteners.

Cities and villages dressed her greens, accurately prepared for an important holiday for all of us - the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture, annually celebrated on May 24 in all Slavic countries as a sign of gratitude and worship two brothers - Cyril and Methodius, the creators of Slavic writing.

Initially, the holiday, which existed in Bulgaria in the X-XI centuries, was celebrated only by the Church. In Russia, he was also a church holiday. The church ranked Cyril and Methodius to the Saints Family, and on May 18, 1863, His Holiness Synod adopted a decree on the proclamation of May 24 at the new style of the church holiday of the saloon brothers.

At the state level for the first time officially Day of Slavic writing and culture It was solemnly celebrated in the Russian Empire in 1863, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the creation of Slavic ABC with Saint Cyril and Methodius.

Unfortunately, during the Soviet authorities, the day of Slavic writing was canceled as a holiday uniting all Slavs, and many decades have not been celebrated. And only in 1986 the holiday was revived.
And in the Union for the first time the day of Slavic writing and culture was celebrated in 1986 in the city of Murmansk, and then in Vologda, Novgorod, Kiev and Minsk. Since 1987, the holiday has already become widespread in society, the name "Day of Slavic writing and Culture" was entrenched. On January 30, 1991, by Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Day on May 24 was declared a holiday of Slavic writing and culture. And in 1992, a monument to Saint Cyril and Methodius was solemn in Moscow in Slavic Square. The creator of the monument - sculptor V.M. Fangs.

Nowadays, the day of Slavic writing and culture is the only festival in Russia in Russia. The church on May 24 honors the memory of the saints of equivalent brothers Kirill and Methodius.

Slavic writing was created in the 9th century, about 862 years. At first, two alphabets were created - verbs and Cyrillic.

Now about the great teachers themselves. It is known that the brothers were Orthodox monks and Slavic Azbuk created in the Greek Monastery. Among the Slavic writing preserved to our days of the oldest monuments also preserved the lives of the creators of Slavic diplomas - saints Cyril and Methodius. The "Life of Constantine Philosopher", "Life of Methodius", "Praise Word Cyril and Methodius" represent the greatest interest.

From the lives of Saints Kirill and Methodius, we know that Cyril and Methodius - Greeks, the brothers, were born in the family of the Byzantine military leaders in the Macedonian city of Solun (Fesaloniki). Now this city belongs to modern Greece and is on the shore. In addition to Kirill and Methodius in the family there were five more brothers. Methodius was the oldest of seven brothers, and Konstantin the youngest. Methodius was allegedly born around 815. His secular name, alas, is unknown. As a suggestion of many researchers, the mother of the brothers was Slavic, and it was for this reason that the brothers owned the Slavic language since childhood as good as Greek. Most likely it was one of the Diages of the ancient Bolgar. Cyril was born around 827. And before the breakdown, Konstantin wore the monasticism. Cyril, he became almost before the sperm.

Both brothers have received excellent education and good upbringing. Methodius first went in the footsteps of the Father and decided to make a military career, but then about 852 he accepted the monastic stop, and later became the igumen of Polychron Monastery at Vifficon Olympus (Small Asia). Cyril, from the birth of inferior with philological abilities, from the young years to sciences. Already in the Solun school at the age of 14, he read the books of one of the fathers of the church of the IV century - Gregory Theologian. Then Konstantin was educated in Constantinople in the largest scientists of his time, such as lion gramman and fotius (future patriarch), studying antique literature, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, rhetoric and music. Having finished learning, Cyril accepted the san priest and began to work the librarian in the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Constantinople.

Neither, nor wealth, nor marriage with beauty prevented the young man who was then called the name Konstantin. His favorite classes were reflections and prayers. But Konstantin turned out to be a very popular person, in 851-52 he had to go to the courtyard of the Arab Caliph Muttavakil as part of the Embassy of Asicret George, where the future enlightener was led by theological disputes with Muslim scientists. Returning to Constantinople, Konstantin went to his brother in the monastery. But soon after the return of both brothers - and Kirill, and Methodius - at the request of the Moravian Prince Rostislav (Prices), were sent by the Byzantine Emperor to Great Moravia (863-866).

Of "Tale of Bygone Years" We learn that one day the Slavic Princes Rostislav, Svyatopolk and Kolet sent to the Byzantine king Mikhail Postess with a request to send the teachers, "who would instruct and read, and explained the Holy Books." Next, it is reported: "... sent them Konstantin of the philosopher, naschayed by Cyril, her husband of the righteous and true. And he created them letters 38 - some sample of Greek letters, others in Slavic speech. From the first started in Greek: after all, from Alpha, he - with "Az" ... ".

The brothers were transferred to the apostle, the gospel, the psalter, okes and other church books. But in those days, the Great Moravia was subordinated to the Bishop of Passau in Bavaria, and the activities of the enlightened brothers came across the fierce resistance of the German clergy, which was categorically against the Slavic letter and the Slavic Liturgy, insisting that Liturgy was performed only in Latin. Despite the fact that Kirill and Methodius prepared students, no one from them was able to become priests in such conditions, and the brothers left Moravia with 867 students, going to Venice, hoping in Byzantium in Constantinople to devote their disciples in Constantinople.

After receiving an invitation from the Roman Pope from Venice in 868, Konstantin and Methodius went to Rome. In Rome, Dad Adrian II consecrated Slavic books, and Pupils Constantine and Methodius became priests and devices. And then the misfortune happened: still not at all old Konstantin, who was only 42 years old, seriously fell ill and died in Rome on February 14, 869. Before his death, Kirill said Brother: "We are with you, as two oxen, we led one furrow. I'm exhausted, but you will not think about leaving the work of the teacher and retire again to your mountain. "

Buried the Great Slavic Teacher in the Basilica of the Holy Clement. Methodius survived his brother for 16 years and fulfilled him. At the end of the same 869, Methodius was put by Archbishop Pannonia (Great Moravia). However, in 870, the Great Moravia was occupied by the troops of the East Frank kingdom, and Methodius was arrested and referred to one of the monasteries in Schwabia. Only the uprising of the people of Moravia and the intervention of the Pope John VIII helped in 873 New Moravian Prince Svyatopolka to achieve the liberation of Methodius. But Pope John VIII forbade Methodius to make a liturgy in Slavic. Then Methodius went to Rome in 880, where he managed to cancel the discriminatory prohibition.

Methodius died on April 8, 885, the location of his grave is unknown. The successor he left the best of his students, the Archbishop of Horazda, and about two hundred trained to him - Slavs. But the students of Methodius who defended the Slavic Liturgy after his death were expelled from Moravia and settled in Bulgaria. It was in this country that a new Slavic alphabet based on Greek was created; In order to convey the phonetic features of the Slavic language, the alphabet was supplemented with letters borrowed from the verbs. This alphabet, spreading from the Eastern and South Slavs, was subsequently called "Cyrillic" - in honor of Kirill (Constantine).

Although some scientists express doubts about the correctness of the alphabet for the alphabet of the name, referring to the fact that in the "livestock" there is such a phrase: "Kirill persuaded his brother to go with him, because he knew the Slavic language." In addition, testimonies have been preserved that Constantine's writings from Greek to Slavyansky translated Methodius, so it is possible that it was the elder from the brothers who became the creator of a new alphabet. However, there is no solid evidence yet.

With the adoption of Christianity, the ancient Russia moved to the Slavic alphabet, inviting teachers - continules of the Cyril and Methodius. Both in Kiev, and in Novgorod, and in other cities, schools were created to teach Slavic diploma.

To date, there are approximately 60 peoples in the world, whose writing was based on Cyrillic. And thanks to the two great brothers for the fact that they left us a heritage that the Slavic world continues to unite.

F. I. Tyutchev

Great Day of Kirillov Konchana -
What greetings are heart and simple
Millennial anniversary
Holy memory we almost?
What this day to capture words,
No matter what they said,
When, rushed with my brother and friends,
He left his dust to you, Rome ...
Involved his work,
Through a number of centuries, at least so many generations
And we and we pulled him a furrow
Among the temptations and doubt.
And in his turn, as he, not borrowed labor;
And we will take it and, the saints
His disintegrating, we exclaim the then:
"Do not change yourself, Great Russia!"
Do not believe, do not believe others, the birthplace edge,
Their false wisdom Il brazenly their deceptions,
And, like Saint Cyril, and you do not leave
Great ministry Slavs.