January 31st, 2015

In 1666, in The Hague, in Holland, to Gelving, the doctor of Prince Wilhelm Orange, was a stranger and showed him a substance that, according to him, could turn lead to gold. Gelvection is unnoticed by the scraper of several crumbs and spent experience. Nothing succeeded. Soon the guest returned, and Gelving asked him to give him a little more. The stranger fulfilled the request, but no longer returned. Gelving repeated experience and got gold ...

The word alchemy (Latelatinskoe Alchemia, Alchimia, Alchymia) goes back through the Arabic to the Greek Chemeia from Cheo - Lew, cast, which indicates the connection of alchemy with the art of smelting and casting metals. Another interpretation is from the Egyptian hieroglyph "HMI", meaning black (fertile) land, as opposed to fruitless sands.

This hieroglyph was marked by Egypt, a place where, perhaps, an alchemy emerged, which was often called "Egyptian art." For the first time, the term "alchemy" is found in the manuscript of Julia Firmick, astrologer of the 4th century.

The most important task of Alchemists was considered the transformation (transmutation) of non-denominated metals into noble (valuable), which actually concluded the main task of chemistry to the 16th century. This idea was based on the representations of the Greek philosophy that the material world consists of one or more "primary elements", which under certain conditions can move into each other.

The spread of alchemy falls on the 4th - 16th century, the development time is not only "speculative" alchemy, but also practical chemistry. There is no doubt that these two branches of knowledge influenced each other. The famous German Chemist Libih wrote about the alchemy that she "never was nothing else as chemistry."

Thus, alchemy refers to modern chemistry as astrology to astronomy. The task of medieval alchemists was the preparation of two mysterious substances, with the help of which it would be possible to achieve the desired refrigeration (transmutation) of metals.

The most important of these two drugs, which was supposed to have a property to turn into gold not only silver, but also such, for example, metals, like lead, mercury, etc., was called the name of the philosophical stone, a red lion, a great elixir (from Arab . Al-Ixir - Philosophical Stone).

He was also called the philosophical egg, red tincture, panacea and vital elixir. This tool was supposed to not only ennoble metals, but also to serve as a universal medicine; A solution of it, the so-called gold drink, had to heal all the diseases, rejuvenate the old body and lengthen life.

Another mysterious agent, which has already been minor in its properties, which was called the name of white lion, white tincture, had the ability to convert all non-financial metals into silver. Fearing that discoveries will fall into unworthy hands and will be used in evil, alchemists hid their secrets using secret symbols for recordings.

In Europe, alchemy appear only in the XII century. Western alchemists divided the views of Aristotle, who believed that the material world consists of primary matter in various forms. "Persisters" were elements - earth, air, fire and water, each of which was characterized by two qualities (of two pairs): Dry - wet and hot - cold. Therefore, the air (hot and wet) could be turned into a fire (hot and dry), just dried it.

The ratio of "primacy" and quality determined the form of an object. So, it was possible to turn one form of matter to another, changing the ratio of elements. This was achieved by repeated heating, burning, evaporation and distillation.

In the east, alchemy was associated with Taoism and the search for the elixir of immortality. There was a recognized existence of five elements: water, fire, wood, metal and lands - and two principles: Yin (female, passive, water) and yang (male, active, fiery). Alchemists have achieved success in obtaining alloys, and the distillation method marked the production of alcohol and spirits.

Our alchemists existed in Russia. In the XVII century, Alchemy was engaged in the monks-Old Believers of the Vygovskaya desert, located at Onega Lake. By the patronage of the founder of the desert, Andrei Denisov was translated into Russian, the labor of the famous Alchemist of the XIII century Raymond Lully "Great Art".

True, the Old Believers attracted not so much the possibility of obtaining a philosophical stone as "the Great Science of Kabbalistic, explaining the unity of Divine Creation. The book Lully was read in Moscow, and in St. Petersburg.

Alchemical tradition suggests that everything in the world consists of salt, mercury and sulfur (sacred triad). In this case, it is not about ordinary salts, sulfur and mercury, which can be bought in the store, and substances of "philosophical". Only learning to prepare them from affordable reagents, the alchemist could succeed.

The search for hints on the ways to obtain the sacred triads in treatises and the experiments were taken by the Alchemist dozens of years. It is not surprising that many adepts of the philosophical stone reported success, being deeply deep old people.

There are evidence that Count Saint-Germain could synthesize the pearls, able to increase their size and give them a beautiful damp. In the memoirs of the court lady, Madame Du Hosse described how the graph in her eyes corrected the defect (crack) on the pearl of Louis XV.

In this regard, the Count said that the pearl appears in the sink as a result of the disease and what he knows how to cause this disease. Modern science believes the formation of pearls with a sickness of mollusk - but at that time they did not know about it yet!

The reputation of madmen, ready for the sake of mythical gold, throw the last coin into the oven and mix everything that is used, alchemists acquired thanks to the Pafferms. So in the Middle Ages called people obsessed with thirst for gold. They did not spend time reading ancient manuscripts, and without tiredly experimented with mixtures of various substances: heated, dissolved and evaporated.

Often, such experiments ended in deplorable: explosions, fires or poisoning. For life, Paffer has been made by the manufacture of poisons and guidance.

Few people know that the Egyptian Tsarina Cleopatra engaged in Alchemy - tried to get gold artificially. Although it is considered the author of the manuscript "Chrysie", that is, "Zlatodelia", it is not mentioned anywhere how much she succeeded in this matter.

But it is known that some of the Egyptian alchemists were quite successfully mastered by this craft, and in 292 the Roman emperor Diocletian was even forced to publish a special decree on the burning of all manuscripts, which contained recipes for producing artificial gold and silver.

And this step is quite clear - because the overabundance of gold created a threat to the established turnover. Not to mention the fact that, accumulating a large amount of money, the Egyptians could well raise an uprising against the Romans.

Destroyed at different times not only books and manuscripts. Crowds of fanatics pursued and killed scientists. Only a few of them found shelter in Byzantium.

But "hermetic" (named so named God Hermes) Science did not die. In the 9th century, the Greek Library fell into the hands of Arabs, in which there were also a few surviving treatises for alchemy. The Arabs immediately appreciated the practical side of the exercise, and soon in Baghdad it was mastered to obtain alkalis, distillation of vegetable oils, crystallization and sublimation of many substances (it was from here to us came to all the well-known word "alcohol").

The idea of \u200b\u200b"treatment" - turning the ignoble, "patients", metals with the help of "medication" - the philosophical stone, to the higher: gold and silver. This task has become a guiding star of alchemists. With the light hand of the Arabs "Metal Metal" Alchemists began to count mercury - the only liquid
metal.

The vertical droplets of mercury, like the living, could slip through the fingers, and the AMALGAMA-covered (by the way, also the Arab word) - grated mercury products from copper became similar to silver.

In Europe, Alchemy was revived only in the XI century where there was a close contact with Arabs - in Spain and on Sicily Island. It was here for the first time that Arabic manuscripts began to translate into Latin. Here are the first alchemical schools. He began the golden age of secret science.

Friendship with alchemists - by scientists-encyclopedists, naturalists, healers and astrologers - they achieved influential venmes, they were accepted by monarchs. They were surrounded by students and followers. Even a certain code of behavior was established.

In one of the instructions it is said that the alchemist should be silent and no one to inform the results of his experiments. He should live away from people, in a house where there is a good laboratory. This recommendation was given: " Correct weather and clock for work. Be patient, ditched and hardy ... It's nice to be rich to acquire everything you need to work. "

The great scholars of the Middle Ages, such as Abu-Ali Ibn-Sina, more well-known as Avicenna, Francis Bacon, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, believed that, if the philosopher's church or mercury or mercury and the mixture was heated in small quantities, heated It will turn into gold.

This faith was so strong that the English King Heinrich VI appealed with the appeal to the people, in which the royal word was blocked that there would be enough gold in his laboratories to redeem all the mortgages of their subjects.

And Karl II, in order to increase capital, created an alchemical laboratory under his bedroom, not paying any attention to the fact that he was brought at night. Even in the later times, Isaac Newton conducted experiments on transmutation (transformation) of metals. And with the benefit for science: As a result of their experiments, he invented a special alloy for the mirrors of telescopes.

Rumors about the possibilities of owners of philosophical stone, which were warmed by reports on successful experiments, increased the glory of Alchemists, and for them all over Europe began a real hunt. Who will refuse the services of a magician manufacturing gold? And all sorts of stories about their art walked a lot. Here is some of them.

At the beginning of the XIV century, Eduardo's English king was able to get to his wisdom-artist Ramunda Lully, who promised the monarch to manufacture 60 thousand pounds of gold from mercury for the fact that he would send Armada ships for the sacred war against the wrong. Alchemist fulfilled his promise. From the resulting gold, coins with the image of the king and the inscription were explained: "Eduard, King of England and France."

But the king deceived Lully - she launched money not to fight Muslims, but at a more important campaign against the French. These coins called Nobley, and now can be seen on the stands of many museums ...

In 1675, the stories about the attributive life of alchemists at the courtyard of Emperor Leopold I reached the monk Wentsell Zapeler. He decided, kidding the philosopher's stone - a certain red powder from one of his fellows, change his closer in a dark hoist on a career at the courtyard. As the first demonstration of his ability, the monk promised the emperor to turn in front of all the copper vessel those present in gold.

With the help of a miraculous powder, inadmaking and theatrical gestures, he really made transmutation, which was confirmed by the Royal Jeweler. Alchemist and another trick managed - he successfully turned the ordinary Tin into gold. And in this case, coins were minted from the noble metal, on the back side of which the date of their release was - 1675 and the inscription: "I turned out of tin in the power of the power of the Wovenius Wenzier."

For these merits, a lucky alchemist was awarded the title of royal court chemamy, and in a year it was made in the knights and were appointed, obviously, with a great hope for the further growth of the treasury, the Oberreaster of the Mint of Bohemia.
However, not always the act of alchemists ended well. Rather, on the contrary. As a rule, the fate of "Cleells" is tragic.

In the X century, the name of the scientist and the alchemist, the Creator of the Treaty "Book of Secrets of Secrets", an arral scientist was widely known. (It was driven by a terrible secret, and now chemical reactions known to any student.) Demonstration of the transformation of silver in gold ended the deplorable - the precious metal did not work.

The angry Vladyka, absolutely not listening to the arguments of the alchemist, that there was some mistake in the experience and he can repeat him, headed with the doors. This was the protection of the signal to violence. The scholar cumshot cumshot on the poverty and oblivion.

As a rule, alchemists, waiting in deception, were executed as counterfeiters. Moreover, the execution was made in magnificent, on the gold-plated gallowing, and the doomeds were climbed into special balachon splashed.

To find another in 1590 in Munich, Alchemist Bragadino, who received large sums of money for his imaginary secret of the philosophical stone from the Venetian Diges and other great peace of this world. To raise his authority, he boasted that Satan his slave, and two dogs accompanying him everywhere - demons.

When his inability to make gold became apparent, he was executed, and the dogs were shot under the gallows. Seven years later, the same fate became George Gonauer in Württemberg, Kronhemann - in Prussia, Kelttenberg - in Poland, etc., etc.

If the alchemist was not surprised in deception, he was expected another prospect - imprisonment to prison for refusing to reveal the secret of the philosophical stone. In 1483, Louis von Neus died in the died in the died. For the same crime in the iron cell, a woman alchemik Maria Zieglery was burned down the order of the Duke of Luxembourg. This list can be continued and continued.

Those who wish to heat their hands at the spaces that thirs of rapid enrichment was quite a lot. And it is not surprising - any business that promuls benefits, turns the mass of charlatans. While scientists, thirsty of knowledge, spent the days and nights of the furnaces, studying chemical reactions, others were no less persistently searched for neighboring and not always honest ways to success.

Europe has flooded a crowd of scammers, whose fishing rod came across not only downtile, but even educated venomes and kings. Frequently gold alchemists turned out to be deceived - brass, Tompac or Bronze, although still Aristotle wrote that from copper, when he was heated with zinc or tin, gold-and yellow alloys are formed. "Not all that is gold that glitters."

There were craftsmen who received "silver" by adding arsenic to the copper melt. The main thing is that the ungoligated metal will acquire the desired color. In other cases, only the dexterity of the magician was required, so that the color is imperceptibly throwing a piece of gold into the melt. How to implement it - depended on the fantasy craftsman.

Some "Golden Kitchen Masters" preferred to use the melt with a hollow with a stick, inside which was hidden several pieces of gold, stuck them with wax. If the wand was wooden, then the bottom, the hollow part of it completely burned in the melt. In such a finely elegant way, the physic proof itself was destroyed earlier than anyone could have to consider the "magic wand" closer.

In his experiments, "golden masts" found extraordinary exemption. They used a twin-bottomed crucible, from which gold was poured, or coals with hidden in gold. Sometimes the gold dust was promoted - it was blown in the melt along with the air, inflated blower.

Thanks to various passing people from science in the XVI - XVII centuries, the glorified "hermetic science" began to tear to the sunset. Alchemists began to laugh over scientists. In 1526, a certain Atrippa vividly wrote to her friend:

"Glory to you, Lord, if there is a truth in this fairy tale, I'm rich ... My long-time friend got me the seeds of gold and planted them in the vessels with a long neck over my hearth, digs off in it not hotter than the heat of the sun. And, like a chicken, days and nights, the eggs are agitated by the eggs, and we support the heat in the oven, waiting for huge gold chickens from the vessels. If all, we will surpass Midasa for wealth or at least in the length of the ears ... "

In 1610, a comedy "Alchemik" was delivered in one of London theaters, in which the "proceeding centeller of the world" in the ridiculous balachon with long sleeves crawled out of the basement. Reed to the sky hand, he declared under laughter and whistle:

I now have to make a talisman,
My pearl creativity is a philosopher's stone ...
You still do not believe? In vain!
I will turn the whole metal here at night in Zlato.
And tomorrow morning behind the tin and lead
I will send my servants to the Ludiller!

Naturally, at the end of the comedy and Charlatan-Alchemist, and his priestly, who collected Tolstoshum, overtakes the deserved car.

The golden age of Alchemy ended. She died, surrounded by "inventors" of various "elixirs of immortality" and "Misteriums". On the last path she was accompanied by ridicule. A blow from which alchemy no longer recovered was Robert Boyl, who published the book "Chemist Skeptic" in 1661, in which he convincingly developed the doctrine of the transmutation of metals.

An alchemy's occupation was cursed by the Catholic Church and prohibited in England, France, in the territory of Venice. Moreover, as always, innocently sites and real scientists. So the French chemist was killed, Jean Barillo, who was executed only for studied the chemical properties of substances and had his own laboratory.

In the history of science, a new era began, who dropped the "hermetic science" ways. But the accumulated experience of Alchemists did not disappear. No wonder from the greatest minds of his time, Roger Bacon said so about Alchemy:

« This is ... Science of the product of things from elements and all inanimate objects, as elements and about simple and complex liquids; about ordinary and precious stones and marbles; about gold and other metals; about sacraments, salts and samphs; About Lazuri, Surikov and other paints; About the oils and combustible bitumens and infinitely many things, about which in the books of Aristotelian is not mentioned. "

Alchemical terms:

Hermetics , the religious and philosophical course of the Ellinism era, which combined elements of popular Greek philosophy, chaldean astrology, Persian magic, Egyptian alchemy. It is represented by a significant number of writings attributed to Hermes Triesmegist (the so-called "Hermetic Corps", 2-3 centuries).

In the expansion sense - the complex of the Occult Science (magic, astrology, alchemy). The tradition of hermetic was a continuation in the European Renaissance (M. Feichino, J. Pico della Mirandol), K. Agrippa, Paracelsa, influenced J. Bruno and I. Newton.

Elixir (from Arab. Al-Ixir is a philosopher's stone), a life elixir - in medieval alchemists a fantastic drink that extends life, preserving youth.

Gomunculus (Lat. Homunculus - man), according to the ideas of medieval alchemists, a creature, like a person who can be obtained artificially (in a test tube). Animalculists believed that the homunculus was a small man enclosed in a spermatozoa, and when entering the maternal body only increases in size.

Panacea , Alchemists have a medicine, allegedly healing from all diseases [by the name of the ancient Greek goddess Panakia (Panakeia - all-sewing)].

Imagine that you are a small pool. Crab placed in it. Water in it does not contain soluble calcium salts, so necessary to build their shells. It has only soluble magnesium salts. You personally have been convinced of this. Then you visited the basin several times with breaks, where they saw crabs grow. At the same time, express analyzes of magnesium content in the pool water were carried out on your eyes. They showed a gradual decrease in its content in the absence of calcium. And the crabs were growing, and their shells containing calcium increased. This is puzzling. It revealed that the crabs were in an extreme situation, and in the absence of calcium salts in the water of the pool, began to extract salts of magnesium from it, turn magnesium into calcium and continue to build their calcium salts. This is somehow not believed in it. Some abnormal phenomenon! Crabs were able to transform (transmutation) of one stable chemical element - to another, that is, the cold nuclear reaction is a cold thermalide.

This experiment in which you mentally participated in real reality spent in 1959 the French researcher Louis Kervran. He also noted that chickens, not receiving calcium salts in food and water consumed by them, carry eggs in the shell containing the aforementioned chemical element. In his opinion, the chickens turn potassium, which is a lot of oats in the foaming, in calcium. It turns out that the non-hatched chicken contains four times more calcium than it was in the egg, from which it appeared, with an almost unchanged shell weight. L. Jervran observed the growth of the Spanish moss on the copper wire in the absence of soil.

There were other naturalists that stood, in their opinion, the phenomena of transmuting stable chemical elements in the organic world. We call some of them. So the Hanover Baron Albrecht von Hercel in 1873 wrote the book "The origin of inorganic substances", which showed how plants can turn phosphorus in sulfur and magnesium in calcium. The Frenchman Pierre Berance in 1958 showed how the manganese disappearance and the appearance of iron occurs during the separation of seeds in a solution of manganese salts. On this occasion, he published an article in a scientific journal called "My Results is incredible."

The above experiments of L. Kopper and observation of other researchers with the relevant conclusions about transmutation were not perceived by the scientific public due to their unusualness, not fitted into the accepted scientific dogmas; There were doubts about the correctness of research. But over time, more and more observations and experiments, showing the reality of the transformation of some stable chemical elements to other representatives of the organic world. And the Japanese scientist Komaki Komaki in 1993 at the International Conference on Cold Nuclear Synthesis confirmed the accuracy of the previously reduced experiments of L. Kopper and the findings of them.

The person as an object of study on its possible ability to transform stable chemical elements remained without attention. And this is the great merit of the Novosibirsk scientist, Academician V.P.Kaznasheev, a convinced supporter of the manifestation of cold nuclear reactions - a cold terman, or as he calls - bioterman - in man and in other representatives of the organic world. V.P.Kaznasheev managed to establish that as a person agrees in its body, there is a conversion of severe stable neradoactive isotopes into the lungs, and with the separation of energy. It refers to the loss of carbon isotope 15 and the accumulation of carbon 12. The transformations and other elements in man were revealed. According to V.P.Kamesheev, in a living cell not only a macromolecular protein process (burning, oxidation), but also an unknown phenomenon of a cold biotermoye. According to research V.P.Kantaeva, certain bacteria are able to translate the manganese 54 in the Iron Isotope 55.

In this regard, the appearance of iron-manganese concrete (small spherical clusters of minerals) at the bottom of the seas and oceans is possible to turn manganese into iron in the bacterial environment of the bottom yel.

In publications there were attempts to explain the mechanism of transmutation of chemical elements. The opinion was expressed that in a living cell, the processes of cold nuclear synthesis are carried out by mitochondria, which are structurally separable formations in the cell responsible for its energy. It is noted that the mental activity of a person is associated with nuclear processes occurring in his brain. And these processes themselves are the character of triggers - trigger mechanisms that run all life functions flowing in the body.

A person is a system with a high level of self-organization. In this regard, it has all the data for the implementation under certain limits of self-regulation of the presence in its body the chemical elements necessary for its livelihoods and turns one of them to other by the need through cold nuclear reactions. This possibility seems to be real in the light of the foregoing of the foregoing, and in confirmation it is possible to bring such a fact. Scientists revealed that negros of one tribe in Africa in food and water used do not receive several chemical elements necessary for their livelihoods, but feel healthy, the number of mentioned components in their organs is not only persisted over time, but sometimes increases. It is possible with great accuracy to assume that the mechanism of transformation of some chemical elements into other in the human body will inevitably work in the process of adaptation to starvation, disease, the transfer of other stressful situations, adaptation to the living conditions in a certain geographical or climatic zone with all its specific features.

Low-energy nuclear reactions carried out during technical experiments, and cold thermalides in biological systems have their own specifics and differ from each other, but they have one commonality - the release of energy in the process of converting stable chemical elements exceeding the energy spent on their implementation. This fact is of fundamental importance for identifying new patterns of nuclear and internal interactions and the creation of the latest energy installations. The prospects for creative searches in the new scientific direction among physicists, chemists, biologists, physicians, agro-chemicals, soils, microbiologists and other specialists are outlined.

The ability of biological systems to carry out cold nuclear reactions - a cold thermal - can be recognized as an integral singularity of the living matter. This fact indicates a colossal and still mysterious strength of life capable of transforming some stable chemical elements to others. In this regard, such a question is appreciated: the above ability of organisms was attached to them by the Creator when creating peace or originated at a certain stage of the development of life on Earth. What exactly? How could this be implemented?

Modern knowledge of the person, his abilities and the possibilities of physiology and energy are comparable to the small Makushka Aisberg, towering over the water. And all the most complete knowledge of a person is a huge, hidden body, called the "secret wisdom of the human body," to which the doctor A. Zalmanov tried to touch the same name in his famous book.

In the context of modern rapid development of science and technology, it is necessary to observe how once rejected old gets recognition and acquires modern evils, and fantastic ideas become reality, and this process cannot be stopped.

Alchemy invades modern science

The last years of the past century was marked by success in the implementation of experimental low-energy nuclear reactions and cold nuclear synthesis, leading to the transformation of some stable chemical elements and the synthesis of others.

The first such experiments were held in 1922-28 in France by Professors Sorbonne Freundler and Spindler. But their results were not perceived by physicists of theorists. Later, similar experiments were conducted in the United States and other countries. In Russia, A.V. Bolotov, V.P.Alikin, A.V. Vyazov, I.V. Filmonenko. P.A. Korolkova, P.V.Nemann, N.D.Dusov, should be mentioned, proving the possibility of transforming stable chemical elements. But the results of the experimenters and the very idea of \u200b\u200btransmutation were rejected by authorities with the wording "this cannot be!" However, the problem under consideration attracted the attention of many scientists, and in the period from 1993 to 1998 five international symposia and conferences on cold nuclear synthesis and nuclei transmutation with lively discussions on the experiments conducted were held. The transformations of the elements were carried out in 1998. Fleiscman and Rons. In 1996 The second conference was held on low-energy nuclear reactions with the publication of the fundamental labor "Development of the technology of transformation of elements." In 1998 In the Canadian city of Vancuvur, the phenomena of transmutation of elements at low energies have been demonstrated. During the implementation of some electrolytic processes, the transformation of elements not explained by modern physical chemistry and electrochemistry was revealed.

Researchers managed to transform lead to gold through nuclear reactions to gold, but it turned out to be very expensive due to large energy consumption for its receipt.

But recently in several foreign research centers and in our country at the Kurchatov Institute under experimental conditions on small energies, gold was obtained by turning other stable chemical elements. It turned out to be quite competitive when compared with its natural analogue. Finally, the age-old dream of alchemists on the transmutation of the elements and the transformation of the ignorable metals into noble! The technology of flowing gold from other elements of the periodic system has not yet been developed, and the gold killers do not face unemployment. But in the near future, the gold mining industry may have serious problems.

A large experimental material has been accumulated on the transformation of stable chemical elements through nuclear reactions at the low-energy level. It can not be ignored.

In August 2000, the sixth international conference on the topic "Modern problems of natural science" was held in St. Petersburg. One of the participants is the Italian Physicist Monty Roberto A., Professor from Host made a report on low-energy nuclear reactions. At the end of his report, he stated: "The physics of the XXI century is the physics of nuclear reactions with low energy and the revival of alchemy."

The original article is on the site For footsteps

On the magazine "Man Without Borders"

Under alchemy understand the whole system of transformation of metals and the human spirit, existing in various systems. It must be said that alchemy was able to push the development of many modern sciences, mainly chemistry. Many scientists of the past were persistent in their work by researchers who were looking for hidden opportunities, including the Spirit in every inorganic chrice of matter.

Alchemy adapted not only a banal gold search, this science was fed by the ideas of Gnosticism, which formally before the start of the Renaissance was in oblivion. Karl Jung suggested that alchemical philosophy was actually a protopsychology aimed at achieving an individual of his individual. So the most famous alchemists were outstanding people of their time, smart and multifaceted. About these personalities and will be discussed below.

Albert Great (1193-1280). Master appeared in a rich family of graph background Bolshaya. Legends say that in childhood the success of Albert was rather modest. No one thought that in the future he would become one of the most prominent scientists. Explains such a transformation a miracle that happened to the young men. Albert's Dominicans entering the Order was Virgo Maria, who had a clear mind and succeed in philosophy. In that epoch of the endless wars, monasteries were a calm place where it was possible to engage in culture. Although Matcher Albert and belonged to the Dominicans, he received significant relaxation in compliance with the Charter. So that the scientist can do research, he was allowed to even enjoy their personal capital. After spending several years in Cologne, Albert moves to Paris. There, it is starting to lecture, which enjoys frantic success. Albert was not only a philosopher, it distinguishes versatility. Albert studied plants, minerals, animals. He left the work on inorganic chemistry, which was much ahead of time. Its name signed five alchemical treatises that have come down to our time. The most famous is so called - "On Alchemy". Albert's favorite student from 1244 becomes Thomas Akvinsky, which is present in the experiments upon receipt of gold. Alchemist attribute many miracles, tales were tales about him. At the end of his life, the scientist lost memory and locked in Monastic Ket. When Albert died, all Cologne dressed mourning clothes. In 1931, a scientist, a philosopher, alchemist and magician was officially canonized by Rome.

Arnoldo de Villena (1240-1311). The great scientist received an excellent education. He studied the classic sciences in the ex-en-provence, in Montpellier - medicine, then Sorbonne was. Among the close familiar Arnoldo, the English monk Roger Bacon, the author of the "Alchemy Mirrors", and Albert Great. It must be said that De Villena envied his Dominican Colleague, who had much more opportunities for experiments. Having graduated, Arnoldo traveled all over Europe, becoming a popular and cheap doctor. However, unusual methods and free conversations led to chasters by the church authorities. Strange medicines, amulets, hypnosis - all this indicated a connection with the unclean force. In medicine, the scientist used gold, as a universal medicine, not bending also to use the achievements of alchemy (mercury, salts, sulfur compounds). The life of De Villanov was different from religious alchemists, like Albert Great, Roger Bacon or Thomas Aquinas. Taught at the University of Paris, Arnoldo utters so bold speeches that the Inquisition was crushed. Speaking about Alchemy, it is worth noting that the scientist is considered one of those who really managed to create a philosopher's stone. This is indicated in his treatise "Great Rotations", however, there is no historical confirmation. Arnoldo argued that he managed to transform lead into gold. Already after the death of a scientist, the church decided to condemn it. Most of the writings of De Villena was burned, friendship with a pontiff did not help. It is not clear today, what kind of essays from those who have reached to us actually belong to Material.

Raymond Lulley (1235-1314). In addition to the official history of Alchemy, there is more reliable, oral, transmitted through the generation of adepts. Raymond Lully is considered one of the greatest alchemists of all time. The official story is challenged. The fact is that shortly before his death, in 1311 the scientist released something like autobiography, where he pointed out a list of all his works. Alchemical treatises were not found there. But for reasons of religious nature, Lully preferred not to advertise this side of his activities. The scientist was born in a rich family and devoted all his youth to love adventures. However, the next passion, showing his exposed to the disease, called for the ministry to Christ, who can give an eternal award. This, as well as mystical vision of a religious sense, so shocked Lully that he promised to devote his life to the ministry to the Lord. In 1289, the theologian for Alchemy joined Arnoldo de Villena. Legends say that in London, at the request of King Edward, the alchemist produced transmutation of metals by creating gold to six million pounds. The Franciscan monk traveled a lot, he learned Arabic, wrote works in physics and astrology. In addition to the activities of Alchemist, Lully did a lot to disseminate Christianity, founded a lot of educational institutions. It is said that the gold coins created by them exist so far, their name is Raymundini. Legends say that Alchemist could even get the elixir of immortality, but refused to accept him.

Vasily Valentin. It is believed that this pseudonym belonged to a certain monk from the Benedictine Monastery in German Erfurt. Valentine, no doubt, is among the most famous alchemists. True, they say that his texts actually belong to the whole group of authors. Nevertheless, its treatises are most often translated and reprinted. Also high valentine's authority as a scientist. His name is mentioned in connection with many chemical discoveries. Alchemist is also a rather mysterious person. With his life, Valentine was not published. According to legend in the middle of the XV century, after a few decades after the death of a scientist, one of the columns in the Erfurt Cathedral unexpectedly split. There they found alchemical treatises belonging to Benedictine, including the famous "twelve keys to philosophy". Nevertheless, the monk-scientist really existed. From his work, you can find out even some facts of Valentine's biography. In his youth, he visited England and Belgium, contemporaries remembered him as a great scientist in the field of medicine and natural sciences. Vasily Valentin was able to open antimony and clearly define the third alchemical element - salt. They wrote that the monk is much clearen the other souls of the metal, which he called sulfur, substances - salt and spirit - mercury. The famous Maxim Alchemist reads: "Penetration properly insension, and you will find the hidden stone, a true drug." The first letters of this saying in Latin make up the word "vigoros". Such a name Valentine gave a mystery salt and solvent used in his master's system. Many principles of Alchemist borrowed later and Paracels.

Paracels (1493-1541). This famous doctor is not less famous as an alchemist. He one of the first doctors began to consider the human body from the point of view of chemistry. Although many deny the role of paracetes, as an alchemist, nevertheless, some alchemical methods, the scientist used for drugs. Paracels was born in 1493 in Switzerland, his pseudonym consists of two parts. The Greek word "Para" means almost, and Celsis was a Roman physician of the V century, which, according to the scientist, inferior to him in mastery. Having received education in several universities, the doctor traveled in Europe, healing mainly due to natural funds. In 1527, Paracels received the title of Doctor and Professor of Medicine in Basel. There, he significantly burned the book of such authorities as Aristotle and Galen, whose ideas found outdated. Paracels fell safely in the tradition of tradition, working out its own techniques. He was helped by experience and mysticism. The scientist believed that magic could give a doctor more than all the books. Paracels a lot of time dedicated to the search for the philosophical stone, but it believed that he could not turn the metals in gold. Alchemist he was needed to give the elixir of immortality and prepare miraculous drugs. It must be said that such a point of view has become swivel from alchemy to chemistry. Paracelles alchemy is chemistry of life, science available to everyone. It is only necessary to take advantage of. A man endowed with mind can create something that nature would have left for many years. Paracels also predicted modern homeopathy. The current medicine is generally owned by this scientist. He openly ridiculed the theory, putting epileptics obsessed with the devil. The scientist himself declared that he was able to create a philosopher's stone and will live forever. But Paracels died at the age of 48, falling from height.

Nikola Flamel (1330-1418). France has always been famous for its alchemists, but this adept was the most famous. Flamel was born in the poor family, at a young age he went to Paris to become a writer. Marrying at the elderly woman, Nicola received capital and opened two workshops. Such a marriage allowed Flamel to enter the ranks of the shallow bourgeoisie. He decided to engage in trade books. By rewriting them, the Frenchman became interested in alchemical works. The beginning of the career served as a dream, in which the scribe came an angel and showed a book in which unscredited still secrets were hidden. Flamel himself in his work "Interpretation of hieroglyphic signs" told how an an ancient big book got to him. Nikola understood little then neither of the primary matter, nor about the method of obtaining philosophical stone. Flamel fulfilled the belief that he had to fulfill his prophetic dream. Nicola began to study the lyrics and figures, he also attracted his spouse to his secret session. The mystery of the primary matter Flamel got or thanks to the pilgrimage, whether the initiation and help of another alchemist. After three years later, according to a scientist in his basement, he was able to get a philosopher's stone, thanks to him, Mercury was turned into silver. Soon alchemist transmuts gold. Since 1382, Flamel has begun to guide fabulously. He buys at home and land plots, builds chapels and hospitals. The alchemist crushes money and is engaged in charity. Even the king of Karl VI learned about the unexpected wealth of Flamel, but with the help of bribes, the alchemist managed to convince everyone in his poverty. In 1418, the death of a rich artisan was recorded. But only his story is so simple. The traveler Paul Luke, who lived in the XVII century, heard from a certain Dervish that he knew the flames fields. Allegedly Alchemist, having learned the secret of the philosophical stone, discovered the secret of immortality. Distinguishing death, he and his wife began to travel around the world, moved in the end to India.

Bernardo, Dobryavo from Treviso (1406-1490). This alchemist deserves special mention among other adepts. This graph of a small Italian border state submitted to Venice began its works at 14. And the philosophical stone was found only in 82 years. Bernardo joined the mysterious alchemy his father who gave to study the old essays. Following the advice of precursors, the young graph spent several years and a bunch of money, but she did not achieve success. The first series of experiments took 15 years of life and most of the capital, and the success did not happen. Following the advisers of one official, Bernardo fell out the crystals of the philosophical stone. The poor alchemist tried many ways, applied to various treatises, but everything was in vain. By 46 years from the former wealth of the graph almost nothing left. For the next 8 years, he, together with the monk Joffroa de Levver, tried to allocate primary matter from chicken eggs. Failure, Bernardo began to travel around Europe, trying to find a true adept. Alchemist in search of the secret visited Palestine and Egypt. In 62, Bernardo was in Greek Rhodes, without money and friends, but in confidence that the randral is close. Alchemist even took money to continue the experiences with the next scientist who knew the secret of the philosophical stone. According to legends, before the death itself, the secret of Bernardo opened. He also managed to solve the secret of a serene life - it was necessary to simply be content with what you have. Bernardo works are full of allegories, they are understandable only to real alchemists-practitioners. Dobryak from Treviso was perfectly examined by the theory of the master's theory, which was granted to him by merit at the end of his life.

Denis Sherry (1510-1556). The real name of this adept remains unknown. He was born in Hydia in 1510 in a notable family. Having received an education in the castle of the parents, Zasher went to study philosophy in Bordeaux. His mentor was a certain alchemist, who has introduced a young curious person to this session. Instead of academic disciplines at the University of Zasher searched for transmutation recipes. Together with the mentor, he moved to the University of Bordeaux, allegedly for the exercise of the right. In fact, the couple tried to test his recipes in practice. The money from the future Adept has quickly ended, rushing literally into the pipe. At the age of 25, the Zasher returned home, but only in order to lay out his own property. With unsuccessful experiments, money quickly melted. After laying the property again, Zasher went to Paris. There, he was surprised to find about hundreds of practitioners of alchemists. For several years, the scientist spent alone, studying the works of the ancient philosophers. Finally, in 1550, the Sherry managed to get gold from mercury. Alchemist thanked the Lord and swore to use this gift solely in his glory. The custard soldered his property and distributed debts. He moved to Switzerland, and then to Germany, where he intended to lead a quiet calm life. However, the relative of the custody killed him in a dream, ranping with a young wife.

Edward Kelly (1555-1597). The real name of this British Talbot. Parents dreamed of seeing him by notary, which is why they sent to study the right and Staroangali language. However, the young man became interested in decoding the ancient manuscripts. Kelly learned to fake ancient letters, studying fraud. However, he was quickly caught, sentenced to exile and cut off the ears. Related Talbot decided to change his name. In Wales Kelly, unexpectedly found an ancient manuscript, which refers to the gold and transmutation of metals. The document was bought for snots together with the mysterious powder, which was in the box with paper. But Kelly, having studied the document, quickly realized that his insignificant knowledge in chemistry would not even disassemble the terms. Returning to the secret to London, Edward calls for the cooperation of his friend, John Di, the famous and so-old occultist. Having studied the powder, friends found that he was able to turn lead into gold! Di and Kelly entered the confidence of Pole Pole, continuing their experiences at his house in Krakow. The results were not, in 1585, alchemists moved to Prague. There, Kelly conducted a number of public transmutations that were overwhelming the city. He became the idols of the secular public, a welcome guest at the receptions. Even the emperor Maximilian II came under the charm of the wonderful powder, who made Kelly Marshal. Only here the Adept of Kelly himself did not, I use the old stocks, bought with the manuscript. Boasting brought closer. The emperor ordered the alchemist to produce several pounds of the magic powder when Kelly could not do this, he was put in prison. John Di's faithful friend, appealing to the Queen of England. When attempting to escape from the fortress Kelly fell and broke his legs and ribs. These damage have become fatal for him. Although the alchemist was not a real scientist, but was rather a dexterous fraudster, a lot of evidence of its wonderful transformations of metals in gold remained in history.

Alexander Seton. About this Scottish is a little known, until recently, his work was generally attributed to another, Michael Sendivoga. It was him a set of setting before death prevented a little powder, which he began to demonstrate, giving himself for the Adept of the cosmopolitan and the author of the Treaty "New Light of Chemistry". The first mention of it relate to the beginning of the XVII century. Sethon by then was already fully accomplished by alchemists. In 1602, he showed friends in Germany transmutation of an unknown metal into gold. It is unclear only where the grids have learned to their art. It is also worth noting his selflessness. Wherever he goes, promoting alchemy, his experiments ended with wonderful transformation. At the same time, the scientist himself took care of not about enrichment, but about the conviction of doubters. Created precious metals Setton even just distributed unbelievers. In those days, adepts changed the vector of their action. Their acts cease to be directed at themselves. Seton became a missionary of his science, which was then a rather dangerous occupation. Cosmopolitan traveled in Germany without issuing his real name. After all, the church, and greedy monarchs hunted. In the end, the young Kurfyust Saxony of Christians II, not satisfied with a small portion of the powder, ordered to grab the alchemist and demanded that he had to give the secret of the philosophical stone. Seton refused to do it. In Dresden, at that moment, the sendival was, who thus stunned to resolve him a date with a cosmopolitan. Alchemist promised to tell his secret in exchange for salvation. Sendivoga sold the property, bribed the soldiers and stole the scientist. Dying from the wounds received due to torture, Seton still refused to tell his secret. Sandyvogu got an alchemist's wife and a little powder, and later part of the fame. The projecture of Setton "New Light Alchemy" Sendivoga has already released from his own behalf.

Zefeld. About this alchemist who lived in France in the middle of the XVIII century, no one knew anything for a long time. Only in 1963, Vernar Yusson told the history of the befeld in his "alchemical studies". Alchemist wrote those people who could not be suspected in lies, besides, they received all the first hands. Zefeld was born in Austria in the second half of the XVIII century. From an early age, he became interested in alchemy and looking for a philosophical stone. His unsuccessful attempts caused a wave of ridicule, so the scientist had to leave the country. Zefeld returned to the country only after 10 years, settling in the small town of Roda. There he demonstrated his owner and his family as a sign of appreciation Tin transmutation in gold. Soon the whole city knew that they settled the real alchemist. A quiet life lasted for a long time - heated gendarmes from Vienna. In the capital, everyone noticed that Zefeld had a lot of gold. Alchemists accused of fraud and deception and sentenced to life imprisonment in the fortress. Over time, Emperor Franz I decided to pardon the scientist, but demanded that that he continued experiments exclusively for him alone. By proving their skills, the alchemist still ran away from Austria. He began to lead a wandering life, he was seen in Amsterdam and Galle. Over time, the zefeld as if dissolved in the air. It is not clear whether he was adept or a real alchemist. Perhaps during the years of wanderings, he simply met another master, who gave it a wonderful powder. Perhaps Zefeld repeated the fate of the Sendivoga - possessing the philosophical stone, and without learning it to create it.

Airen Filaret. This person is one of the most mysterious in history. He was born in England, alleged in 1612. This follows from the fact that when writing its main work in 1645, Philaret was not 33 years old. Early years, Filaret spent in North America, where she became close to the Pharmacist. In his presence, the alchemist carried out experiments by creating a lot of gold and silver. Alchemist looks like a cosmopolitan in that he broke into history, already possessing a full knowledge of the intimate mystery. In the book "Open entrance to the closed palace of the King", Philaret himself tells that she seeks to help those who have lost in the labyrinth of delusions. This work was designed to highlight the path to those who want it. Alchemik wanted to teach people to create pure gold, since the worship of this metal leads to vanity and luxury. The treatise was supposed to make gold and silver ordinary thing. They said that the alchemist demonstrated his talents to the most English king Karl I. At the same time, Philaret's powder had an amazing force. In 1666, the alchemist appeared in Amsterdam, having commissioned his work to Latin. At the same time, Philaret argued that he had so many philosophical stones that would be enough for the creation of 20 tons of gold. The end of the life of the alchemist is known even less than about its beginning. He just disappeared. Many are confident that Philaret has used the philosophical stone to create a drug of immortality. Even after that Arerey Filaret and Count Saint-Germain are the same person. And the treatise of Alchemist really appreciated even Isaac Newton himself, leaving many notes in the fields of the book.

1. Ablation (albitation)

Commissioning component with the removal of the upper part, sometimes dropping from the surface, and sometimes with a scabing using a pen or tissue. For example, removal of the film.

2. Albification (Albification)

Matterns in alchemical work white.

3. ablusion (ablusion)

Cleansing substance laundering with liquid.

4. Amalgamation (Amalgamation)

Compilation of amalgam or metal alloy with mercury. Also means any union of metals.

5. Ascension (Ascene)

When the active or thin part is asked in the bottle, usually under the action of heat.

6. Assation (Assation)

Return of the substance in dry ash roast.

7. Calcination (calcification)

The destruction of the substance of fiery heat and burning, usually in an open crucible.

8. Cementation (cementation)

Impact on the substance of layer-by-layer mixing with powdered (often caught) material, such as limestone, for example. This medicine for interaction is placed in the cementing furnace.

9. Ceration

Doing the substance of soft and fluid like wax. This is often performed by the lengthy addition of fluid and heating.

10. Cineration (Cineration)

Appeal to ash.

11. Circulation (circulation)

Cleansing the substance of circular distillation in pelican or closed distillation apparatus. Through heating, the liquid components are separated, condensed and lowered again to the substance in the vessel.

12. Coadunation (Coadunation)

Another name for coagulation.

13. Coagulation (Coagulation)

Converting a thin liquid into a solid mixture through some internal change, like coagulation of milk, for example. This can be carried out by different methods-adding substance, cooling il with heating.

14. Cockkey Cockkey (Cooking)

Cooking or heating of a substance at a moderately high temperature for a long period of time.

15. COHOBATION (COFTATION)

Frequent removal of the moist component of the substance heating. Often the wet component (or some other liquid) is added and the process continues.

16. Colliquation (Collection)

Connection or joint smelting of two fused substances

17. COLORATION (Color)

Staining the substance by adding a dye or color tincture. Staining may affect the whole body or surface layer.

18. ComboCtion (Combutia)

Burning an outdoor substance

19. Comminution (Communition)

The appeal of the substance into powder or grinding, or rubbing or rubbing through the sieve.

20. Composition (Composition)

Combining together two different substances.

21. Conception (Concept)

Marriage or Union of Female and Male Aspects Substance

22. Conconition (Concoction)

Cooking or heating of a mixture of substances at a moderately high temperature for a long period of time.

23. Congelation (Congliament)

The transformation of thin fluid substance into a condensed dense substance, often heating through.

24. Conglutination (Conglutination)

The appeal of the substance into the adhesive mass, often through Putrefacation.

25. Conjunction (conjunction)

The connection of the two opposite components is often considered as a union of male and female, thin and coarse, or even elements.

26. Contrition (Continge)

Appeal of the substance in powder only by fire.

27. Copulation

Connection or association of two opposite components, considered through the metaphor of the Union of Male and Women, or the Union of Fixed and Breaking.

28. Corrosion (corrosion)

Email with acid substance, alkali or other caustic material

29. Cribation (cryptation)

Transformation of the substance into powder by wiping through a sieve or holes.

30. Crystallization (crystallization)

The formation of crystals is usually from an aqueous solution of substance, or their gradual formation in a liquid or gradual evaporation.

31. Dealbation (Dealbation)

The formation of black and alchemical making black and white.

32. Decoction (decocry)

Digestion of substance in a vessel without adding any other material.

33. Decrepitation (Decreepitation)

Cracking and flushing on a piece of substance under the action of heat. For example, salt stone.

34. Deliquium (Deliction)

The circulation of solid in a liquid room into a wet room, due to the absorption of atmospheric moisture. Or the dear moisture with saturated fluids.

35. Descension (Discussion)

When the thin or active part of the substance is immersed on the bottom of the vessel, rather than rises in the form of steam.

36. Dessication (Assessication)

Distillation or removal of all moisture from the substance.

37. Detonation (detonation)

Explosive burning substances from heat, such as mixed substances with Selortion.

38. Digestion (Digesti)

Slow modification of the substance due to moderate heat.

39. Disintegration (Disintegration)

Destruction or separation of substance to various components.

40. Dispoliaration (Dispolaration)

Dissolution or transformation of a dead substance into a liquid.

41. DISSOCIATION (dissociation)

Destruction or decomposition of substance into components.

42. Dissolution (disncess)

Dissolution or conversion of substance into liquid.

43. DISTILATION (distillation, distillation)

Distillation. Separation of the flying component from the substance heating with subsequent cooling and condensation.

44. Divaporation (Divorporation)

Evaporation of dry vapors from a substance that can occur at different temperatures.

45. Division (separation)

Separation of substance on the elements.

46. \u200b\u200bEbullition (Ebullition)

Boiling produced through fermentation.

47. Edulceration (Edundceration)

Laundering salt substance until all salts are removed.

48. ELABORATION (ELLABRATION)

The general term for the separation process is clean from unclean, and the substance to perfection, which can be achieved by various means and processes.

49. Elevation (Elevation)

The construction of thin parts of the substance upwards, far from bodily residues, in the upper part of the vessel.

50. ELIXERATION (elixing)

The appeal of the substance in the elixir.

51. Evaporation (Evororation, evaporation)

Removal of the water heating of a substance moderate heating, or an extent in a dry place for a long time.

52. Exaltation (Exaltation)

The operation of which the substance is attributed to a cleaner and more perfect nature.

53. Exhalation (EXGATION)

Selection of gas or air from the substance.

54. Expression (expression)

Extraction of juices through the press.

55. Extraction (extraction)

Preparation of the finest and purest parts of the substance, usually soaking in alcohol. The extract can be separated from the residue.

56. Fermentation (fermentation, fermentation)

Fishing the substance, usually organic nature, often accompanied by the release of gas bubbles.

57. Filtration (filtering)

Process or removal of coarse parts of substance by passing through the filter, wool, fabric.

58. Fixation (fixation)

Making a flying constant, so that it keeps its properties on fire.

59. FOLIATION (FOLIATION)

Delating some substances layered, like the leaves on each other, layers. Typically, the heat is achieved ..

60. Fulmination (Fulmination)

Preparation of fulminata or explosive-unstable metal shape. Sometimes applied to spontaneous cases of explosions.

61. FUMIGATION (FUMIGATION)

Change of substance under the influence of caustic smoke.

62. FUSION (Fusion)

The compound of powdered substances together, or the transformation of the substance in a new form, by means of the highest degree of fire, often with the use of smelting fluxes.

63. Glutination (glitution)

Appeal of the substance in sticky, adhesive mass

64. Gradation (gradation)

The gradual cleansing of the substance, usually through the series of stages.

65. Granulation (Granulation)

Creating a substance in grain or powder. There are various tools for this, like that - rubbing, growing, thermal impact with a temperature drop and many others.

66. Grinding (grinding)

The appeal of the substance into powder through a mortar and pestle.

67. Humectation (Gumcomment)

The process that the substance is given humidity is usually not a direct addition of fluid, but the gradual process of absorption of humidity.

68. Ignition (Ignition)

Self-burning Substance by self-searmark in the crucible.

69. Imbibition (immibection)

The implementation of the process to the long and gradual addition of the desired substance.

70. Impactation (impaxtation)

When matterium, exposed to pulpitz, appeals to the similarity of black, thick and viscous resin.

71. Impregnation (Impregnation)

An alchemical process that some is compared with the pregnancy of the Date. Thus, impregnation follows from the union or copulation of male and female, and leads to the birth of a new substance.

72. Inceration (inceraction)

Bringing a substance into a soft wax state, usually a combination with water.

73. Incineration (incineration)

The appeal of the substance in the ascent is strong heat.

74. Incorporation (incorporation)

Mixed mixed bodies in a conglomerate mass.

75. INGRESSION (INGRESSION)

This happens when two substances are mixed in such a way that they cannot then be more disconnected.

76. INHUMATION (Ingumitation)

The burial underground is sometimes used to designate the process that the active substance in the dark earth is becoming the active substance. It is also used to designate the room of the vessel into manure.

77. Liquefaction (lyclvinger)

The circulation of the solid in liquid, usually melting or dissolution.

78. Lixiviation (Lixiviation)

Oxidation of sulfide ores through the exhibition of them on water and air. A cunery is formed.

79. Luting (madization)

Sealing the flasks with the help of lubrication or resin masses to achieve tightness ...

80. Maturation (Maturation)

The general term applied to identify the emergence of perfection in the work.

81. Melting (Melting)

Treatment of metal or substance into a liquid with the effect of heat.

82. Mortification (Mortification)

Here the substance is exposed to a kind of death, usually through PutreFack, and it seems that it will be destroyed and its active force is lost, but ultimately restored.

83. Multiplication (Multiplication)

The process of increasing the strength of the projection powder.

84. Precipitation (Precipient)

Deposition of the substance to the bottom of the vessel from the solution.

85. Preparation (Preparation)

The process by which extra substances are removed, and the necessary is added ..

86. Projection (Projection)

Adding an enzyme or tincture into a substance for producing transmutation effect.

87. Prolectation (Proletation)

The separation of the substance into a thin and larger part of the thinning or vacuum of thinner parts of the substance is rather than the degradation of the earth.

88. Pulverisation (pulverying)

Destruction of a substance to smaller fragments through repeated blows with a blunt tool, such as hammer, or sledgehammers.

89. Purgation (Purgation)

Purification of the substance by removing the coarse part.

90. Putrefaction (Putrefaction)

Rotation of substance, often under the influence of moderate long-term wet heat. For example, in manure. Typically, the matter becomes black.

91. Quinta Essentia (Quint Essence)

Creation of quintessence, or the most sublime and sophisticated form of a substance.

92. Rarefaction (Rarefaction)

Making substances extremely sophisticated or air.

93. Rectification (Rectification)

Cleansing matter through repeated distillations when the excitation is rehearsed again.

94. REITERATION (Reeaturation)

The repetition of the process is especially applicable to the cyclic distillation, in which distillate returns to the vessel, and the process continues a lot of cycles.

95. Resolution (Resolution)

This happens when substances that are mixed together become violently separated, being placed in solution. Thus, milk in this sense under the action of vinegar diverges. This process is similar to coagulation.

96. Restinction.

Here, the substance in the white slope is brought to improve, hardening in the fluid elevation.

97. RetroGradation (Retrogradation)

Return of metal to its primary disclosed and living condition.

98. REVERBERATION (Reverb)

Firing at high temperature in a reverbier (reflective) furnace.

99. REVIVIFICATION (Revision)

Return of the sorting matter back to life, or reactivation of it.

100. RUBIFICATION (RUBIFATION)

Formation of maternal maternity from white - red.

101. Segregation (segregation)

Separation of the composite substance on the part.

102. Separation (separation)

Doing two opposite components separated from each other. It is often alternate with the conjunction process.

103. Stratification (Stratification)

The operation by which the layers are produced in the substance in the flask.

104. Subduction (subduction)

Separation of extraction down from the fine part as when filtering.

105. Sublimation (sublimation, sublimation)

This is the name of the process when the solid under the action of heat goes into a vapor form without a liquid phase with subsequent condensation in solid form on the cold part of the vessel. Example Summer.

106. SUBTILATION (subtitle)

Separation of a thin part of the substance from coarse and heavy.

107. TRANSUDATION (TRANSUDATION)

This happens if the essence appears in drops during the descending distillation.

108. Trituration (trice)

The appeal of the substance into powder, not necessarily grinding, but the use of heat.

109. VITRIFICATION (vitrification)

Making the substance of vitreous at the expense of the strongest heat and sometimes added limestone.

The occult sciences, no doubt, can be attributed to the alchemy. Initially, it was based on all the same desire to command the invisible perfumes, which we saw in Shaman's practice. But with time, alchemy gained an even more pragmatic and concrete goal - the conversion of low metals into gold by means of a catalyst called philosophical stone (Lapis Philosophhorum).

Many interesting hypotheses were proposed regarding the origin of alchemy. One of them believes that alchemy was opened to people with the mysterious Egyptian demigod Hermest Trismegist. This elevated personality, appearing through the fog, carrying the immortal emerald in his hands, according to the ancient Egyptians, was the author of all sciences and arts. In honor of him, all scientific knowledge is collectively referred to as hermetic arts. When the body of Hermes was betrayed by the Earth in the Goebra Valley, the divine emerald was buried with him. Through many centuries, the emerald was excavated; According to one version, this was done by the Arabian wise men, on the other - Alexander Macedonsky. With the help of the power inherent in this emerald, on which the mysterious letters of three times of the Great Hermes were engraved (only thirteen sentences), Alexander won the whole world famous then. No matter, however, however, he suffered in the end the collapse.

Alchemy flourished in Egypt from the earliest times, and they say that Solomon was doing it. Her golden age began with the conquests of Arabs in Asia and Africa. Light-terrain sraces familiar with the stories about the talismans and heavenly influences, hotly believed the wonders of Alchemy. With the magnificent courtyards of Almanzor and Garun-Al-Rashid, a professor of hermetic science found patronage, students and remuneration.

For a long time, Alchemy remained truly secret teaching, until the XI century, the only well-known general public was Arabian Geber, whose own name Abu-Muza-Jafar, nicknamed El Sophie. His attempts to turn non-denominated metals in gold led to different discoveries in chemistry and medicine. He was also famous astronomer, but reached our time as the creator of the language known as the "Tarabarshchina".

Crusaders brought alchemy to Europe, and near the XIII century Albert Great, Roger Bacon and Reimond Lully resurrected her. Heinrich VI, King English, invited Lords, nobles, doctors, professors and priests to engage in the search for philosophical stone.

The first and most famous Alchemist of Europe was Albert von Big (Great). He was born in 1206 and died aged 74 years. They say that he was "great in magic, Silen in philosophy and unsurpassed in theology."

Albert Great consisted by a member of the Dominican Order and was the tutor of the Foma Aquinas in Alchemy and Philosophy. It is known that Albert Great was a bishop of Regensburg, and he was counted for the face of blessed in 1622. Albert was an Aristothetian in philosophy, an astrologer and a large connoisseur of medicine and physics. In his youth, he was considered a wellow (!), But his sincere faith was rewarded by a vision in which the impermanent Virgin Mary appeared in front of him and gave him great philosophical and intellectual abilities.

Becoming the master of the Magic Sciences, Albert began to design a curious machine, which he endowed the ability to speech and thinking. Android, as his creator called him, was made of metal and an unknown substance chosen according to the "Treating Stars", and endowed with spiritual qualities through magical formulas and spells. This work took the whole thirty years. According to the legend of Thomas Akvinsky, considering this mechanism of the devilish, broke it, thereby destroying the work of Albert's work. Despite this, Albert left his own alchemical formulas, including the secret of the philosophical stone.

The next wonderful person, who believed seemed to owned the philosophical stone, was Paracels, whose name was Philippe Alelll Theofrast Paracelsus Bombaster from Gogenheim and whom followers called "Prince of Doctors, Fire Philosopher, a Swiss Trismegist, the transducer of alchemical philosophy, a true secretary of nature, owner of a life elixir and philosophical stone, great monarch of chemical secrets. "

The generally accepted date of birth of Paracella is considered to be December 17, 1493. He was the only child in the family. His mother and father were interested in medicine and chemistry. His father was a doctor, and the mother was led by the hospital. While still young, Paracels is strongly interested in the writings of Isaac Dutchman and decided to reform the medical science of his time.

Twenty-year-old young men, he went on travel, which lasted twelve years. He visited many European countries, including Russia. It is likely that he penetrates even in Asia. In Constantinople, the Arabic sages were trusted by the secrets of hermetic arts. Knowledge of natural spirits and inhabitants of invisible worlds, he probably received from Indian Bramins, with whom he was in contact either directly or through their disciples. He became a militaryherak, and his ability brought him enormous fame.

Upon returning to Germany, Paracels began the reformation of medicine. At every step, he met resistance and exposed to the most severe criticism. His unbridled temperament and bright personal qualities undoubtedly brought many attacks on him, which he could easily avoid, be at least a little careful. He sharply criticized the pharmacists for the fact that those incorrectly prepare medicines and do not take into account the needs of their patients, caring only about their income.

The wonderful success of Paracellas on a medical field made his enemies hate him even more, because they could not repeat wonders doing them. His treatment systems for those times seemed so heretical, which is slow, but correctly his opponents pushed Paracels with an observed place and forced to seek refuge in the new, where he was not known.

Regarding the personality of Paracels, there are many contradictory rumors. Undoubtedly, he was hotbed. He hated doctors and women. As far as is known, he never had love hobbies. The elimination that he was attributed to, had a lot of trouble on him. They said that even at the time when he was a professor in Basel, his few saw him sober.

The circumstances of the death of Paracelles are unclear, but the most believable version is this: he died in a fight with the murderers hired by his enemies who wanted to get rid of his opponent.

It is said that the teacher of Paracels was a mysterious alchemist named Solomon Trisozozin. Nothing is practically known about him, except that after many years of wanderings and search, he found the formula for the conversion of metals and made a huge amount of gold. The manuscript of this author, dated 1582 and called the "magnificent sun," is located in the British Museum. According to rumors, Trisozozin lived for 150 years due to its alchemical knowledge. A very remarkable statement appears in its work "Alchemical wandering", where he talks about the search for the philosophical stone:

"Explore what you can, and what you can, is part of what you know, and this is what you really know how. What is outside you, also inside you."

This principle is the fundamental dogma of Alchemy. God is "inside" and "outside" of all things. He manifests itself through an increase directed from the inside to the outside, through the struggle for the expression and manifestation. Growth and multiplication of gold is not a big miracle than growing from a small bush seed, thousands of times the greater this seed. If this can happen to the seed of the plant, then why it can not happen to the seed of gold, if "put it in the ground" (in the main metals) and "feed" according to secret alchemical recipes?

Alchemy teaches that God in everything that he is a universal spirit, manifested in an infinite set of forms. God is the spiritual seed, planted in the dark land (material universe). Through the art of Alchemy, it is possible to grow and multiply this seed so that the whole of the universal substance will be impregnated with them and will become, like a golden seed, pure gold. In the spiritual nature of a person, this is called "revival", in the material body of the elements this is called "transformation".

Each sandbank on the ideas of alchemists contains not only seeds of precious metals and seeds of precious stones, but also the seeds of the sun, the moon and stars. In the same way as the nature of a person reflects the whole universe in miniature and every sand, each drop of water, each particle of cosmic dust is hidden in all parts and elements of space in the form of small embryos - so small that even the most powerful microscope cannot recognize them . Thrillions of times smaller than ions or electrons, these seeds, unrecognizable and incomprehensible, expect their time to manifest and start growing.

There are two methods by which their growth can be ensured. The first is nature, because nature is an alchemist reaching the apparent impossible. The second is art, and through art, the result is achieved for a relatively short time, while the nature is required for this, it takes endless time.

The true sage will agree on its activities with the laws of nature, realizing that the art of alchemy is simply copied by nature, but with the help of some secrets of the formula is largely shortened, and the process is intensified. Through this art, the seed, which is located inside the soul of a stone, can grow so quickly that in a few moments the granite stone can turn into a large diamond. Since the seed is in all things, the diamond can be raised from any substance in the universe. Of some substances, however, this miracle is much easier, because in them the embryos of diamonds have long been fertilized and thus more prepared for the reviving art process.

Alchemy, therefore, can be considered the art of increasing and bringing into the perfect state of existing processes. Nature can exercise the goal or not. But with the help of true art, nature always reaches its goals, because this art is not subject to empty time or vandalism of spontaneous reactions.

In his book "History of Chemistry", James Brown formulates the goals who wanted to achieve alchemists of the Middle Ages:

"Thus, it was the common goal of alchemists - to perform in the laboratory, as far as possible, the processes over which nature worked inside the ground. Seven main problems occupied their attention:

1. Preparation of a complex substance called elixir, universal medicine or philosophical stone, which has a property of transformation of basic metals in gold and silver ...

2. Creating a homunculus, or a living being, which described a lot of delicious, but implausible stories.

3. Cooking a universal solvent that would dissolve any substance ...

4. Palhinghenesis, or recovery of plants from ash. If they succeeded in this, they would have hope to revive the dead.

5. Cooking Spiritus Mundi, a mystical substance with many properties, the main of which was the ability to dissolve gold.

6. Extracting quintessence, or active primary source of all substances.

7. Cooking Aurum Potabile, liquid gold, perfect means for cure, because gold committed in itself can produce a perfect impact on human nature. "

The fact that alchemy is based on its only slightly refined shamanism is confirmed by the cosmogonia of alchemists known to us primarily on the writings of Paracelsa.

According to the paracetress, each of the four primary elements known to the ancient (earth, fire, air and water) consists of a thin gaseous element and a rough bodily substance. Air, therefore, dual in nature is a tangible atmosphere and an intangible volatile substance that can be called "spiritual air". Fire is visible and invisible, distinguishable and indistinguishable. Water is understood as consisting of a dense fluid and the potential essence of liquid nature. The land also has two essential parts, the lowest of which is fixed, earthly, and the highest - extended, mobile and virtual. The general term * Elements * We will apply to the lower, or physical, phases of these four primary elements, and the term natural essences (Elemental Essenses, * elemental *) - to their invisible spiritual components. Minerals, plants, animals and people live in a world consisting of the coarse side of these four elements, and live organisms consist of different combinations.

Salamander (from the book of paracetes "Interpretation of 30 magic figures")

Just as the visible nature is inhabited by an innumerable amount of living beings and an invisible, the spiritual analogue of the visible nature is inhabitants of the bizarre beings. Paracelsus divided them into four groups, which are named by Gnomes, Undines, Sylves and Salamandra. He taught that they are in fact alive creatures, in many respects resembling human beings and inhabiting their own world, unknown to people by virtue of the underdevelopment of their feelings, unable to penetrate the world of coarse elements.

Paracels writes:

"They live in four elements: Nymphs - in the water element, air bellows, airframes - land and salamander - fire. They are also called Undines, Sylvesters, Dwarves, Volcanoes, etc. Each type is moving only in the element to which he Belongs and which for him is the same as the air for us or water for fish, and none of them can live in an element belonging to the other appearance.

Each natural spirit, the corresponding element is transparent, invisible and suitable for breathing, like our atmosphere. "

The medical technique used by alchemists, which also reminds the shamanic experience, follows from the above-described cosmogony.

The conviction is that all causes of disease occur from the invisible nature of a person, there is a fundamental principle of hermetic medicine, which he tried to introduce into a wide use of Paracels.

According to his calculations, the ether shadow shell of a person does not fall apart after death, but remains until there is a completely physical form. These "essential twins" are often visible on the graves and are the foundation of faith in perfume. Being much thinner in his substance, rather than the earth's bodies, the ether twin is much more pronounced impulses. The mess in this astral body is the cause of many diseases. Paracels taught that a person with a painful mind can poison his own essential nature, and this infection, disturbing the natural current of vitality, will later appear as a physical disease. Paracels, counting the disorder of the etheric double the most important cause of the disease, "I was looking for ways to harmonize its substance, bringing contact with other bodies whose vital energy could provide the necessary elements and was strong enough to overcome the disease existing in the aura of the suffering. As soon as the invisible is eliminated The reason, the concern quickly passes "(Mainie P. Hall. Encyclopedic presentation of the Masonic, hermetic, Kabbalistic and Rosencraisor symbolic philosophy. - Novosibirsk: to" Science ", Siberian Publishing Company, 1993).

According to paracetants, the plants purify the atmosphere by taking into account carbon monoxide, exhaled by animals and people, but the same plants can take away from people and animal diseases. Those lower forms of life, the organisms and the needs of which are different from human, are able to assimilate these substances without harm. Sometimes plants or animals die, sacrificing themselves for more reasonable and, therefore, more useful creatures that survive. Paracels argued that in any of these cases, the patient gradually recover.

From the time of immortal Hermes, Alchemists argued that they could get gold from tin, silver, lead and mercury. Emperors, to know, priests and commoners became witnesses of the "miracle" of the transformation of metals. Since alchemists really worked with chemical compounds, it is not surprising that the most talented of them managed already in the Middle Ages to implement and describe chemical processes, moved a lot later - in the Epoch of Enlightenment and HTR. Many alchemicals and hermetic philosophers occupy an honorable place in the Hall of Fame History of Science, and we cannot deny them achievements. However, the alchemy itself was forever torn off by a huge number of magicians and charlatans, who have impaired themselves by carriers of secret knowledge, which was inherited from previous generations.

At first glance, the story of Alchemy is straight-in-laws in an inexplicable (or difficult) wonders. At one time, Dr. Franz Hartman gathered "convincing evidence" that at least four of the well-known alchemists really "turned the metals in gold" and did not make it one more.

Consider these examples in turn and try to find out what actually stood for the experiments on the transformation of the elements.

In honor of the victory of the sea over the French in 1340, English King Edward III (reign from 1327 to 1377) commanded the special gold coins, which were called Nobli. Until 1360, Nobli retained a provocative inscription: "King of England and France". These coins, according to the approval of a number of authors, were made of gold produced by Raimundus Lullus.

Alchemist Raimonddus Lullus (Raymond Lulley) from Spain was born in 1235 in the town of Palma on the island of Mallorca, died in 1315th, according to other sources - no later than the 1333rd. I lived an extraordinary life. Another boy was close to the Aragonian yard, and later became the royal dignitary and an educator of the future ruler of Mallorca Jacob II. Up to thirty-two years, Lullus led the life of the Hard and Duelast. But then his life suddenly changed. He retired from the world, settling on the top of the mountain. At this time, he writes the theological and mathematical treatise "The Book of Contemplation". Lullus set himself the goal to give a logical proof of the truth of Christianity, thereby turning the faith into axiomatized "science".

King Edward was able to attract the worshiping alchemist to cooperate the promise to organize and head the crusade against the wrong - Turk; For this, Lullus pledged to produce 60.000 pounds (27 tons) of gold from mercury, tin and lead, which will be "better quality than gold from mines."

Raymontus was provided with premises in Tower, and, as the legend says, he fulfilled his promise, creating the required amount of gold, which was then turned into six million nobley.

However, the King Edward and did not think to go with a cross campaign on the wrong. Luxury rooms of Raimondus in Tower were an honorary prison. Alchemist soon felt how things really were. He proclaimed that Eduard is waiting for misfortunes and failures because of his weak faith. And slipped out of England.

It would be very easy to attribute this act alchemist Lullus to the area of \u200b\u200bthe Bassen, which most alchemical stories deserve truly. However, those nobli can now be seen in museums. They are made of high sample gold and were issued, probably in large quantities, for many calculations in those times were carried out by this coin. This is the more strikingly, the historians testify that England has practically no maritime trade in those days and did not possess either the colonies nor gold mines, but all imports usually paid for Tin. Of which sources, the King Edward flashed gold with which he was obviously able to cover the costs of the thirty-year war with France? ..

In the history of middle ages there are other riddles of this kind.

For example, a treasure was made, which left the Emperor Rudolf II after his death in 1612. In her inheritance, 84 cents of gold in the form of ingots and 60 silver centners were completely unexpectedly discovered. The mysterious fluid, which was in the same place, was found made from a philosophical stone. Rudolf II, which from 1576 as the German emperor had a residence in Prague, was famous for a large adherent of secret sciences. In those days, during his yard, astrologists, clairvifuses and alchemists crowded the motley turn. Therefore, for many, it seemed undoubted that the remaining gold and silver had an alchemical origin.

Rudolf II found numerous followers with German princely courtyards. One of them was the Saxon Kurfürst August, who his own person spent experiments with a philosophical stone in the laboratory - and, as they said, successfully. Its laboratory called people no other than the "gold house". She was equipped with them in the resident of Dresden himself, where professional alchemist Schvert worked on him. Kurfürst August wrote in 1577 Italian alchemist:

"I have already entered the course of the case that I can make three ounces of full gold from eight ounces of silver."

Leaving life, Augustus left a gold reserve at 17 million thalers - the amount for those times is significant. The whole world believed that Kurfürst found a recipe for the transformation of metals. His successors, including August II, called strongly sought this secret. As the Kurfürst of Saxony and the King of Poland in 1701 in the state dispute with the Prussian King Friedrich, I was taken away by his alchemist Johann Betger. The latter was held by the prisoner in Dresden, and later in the fortress Koenigstein, until he received something that the German princes was valued on the weight of gold. It was porcelain. Being appointed director of porcelain manufactory in Meissen, founded in 1710, BETGER remained, apparently, faithful to his inclinations to Alchemy. In the Dresden State Collection of Porcelain and today, the king of pure gold weighing about 170 grams, which Bentger received in 1713 allegedly by alchemical manipulations.

What is the true origin of all this gold?

Somehow, Johann Christians Wigleb, a historian with the formation of a pharmacist, asked himself such a question. We find an accurate answer in its "historical-critical study of alchemy or imaginary art of the manufacture of gold", which appeared in 1777. To refute the legend about the gold of Alchemists, Wigleb rummaged historical sources and found that the Golden Treasure of the Saxon Kurfürst is a very rationalistic explanation.

In the XV and XVI centuries, the development of silver ores in the Saxon Rudonal Mountains reached an unexpected heyday. Of the fruitful mines in Shneberg, Freiberg and Annaberg mined a large amount of silver. The tenth part (the so-called tithing) was supposed to belong to the ruler. The same number of Kurfürsh received from a mint for the privilege of coin chasing. Historically, it has been proven that in the period from 1471 to 1550, the Saxon Kurfürst was awarded only from Shnebergian silver mines more than 4 billion (!) Table.

During the reign of the Kurfürst of August, the silver abundance of rudonic mountains did not decrease. Therefore, according to Wigleb, "no longer a mystery, as August after a 33-year-old board and the same long-term operation of mines ... was able to leave 17 million thalers ... it can be wondering that he did not leave more."

By the way, Shnebergian pirargit contained considerable amounts of gold, which was also removed. Schvert, appointed by the court alchemist, had a special addiction to this silver ore and "transmuted" it until the gold began to sparkle in the melting crucible.

As for the gold of King Eduard III, it is historically reliably that he collected military contributions by increasing taxes and imposing debt obligations. Not embarrassed, he confiscated golden objects from churches and monasteries, imposing arrest even on the symbols of coronation ...

In its fundamental work "In the Pronas of the Temple of Wisdom," who infects the fantastic achievements of Alchemists, Franz Hartman writes:

"The most indisputable evidence of the transformation of basic metals, which can convince everyone, lies in Vienna. This is a medal of imperial treasures, and, they say, part of it, consisting of gold, was made by such alchemical means in the way healer. Which was subsequently dedicated to the Knights by the emperor. Leopold I and which the title of Vencestrate Ritter von Renburg was given.

Let's talk about this "most indisputable evidence." I retell on the book of Claus Gofman "Is it possible to make gold?".

Emperor Leopold I, ruled from 1658 to 1705, was considered a big patron saint of all alchemists. With his courtyard, alchemists were made by sensational experiments on the transformation of elements. Recently, scientists have broken their heads over them. The most exciting alchemical adventure is associated with the name of the monk of the Wentsell. Here is his story.

In 1675, Solva about the funny life of alchemists at the Vienna courtyard attracted this monk to the residence of the emperor. Life in the monastery, in Prague, bored him. Zailer himself was going to serve alchemy. One fellow he kidnapped a red powder, believing that this is a mysterious philosopher's stone.

The Emperor Leopold I was benevolently listened to everything that he was able to tell the monk. Being a patron of all the wandering craftsmen, he also sheltered the boss. The monk had to show his art in the secret laboratory of the emperor. It was a gloomy basement with narrow windows, which just missed daylight. Zaireler had to call all his composure to seem outwardly composed. After all, not only his career at the courtyard depended from the upcoming experiment, but the life itself. Court over deceivers was usually brief. Many of them ended their lives on the gallows painted with gravestone gold.

Zaireler told the emperor that he partly "paint", that is, turns the copper vessel in gold.

"Well, what, start!" - ordered the ruler quite graciously.

The monk began the ceremony, accompanying her theatrical gestures and mysterious words. The servant kept the copper bowl at the ready to place her on the fire. When she fused a hot, the master poured a pinch of a miraculous red powder. Mothering some spells, Zailer turned a copper vessel several times in the air and finally immersed it in a cooked Chan with cold water. Miracle happened! Everywhere, where the philosopher's stone came into contact with the copper of the bowl, the glitter of gold was visible.

The monk turned to the standing gone to the cloak of mercury. The keeler ordered the imaginary strengthening the fire, for how he annoyed himself, now he wanted to "paint the Mercury to Gold." For this purpose, he searched the red powder with wax and threw a fluid into a boiling liquid. Powed thick, caustic smoke. Almost instantly strong drilling in the crucible ceased. The melt hardened.

However, the monk stated that the fire was still not strong enough. With confident movement, he threw several coal into the melt. They burned with a sparkling flame. When Zailer ordered the servant to pour liquid melt into a flat bowl, it became clear that the content was significantly reduced. Something wonderful happened again. The frozen metal sparkled with a light glitter of gold, brightly reflecting the light of torches. The emperor ordered the emperor that the Gold's sample attributed to the Master, who expected in the next room.

Leopold I and courtiers were looking forward to what the sentence will be the sentence of the Master's Golden Affairs. Finally, the result was announced: the jeweler said that this was the cleanest gold, with which he had ever dealt!

The emperor did not bother to praise:

"Imagine us, do not hesitate, further evidence of your high art. Harvest gold, and we have spread you with Milosts!"

From the "artificial" gold Emperor Leopold I commanded the cuttings. On the one hand, its image is on them, on the other - the inscription placed around the date of 1675: "I turned out of tin in the power of the power of the healer's vessel powder." The test on these coins showed purity greater than gold in 23 carats. True, the critical contemporaries of Dukati seemed somewhat lightweight.

With great magnificity, the boss was assigned the title of "Royal Court Chemikus", and in September 1676 produced in Knights. In addition, Leopold I did not appoint him to the head of the mint of Bohemia without a distant sight. Probably, the emperor was calculated that due to the dealer's dexterity, Bohemian tin, will soon bring more revenues than Hungarian gold mines.

The recipe for the manufacture of philosophical stone was repeatedly described in numerous alchemical treatises, but in such a form that no one, and often, alchemist himself could not understand anything. Some of these "recipes" are relatively clear, such as, for example, wept for the manufacture of a philosophical stone in the "chemical arch" Basilius Valentinius. If some of the most important data in it and are encrypted with alchemical symbols, then their attenuation is still quite simple. There was described the manufacture of a chemical path of a blood-red liquid from mercury ore by dissolving the latter in tsarist vodka; The mixture was eventually heated for several months in a closed vessel - and the magic elixir was ready.

It should be noted here that in some details all alchemical recipes coincide. It is often indicated that the philosopher's stone is a bright red nonhygroscopic substance. Upon receipt of it from mercury and other components, the substance changes its color several times - from black to white, then to yellow and finally to the red. Professor Van Nimevenburg in 1963 took care of repeating numerous operations of alchemists. In one of the experiments, he really observed the described color changes. After the removal of all mercury, introduced on the sets of alchemists, as well as its salts by decomposition at high temperatures or the sublimation, he received a very beautiful red non-fragic substance. Sparkling prismalic crystals were a chemically pure silver chlororate. It is possible that this compound was the easiest philosophical stone, which, by virtue of the high content of gold in it (44%), could cause the desired transformation - say, surface gilding or fusion with illegory metals. It is clear that with the help of this compound it was impossible to put more than gold than it was contained.

Today it is impossible to establish whether the healer took the healer such as a chlororate type or he used some kind of sophisticated focus, so that under the critical gaze of Emperor Leopold I bring to the desired goal its experiments on the conversion of metals. However, the Zailer did another focus, which can be amazed today. In the assembly of medals and coins of the Museum of Art History in Vienna are stored medallion weighing more than 7 kilograms. Its diameter is about 40 centimeters, and in the content of gold, it corresponds to 2055 old Austrian dukat. On the art relief of the face, portraits of numerous ancestors of the Imperial House are visible. On the revolving side, Latin's inscription reports that in a year 1677, in the feast of St. Leopold, the vesselle was held "this true experience of the actual and complete transformation of metals".

In front of the emperor, before the gathered court, representatives of the clergy and know the Zailer turned the described silver medallion into gold. He lowered the medallion about three-quarters in various liquids, which, as it was vermin, prepared from the Great Elxira. After that, he will leave the medallion with a woolen handkerchief. When the sideline removed the handkerchief, all those present were literally blinded by the golden glitter of the medallion.

Today you can clearly see the border to which the alchemist lowered a medallion into a witch liquid: the upper, smaller, the segment of the medal remained silver; The lower part has gold color and is really gold, as experienced jewelers proved.

Despite such a successful demonstration, the career of the exercise as a court alchemist came to an end. He had to confess that she could no longer do gold. Perhaps he spent all his miraculous powder.

Historians believe that the Alchemist cost Emperor Leopold in 20 thousand Guldenov, the Zailer left a bunch of debts with various courtiers and civil servants, too easily believed in his art.

In the end, Leopold I deprived the unlucky craftsman of all his ranks and sent back to the monastery. However, Leopold was not opened against the boss of the trial, which would undoubtedly ended with the death on the gallows - on the contrary, the emperor silently paid all the debts of the alchemist.

The decisive cause of such an unusual behavior of the deceived Lord was, perhaps the very gold medallion, which for several centuries amazing us as evidence of true alchemical art. Scientists and specialists did everything possible to penetrate the secrets of explicit transmutation - in several places on the medallion, sample cuts are visible. Analyzes have steadily confirmed that the lower part of the medallion consists of gold.

It took 250 years before scientists managed to reveal the secret of an alchemical medallion. This happened in 1931, when two chemists from the Institute of Microanalysis of the University of Vienna, Swimmer and Rife, managed to break the museum's ban on taking new samples, assuring leadership that no more than 10 milligrams for each analysis are used.

Sensitive methods of microanalysis gave a striking result: the medallion has a completely homogeneous composition, namely: 43% of silver, 48% of gold, 1% copper and small amounts of tin, zinc and iron.

How did the Bauret manage to give a silver alloy such a shade that everyone accepted him for pure gold?

At the request of scientists, the Vienna Mint made an alloy of the same composition. Swimmer and Rafe immersed its samples in the most different acids and solutions of salts, until they opened the recipe for the healer. Cold, half-diluted nitric acid, which is well able to prepare medieval alchemists and used for the separation of gold and silver, reports the desired golden glitter in the silver alloys immersed in it! Currently, such etching, or "yellow boiling", refers to the most common work techniques of jewelers. The desired color of pure gold in 24 carats is achieved by treating various mineral acids.

The biographies of most alchemists were, as a rule, a chain of failures and disappointments.

At first it seemed that this did not apply to Frank Tausend, a subsecessary from Bavaria, however, he did not minimize the bowl of Sia.

Tausend left the craft of a tinsmith and tried his capabilities in various other "types of art." Following the musical inclination, he was looking for and found a varnish, which was supposed to give violins the sound of tools of old Italian masters. He tried to receive morphine from the cook salt, to produce a revolution in the processing of steel, sent drugs against Tly, Foxhir and an animal ulcers, as well as a hemostatic remedy. All these "secret means" he made in his "laboratory" on the site belonging to him in Obermenzing near Munich.

The crown of his chemical survey was the book, printed by him in 1922: "180 elements, their atomic weights and inclusion in a harmonious periodic system."

A former tinsmith thoroughly reproached the classic system of elements and created a new one: "Who uses such accommodation, immediately understand that the periodic system of Mendeleev is far behind." Tausend has placed elements according to the rules of "Harmony's teachings" and came to a solid number - 180 elements. More than one hundred of them had to still open. Thus, the table had 12 elements of lighter than hydrogen, which, however, "hard to get on our planet."

The author of the brochure did not hide where, in fact, research should be given for which the Bavarian Tinsmith created "Theoretical Prerequisites": The purpose of his research is the transmutation of elements! The millennial aspirations, hopes and dreams of Alchemists are now - thank Tausend! - were close to exercise.

It should be noted that in Germany in the early 1920s wandered a lot of "ghosts", and one of them was the ghost of alchemical transformations. The peace treaty, concluded in Versaille in June 1919 between the warring imperialist states, brought the German people to strengthen operation of both the own owners of the monopolies and on the part of foreign capital. In April 1921, the Allied Reparation Commission established the amount of reparations that should be paid by Germany - 132 billion gold brands (!). To get such a murderous for any economy, the German economy, shakeped by post-war crises, would have to spend decades.

In post-war Germany, the theme of gold was a parable in the towns. In newspapers and magazines periodically appeared sensational and supporting headlines: "The victorious procession of the German genius", "Germany took possession of the secret transmutation and will be able to pay off the reparations; the golden key will open the unheard of perspective", "First gold, hand-made man", "Gold from mercury - World-Historical achievement German science. "

Fatistas were not behind journalists. For example, Roman Rhinehold Eyhaker, appeared in 1922, and named: "Fighting for Gold". The Hero of the Roman, the German engineer of Verndt, is able to capture the energy of solar radiation ("hurricane stream of energy quanta") using the mast from a new aluminum alloy with a length of 210 meters; This energy, converted several million volts, allows it to split two alpha particles from each lead atom and one beta particle. In the blink of an eye Vedndt faculty 50.000 tons of reparation gold. The whole world is filled with artificial gold ...

In the novel "The end of gold" another fictional, Rudolf Dauman, in an exciting form describes future events of 1938. The German professor of chemistry named Bargengrond opens a way to obtain gold by atomic transformation, as a result of which a gangster gang gangster is chasing him. After the wild harassment, it is possible to snatch his secrecy from the professor: gold can be obtained if two alpha particles from bismuth are from bismuth with the help of "rhythmized o-rays" - very hard x-rays. When the hero of the novel Dauman was lucky enough to construct powerful X-ray tubes, it begins to make gold valuables.

Capitalistic gold markets rushed, the global stock collapse leads to the depreciation of gold ...

Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the alchemist of the modern time Franz Tausend found enough sponsors among his awaiting miracles of compatriots.

The first partner found by the "partner" Tausend combine on a round sum of 100,000 brands. "Production capital" he used to satisfy his old desire to acquire estates. Without all sorts of dismissal, Tauzend has scared at home, land plots, lagging locks to speculate them in the real estate market. When some suspicions began to have a partner, Tauzend informed him (in April 1925) that it would just start receiving gold. Will you not apply to the newly elected President Reich Guindenburg with a request to become a guarantor in the enterprise? Found an intermediary, the Secretary of State Maisner - the Chief of the Presidential Office of Hindenburg, who was benevolently referred to the idea; The other representative of the government was found in him in the end and another representative of the Bavarian Golden Cuisine - General Ludendorf.

Erich Ludendorf (Ludendorff) is a German military and politician, general infantry (1916). Born on April 9, 1865 in Kruzyni, near Poznań, in the landlocking family. He graduated from the Cadet Corps, since 1894 served in the General Staff. In 1908-12, the head of the Operational Department of the General Staff. During World War I, first was the Ober-Apartment Master of the 2nd Army, and from August 23 to November 1914 - Head of the headquarters of the 8th Army, headquarters of the Eastern Front and the 1st-year-old apartment team of the High Command (from August 1916 ). After the compa truce in November 1918, Ludendorf emigrated to Sweden. In the spring of 1919, he returned to Germany and became the leader of the most extreme counter-revolutionary circles, was an active participant in the Kappov coup in 1920. Close closely with the National Socialists, Ludendorf in November 1923 he headed with Hitler "Beer Patch" in Munich. During the process over the participants in Putch, Ludendorf was justified. In 1924, he was elected a deputy of Reichstag from NSDAP. Having placed his candidacy in the presidential election in 1925, Ludendorf was defeated. He was the founder of the Tannenberg Union, whose goals were the struggle with the "inner enemies of the state" in the face of Jews, Masons and Marxists. After the disagreements arose with the President Hindenburg, on the one hand, and with their former like-minded people Hitler - on the other, Ludendorf departed from active political activities. He died on December 20, 1937 in Tatzing (Bavaria).

Being a publisher of a propaganda leaflet of National Socialists "Felkisher Kurir", Ludendorf did not get out of debts. Now he was looking for monetary sources for himself and his party. In this situation, Alchemist Tausend seemed to the "Hero of World War" by the messenger over.

Ludendorf was invited by a chemist specialist who had to subjected to the process of Tausend examination. In his eyes, Tauzend from the lead melt, to which he added 3 grams of iron oxide (let's just say - rust), got 0.3 grams of gold. Indicative alchemical transmutation passed with success.

When they began to say that even such a person like Ludendorf trusts "this Taurada", several financiers readily offered their money to the services of Alchemist.

With Ludendorf, as a guarantor, Tausend founded Society 164. This is not a secret cipher: in the system of elements of Franz Tausend, gold had number 164. For the bird did not fly before he demoling the golden eggs, Ludendorf concluded a private agreement with Tausend, according to which the Alchemist refused to favor Ludendorf from any realization of its gold synthesis process. . Tausend provided 5% of profits. Shareholders and shareholders were to get 12%, assistants - 8%. And 75% Ludendorf was going to take into the treasury of the National Socialists.

Among the members of the "Society 164" there were such large industrialists as Mannesman and Sheer, the industrial and financial grief of the German Reich, to know how, for example, the princes of Shenburg-Waldenburg. More than one million brands entrusted the Frank Tausend for his alchemical experiences.

"Society 164", renamed the "Taosend Research Society", founded the laboratory of alchemists on this money around the German Reich.

Tausend saw his task primarily to travel from the branch to the branch, to conclude transactions for the purchase of land and castles and negotiate "at the highest level". For example, the Chairman of the Council of the Treasury Department, the former Minister Lenza, Tausend, wanted to find out the gold from his factories in the future. Then the alchemist went to Italy, tied up with one of the Secretaries of the Mussolini dictator.

By the beginning of 1929, "Research Society" was forced to recognize themselves insolvent. It turned out to be more than a million gold marks. Nobody really knew where this huge amount was going. Disabled factory installations, land plots for new workshops, dilapidated locks - all this testified to the wastefulness of Tausend. In all parts of Germany, people confessed to him presented Tausend judicial claims.

In the end, the fucked attacker detained in Italy. As a context, he was transported to Milan, where he was in prison for half a year.

Not falling in spirit, the criminal persistently insisted on his innocence. He knows how to make gold kilograms, and let him first prove that he cannot do it. The investigator and the prosecutor went out of themselves. They assigned an indicative test.

This alchemical presentation took place in October 1929 on the main Munich Mint in the presence of his director, several specially instructed police officers, the prosecutor, the investigator, as well as the defender.

The tricks of the roggy alchemists were well known by that time, and all the safety measures accepted. When Tausend arrived at the mint, it was divided by doggows, carefully examined, ranging from the teeth to the nails on the legs, they even turned the eyelids. However, the artist really made gold! From the lead sample weighing 1.67 grams he paid a brilliant metal ball, which contained the later analyzes, 0.095 grams of pure gold and 0.025 grams of silver.

Although the experiment was closed, the rumor about successful transmutation spread through the city with lightning speed. The director of the mint under the onslaught of reporters said that he would certainly have for his heart, if this sparkling piece of gold, fabricated by Tausend, did not exist at all.

In emergency issues, on the first pages, the press newspapers announced a sensational result of experience; The headline was printed in large letters: "Alchemist Tausend proves his art." The resourceful defender of Tausend demanded the release of him from the conclusion. However, the Supreme Court of the country rejected this petition: Tausend is under investigation, primarily for fraud.

The main process began only in January 1931. It is clear that the trial has caused great attention to the German public.

During the process, we were talking about a successful experiment on the Munich Mint. Experts were heard. The opinion of the University Professor of Gonigsmid from Munich was categorical. It is impossible to transform elements by a simple chemical reaction, as the Tausend practiced.

The transformation of lead in gold, which at first glance so convincingly demonstrated the Tausend on the mint, also received a striking explanation during the process. "Artificial" gold in the amount of 95 milligrams could well form ... from the Golden Feather Pens. When the prosecutor heard this, he ordered immediately to deliver an evidence into court, but they could not find anywhere in the Tausend's auto pen.

The court recognized Franz Tausend guilty of multiple deception. He was sentenced to imprisonment for a period of three years and eight months, taking into account the term of pre-trial.

The lawyer Towsenda tried to convince the court to convince the court to blame not only his client: in fact, it was not necessary to judge the Tausend, but Ludendorf and other party bons from NSDAP, as well as those who gave the Tausend a loan. They "deified" Tausend, until he in fantasies began to take his own deception for her pure truth.

During the reign of Hitler and his clicks, the Nazis found their own and, as it seemed to them, a promising source of gold arrival. These were confiscated golden things and the torn golden crowns of those who went to the conveyor of death into the concentration camps. Alchemists were no longer needed - they were replaced by professional killers in the Black Uniforms of the SS.

In addition to experiments on the creation of a philosophical stone and a universal solvent, Alchemists tried to comprehend the secrets of the origin of life and, compared with the Lord God himself, to create an artificial creature - a homunculus (from Latin "homunculus" - man).

Antiquity knew a lot of artificial beings - from the copper bull of the Moloch, swallowing the convicts and externally from the nostrils smoke to the walking statues that guarded the rest of the royal assfilms. However, they were all devoid of the most important quality, which makes the thing alive, - the soul.

The greatest fame in the revival of dead matter, one of the first European alchemists Albert Great acquired. This is evidence of his student, the largest Catholic philosopher Foma Akvinsky.

Thomas tells how one day he visited his teacher. The door was opened by an unfamiliar woman moving by strange slow jerks and talked as slowly, with pauses between phrases. The future philosopher experienced a sense of strong fear in the society of this maid Albert. The fear was so great that Thomas Aquinas attacked her and hit the staff several times. The maid fell, and some mechanical details suddenly fell out of it. It turned out that the woman was an artificial being (android), over the creation of which Albert Great worked for thirty years.

At the same time, the Spanish Alchemist Arnold de Villanova, whose achievements later used Paracels, who created a detailed recipe for the cultivation of the gomunculus, was being fought over the creation of an artificial person. In his work "On the nature of things" Paracels wrote:

"A lot of disputes went around that whether the nature and science in our hands were given to the means with which it would be possible to make a person without participating in that Women. In my opinion, it does not contradict the laws of nature and really possible ..."

The recipe for paracetes for the production of homunculus is such. First of all, it is necessary to put fresh human sperm in the flask retort, then seal the vessel and burn it for forty days in horse manure. During the entire period of "maturation", the homunculus should be uncomprisingly pronounce magic spells that should help the embryo to miss the flesh. After this period, the flask opens and placed on Wednesday, the temperature of which corresponds to the temperature of horsepower. Forty weeks a small creature born in the flask must be fed daily with a small amount of human blood.

Paracels assured that if everything is done correctly, a baby will appear on the light, which will then grow to normal sizes and will answer the most intimate questions.

In the occult literature of that time, there were other recipes for the manufacture of a homunculus, but all of them somehow echoed with the teachings of Paracelles and differed from it only in detail.

The cultivation of homunculus was considered not only difficult, but also a dangerous occupation, because incorrect actions could give rise to a terrible monster. The threat came from the church, which prohibited under the fear of the death penalty to produce a person in an unnatural way. But the thrust for the "Higher Knowledge" for Alchemists has always been stronger than church dogmas: the case was the bravemen who declared that they were conquered an inanimate nature.

At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, the legend of Rabbi Yehud-Leve Ben-Betzalelet appeared and about his brainchild.

Yehuda Lev Ben-Betzalel (also known as Maharal Mi-Prag) was born in 1512 in the city of Poznan in the family of immigrants from Worms, who gave many famous Talmudists. After studying in Eshiv from 1553 to 1573, Yehuda was a district rabbi in Morava, and then moved to Prague. Here he founded a stitching, and the Society for the study of Mishna. In Prague, he lived until 1592. The same period of life includes his acquaintance with the Czech king and the emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Rudolf I. since 1597 and until the end of the life of Maharal was the main rabbi of Prague. He died in 1609 and was buried in the Prague cemetery. The grave is well known. To this day, it is a place of worship - and not only for the Jews.

It should be said that the activities of Maharala had a huge impact on the further development of Jewish ethics and philosophy. The most famous writings - "The Trails of the World", "Glory of Israel" and "Eternity of Israel" - did not lose their relevance to this day.

In addition to religious work, Rabbi Yehuda Lev Ben-Betzalel wrote a great many books of non-religious content - on astronomy, alchemy, medicine and mathematics. In general, it should be noted that Maharal entered the pleiad of the then European scientists, and his closest friend was the famous Danish astronomer (and astrologer) quietly Brage.

Betzalel searched for a revival formula, relying on the instructions of the Talmud, which says that if the righteous wanted to create peace and man, they could do this by rearranging letters in the unresolved names of God. The search brought Betzalel to creating an artificial creature by name Golem.

Life in the golem was supported by magical words having a property of attracting from the Universe "Free Star Tok". These words were written on the parchment, which in the afternoon was in the mouth of the golem, and at night he was removed so that life would leave this creature, since after sunset, the brainchilding brain became violent.

One day, he tells the legend, Betzalel before the evening prayer forgot to pull out the mouth of the Golem of Parchment, and he rebelled. When the 92nd Psalm finished reading in the synagogue, a terrible cry was rang out on the street. It raced his head, killing everyone who came across his way. Betzalel barely caught up with him and broke the parchment, an enlivent artificial person. The golem immediately turned into a clay chubban, which still shown in the Prague synagogue on Alchemists Street.

Later they said that the secret formula of the revival of the Golem retained a certain Eleazar de Worms. She allegedly takes twenty-three columns of handwritten text and requires the knowledge of the "alphabet of 221 gates", which is used when spells.

The legend also tells that on the forehead of the clay man it was necessary to write the word "EMET", meaning "truth". The same word, but with an erased first letter - "Mat", translated as "death," turned the golem into an inanimate subject.

Taken on Android, Paracella and Golem homunculus and golem were the main topic for discussion in the scientific circles of the XVIII century. That's where new rumors were born there about the way the way to turn dead into lively.

One of these stories tells that the famous doctor, botanist and poet Erasz Darwin, the grandfather of the creator of the theory of evolution, kept in his test tube a piece of vermicelli, which could move by himself.

A rosenclausers who have learned and developed the tradition of alchemy showed a huge interest in this kind of experiments.

"In the vessel, we read in secret Rosencacercan acts," Myskaya Rosa mixed, collected in full moon, two parts of the male and three parts of female blood from clean and chaste people. This vessel is placed on a moderate fire, which is deposited by the Red Earth, the uppermost The part is separated into the pure flask and from time to time it is added to the vessel, where one grant of the animal kingdom is rolled down. After some time, the flask will be heard in the flask and the whistle, and you will see two living beings in it - a man and women - perfectly beautiful ... By certain manipulations, their life can be maintained during the year, and from them you can find out anything, for they will be afraid of you and read. "

In 1775, the count of Tyrol von Kyufstein from Tyrol with her ten "spirits" enters the scene, concluded in the bottle.

The count was a rich Austrian landowner who served under the imperial yard. His secretary, Cammeromer, scrupulously calculating, how many thalers the count cost the voyage to Italy (hotel accounts, powder for wigs, expenses for gondolas and tips), as if by the way, refers to a random acquaintance with the abbot of Jerical, who, like his beggar, belonged to Rosencraser fraternity. So completely unexpectedly among the mercantile calculations, more than a fantastic story, a decent feather of Hoffmann, was fastened.

For five weeks held in the mysterious Laboratory of the Austrian Castle, the abbey of abbot managed to grow several "spirits": king, queen, architect, monk, monk, knight and rally. In addition to them, three fiction character appeared in the smoked glass: seraphim and two spirits - red and blue.

For everyone, a bubble bubble flask with water was prepared in advance, where they had to live, like fish in aquarium. Following the recipe for Paracels, the vessels were placed in a dung bunch, which Abbot watered every morning with some kind of solution. Soon, intensive fermentation began, and for twenty-ninth day the flasks were again on the laboratory table. Oklexy for some time was over for them, and finally the admiring graph was again able to see his pets. The metamorphosis with them and were really worthy of amazement. Cavalers managed to raise the beard and mustache, and the only lady snatched angelic beauty. In addition to these wonders, the king was wondering the crown and scepter, the knight - lats and a sword, and a diamond necklace was clogged on her Majesty's chest.

But soon the joy of the great accuracy was overshadowed by the initial behavior of tiny prisoners. Whenever it came to feed them, they strive to escape from a glass prison! Abbot even somehow complained that the exclusted monk almost bit his finger. Even worse the crowned prisoner behaved. Telling to catch up during the next meal, he managed to run to the queen's flask and even threw a wax stamp suspended to the bubble. Obviously, the covenant of Paracelsa refuse the woman did not like him.

Laughter laughing, but everything ended quite badly. The Rosenkrauzer brothers reacted to the demonstration of Cufstein very skeptical. Someone even noticed that they were simply "bad toads" sit in the flasks. Only one of the adepts, by the way, the healer, showed a readiness by applying hands to participate in the experiment, but his reputation was already seriously undermined by frank fraud in Leipzig.

Did not please and so long-awaited communication with the homunculus. They mean, it is necessary to believe, exclusively through the glands. Instead of wise councils and promised secrets, they pretty nephonally interpreted about their own affairs. The king was concerned about the political problems. The Queen did not want to even think about anything except the court etiquette. The knight constantly cleaned the weapon, and the Rudobop quarreled with invisible gnomes because of underground treasures.

But worse everything turned out with a monk. As soon as the graph tried to ask him about some kind of manuscript of Paracelles, as the peep ink arranged such a scandal that the flask collapsed from the table and crashed to smash. Save the poor one and failed. After the solemn funeral on the same bed in the garden followed the next surprise. The king reappeared again in running, splitting almost all the laboratory dishes. The failure ended and attempts to compensate the loss of the monk with a loyal person. The count wanted to get the admiral, but something like a headastheism came out. And really - "bad toads".

In the end, Kyufstein won his wife's plenty, concerned about not so much fiercing her husband, how much senseless waste of family capital. At sedes of the secretary and end. It remains only to guess, as under what circumstances the imperial count broke up with his unusual collection and, which is no less interesting, where the Abbot Warlock was liked ..

Some key to the rallying of the "miracle" with the gomunkulus of Zhoni gives, oddly enough, the bovine bubble. In Europe, a fairly funny toy has widespread, which is a glass tube with a rubber pear filled with water at the end; Inside the pear floats the castor cast from multicolored glass, which, it is worth pressing the pear, begins to tumble and move the hands and legs. Among the "Spirit" come across not only the drainage, but also knights, and ducks, not to mention naked beauties.

This toy is probably known in the Middle Ages. And how to know, she was a consequence of the legends about the homunculus or, on the contrary, gave rise to them? ..

In the 20th century, most of the focus of alchemists were exposed, and the most alochemical practice was given an appropriate assessment in academic circles, and in popular science literature.

Nevertheless, it is that dinosaurs have disappeared with the onset of the enlightened era of Alchemists as dinosaurs are somewhat premature. Good education and solid materialistic views are not reliable protection from alchemical techniques to deceive the public. As the lieutenant Colombo said, in order to expose the focus, you need to be firmly confident that it is a focus. And what about "confidence" if the alchemist supports the state itself? ..

Despite the stressed materialistic ideology, the Soviet state periodically extolled the most unfinished alchemists, giving them glory, money and power. One of them was the infamous "Michurinets" Trofim Lysenko.

The Peasant Son Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1898 of birth) made a lot of strength to "get out of people", that is, to avoid severe and non-profit peasant labor. In front of the world war, he has already studied in a Poltava Gardening school, and in the early 1920s we find it on the Belotserkovsky selection station of sugar industry of Ukraine. Two brief publications of 1923 (in the "Bulletin" of the Distribution of Sugrethrus Testing), devoted to the selection of tomatoes and the vaccination of sugar beet, demonstrate his desire to master the techniques of scientific work, but also the embryos of its future fantastic theories.

In the second half of the 1920s, he is an employee of the Central Experimental Selection Station in Gandzh (Azerbaijan). He was charged with work on the problem of extension of legumes in winter, but Lysenko did not bring it to the end. He became the "alchemist from grain."

The first impetus to the new type of activity of Lysenko was attached in 1927, when Vitaly Fedorovich visited the station - a masted publicist, who printed his essays in the "Pravda". The correspondent took the prototype to the role of the hero from the working and peasant environment, and Lysenko presented the arrival journalist. Two days he held Fedorovich by the stories, drove around the fields, showed sowing. The correspondent encouraged, and he tried to create around the first experience, interesting on the plan, but modest according to the result, real sensation. In the newspaper "True", his great article "Fields in winter" appeared. In it, a novice agronomist, who impressed the author of the peasant origin, was completely praised. In complete agreement with the trends of time, the correspondent was even lost by the fact that his hero did not shine education: "... Universities did not pass, the shaggy feet did not study the flies, but looked at the root."

The correspondent wrote about Trofim enthusiastically and even Malicia His "Bosnutogim Professor". Interestingly, as a Lysenko man made an impression of unimportant, and Fedorovich gave him an amazing characteristic:

"If you judge a person on the first impression, then the Lysenko remains a feeling of dental pain - God forbid him health, he is a view of a person. And for the word miser, and the face is insignificant - only I remember the sullen eye him crawling on the ground with such The view, as if, at least, he was going to ride anyone. " But a journalist responded to his promising work with peas with peas:

"Lysenko decides (and decided) the task of fertilizer of the Earth without fertilizer and mineral tanks, overlaying the empty fields of the Transcaucasus in winter, so that cattle does not die from scarce food, and the peasant-turk lived winter without trembling for tomorrow ... The Barestog Professor Lysenko now has followers, Pupils, an experienced field, arrive shone agronomies in winter, stand in front of the green fields of the station, grant his hand ... "

After the appearance of the article in the truth, Lysenko immediately cooled to the bean, stopped working with them, but it was not expelled from the station for such such a freeze, but supported to switch to a new topic favorably - the effect of temperature on the development of plants.

The materials obtained during the research work were based on the basis of approximately 300 highly specialized messages on the grandiose (2000 participants) of the congress on genetics, breeding, seed and breeding animal husbandry, held under the leadership of Nikolai Vavilov in January 1929 in Leningrad. "Leningrad Pravda", which covered the plenary sessions in the spirit of sensations, gave one day the material entitled "You can turn the winter cereal in the spring". It was about the works of a major physiologist Plant Maximov. Lysenko (speaking at a sectional meeting) There no one particularly noticed, except for Maximov, who criticized the low level of his work. (In five years, after arrest and expulsion, Maximov will carefully choose expressions, speaking of the new pet nomenclature).

The collapse of expectations made Lysenko change the orientation from an academic career to search for success among party and government officials. For a quick take-off, he needed a sensation. But the same sensation was searched for the party head of Ukraine Postyshev and the Ukrainian People's Commissar of Agriculture Schlichter: two winters in a row, 1927-28 and 1928-29, hung huge crops of winter wheat. After two faults, it was reasonably expected to expect an increased crop. But the local authorities required a miraculous means of solving all problems - for the victorious report of the Kremlin.

According to the official version, in February 1929, Lysenko wrote the Father in order to cut a seed winter wheat in the snow and then saws the attracted seeds. (In the mid-1960s, there was a cynical, but the plausible version: a Lysenko-Father hid from wheat products; grain wet and sprouted; he emphasized the field with this grain and received some harvest). May 1, the Lysenko-senior sentenced half a year; There was no speech on the test crop. In different years, about this case reported the doubling and tripling of the harvest, about increasing it by 10 or 15 percent. In the summer of 1929, the People's Commissariat of Ukraine announced the solution of the problem of grain. The Lysenko award was directed to work in the Odessa Institute of Breaking and Genetics.

In the summer, the sensation swept over the central newspapers. No scientific communications about the "experience" of the Father and Son Lysenko did not appear in the print. Information for them could only be delivered by Lysenko.

In the fall, Lysenko received significant support from the head of the USSR Yakovlev's prescribed addict (who later became the head of the CH agricultural industry and the consistent persecutor of genetics). Miraculous yarovization (instead of painstaking breeding and agrotechnical work) accounted for: Stalin demanded to receive results with him in each specific area, despite any known science the limits of opportunities.

In general, the story with the instant recognition of the discovery of Lysenko could seem some kind of hoax or large-scale cloudy reason at the hundreds of chiefs immediately, if there was no simple explanation: the Earth was burned under them, and they were ready to subscribe under any nonsense, just to demonstrate to the upstream guidance Care of agriculture. Only, this can be explained in a strange, even a paradoxical situation in which the heads of agriculture of Ukraine and the country as a whole have not seen any difficulties in using the failed discovery in practice. After once, they believed in a miracle Lysenko and decided that they had a fire-bird in their hands.

In early 1935, Lysenko was awarded the highest praise. His speech on the 2nd congress of collective farmers-drummers with demagogic calls to class vigilance was interrupted on a psychologically accurately weathered statement: "Stalin:" Bravo, t. Lysenko, Bravo! "In the appellate room."

After that, the Soviet alchemist felt that his hands were unleashed. The general battle took place at the session of the USSR (All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after Lenin) in December 1937. The main ones were the question: "What should biologists for the construction of agriculture should go with: with genetics or lamarcism?"

It should be noted that the name "Lamarkism" received a favorite theory of novelists of the late XIX century, based on the hypothesis of inheriting by the views of external influences.

Lamarck, Jean Batist (FR.: Lamarck, 1744-1829), French naturalist, predecessor Charles Darwin, founder of zoopsychology. Created a doctrine on the evolution of wildlife (Lamarkism). The main lord of Lamarc is called His conviction that the emergence of new species is related to the influence of the factors of the external environment.

It was on Lyamkism that the doctrine of Lysenko was based on the possibility of the alteration of the nature of plants and animals in the direction and scale, as well as the Soviet nomenclature. It is known that Stalin himself believed in the idea of \u200b\u200bLamarkism, and the alchemical of the newest time faithfully caught the secret desire of the leader to destroy the principle of the initialness of the gene.

In his report at the session, Lysenko focused on two issues. First - "Improving the quality of plant-self-oxide plant sowing materials by intrauterine crossing", the second - "alteration of the nature of the plant by raising." And again wonder, completely alchemical in their essence, theories are supported by the authorities of the preconditions.

The next step of the authorities was arrested in 1940 by Nikolai Vavilov and other wonderful scientists. Stalin has already scheduled the "final decision" of a genetic issue, and for this he should be brought out of the game of all influential genetics.

The famous geneticist Joseph Rapoport recalled: "A. R. Zebrak, Professor of Genetics of the Timiryazevskaya Academy, said that after applying to him after the session (August 1948, - A.P.), he came to the reception to one very responsible person, Which began a conversation with him unheard of statement: "You, genetics, saved the Germans. If it were not for war, we would destroy you back in 1941. "

But after the war, the situation has changed little. In August 1948, the next session was held by the USSR, at which supporters of Lysenko, with the silent approval of the top leadership of the Central Committee of the CPSU, arranged a decisive battle of genetics. We could not think about ethics, and for the word Lysenkovtsy in his pocket did not climb:

"... I think about the ideas about the gene as an organ, iron with a developed morphological and very specific structure can only scientist who decided to commit suicious suicide. To represent that the gene, being part of the chromosome, has the ability to emit unknown and unsuid substances, means to engage in metaphysical An unspexable speculation, which is death for experimental science ... "

"... The history of the development of Mendelian science on heredity with an extraordinary clarity demonstrates the relationship of science under capitalism with the entire proceeding ideology of the bourgeois society ..."

"... Plugging capitalism at the imperialist stage of its development gave rise to a stillborn bastard of biological science - through the metaphysical, anti-historical teaching of the formal genetics ..."

Now it is known that the text of the Lysenko report at the session of 1948 was pre-viewed, edited and approved personally to Stalin.

The most humiliated was on the last, tenth, session meeting. On the eve of the evening, telephone calls in the apartments of some "Morganist Memodelists" were rang. They were called from "instances." And three people - an outstanding botanist Professor P. M. Zhukovsky, Genetic, Associate Professor of Moscow University S. I. Alikhanyan and Professor I. M. Polyakov made statements about changing their views and "transition to Michurinsev's ranks".

The defeat was complete. When the Sovmint of the USSR decided to introduce 35 new actual members - academics, there were no genetics among them - all were the priests of Trofim Lysenko.

Immediately earned a repressive apparatus. The departments were closed, genetics were expelled from the posts occupied and raised the titles.

By order of the Minister of Higher Education of Kaftanova, about 3,000 scientists related to genetics were dismissed from work.

In May 1949, Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson was arrested - one of the founders of medical genetics in our country.

Interestingly, he demanded that in indictment it was stated that he was arrested for fighting Lysenko. But there was no such article in the Criminal Code, and Ephroimson was awarded "anti-Soviet campaign".

The Gulag's camps reached the Vavilovsky and Memodelists. They were tried mainly on charges of "worship before the West" and "praising American democracy". Many of them were fused in Siberi snow.

Often they voluntarily left their lives. So, without having preserved trace, the physiologist Dmitry Anatolyevich Sabinin helped against the genetics. Two more genetics were committed with each other - A. N. Volptov and L. V. Ferry.

In the atmosphere of the celebration of alchemy began to appear real monsters. Thus, the illiterate 80-year-old Old woman Olga Borisovna Lepheshinskaya stated that it was long discovered by the formation of cells from a shapeless "living matter" (for example, the sifted infusion, aloe juice, and so on). More than 70 professors protested against this Breda were expelled from scientific institutions and universities. Her daughter is also Olga (Pantelyamonovna) Lepheshinskaya and son-in-law hooks published fantastic articles in the most prestigious scientific journals about the transformation of cells into crystals and crystals in the cells.

And soon someone Boshyan published the book "On the origin of viruses and microbes." In it, he reported that viruses turn into bacteria, and bacteria and lower mushrooms can turn into ... antibiotics. Penicillum is formed from Penicillin - mold fungus!

What are not experiments upon receipt of "spirits"? ..

Only time passed all the time ...

The recurrences of alchemy, riding in clothes of experimental science, were not a specific feature of Germany or the Soviet Union. They could occur in other countries with a leader-dictator headed. An instructive, although a little-known example is the story with the opening of the Kenarak system, made in 1961 in North Korea by Professor Kim Bon Khan. The essence of the opening is as follows. In the body of the highest vertebrates and people, they found a complex Kenarak system, consisting of tubes called bonhata, and associated bonhana taurus. This system differs from the blood, lymphatic and nervous. It allegedly carries out the integrity of the body and its connection with the environment. According to bonhat tubes, a liquid containing deoxyribonucleic acid is circulating, which is part of the grains called shanal. Sanal grains can turn into cells, and cells break on the grain. This is "Cycle Bon Khan: Sanalclet".

The Kenarak system was considered as the theoretical basis of Eastern Medicine "Doniyhak", which gives, in particular, a scientific rationale for acupuncture.

From 1962, the Soviet Union began to receive abundant information about Kenrak through the magazine "Korea" and the works of Kim Bon Khan, illustrated by excellent color micrographs. Familiarity with published materials did not leave any doubts that all this is a hoax. In photographs, allegedly depicting bonhat tubes and calves, well-known histological structures are easily recognized - collagen, elastic, nerve fibers, hair roots sections, encapsulated nervous endings and the like. Cycle Bon Khan was not different from the shameful failed teachings of Lepushinsky about the occurrence of cells from a living matter.

At the same time, it became known that a special institution with many laboratories was created in Pyongyang for Kim Bon Khan, rich in modern imported equipment. The institute held a five-story building. Periodically convened conferences on Kenrak and published works in different languages. The assessments were given the most laudatory: "Great Opening", "a great fracture in solving the main problems of biological sciences", "Revolution in the development of medicine" and so on. President of the Academy of Medical Sciences Korea Hon Khak Gyn, calling the work of Bon Khana "outstanding scientific discovery", wrote:

"These successes were achieved only thanks to the wise by the leadership of the Korea Labor Party and the beloved leader of the Korean people Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Kim Il Sena."

How could it happen that an alchemical theory that does not have the slightest relation to science was adopted for the "great discovery"? The only explanation can be the fact that on February 1, 1962, Kim Bon Khan and his team was sent a letter to the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Korea Labor Party and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the DPRK Kim Il Siena, which says:

"I wish you warmly with a great scientific achievement, the discovery of the substance of Kenarak ... The entire Korean people highly appreciates your feat and is proud of them as a great achievement in the development of our country's science ... Your dedication to the party and the people demonstrates the noble appearance of the red scientists, who weighted by our party ..." and so Further. This turned out to be enough.

Let's summarize the results. On the example of the story of Alchemy, we found out which forms may be acquisition of primitive pre-uniforms in development. So far, before us alone, claiming special (I would even say, an exceptional) place in human society and in the universe, but very soon they will begin to unite into groups of interests, which, in turn, will grow, turning into secret occult communities. However, even the activity of these single demonstrates how destructive can be the practice of introducing occult (in this case - alchemical) theories into the framework of official science or state policy. We can respect and sing the genius of Paracella in every way, but we should not forget that the great doctor was in many ways mistaken and not all his recipes are effective. You need to be able to separate the truth from lies, speculation from the truth, and then, perhaps, humanity will learn to bypass those dangerous turns that lead to the twilight of the mind. After all, Franz Tawusend, Trofim Lysenko and Kim Bon Khan is not yet a consecable case, in the following chapters I will tell about the occult theories that the whole world almost led to a catastrophe.