Quotes about the dark kingdom. "Dark kingdom" in the play "Thunderstorm

Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich

Russian critic, publicist. Born on January 24 (February 5) 1836 in Nizhny
Novgorod in the family of the priest. Father was well educated and respected in the city of man, a member of the consistory. Dobrolyubov, a senior of eight children, received primary education at home under the guidance of a seminar teacher.
A huge home library contributed to early admission to reading. IN
1847 Dobrolyubov entered the last class of the Nizhny Novgorod spiritual school, in 1848 - to the Nizhny Novgorod spiritual seminary. In the seminary was the first student and, in addition to the books necessary for study, "I read everything that came under hand: history, travel, reasoning, OD, Poles, novels,
- Total novels. " The registry of read books, who led Dobrolyzov, writing his impressions of his impressions of the read, in 1849-1853 several thousand names. Dobrolyubov also led diaries, wrote notes,
Memories, poems ("In the world, everyone lives in a deception ..., 1849, etc.), prose
(Adventures on the carnival and its consequence (1849), tried their strength in drama.
Together with his festivor, Lebedev produced the handwritten magazine "Ahinea", in which in 1850 placed two articles about the verses of Lebedev. Own poems sent to the magazines "Moskvatikan" and "The Son of Fatherland" (not published).
Dobrolyubov also wrote articles for the Nizhny Novgorod Gubernaya Vedomosti newspaper, collected a local folklore (more than a thousand proverbs, sayings, songs, legends, etc.), amounted to a dictionary of local words and a bibliography on
Nizhny Novgorod province.
In 1853 left a seminary and received the resolution of the Synod to study in
Petersburg Spiritual Academy. However, upon arrival in St. Petersburg, he passed the exams to the Chief Pedagogical Institute at the Historical and Philology Faculty, for which he was dismissed from the spiritual title. During the years of study at the Institute
Dobrolyubov studied folklore, wrote notes and additions to the collection of Russian proverbs G. Buslaeva (1854), on the poetic features of the Great Russian People's Poetry in expressions and turnover (1854) and other works.
In 1854, Dobrolyubov experienced a spiritual fracture, which he called "the feat of reworking" himself. Disappointment in religion contributed to the shock
Dobrolyubov Almost simultaneous death of mother and father, as well as the situation of public lifting associated with the death of Nicholas I and the Crimean War
1853-1856. Dobrolyubov began to fight the abuses of the institute bosses, the circle of opposition-minded students, who discussed political issues and reading illegal literature, was formed around it. For a satirical poem, in which Dobrolyubov was relegated king as a "powered barrina" (on the 50th anniversary of his Excellency
Nik.Iv.Grecha, 1854), was planted to the Cake. A year later, Dobrolyuby sent
Greach is a winsted poem on February 18, 1855, which the addressee posted in the III branch. In the poetic pamphlet of the Duma under the coffin of venison
(1855) Dobrolyubov called for "slave ... Ax on a despot raised."
In 1855, Dobrolyubov began to produce the illegal newspaper "Rumors", in which he placed his poems and notes of revolutionary content - Secret societies in
Russia 1817-1825, Depravit Nikolai Pavlovich and his approximate favorites, etc. In the same year I met N.G. Chernyshevsky, in which he shocked the presence of the "mind, strictly consistent, imbued with love for truth."
Chernyshevsky attracted Dobrolyubov to cooperation in the magazine "Contemporary".
Published in the journal of Dobrolyubov signed aliases (libs, etc.). In the article who has attracted public attention, the interlocutor of Russian lovers (1856) (1856) Dark Phenomena Dark Phenomena. IN
"Sovrevnik" appeared articles of Dobrolyubov a few words about raising about the "Questions of Life" G. Pirogov (1857), works by gr. V.Solloguba
(1857) and others. In 1857, at the suggestion of Chernyshevsky and Nekrasov, Dobrolyubov headed the department of criticism of the contemporary.
In 1857, Dobrolyubov brilliantly graduated from the institute, but for liberty was deprived of a gold medal. For some time he worked as a home mentor at the KN.
Kurakina, and from 1858 he became a tutor in Russian literature in the 2nd Cadet Corps. It continued to actively work in the "contemporary": only in 1858 they published about 75 articles and reviews, the story of the dealers and several poems. The article on the degree of participation of nationality in the development of Russian literature (1958), Dobrolyubov gave an assessment of Russian literature from a social point of view.
By the end of 1858, Dobrolyubov had already played a central role in the combined department of criticism, bibliography and modern notes of the "Contemporary", influenced the choice of artistic works for publication. His revolutionary-democratic views expressed in articles literary little things last year (1859), what is the breakdown? (1859), Dark Kingdom
(1859) made it a formist of the dispenser intelligentsia.
In their program articles 1860 when will this day come? (analysis of the novel I.Turgenev on the eve, after which Turgenev ripped relations with
"Contemporary") and a ray of light in the dark kingdom (about Drama A.N.ostrovsky
Thunderstorm) Dobrolyubov directly called for the liberation of the Motherland from the "Inner Enemy", which was considered autocracy. Despite numerous censorship bills, the revolutionary meaning of the works of Dobrolyubov was obvious.
Dobrolyubov wrote for the "whistle" - satirical application to
"Contemporary". He worked in the genres of poetic parody, satirical ferris, feuille, etc., hiding behind the images of "Barda" Konrad
Lilienshwagra, "Austrian Chauvinist Poet" Yakova Hama, "Young Dating"
Anton Kappelkin and others. Fictional characters.
Due to intensive work and unconnected personal life, the disease
Dobrolyubov. In 1860, he treated tuberculosis in Germany, Switzerland, Italy,
France. The political situation in Western Europe, meetings with the famous figures of the revolutionary movement (Z.Serakovsky and others) affected the articles of incomprehensible strangeness (1860) and others, in which Dobrolyubs doubted the possibility of "instant, wonderful disappearance of the entire age-old evil" and called for a more careful Watch out for what life suggests to exit an unfair social device. Unfortunate love for Italian I.Fiokki caused the verses of 1861 more work in life a lot ... no, I did not nice and he, our north of the magnificent ... etc.
In 1861, Dobrolyubov returned to Petersburg. In September 1861 in the "contempora" his last article was published by the people dedicated to creativity
F.M.Dostoevsky. In the last days of Dobrolyubov's life visited daily
Chernyshevsky, near Nekrasov and other like-minded people. Feeling the proximity of death, Dobrolyubov wrote a courageous poem let the die
- Sorrow little ...
Dobrolyubov died in St. Petersburg 17 (29) November 1861.

Drama A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" was published in 1860, on the eve of the revolutionary situation in Russia. The work reflected impressions of the Travel of the Writer on the Volga in the summer of 1856. But not some particular Volga city and not some specific persons are depicted in "Thunder". All his observations over the life of the Volga region Ostrovsky processed and turned them into deep typical paintings of Russian life. Ostrovsky's play carries us into a merchant medium, where Domostroevian orders were supported most stubbornly. Residents of the provincial city live closed and alien to social interests of life, in the ignorance of what is happening in the world, in ignorance and indifference. Their circle is limited by the framework of home care. For the external tranquility of life, dark thoughts lies, the dark life of self-masses who do not recognize human dignity. Representatives of the "Dark Kingdom" are wild and kabanya. The first is the complete type of self-sales merchant, the meaning of which is to put capital to led themselves with any means. Ostrovsky showed from life. The powerful and harsh cabaniha is even more sinistering and gloomy representative of the housework. She strictly keeps out of all customs and orders of patriarchal antiquity, "eats"

homemade, breeds the hypocrisy, gifted beggars, does not tolerate in any personal will manifest. Ostrovsky paints the boa as a convinced defender
"Dark Kingdom." But even in his family, where everything is obeyed by her, she sees the awakening of something new, alien and hateful to it. And Kabaniha bitterly complains, feeling how life destroys her relationship familiar to her: "They don't know anything, no order. I don't know how to say goodbye. So there is an older one and is displayed. What will be like olders will refine how There will be a light to stand, I don't know. Well, yes, it's good that I will not see anything. " Under this humble complaration of Kabanihi - mansionicity, inseparable with religious hens. The drama genre is characterized by the fact that it is based on a conflict of a separate personality and surrounding society. In the "thunderstorm", this personality - Katerina Kabanova - the nature of the poetic, dreamy, freedom-loving. The world of her feelings and sentiment was formed in the parent house, where she was surrounded by caring and caressing mother. In the atmosphere of the pinnacle and the annoyance, the petty guardianship conflict between
The "dark kingdom" and the spiritual world of Katerina ripens gradually. Katerina suffers only to the pore. "But if I am very happy here, so don't keep me any power. I'll throw it into the window, I will throw it into the Volga, I don't want to live here, so I will not become me, even though you cut me!" - she says. Katerina personifies the moral purity, the spiritual beauty of the Russian woman, her desire for will, to freedom, her ability not only tolerate, but also to defend their rights, their human dignity. According to Dobrolyubov, she "did not kill human nature." Katerina - Russian national character.
First of all, this is reflected by the Ostrovsky, who, in the perfection by all the wealth of the folk language, in the speech of the heroine. When she says, it seems that she sings. In the speech of Katerina, associated with an easy-to-face, brought up on his oral poetry, is dominated by a colloquialistic vocabulary, distinguished by high poetry, imagery, emotionality. The reader feels musicality and observance, Kati's spell reminds folk songs.
For the language of Ostrovsky heroine, the repeats are characteristic ("on the top three", "and people are disgusting to me, and the house is known to me, and the walls are disgusting!"), The abundance of caress and decreasing words ("Sun", "Voddy", "Mogilshka") , comparison ("I didn't thank you, exactly the bird on the will", "someone gently speaks with me, exactly the pigeon is welcome"). Thank you by Boris, at the time of the greatest stress of the soul forces, Katerina expresses his feelings in the language of folk poetry, exclamation: "The winds of the rampant, transfer him to him my sadness!" Amazes naturalness, sincerity, simplicity of the isoine.
"I don't know how to deceive something; I can't hide something," she answers
Barbar, who says that without deception in their house you will not live. Look at the religiosity of Katerina. This is not a kabani pinema, but childish genuine faith in God. She often visits the church and does it with pleasure and enjoyment ("and I loved to go to the church to the church!
Exactly, I happened, I'm in the paradise of virtue "), likes to talk about the halves (" We have a private house full of a harassment and mantis "), Katerina's dreams about the" Gold Temples ".
Love is an isoine heroine Nevsrichinna. First, the need of love makes itself felt: after all, her husband Tikhon is unlikely to show his love for his wife very often. Secondly, the feelings of his wife and women are offended. Thirdly, the deadly longing of monotonous life shakes Katerina. And finally, the fourth reason is the desire of will, space: after all, love is one of the manifestations of freedom. Katerina is fighting with himself, and this is the tragedy of its position, but in the end it is internally justifying themselves. End of suicide, committing, from the point of view of the church, a terrible sin, she does not think about the salvation of his soul, but about love that opened her. "My friend! My joy! Goodbye!" - Here are the last words of Katerina. Another characteristic feature of an isoine is "mature, from the depth of the whole body the emergence of the right and exposure of life", the desire for freedom, spiritual liberation. On the words of Varvara: "Where are you going? You are a husband's wife" - Katerina answers: "Eh, cooking, you do not know my character!
Of course, God forbid this happen! But if I wake me here, so no power will keep me. I'll finish the window, throwing into the Volga. I do not want to live here, so I will not become, even though you cut me! "It's not for nothing in a play repeatedly repeats the image of the bird - the symbol of the will. Hence the permanent epithet" free bird ". Katerina, remembering how she lived to marriage, compares himself with Bird in the will. "Why do people do not fly like birds? - She says
Barbarian. "You know, it sometimes seems to me that I am a bird." But the free bird fell into the iron cage. And she beats and hurts in captivity. Other, the determination of the character of Katerina was expressed in the fact that she refused to submit to the routines of the Kabaniy house and chose their lives in captivity. . And it was a manifestation of not weakness, but of spiritual strength and courage, hot hatred for the oppression and despotism. So, the main acting person of the Drama "Thunderstorm" enters into conflict with the environment. In the fourth action, in the stage of repentance, as if the disconnection comes. All opp
Katerina in this scene: And the "Lord Thunderstorm", and the cursing half
"Baryna with two lackers", and an ancient picture on a dilapidated wall, depicting "fire-fire". A poor girl all these signs of the leaving, but such a living old world almost brought crazy, and she rises in his sin in half-confined, a state of perishable. She herself later admits to Boris that "he was not free in himself," he did not remember himself. " If this scene ended the drama "Thunderstorm", then in it would be shown invincibility
"Dark Kingdom": after all, at the end of the fourth, Kabanich will triumph:
"That son! Where will the will leads!" But the drama ends with a moral victory and over the external forces who fought the freedom of Katerina, and over the dark ideas that made her will and mind. And her decision to die, just not to remain slave, expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the movement of Russian life." The critic called Katerina with the character of the people, national, "light beam in the dark kingdom", meaning an effective expression in it directly protest, the liberation striving of the masses. Pointing to the deep typicality of this image, his nationwide importance, Dobrolyubov wrote that he represents
"The artistic combination of homogeneous traits that are manifested in different provisions of Russian life, but serving an expression of one idea." Heroine
Ostrovsky reflected in his feelings, in his actions a spontaneous protest of the wide masses against the conditions of the "Dark Kingdom" hateful conditions.
That is why Dobrolyubov and allocated a "thunderstorm" from all progressive preforming literature and emphasized her objectively revolutionary meaning.
For its time, when Russia survived the period of a huge public lifting to the peasant reform, the drama "thunderstorm" was essential.
The image of Katerina belongs to the best images of women not only in creativity
Ostrovsky, but also in the whole Russian and world artistic literature.

Ostrovsky has a deep understanding of Russian life and the great ability to depict sharply and lively the most essential parties.

Carefully thinking the totality of his works, we find that the grave of the true needs and aspirations of Russian life has never left him; It sometimes did not appear at first glance, but always in the root of his works.

Requirement of law, respect for the personality, protest against violence and arbitrariness you find in a variety of literary works; But in them, the case was not conducted in vital, in a practical way, it was distinguished, the philosophical side of the question and everything is derived from it, the right is indicated, and the real opportunity is not paid. The island is not something: you find not only moral, but also the everyday economic side of the question, but this is the essence of the case. You clearly see how Samodoria relies on Tolstoy Moshne, which is called "God's blessing", and how the unrequency of people in front of him is determined by their addiction. Moreover, you see how this material side in all everyday relations dominates the abstractness and as people who have been deprived of material support, little appreciate the abstract rights and even lose the clear consciousness about them. In fact, the fusion person can argue coolly and cleverly, if he should have such a kushan; But hungry is torn to food, where neither envy her and what would it be. This phenomenon, repeated in all spheres of public life, is well seen and understood by Ostrovsky, and his plays clear all the reasoning shows how the system of the cure and gross, petty egoism, watered by Samoram, is being taken to them and thus suffer from him; As they, if there is little less, they keep the remnants of energy, try to use it for the purchase of the opportunity to live independently and no longer disassemble neither funds or rights.

Ostrovsky in the foreground is always common, not dependent on any of the actors, the situation of life. He does not punish a villain or a victim; Both of them are miserable to you, often both are ridiculous, but the feeling excited in you is directly affected by them. You see that their position dominates them, and you blame them only that they do not show enough energy in order to exit this position. Self-self-against themselves, against which your feeling should be indignant, for attentive considerations are more decent regret, rather than your anger: they are virtuous and even smart in their own way, within the limits prescribed by Rutinov supported by them; But the situation is such that it is impossible in it complete, healthy human development.

Thus, the struggle is made in the plays of Ostrovsky not in the monologues of the acting persons, but in facts that dominate them. Unauthorized persons have the reason for their appearance and are even necessary for the completeness of the play. Substituent participants in the life drama, apparently employed only by their work, - they often have such an existence of such an impact on the course of the case, which is impossible to reflect it. How many hot ideas, how many extensive plans, how many enthusiastic gusts are collapsed at one glance on an indifferent, prosaic crowd, with contemptuous indifference passing by us! How many pure and good feelings freeze in us from fear so as not to be ridiculous and dedicated to this crowd. And on the other hand, and how many crimes, how many impressions of the arbitrariness and violence stops before the solution of this crowd, it is always as if indifferent and militant, but, in essence, a very disassestant thing is that since it is recognized.
Therefore, it is extremely important for us to know what the concepts of this crowd are good and evil that it is considered for the truth and what a lie. This is determined by our view to the situation in which the main persons are the play, and therefore, the degree of our participation to them.

Katerina is fully operated by his nature, and not asked solutions, because for solutions it would have to have logical, solid foundations, and meanwhile, all the principles that it was given for theoretical reasoning, it is strongly dissected by its natural attractions. Therefore, it not only does not accept the heroic poses and does not pronounce the sayings proving the hardness of character, and even on the contrary - is in the form of a weak woman who does not know how to oppose their entrepreneurs, and trying to justify the heroism, which manifests itself in its actions. It does not complain about anyone, does not blame anyone, and nothing like that does not come to her. There is no malice, nor contempt, nothing than the commonly disappointed heroes, comingily leaving the light. The thought of bitterness of life, what will be tolerated, before Tatering Katerina, which turns it into some half-rally state. At the last moment all homemade horrors felt especially alive in her imagination. She screams: "And they will be angry with me forcibly! .. Early, more likely ..." And the case is over: she will not be a more sacrificent of soulless mother-in-law, will not be quietly locked up with her husband's sophisticated and nasty her. She is released! ..

Sad, bitter such liberation; But what to do, when there is no other way out. Well, that was found in a poor woman determination at least on this terrible way out. Therefore, the strength of her character, because of the "thunderstorm" and makes an impression of a refreshing.

This end seems to us with pleasure; It is easy to understand why: in it there is a terrible challenge to Samoga strength, he tells her that it is impossible to go further, it is impossible to live with her violent, dead beginnings. In Katerina, we see protest against the Kabanovsky concepts about morality, protest, brought to the end, proclaimed and under home torture and over the abyss, in which a poor woman rushed. She does not want to put up, does not want to use a pathetic stagnation, which she is given in exchange for her living soul.

Dobrolyubov set the Ostrovsky very high, finding that he was very fully and multilaterally able to portray the essential parties and the demands of Russian life. Some authors took private phenomena, temporary, external requirements of society and depicted them with great or less success. Other authors took more internal side of life, but were limited to a very close circle and mixed such phenomena that did not have a nationwide value. The island case is much fruitful: he seized such common aspirations and needs that all Russian society imbued with, whom the voice is heard in all phenomena of our life, which satisfaction is a necessary condition for our further development.

The pies of the island "thunderstorm" caused a rapid reaction in the field of literary critics and critics. A. Grigoriev, D. Pisarev, F. Dostoevsky were devoted to this work. N. Dobrolyubov Some time after the output of "thunderstorms" wrote the article "Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom". Being a good critic, Dobrolyubov stressed the good style of the author, praising island for the deep knowledge of the Russian soul, and reproached other critics in the absence of a direct look at the work. In general, the glance of Dobrolyubov is interesting from several points of view. For example, critic believed that in the drams there should be a detrimental effect of passion for the human life, so he calls Katerina a criminal. But Nikolay Alexandrovich nevertheless says that Katerina is also a martyr, because her suffering cause a response in the soul of the viewer or reader. Dobrolyubov gives very accurate characteristics. It was he who called the merchants of the "Dark Kingdom" in the "Thunderstorm" play.

If you trace how the merchants and related social reservoirs were displayed for decades, then the full picture of degradation and decline. In the "inexpensive" spacecraft shown by limited people, in the "grief from the mind" of Famusov - frozen sculptures that refuse to live honestly. All these images are predecessors of Kabani and Wild. It is on these two characters and keeps the "Dark Kingdom" in the drama "Thunderstorm".

The author introduces us with the nravami and the orders of the city from the first lines of the play: "Brutal morals, sir, in our city, cruel!" In one of the dialogues between residents, the theme of violence is rising: "Who has money, sir, he tries to rolling down the poor ... And among themselves, then the sir, as they live! ... Enjoy each other." No matter how much people hid what is happening inside families, the rest and so everything is known. Kuligin says that God here has long been to pray for a long time. All doors are locked, "so that people do not see how ... their home eaten and the family is tyranny." For locks - debauchery and drunkenness. Kabanov walks to drink to the wilderness, wildly practically in all scenes appears drunk, Kabaniha is also not averse to miss a glass - another in the company Savla Prokofievich.

All the world in which the inhabitants of the fictional city of Kalinova live, pursuant to false and scam. Power over the "Dark Kingdom" belongs to self-director and deceivers. Residents are so accustomed to the impassive to get to the more rich people that such a lifestyle is for them the norm. To the wilderness often come to ask for money, while knowing that he humiliates them, but will not give the desired amount. Most of the negative emotions in the merchant causes a native nephew. Not even because Boris flashes a wilderness to get money, but because the wilderness himself does not want to part with the resulting inheritance. The main features are rudeness and greed. Wild believes that since he has a large amount of money, it means that others must obey him, fear him and at the same time respect.

Kabaniha totals for preserving the patriarchal system. She is a real tyrant, able to drive away anyone who she does not like. Marfa Ignatievna, hiding behind the fact that he worshiped old orders, in fact, destroys the family. Her son, Tikhon, glad to go as far as possible, just not to hear the orders of the mother, his daughter does not put the opinion of the Kabani, lying on her, and at the end of the play just runs away with Kudryash. Most of all went to Katerina. The mother-in-law openly hated the daughter-in-law, controlled each of its action, was dissatisfied with any little things. The most indicative is the scene of farewell to the tiphone. Kabaniha was offended by the fact that Katya hugged her husband for farewell. After all, she is a woman, but, it means, should always be below the man. The wives of his wife - to rush to her husband and sob, praying for a quick return. Kate does not like this point of view, but it is forced to conquer the will of the mother-in-law.

Dobrolyubov calls Katya "Light Light in the Dark Kingdom", which is also very symbolic. First, Katya is different from the inhabitants of the city. She, although he was brought up according to the old laws, the preservation of which Kabaniha often speaks, has another idea of \u200b\u200blife. Katya Good and Clea. She wants to help the poor, wants to go to church, do household chores, raise children. But in such an atmosphere it seems impossible because of one simple fact: in the "Dark Kingdom" in "Thunderstorm" it is impossible to gain inner calm. People constantly go in fear, drink, lgut, change each other, trying to hide the unsightly sides of life. In such an atmosphere it is impossible to be honest with others, honest before himself. Secondly, one ray is not enough to illuminate the "kingdom". Light, according to the laws of physics, should be reflected from any surface. It is also known that the black color has the ability to absorb other colors. Such laws are applicable to the situation with the main heroine of the play. Katerina does not see in other things that there is in it. Neither the inhabitants of the city nor Boris, "decently educated person, could not understand the reason for the internal conflict of Kati. After all, even Boris is afraid of public opinion, it is dependent on the wild and possibility of obtaining inheritance. He is also associated with a chain of deception and lies, because Boris supports the idea of \u200b\u200bBarbara to deceive Tikhon to maintain a secret relationship with Katya. Apply here and the second law. In the "thunderstorm" of the Ostrovsky "Dark Kingdom" so all-consuming that it is impossible to find out of it. It eats Katerina, causing to take on one of the terrible sins from the point of view of Christianity - suicide. "Dark Kingdom" does not leave another choice. It will find it anywhere, even if Katya escaped with Boris, even if he left her husband. No wonder Ostrovsky tolerates the action in the fictional city. The author wanted to show the typical situation: such a situation was characteristic of all cities of Russia. But only Russia?

Are conclusions so disappointing? The power of self-made little by little begins to weak. It feels Kabaniha and Wild. They feel that they will soon take their place other people, new ones. Such as Katya. Honest and open. And, perhaps, it is in them those old customs, who diligently defended Marfa Ignatievna. Dobrolyubov wrote that the finals of the plays need to be considered in a positive vein. "We are glad to see the getting rid of Katerina - at least through death, if it is impossible otherwise. To live in the "Dark Kingdom" worse death. " This is confirmed by the word Tikhon, which is first openly opposed not only the mother, but also in the order of the city. "This exclamation ends with a play, and it seems to us that nothing could not be invented more and truly such an end. Thikhon's words make the viewer think no longer about love intrigue, but about all this life, where alive envy the dead. "

The definition of the "Dark Kingdom" and the description of the images of its representatives will be useful to students of grades of grades when writing an essay on the topic "The Dark Kingdom in the play" Thunderstorm "Ostrovsky."

Test on the work

Year of writing:

1860

Time reading:

Description of the work:

In 1860, Nikolai Dobrolyubov wrote a critical article of the light of light in the dark kingdom, which became one of the first serious reviews on the play Alexander Ostrovsky called "Thunderstorm". The article published the magazine "Contemporary" in the same 1860.

We mention only one character of the play - Katerina, in which Dobrolyubov saw a decisive, solid, strong, which was so necessary to the Society for resistance to the autocratic system at the time and conduct of social reforms.

Below read the brief content of the article Light Light in the Dark Kingdom.

The article is devoted to the drama of Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". At the beginning of her Dobrolyubov writes that "Ostrovsky has a deep understanding of Russian life." Further, he exposes an article about the island of other critics, writes that they have a direct look at things. "

Then the Dobrolyubov compares the "thunderstorm" with dramatic canons: "The subject of the drama must certainly be an event where we see the struggle of passion and debt - with the accidents of the victory of passion or happy when the debt wins." Also in the drama there should be unity of action, and it should be written by a high literary language. "Thunderstorm" at the same time "does not satisfy the most significant goal of the drama - to inspire respect for moral debt and show the detrimental consequences of passion and passion. Katerina, this criminal, seems to us in the drama not only not in a fairly gloomy light, but even with the radiance of martyrdom. She says so well, suffer is so complaints, everything is so bad that you are armed against its oppressants and, thus, in her face justify the vice. Consequently, the drama does not fulfill its high destination. All the action goes sluggish and slowly, because it is cluttered with scenes and persons, completely unnecessary. Finally, the language, which the actors speak, surpasses any patience of good-apartment man. "

This comparison with the canon of Dobrolyubov is carried out in order to show that the approach to the work with a ready-made presentation that should be shown in it does not give a true understanding. "What to think about a person, who at the sight of a pretty woman begins to suddenly resonate that she is not like that of Venus Milos? The truth is not in dialectical intricacies, but in the lively truth, about what we argue. You can not say that people were evil in nature, and therefore cannot be taken for literary works of principles like the fact that, for example, vice always triumphs, and virtue is punished. "

"The writer has so far been granted a small role in this movement of mankind to the natural principle," writes Dobrolyov, after what Shakespeare recalls, who "moved the general consciousness of people into several steps, which no one was raised before him." Further, the author refers to other critical articles on the "thunderstorm", in particular, Apollo Grigorieva, who claims that the main merit of Ostrovsky is in his "nationality." "But what populists consists, G. Grigoriev does not explain, and therefore his replica seemed very fun to us."

Then Dobrolyubov comes to the definition of the Pieces of Ostrovsky as a whole as "places of life": "We want to say that he is in the foreground is always a common setting of life. He does not punish a villain or a victim. You see that their position dominates them, and you blame them only that they do not show enough energy in order to exit this position. And this is why we do not decide to consider it unnecessary and unnecessary those persons are Ostrovsky's Pieces that do not participate directly in the intrigue. From our point of view, these faces are needed as much for the play, as well as the main: they show us the situation in which the action takes place, draw a position that the meaning of the activities of the main characters of the play is determined. "

The "thunderstorm" is particularly visible the need for "unnecessary" persons (secondary and episodic characters). Dobrolyubov analyzes the replicas of fecles, Head, Wild, Kudryash, Kuligina, etc. The author analyzes the inner state of the heroes of the "Dark Kingdom": "Everything is somewhat restless, it's not good. In addition to them, not asking them, another life has grown, with other principles, and although it is also not visible good, but already sends bad vision to the dark arbitrariness of self-timers. And Kabanova very seriously upset the future of the old orders, with whom it has been outrown. She foresees the end of them, tries to support their importance, but it already feels that there is no previous respect for them and that with the first opportunity they will throw them. "

Then the author writes that the "thunderstorm" is "the most decisive work of Ostrovsky; Mutual relationships of self-employment were brought to the most tragic consequences; And with all that, most of those who read and seen this play agreed that there is even something refreshing and encouraging in the "thunderstorm". It is "something" and there is, in our opinion, the background of the play, which we specified and the detecting chance and the close end of the self-smuggling. Then the very character of Katerina, painted on this background, also blows new life on us, which opens to us in her deception itself. "

Next, Dobrolyubov analyzes the image of Katerina, perceiving it as a "step forward in all of our literature": "Russian life has reached the fact that he felt the need for people more active and energetic." The image of Katerina "is steadily faithful to the little natural truth and selfless in the sense that he is better than death than life with the principles that he disappeared. In this integrity and harmony of character is its strength. Wolly air and light, despite all the precautionary of the dying self-smuggling, break into the Katery Katerina, she rushes to a new life, at least I had to die in this impulse. What is her death? Anyway - she does not consider life and then stagnation, which fell to her share in the family of Kabanov. "

The author disaccues the motives of Katerina actions in detail: "Katerina does not belong to the rusty characters, dissatisfied, loving to destroy. On the contrary, this is the character of the advantage of creating, loving, perfect. That is why she tries to add everything in their imagination. The sense of love for a person, the need of gentle pleasures naturally opened in a young woman. " But it will not be a Tikhon Kabanov, who is too clogged to understand the nature of the emotions of Katerina: "I do not figure you out, Katya," he says to her, - I will not succeed with you, not something like caress, otherwise it's so We climb. " So ordinary spoiled nature is judged by the nature of strong and fresh. "

Dobrolyubov comes to the conclusion that in the image of Katerina Island embodied the great folk idea: "In other creations of our literature, strong characters are similar to fountains depending on the foreign mechanism. Katerina is like a big river: a flat bottom, good - she flows calmly, the stones met the bigges - she jumps through them, the cliff - the cascade is pierced, it will be strained - she rages and breaks in another place. Not therefore, she will be burst, so that the water suddenly wanted to hang or get angry with obstacles, and simply because it is necessary for the fulfillment of its natural requirements for further flow. "

Analyzing the actions of Katerina, the author writes about what the escape of Katerina and Boris considers it possible as the best solution. Katerina is ready to run, but here another problem floats - the material dependence of Boris from his uncle wild. "We told above a few words about Tikhon; Boris is the same, in essence, only formed. "

At the end of the play "we are glad to see the deliverance of Katerina - at least through death, if it is impossible to otherwise. Live in the "dark kingdom" worse death. Tikhon, rushing to the corpse of his wife, pulled out of the water, shouts in selflessness: "Good to you, Katya! And I needed to live in the world. Yes, I suffer! "This exclamation ends with a play, and it seems to us that nothing could be invented more and truly such an end. Thikhon's words make the viewer think no longer about love intrigue, but about all this life, where alive envy the dead. "

In conclusion, Dobrolyubov appeals to readers of the article: "If our readers find that Russian life and Russian power are caused by the artist in the" thunderstorm "for a decisive thing, and if they feel the legality and importance of this case, then we are satisfied that our scientists say that and literary judges. "

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The critical article "Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom" was written by Nikolai Dobrolyubov in 1860 and at the same time published in the magazine "Contemporary".

Dobrolyubov reflects in her about dramatic standards, where "we see the struggle of passion and debt." A happy end, in his opinion, the drama has if the debt wins, and the unfortunate - if the passion. The critic notes that there is no time of time and high vocabulary in the island drama, which was the rule for the dram. "Thunderstorm" does not satisfy the main goal of the drama - respect the "moral debt", show the disadvantaged, the fatal "consequences of passion passion." Dobrolyubov notes that the reader involuntically justifies Katerina, and that is why the drama does not fulfill its goal.

The writer has a role in the movement of mankind. The critic leads an example of a high mission performed by Shakespeare: he was able to raise the morality of contemporaries. "Plays of Life" somewhat derogatory calls the works of Ostrovsky Dobrolyubs. The writer "Does not punish a villain or a victim", and this, according to criticism, makes the play hopelessly by household and landed. But the critic does not refuse them in "nation", half alamusing in this context with Apollo Grigoriev. It is the reflection of the aspirations of the people seems to be one of the strengths of the work.

Dobrolyubov continues to defeat criticism when analyzing the "unnecessary" heroes of the "Dark Kingdom": their inner world is limited within a small Mirka. There are in the work and villains described extremely grotesque. These are kabaniha and wild. However, unlike, for example, the characters of Shakespeare, their self-smuggling, although it is capable of destroying the life of a good person. Nevertheless, the "thunderstorm" is named the Drevoy "most decisive work" of the playwright, where Samodogo was brought to the "tragic consequences".

Supporter of revolutionary changes in the country, Dobrolyubov, gladly notices the signs of something "refreshing" and "encouraging". For him, the exit from the Dark Kingdom can only be as a result of the protest of the people against the self-homing of power. In the plays of Ostrovsky Critic, I saw this protest in the act of Katerina, for which to live in the "dark kingdom" worse death. Dobrolyubov saw in Katerina of the man who was required by the epoch: decisive, with a strong character and will of the spirit, albeit "weak and patient." Katerina, "creating, loving, perfect," is, according to the revolutionary Democrat of Dobrolyubov, the ideal prototypes of a person who is capable of protest and even more. Katerina is a bright person with a bright soul - called the critic "Light Light" in the world of dark people with their small passions.

(Tikhon falls on his knees in front of the boa)

Among them and the husband of Katerina Tikhon is "one of the many miserable types", which are as harmful as self-made ". Katerina runs away from him to Boris "more on deceivacy", from the "Needs of Love", to which it is not capable of taikhon because of its moral undevelopment. But Boris is by no means "not a hero." There is no exit for Katerina, can't her bright soul get out of the sticky darkness of the "Dark Kingdom".

The tragic ending of the play and the cry of unfortunate Tikhon, remaining, according to him, continue to "suffer,", "forcing the viewer - as the Dobrolyubs wrote - to think about the love intrigue, but about all the lives where the lively wonder the dead."

Nikolai Dobrolyubov puts the real task of its critical article to draw the reader to the thought that Russian life is shown by Ostrovsky in the "thunderstorm" in such angle in order to cause "a decisive thing." And this case is legally and important. In this case, as the critic notes, he will be pleased with "Whatever our scientists and literary judges say."

In the play among the dark personalities: liars, fitters and oppressors appear the appearance of pure Katerina.

The youth of the girl proceeded in a carefree, free temporary space. Mother loved her very much. I liked to attend the church. And I did not know that it was waiting for her ahead. Our young acts compares our young woman with the behavior of the free bird on the will.

Flying children's years. Gave the Katerina to marry, for not a loved one. She fell into someone else's environment. As if it was put in the cage. The husband does not have her voice to vote, can't stand up for his wife. When communicating with Varai, the heroine clarifies with a tongue not understandable to her sister. As if the sunlight penetrates the darkness of the vices and the "dark" people. I want her to rise high and fly. She fears between her desire to escape and duty in front of her husband.

There is a confrontation against the "darkness", rejection and not the desire to adjust the orders of the Kabani houses. Feeling protest against the oppressive life. She says that she is better to drown in the Volga, than to tolerate all the torment and humiliation of mother-in-law.

Boris met on her life path. She is not afraid of human pile. Our heroine is given to love without a rest and is ready to go beyond the beloved at least on the edge of the world. And Boris is afraid of responsibility and does not take her with him. She can't return to her old life. Fullying real love, rushes in the waters of the Volga. In her opinion, in the grave is better! And she leaves the cruel, false world. And dying thinks of love and trying to get rid of the hated life in someone else's house. The death of Katerina makes thinking about what is happening, and he first gives the mother's back. What surprises her. Like a light beam, our heroine has penetrated and opened his eyes. But, paid for this a huge price - equal life.

In a weak woman, Katerina lies a huge strength of character, thrust to freedom to get rid of the nest of the dark forces she is ready to give life. Flies, like a free bird and does not feel remorse. Remembers only that loves! The death of Katerina - getting freedom of soul and body. On her way, weak men come across and not wanting to put up with what is happening, it is exempt from bodily and spiritual flour. The body left the soul, but the desire to be free turned out to be higher fear before death.

Essay on the topic of Katerina - a ray of light in the dark kingdom

Ostrovsky in the play depicts the city of Kalinov, where "cruel morals" prevail. Residents of the city live according to their laws. The reader finds out these details from the Boris and Kuligin dialogue in the first action. In the first phenomenon of the same action, Ostrovsky gives the characteristics of the Kabani and Wild. The author shows that in the city of Kalinov, it is impossible to live honest labor, "and who has money, he tries to refuel poor." Wild "piercing man" swears at all in a row. The author gives him a speaking surname from the word "wild." And Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova does everything "under the guise of piety", that is, he does according to the law, to show. These people have money and feel permissiveness. Kabaniha and wildly shown, as the keepers of the traditions and the mains of the city.

Therefore, Ostrovsky creates its main character Katerinna, which cannot accept the laws of Kalinov. She alone lives correctly, so everything that happens around her oppresses. From the dialogue of Katerina and Barbara, the reader can find out that the heroine before marriage was free "exactly the bird on the will." She grew up in a family, where, where no one forced anyone to do, everything was natural. The life of Katerina in the parent house is the author to compare with the stands of the Kabani. The heroine can not accept this. The real belief of Katerina is compared with the faith of the Kabani, which does, all according to the law, whatever they say anything wrong.

The culmination of the work is the recognition of Katerina. Ostrovsky describes how, a woman says "confession" and in his fall. But the place of forgiveness, gets reproach and mockery from the mother-in-law. Unable to exist in this world, abandoned by beloved Boris, the author finds one faithful way for a heroine. "It is impossible to live," says Katerina, before committing suicide.

In conclusion, it can be said that Katerina is the only positive character of the play, so it can be called "the ray of light in the dark kingdom"

Thunderstorm Essay on the Plays of Ostrovsky Thunderstorm - Katerina Kabanova Light of Light in the Dark Kingdom

Option 3.

Ostrovsky as the author always in his works taking the topic of the human soul, its unique adaptability, and also those human vices and misconduct. In his works, he loved to show his reader to the characters who had bad features of character, in order to create a negative image that would contrast with the rest of the images, and would show the reader all the troubles, or the attractiveness of these the most images. He clearly and clearly showed the emotional and personal component of the soul that there was no doubt about their accuracy and reality. A good example of this image will serve Katerina from the work of "Thunderstorm".

The work of "thunderstorm" received its name, of course, not just like that. In the work, strong emotional experiences of the heroes, which are emphasized by strong and difficult to perceive themes, which the author placed in his work. In this work, the author shakes attention to the topics interesting for discussion with the reader, which, one way or another, is close to everyone, if only he is not a hermit. It raises the themes of human relationship, human character, the nature of the whole society and humanity as a whole. He also very much attention on human misconduct, speaking that even if a person has committed incredible nonsense, he can still be corrected. However, also in his works there are images that the author specifically idealized. An example of such an image will be the image of Katerina.

Katerina - no doubt the brightest image of all the characters of the work. It is not surprising, in itself the work is filled with a rather gloomy atmosphere, which oppresses the reader forcing him to plunge into the Surov of the real literary works of Ostrovsky. However, Katerina, even despite the unfriendly atmosphere around, still remains true to its principles, the faithful honor of human, and remains true to all human ideals. On the contrast with the rest of the characters, the work of Katerina is simply a real angel, sent to a very hard and dark world, which immediately rejects a person from himself with his most cruel and dark, even a mystical atmosphere. The author probably created the image of Katerina as a light island of good and positive in this dark unsightly world, in order to tell his reader, that even in such dark places there is good, though a small tolik, but there is.

Sample 4.

A.N. Ostrovsky wrote many interesting and instructive plays about merchants. One of the best was a "thunderstorm" play, written in 1860. The author often said that he writes his works exclusively on the basis of real events and facts, and that any of them could teach a person to show the bad parties to his further correction. That is why he wrote this play and presented her to the public. Immediately after the premiere, the dirt was harvested from the mouths of unreleased citizens as many people saw themselves in the images of the heroes of the play. But we should not forget that such a play can hurt not just bad people, but not completely smart.

In this product, the "Dark Kingdom" is described, where all residents are not at all the gift of thought. They do not understand what they live is completely wrong. And no one understands this: "neither self-director, nor their victims. The focus of the work turned out to be some Katerina. She fell into a difficult life situation after marriage. Before marrying, she lived in a merchant family who provided it very well, and she did not need it. But after marriage, she fell under the influence of mother-in-law and became a victim of her self-court. Being closed as if in a cage, she could not contact anyone with anyone who members of his family. The mother-in-law made her deeply believed man, from which she could not allow the recognition of his love for Boris, because of what was very sidewrd. The overall situation in the house where there were many mantoms and strangers telling various sorts of history, the closure of the lifestyle of Katerina did their job and she became a very closed man in themselves and did not communicate with anyone with anyone. In addition, it became very sensitive to everything. That is why when a terrible thunderstorm came, she began to sincerely pray, and when he saw a terrible picture on the wall, her nerves did not stand at all, and she admitted to her love to Boris. The key in this story is the fact that in the "Dark Kingdom" none of the residents knows freedom, and, therefore, does not know happiness. The revelation of Katerina in this case showed that a resident of the Dark Kingdom can open and make himself free from extra thoughts and fears of a person.

By his act, Katerina went against the system of the "Dark Kingdom" and gave rise to a bad attitude towards himself. Why there, in the "Dark Kingdom", any manifestation of independence and freedom of choice was considered mortal sin. That is why the story ends with the death of the main character, as it becomes not only lonely, but also suffers from the flour of conscience, since all those teachings and bad stories have not passed by her ears. She constantly torments himself and cannot find peace anywhere and never, since she does not escape from her thoughts.

You can endlessly condemn Katerina for its act, but at the same time it should be given due to its courage. After all, not everyone can do this in this way in the "Dark Kingdom" her death shook everyone that even her husband Tikhon began to accuse his mother in his wife's death. With his act, Katerina proved that even in the "Dark Kingdom" bright nature, making it a little lighter.

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