What is the main thing in the ballet. What is ballet? Classic and modernity

What is ballet, ballet history

"We want not just to dance, but to say dance"
G. Ulanova

An amazing, beautiful and multifaceted world of ballet will not leave anyone indifferent. For the first time, this word sounded in Italy, the genre himself arose in France, in addition, the ballet is a real pride of Russia, moreover, in the XIX century, it is the Russian play created by P.I. Tchaikovsky , became a genuine sample.

About the history and significance of this genre in cultural enrichment of a person, read on our page.

What is ballet?

This is a musical and theater genre in which several types of art worked closely. So, music, dance, painting, dramatic and visual arts are combined with each other, building a coordinated performance, unfolding in front of the public on the theater scene. Translated from Italian, the word "ballet" means - "Dance".

When was the ballet?

The first mention of the ballet refers to the XV century, the information is preserved that the court teacher of Domenico Domenico and Piacenza proposed to unite a few dances for the next ball, writing to them a solemn finale and denoting as ballet.

However, the genre itself arose a little later in Italy. The point of reference is recognized 1581, it was at that time in Paris Baltazarini put his performance on the basis of dance and music.In the XVII century, mixed representations (opera ballet) are popular. At the same time, the greatest importance in such productions is given by music, and not dance. Only due to the reform work of the balletmaster from France, Jean George Novuz genre acquires classic outlines with its "choreographic language".

Formation of the genre in Russia

The information was preserved that the first representation of "ballet about ORFEE and Evridica" was presented in February 1673 at the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. A great contribution to the formation of the genre was made by the talented balletmaster Charles Louis Didlo. However, this reformer is considered to be the famous composer. P.I. Tchaikovsky . It is in his work that the romantic ballet is becoming the formation. P.I. Tchaikovsky paid special attention to the music, turning it from the accompanying element into a powerful tool that helps the dance finely catch and disclose emotions and feelings. The composer transformed the form of ballet music, and also built a single symphonic development.Creativity A. Glazunov ("Played a significant role in the development of ballet. Raymond "), I. Stravinsky (" Firebird ", "Sacred spring", " Parsley "), As well as the work of the balletmaster M. Petipa , L. Ivanova, M. Fokina. In the new century, creativity stands out S. Prokofiev , D. Shostakovich, R. Glyara , A. Khachaturian.
In XX, composers begin searching for overcoming stereotypes and established rules.

Who is the ballerina?

Ballerinas were not called at all all who dance in ballet. This is the highest title that received a dancer to achieve a certain amount of artistic merit, as well as several years after work in the theater. Initially, all who were produced from the theatrical schools took the dancers of the Cordente, with rare exceptions - soloists. Some of them managed to achieve the title of ballerina in two or three years of work, some - only before the pension.

Main components

The main components of the ballet are classic dance, characteristic dance and pantomime.Classic dance originates in France. It is incredibly plastic and elegant. Solo dances are called variations and adagio. For example, well-known adagio from Ballet P. I. Tchaikovsky. And these rooms can be in ensemble dancing.

In addition to soloists, participation in action takes a cordage, which creates mass scenes.
Often the dances of the core land are characteristic. For example, the "Spanish dance" from the Swan Lake. This term denote the folk dances introduced into the performance.

Films about ballet

Ballet is a very popular view of art that has been reflected in cinema. There are many beautiful paintings on the ballet that can be divided into three large categories:

1. Documentary films are a captured ballet statement, thanks to which you can get acquainted with the work of great dancers.
2. Movie-ballet - such pictures also show the performance itself, but only the action is no longer on the scene. For example, Romeo and Juliet tape (1982), directed by Powl Zinner, where the main roles were performed by the famous R. Nureyev and K. Fraceci; "Tale of Skate-Gorbunke" (1961), where the main role was performed by Maya Plisetskaya.
3. Art films whose action is associated with ballet. Such filmters allow you to plunge into the world of this art and sometimes events in them unfold against the background of the production, or they tell about everything that happens in the theater. Among such paintings, "Avanscena" deserves special attention - the American film director Nicholas Khithger, who saw the public in 2000.
4. Separately, the biographical paintings should be mentioned: Margo Fontein (2005), Anna Pavlova and many others.

It is impossible to bypass the picture of 1948 "Red Shoes" Directories M. Powela and E. Pozbuer. The film introduces the audience with a play based on the famous fairy tale Andersen and immerses the public to the world of ballet.

Director Stephen Doldry in 2001 presented to the public Billy Elliot tape. It tells about the 11-year-old boy from the mining family, who decided to become a dancer. He gets a unique chance and enters the royal ballet school.

The film "Mania Giselle" (1995) director Alexei Teacher will introduce the audience with the life of the legendary Russian dancer Olga Spesivtsevaya, which contemporaries called Red Snow.

In 2011, the "Black Swan" film was released on TV screens, Darren Aronofsky, who shows the life of the ballet theater from the inside.

Modern ballet and his future

Modern ballet is very different from classic more bold costumes and free dance interpretation. The classic included very strict movements, unlike the modern, which is more appropriate to be acrobatically called. A lot in this case depends on the chosen theme and ideas of the performance. Relying on her, the producer already chooses a set of choreographic movements. In modern performances, motion can be borrowed from national dances, new plastic directions, ultra-modern dance flows. Interpretation is also produced in a new key, for example, the sensational formulation of the Matthew of Bern "Swan Lake", in which the girls were replaced by men. The works of the choreographer B. Eifman - this is a real philosophy in the dance, since each of its ballets contains a deep meaning. Another tendency in a modern performance is the blurring of the boundaries of the genre, and it would be more correct to be called multilayers. It is more symbolic, compared with classic, and uses many quotes, links. Some performances apply the assembly principle of construction, and the setting consists of scattered fragments (frames) that all together make up the general text.

In addition, in all modern culture there is a huge interest in various remakes, and the ballet is not an exception. Therefore, many directories are trying to force the public to take a look at the classic version on the other hand. New readings are welcome, and than the original they are, the greater success awaits them.

Pantomime is an expressive game with gestures and facial expressions

In modern productions, choreographers expand the established framework and borders, in addition to the classical components, gymnastic and acrobatic numbers are added, as well as modern dancing (Modern, free dance). This trend has emerged in the 20th century and did not lose its relevance.

Ballet - A complex and multi-faceted genre, in which several types of art worked closely. No one can leave indifferent graceful movements of dancers, their expressive game and the charming sounds of classical music. Just imagine how the ballet will decorate the holiday, it will become a real pearl of any event.

The ballet history for children will tell how and where the ballet appeared.

When did the ballet appear?

The term "ballet" appeared at the end of the XVI century (from Ital. Balletto - dance). But he meant then not a performance, but only a dance episode that transmits a certain mood.

Pretty ballet as a kind of art. Dance that decorates our life has already been fulfilled 400 years old. The place where the ballet originated is Northern Italy, And it happened in the rebirth era. Local princes loved the palace lush festivities and hired dancersters that rehearsed with noble people of dance moves and individual figures.

It's believed that Those who came up with the ballet was the Italian ballet makester Baltazarini di Beljoyozo. He put the first ballet performance-presentation called the Queen Comedy Ballet, which was delivered in France in 1581.

It was in France that the ballet began to develop. During the reign of Louis XIV, the performances of the court ballet have achieved special splendor.

The history of the Russian ballet briefly

In Russia, a ballet performance called "ballet about ORFEE and EVRIDIK" was put on February 8, 1673. This happened in the palace of the king Alexei Mikhailovich. The slow and ceremonial dances were elegant postures, moves and bows that alternated with speech and singing.

Only a quarter of a century, together with the reforms of Peter I, the dance and music entered the life of the Russian people. In educational institutions for nobles equipped classes for dancing. Under the royal yard, overseas opera artists, musicians and ballet troupes began to perform.

The first ballet school in Russia was opened in 1731. It was called a shirty land case. She is considered the cradle of the Russian ballet. In the development of the ballet school, Jean Baptiste Landa, French Tancertmeister, introduced a huge contribution. He is the founder of the Russian ballet. Lande also opened the first school in Russia on ballet dance. Today is the Russian Ballet Academy. A.Ya. Vaganova.

Further impetus in the development of the ballet received during the reign of the queen Elizabeth Petrovna. After an invitation to Russia, the balletmaster from France Didlo, this art has achieved a special heyday - elegant productions, posture and design did Furore.

It is worth noting that in the development of the classic Russian ballet, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky played the last role. He is the author of such brilliant ballets as a "swan lake", "Nutcracker" and "Sleeping Beauty".

We hope that from this article you have learned when the ballet appeared.

Ballet (from Latin Ballo - Dance) is a type of scenic art, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images. It is harmoniously combined with music, choreography, painting, executive art of artists. The main means of expressiveness in the ballet - dance and pantomime. The origins of various types of scenic dance (classical, characteristic, grotesk) belong to the folk dance. Choreographic performances, as well as dramatic, can be divided into tragedies, comedies, melodramas. They are multi-acting or monitive, plot or unustool, can be choreographic miniature or concert composition.

Since its appearance in Europe in the XVI century. Ballet constantly attracted the attention of outstanding figures of theatrical art. So, the French comedized XVII century. J. B. Moliere introduced ballet scenes in his plays, which he called comedia-ballet.

Dancing in the Comedy-ballet Moliere and in Operators-ballet B. B. Lully put Pierre Boshan (1636 - Ok. 1719). In 1661, he headed the Royal Academy of Dance in Paris. Boshan installed five main positions of classic dance (starting positions of the legs), on which the technique of classical dance is based.

Initially, ballet spectacles included dance and pantomime along with vocal rooms and literary text.

In the XVIII century The formation of ballet as an independent type of art contributed to the activities of many choreographers and performers in various countries. The French ballerina Marie Salo (1707-1756) replaced the heavy, bulky clothes of the dancer with a light dress, not constraining movements. Her contemporary English dancer and choreographer John Weaver (1673-1760) first began to put plot-efficient ballets, refused singing and declaignation. Austrian choreographer Franz Hilferding (1710-1768) introduced reliable pictures of people's life, real acts, the means of ballet truthfully revealing their experiences, the meaning of actions. French dancers Louis Dupre (1697-1774) and Marie Camargo (1710-1770) improved dance technique. Marie Kamargo reached more freedom of movements, rooting the skirt and abandoning heels.

A great contribution to the development of the ballet was made by French choreographer Jean George Number (1727-1810). In her ballets "Psyche and Amur", "Herakla's death", "Medea and Yazon", "Iphigencies in Tavrid" and others, he made a director-innovative. He created performances that differed in the logic of dramaturgical development. The basis of his performances was the expressive dance pantomime. He paid great importance to music, believing that she "should represent a kind of program that establishes and predetermines the movement and the game of each dancer." Novor spoke for the naturalness of the senses and the truthfulness of the characters of ballet characters, refused traditional masks that closed the faces of the actors. He theoretically substantiated his innovative experience in the book "Letters about dance and ballets" (1759), relying on the aesthetics of philosophers-encyclopedists of the Epoch of Enlightenment.

Pupils and followers of Novu were many talented choreographers, including Jean Doberval (1742-1806), the author of the popular and now ballet "Frequent precaution"; Charles Louis Didlo (1767-1837), who worked in Russia for a long time and contributed to the nomination of Russian ballet at one of the first places in Europe.

In the XIX century Ballet Theater survived and inspired creative ups, and the drama of the extinction. In 1832, the Italian choreographer Filippo Taloni (1777-1871) put the ballet "Silfida" (J. Shineyzzoff music), which marked the beginning of the era of romanticism in choreographic art. The stories of romantic performances were told about how in their eternal desire for beauty, to a high spiritual value, a person enters into conflict with its surrounding reality and only in the illusory world of dreams, a dream can gain ideal, find happiness. Taloni, developing the lyrical direction of the art of romanticism, inserted into the dramaturgical tissue of ballet the detailed dance dialogues of the actors in which their feelings and relationships were revealed. In his performances, Kordelyta developed and complemented the solo party of the main character, in the role of which his daughter Maria Taloni performed (1804-1884). Inspirational art of this talented ballerina entered the history of ballet. She first introduced a dance on pointers (at the tips of the fingers), increased expressiveness of ballet art.

The work of the French balletmaster Jules Joseph Perra (1810-1892) personified another direction of ballet romanticism - dramatic. His heroes in a stubborn struggle defended their right to love, freedom, happiness. Perro usually put his performances on the plots of well-known literary works - V. Hugo, Gayne, I. V. Goethe. He carefully developed pantomimen episodes, organically connecting them with the dance, sought to make mass scenes alive, emotional. Ballets Perra Giselle (Music A. Adana, was delivered jointly with the balletmaster Jean coraline, (1779-1854) and "Esmeralda" (Music Ch. Puni) still decorate the repertoire of many ballet troupe. The first performer of Giseli was the Gray Carlotte (1819 -1899).

The art of an outstanding Austrian ballerina Fanny Elsler (1810-1884) is connected with a romantic ballet.

The creativity of the Danish choreographer of Augustus Bournonville (1805-1879), who set over 50 performances with the Royal Ballet Copenhagen troupe played an important role in the development of the romantic ballet.

Starting from the middle of the XIX century. Crisis phenomena are found in Western European ballet art. In the arena of socio-political life in Western Europe, the bourgeoisie comes out. Her tastes become determining in art. And to replace the romantic ballets with their deep content come pompous, non-delayed spectacles. Ballet troupes are disintegrated, a prolonged period of decline occurs. The revival of ballet art is associated with performances in Western Europe of Russian artists - Anna Pavlova, Mikhail Fokina, Tamara Karsavina, Vaclav Nizhinsky, Serzh Lifear and others. These speeches that had a great success and called Russian seasons were beginning from 1907 organized by theatrical figure S. P. Dyagilev. The Russian ballet Dyagileva gave the beginning of a new ballet troupe, updating the traditional forms of classical dance.

In the XX century Ballet successfully develops in many countries of the world. Outstanding ballet masters in the West - Ninet de Valua, Frederick Ashton, Margot Fontaine (United Kingdom), Roland PH, Maurice Bejar, Ivette Chuvir (France), Agnes de Mill, George Balacin, Jerome Robbins, Robert Jofri (USA) and many others.

Socialist countries are making their contribution to the development of ballet (see the Theater of the Socialist Commonwealth countries). So, it is well known the art of the ballet troupe of a talented dancer and choreographer Alicia Alonso, who was created in Cuba in 1948. In 1959, this troupe was called the National Ballet of Cuba.

In Russia, the development of ballet art went its own way. The first Russian choreographer was Ivan Ivanovich Valber (Lesogorov) (1766-1819), whose work covered both the literary topics, and the events of modern life, in particular the Patriotic War of 1812. Thanks to Vallerhu, the original type of national play was established in the Russian stage, the divertisment depicting pictures folk life.

The formation of Russian ballet was promoted by the work of Charles Louis Didlo. Among His pupils - Balletmaster Adam Glushkovsky (1793-1870), Eastrian Ballerina (1799-1848) and Catherine Telvezova (1807-1857), and A. S. Pushkin and A. S. Griboedov. Dido enriched the repertoire of the Russian ballet theater performances in which he cried Tiracy, revealed the high moral qualities of ordinary people. He laid the beginning of a ballet Pushkinian, having carried out in 1823 the production of the play "Caucasian prisoner, or a bride shade" (based on Pushkin's poem).

The bright representative of the Russian romantic ballet was Ballerina Ekaterina Sankovskaya (1816-1878), the art of which was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen.

The Russian Ballet Theater creatively processed the discovery of the Western ballet, carried out statements in accordance with national traditions. So, in the Russian scene, the sentimental history of Giselle turned into a poem about a high selfless feeling that evil wins, darkness, death. And there was a considerable merit of the first performer of the Giselle Party in the Russian Theater Elena Andreyanova (1819-1857).

Marius Petipa, who arrived in Russia in 1847, put over 60 ballets at the St. Petersburg scene. In its productions of balletts L. Minkus "Don Quixote", P. I. Tchaikovsky "Sleeping Beauty" and "Swan Lake" (put together with L. I. Ivanov), A. K. Glazunov "Raymond" and other most fully revealed The unique style of the Russian school of classical dance, which is characterized by the embodiment of the content of a ballet performance in perfect academic forms. In the performances of Petipa, talented Russian dancers were performed - Elena Andreyanov, Pavel Gerdt, Matilda Kshesinskaya, Nikolai and Sergey Legata, Olga Preobrazhenskaya, Anna Pavlova, Mikhail Fokin ...

At one time, with M. Petipa in the St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theater (now the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. M. Kirov) worked on the productions of balletov wonderful choreographer Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (1834-1901). Among his works - Polovtsy dances in Opere A.P. Borodin "Prince Igor", Ballets P. I. Tchaikovsky "Nutcracker" and "Swan Lake" (together with M. I. Petipa), and each of them testifies to a deep understanding Master of choreography of musical drama of writings, about his desire to express the content of the performance in perfect plastic images.

End of the XIX century. - This is the time of innovative reforms P. I. Tchaikovsky in ballet music, supported and developed by other composers - A. K. Glazunov, I. F. Stravinsky, S. S. Prokofiev. Tchaikovsky believed that the ballet performance should be built in accordance with the laws of musical drama, to express the most complex emotions and experiences of the human soul, to approve the elevation and poetry of feelings.

At the beginning of the 20th century, when the Western Ballet Theater experienced a crisis period, in Russia, on the contrary, the art of the ballet is experiencing a creative rise. In St. Petersburg and Moscow successfully operate ballet troupes of Mariinsky and Bolshoy theaters. In St. Petersburg in the Mariinsky Theater, the dancer and choreographer Mikhail Mikhailovich Fokin (1880-1942) leads a creative search in the genre of a single-act ballet in two directions: develops the principles of ballet formation based on symphonic music ("Shopenian" on the music of F. Chopin) and at the same time develops the form so called the plot ballet-play with a reliable interpretation of events, the image of the feelings and characters of the heroes, their relationships ("Egyptian Nights" by A. S. Arensky, Petrushka I. F. Stravinsky, etc.). In Moscow, in the Bolshoi Theater, Alexander Alekseevich Gorsky (1871-1924) carried out its production. It was the time of the formation of the Moscow Art Theater, led by K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. The search for innovators of theatrical art was carried away and captured the young Gorsky. And in their performances "Don Quixote" of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, "Salambo" rent and others, he sought to translate the principles of outstanding theater masters on a ballet scene. Gorsky performances were distinguished by historical accuracy, accuracy of dramatic development, carefully developed characteristics of actors.

Fokina's ballet performances were played by such wonderful artists as Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Vaclav Nizhinsky, in the production of the Gorsky - Ekaterina Gelzer, Mikhail Murdkin, Vasily Tikhomirov and others.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, a bright and distinctive phenomenon was developed in Soviet art - a multinational ballet theater. He developed, relying on the Russian school of classical dance. With the help of talented masters from Moscow and Leningrad, comprehending the achievements of the Russian ballet school, mastering her repertoire, the figures of national choreographic scenes were built on this basis the original building of their theater, creatively using the national features and traditions of art. Starting from the 20th year. Professional choreographic troupes are formed throughout the Soviet country. National ballet theaters mutually enriched each other's creative experience, including the experience of Russian ballet. Ballets KF Dankevich, A. M. Balanchivadze, K. A. Karaeva, A. P. Skulte, S. A. Balasanyan, F. Zarullina and other national composers were widely popular.

Among the outstanding Soviet choreographers, who contributed to the formation of the Soviet ballet, - Fyodor Vasilyevich Lopukhov (1886-1973) and Kasyan Yaroslavich Goleyovsky (1892-1970).

Soviet ballet art is distinguished by the depth and meaningfulness of the thematic content of performances. Developing and enriching the traditions of Russian dance art, Soviet masters are addressed primarily to the creations of classical and modern literature - Lope de Vega, Shakespeare, Balzak, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Lion Tolstoy, Chekhov, Kurpan, Green, Bulgakova, Aitmatova .. . The large-scale ideological and philosophical, moral problems set in the best works of world literature, the leaders of the Soviet ballet seek to embody on stage with the means of their art. For example, composer B. V. Asafiev and Balletmister R. V. Zakharov in Bakhchisarai Fountain ballet stressed the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe Pushkin Pushkin poem, at one time, formulated by V. G. Belinsky: "Rebirth" wild soul through a high sense of love " . Rostislav Vladimirovich Zakharov (1907-1984) set forth in the formulation of ballet to make dance art to the means of expressing deep thoughts and feelings laid down in the work of Pushkin.

A great interest in the show of the internal life of a person is one of the important distinguishing properties of the Soviet ballet theater. And no matter to which genre belongs to the performance - to the People's Historical Ballet-Roman ("Flame of Paris", composer B. V. Asafiev, Balletmaster V. I. Vinonen), Heroic tragedy ("Laurencia", A. A. Crane and V. M. Chabukiani), philosophical psychological drama (Romeo and Juliet, S. S. Prokofiev and L. M. Lavrovsky), choreographic comedy ("Baryshnya-peasant woman", B. V. Asafiev and R. V. Zakharov; Mirandolina, S. N. Vasilenko and V. I. Winonen), Balletu Skhay, Ballet Legend ("Stone Flower", S. S. Prokofiev and Yu. N. Grigorovich; "Icar", S. M. Slonimsky and V. V. Vasilyev), its authors always solved the main task - most fully submit to the viewer of a person in all the wealth of his thoughts and feelings, to show the means of plastic imagery the path of becoming its character, gaining high moral principles.

The first approach to the image of the hero of the choreographic performance was put in the first Soviet ballet - "Red Mak" R. M. Gliera, delivered in the Bolshoi Theater in 1927, to the 10th anniversary of October. Ekaterina Vasilyevna Gelzer (1876-1962) created on a ballet scene the image of a modern heroine - Chinese dancer Tao Hoa, subtly conveying her spiritual revival under the influence of the ideas of October. These ideas personified in the ballet sailors of the Soviet ship, a generalized heroic-patestical image of which is embodied in a large-scale folk element of the dance "Apple". So in "Red Mak", another feature of the Soviet ballet was determined - the interpretation of the heroic theme as one of the most important. This topic later developed and enriched in such writings as already mentioned "Flame of Paris", "Laurencia" and others. Carefully worked directorial scores and mass scenes, and solo parties with their psychologism made it possible to invite their creative individuality and the artists of the corpsoretole, and Performers leading parties.

In the late 60s. Work on the heroic theme barked a new impulse thanks to the innovative statement by Yuri Nikolaevich Grigorovich (R. 1927) of Ballet A. I. Khachaturian "Spartak" in the Bolshoi Theater. A multivalued and deep understanding of the choreographer's figurative essence of the classic dance helped him to create a grandiose scenic canvas, where the events of the ancient history of philosophically were understood from the standpoint of today's reality, in the complex weaves of human relations, deeds, strong, significant characters, and in their collisions and conflicts were revealed Important and for our time ideological and moral problems.

The enrichment of the ballet theater with modern intonations, an in-depth image of characters is inherent to all creations of Yu. N. Grigorovich - productions of classical ballets P. I. Tchaikovsky and A. K. Glazunov and modern ballet performances ("Romeo and Juliet", "Stone flower" S. with . Prokofiev, "Legend of Love" A. D. Melikova, "Angara" A. Ya. Espaya, "Golden Age" to the music of D. D. Shostakovich).

Modern intonations are peculiar to the production of Soviet ballets ("Auditor", "Vityaz in Tiger Shkura", "Potemkin's armadiole"), implemented by O. M. Vinogradov, the main balletmaster of the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. M. Kirov. Interesting ballet works born on scenes and other cities of our country.

The wonderful skill of the artists of the Soviet ballet is known all over the world.

Ballerina Marina Semenova showed the possibility of classical dance in its entirety and brilliance. She created images of proud, rebellious heroines in the ballet "Swan Lake" P. I. Tchaikovsky, "Raymond" A. K. Glazunov, "Flame of Paris" B. V. Asafieva.

The unique art of Galina Ulanova embodies the best features of the domestic ballet - expressiveness, depth, spirituality, classical perfection. Unforgettable images created by her on the scene of Mary ("Bakhchisarai Fountain" Asafyev), Giselle ("Giselle" A. Adana), Cinderella (Cinderella S. S. Prokofiev), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet" Prokofiev) and others.

The art of Natalia Dudinskaya is inherent in psychological depth and emotional expressiveness. She was the first executive of the main parties in many Soviet ballets.

The distinctive features of the talent of Olga Lepeshinsky were optimistic, temperament, with a special force manifested in the ballet "Don Quixote" L. Minkus, "Flame of Paris" Asafieva, "Cinderella" Prokofiev and others.

Maya Plisetskaya combines in his work the traditions of the Russian choreographic school with the innovative aspirations of the Soviet ballet. The virtuosity skill of the ballerina is captured in many parties performed by her in classic and modern ballet performance. Among her best roles - Odett and Odile in the "Lake Swan" Tchaikovsky, Carmen in Carmen-Site Bizeta - Shchedrin, Anna Karenina in the same name Ballet R. K. Shchedrin et al.

Polon unique grace and grace Dance Raisa Polotova. Her artistic talent was brightly expressed in Mary's roles, Juliet, Cinderella, in an extensive concert repertoire.

The executive skill of Irina Kolpakova is distinguished by classical expressiveness, beauty of forms. The art of Marina Condratyeva attracts spirituality and in-depth lyrism.

The magnificent artist of the parties in the classic ballets was Asaf Messer.

Lyrical male dance in Soviet ballet arts found the most vivid embodiment in the works of Konstantin Sergeeva, in the Bakhchisarai Fountain of Asafyev), Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet" Prokofiev) and others. He put a number of ballets - Cinderella, Prokofiev, "Thunder Thunder" Karaeva ...

The heroic beginning was inherent in the art of Alexei Ermolaeva (1910-1975), artist of Filipp ("Flame of Paris"), Tibald ("Romeo and Juliet") and others.

One of the brightest figures in Soviet ballet art was Vakhtang Chabukiani. He is all in the elements of the dance, inspirational impulse. In his production "Heart of the Mountains" A. M. Balanchivadze, "Othello" A. D. Machavaviani and the temperamental performance of the main parties in these balleters of Chabukyani claimed the celebration of the heroic male dance.

When Ekaterina Maksimova performs the role of Kitrie in Don Quixote, in its brilliant dance, the character of the temperamental Spanish girl is expressed. And in the ballet "Spartak" A. I. Khachaturian, she creates a completely different image - gentle, devotee, and then killed by a woman's grief.

Vladimir Vasiliev connects incomprehensible virtuosity in his work and the finest acting skills. His courageous Spartak, brave Icar in the same name S. M. Slonimsky, from which the activity of V. Vasilyeva began as balletmaster.

Natalia Immortalov is called the "Soviet Romantic Balerina" for the inspired execution of parties of the classical and modern repertoire.

Nina Timofeyev, Lyudmila Semenyaka, Gabriela Comleva, Mikhail Lavrovsky, Maris Liepa, Nikolai Fadeecheev and many other artists glorified the Soviet Ballet School of Soviet Ballet.

The pupil of the Perm Choreographic School Nadezhda Pavlova at the second international competition of ballet artists in Moscow was awarded the highest award. Spectators warmly meet this ballerina, which has become a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater.

Tajik ballerina Malik Sabirova (1942-1982) Talentedly embodied in his work the theme of love and loyalty. To her best roles include party games in Giselle ballet, Don Quixote, Leyly and Medezhnun.

In Solar Georgia, the talent of Elena Gwaramadze and the faith of Cygnadze bloomed. Bayshenaliyeva's Kyrgyz ballerina (1926-1973) left a marked mark in the art of the Soviet Ballet Theater. The expressiveness of the dance was pleased with his audience the actress of ballet Larisa Sakhyanov, now becoming a teacher of young masters of dance of Buryatia. The Ukrainian dancers Elena Potapov and Valentina Kalinovskaya are prominent representatives of the Soviet Multinational Ballet. Uzbek ballerinas Galia Izmailov and Bernard Kariyev embodied the characters of the Soviet East women in their dances. Known names of the Belarusian ballet artists Lydia Ryazhova, Lyudmila Brzhosovskaya, Yuri Trojan, Azerbaijan Ballerina Hamar Almamzade, Armenian dancer Vilen Galstin and many others.

The viewers of all continents enthusiastically apply to the Soviet ballet. Outstanding Soviet artists and entire ballet teams of the Moscow Bolshoi Theater and Music Theater named after K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Leningrad Theater named after S. M. Kirov, Kiev Theater named after T. G. Shevchenko and other Soviet theaters are touring with great success abroad, always causing admiration for their unsurpassed art.

New independent choreographic troupes are being created in our country - ballet theaters, classical ballet, chamber ballet, plastic drama. It helps to identify new taming and help them come to art.

Ballet is the art of spiritualized plastics, thoughts embodied in motion, lifestyle shown by means of choreography

The history of the ballet begins in the Renaissance (XV-XVI century) in Italy. It grown from the solemn performances, which were put on the aristocrats of their servants: musicians and dancers at the court. At that time, the ballet was like an inexperienced young man of eighteen years old: awkward, but with fire in the eyes. He developed extremely fast. As the same young man, who was first put into the workshop and were adjusted to the apprentice.
At that time, the ballet fashion was completely different: the costumes corresponded to the time, packs and pointes simply did not exist, and the audience had the opportunity to participate in it.

Ekaterina Medici becomes a significant figure in the history of ballet development. From Italy, it brings this art to France, suits Speculi for invited guests. For example, ambassadors from Poland were able to see a grand production called Le Ballet Des Polonais.
It is believed that truly close to the modern ballet was a masterpiece Ballet Comique de La Reine, who kept the audience in a voltage of more than five hours. Put it in 1581.

The XVII century is a new level in the development of ballet. Separated from the simple dance, he turned into an independent art that she passionately supported Louis XIV. For him, Mazarini discharged the choreographer from Italy, who put ballets with the participation of the king.
In 1661, Louis created the first academy of the dance, in which she was taught ballet art. The first choreographer Louis XIV, Mr. Lully, took the brazers of the board of the first ballet school into their hands. Under his leadership, the Academy of Dances was improved and asked the tone to the entire ballet world. He did everything possible to turn ballet from a young and inexperienced Junc with fire in his eyes, in the state handsome, who know and respect everywhere. In 1672, the Dance Academy was founded with his support, which to this day is known to the whole world as ballet of the Paris Opera. Another court choreographer Louis XIV, Pierre Boshan, led to work on dance terminology.
1681 became another significant year in the history of ballet. For the first time in the formulation of Mr. Lully participated girls. 4 Beauties broke into the world of dance and paved the rest of the rest. From this memorable moment in the ballet began to use both girls.

In century, XVIII ballet continued to conquer the hearts of lovers of elegant dance worldwide. A huge number of productions, new forms of expressing their "I" on stage, fame is already far from narrow court circles. The art of ballet and to Russia came.
In 1783, Catherine Secondly creates the Imperial Opera and Ballet Theater in St. Petersburg and the Large Stone Theater in Moscow, an imperial ballet ballet school opened in St. Petersburg.
The closer was the middle of the century, the brighter the ballet art became. Europe was fascinated by them, most of the high-ranking specials were interested in ballet. Ballet schools opened everywhere. The ballet fashion developed. The girls removed the masks from themselves, the styles have changed. Now the dancers were applied to light clothes that allowed them to fulfill the PA impossible before that time.

At the beginning of the XIX century, ballet theory is actively developing. In 1820, Carlo Blazis writes "elementary treatise on the theory and practice of art of dance." Begins the transition from the quantity to quality, more and more attention is paid to the details.
And most importantly, that brings the beginning of the XIX century to the ballet - these are dancing on the tips of the fingers. The innovation was perceived on the "Hurray" and picked up by the majority of choreographers.
In general, these hundred years gave very much and very many ballet arts. The ballet turned into an unusually lightweight and air dance similar to the summer wind, which originates in the rays of the rising sun. The theory and practice moved hand in hand: many scientific works were published, which are still used when teaching ballet.

The twentieth century passed under the sign of the Russian ballet. In Europe and America, at the beginning of the century, interest in the ballet was faded, but after the arrival of masters from Russia, the love of ballet art broke out again. Russian actors arranged long touring, giving the opportunity to all wishing to enjoy their skill.
The 1917 revolution could not prevent the development of ballet. By the way, the usual ballet pack appeared at about the same time, and the productions became deepest.
In the 20th century, ballet is art not only for aristocrats and noble houses. Ballet becomes the property of the general public.

In our time, the ballet remains the same magic art in which with the help of dance can tell about all human emotions. He continues to develop and grow, changing together with the world and without losing its relevance.

Ballet is a type of art in which the intention of the Creator is embodied by the means of choreography. Ballet performance has a plot, subject, idea, dramaturgical filling, libretto. Only in rare cases there are excavory ballets. In the rest of the choreographic means, the dancers must pass the senses of characters, the plot, action.

The ballet dancer is an actor, with the help of dance, transmitting the relationship of heroes, their communication with each other, the essence of what is happening on stage.

From "Giselle" to "Spartak". Ballets that must be viewed.

"Giselle"

History: The premiere of the ballet took place on June 28, 1841 in Paris. The Russian public saw the production in the walls of the Bolshoi Theater only two years later. Since then, "Giselle" has never long left the Russian scene for a long time. In the image of the main heroine, the first magnitude dancers shone: Pavlova, Spesivsev, Ulanova, Immortalova, Maksimova, etc.

The plot: the story of the first love and cruel betrayal. Digid in the peasant Nobleman Albert seduces anything suspects of a rustic girl. But the deception is quickly revealed. When Giselle learns that the beloved already has a bride from the highest light, it goes crazy and dies.
At night, Albert comes to the grave of the girl, where he almost dies from the hands of the Willis - Brides, dead before the wedding. Saves young man precisely Giselle.

"Swan Lake"

History: ballet on the music of Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky loved the public far from immediately. The debut ended with a complete failure. The audience was appreciated by the Swan Lake only after his initial choreography was edited by Balletmusers, Lvi-Ivanov and Marius Petipa. The new version showed the public in 1895, on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater. In Soviet times, the "Swan Lake" was the country's business card. Ballet was demonstrated to all high-ranking guests who visited Moscow.

The plot: setting is based on the legend about the princess, which turned the evil sorcerer of the Rothbart in the swan. Save the girl can one who sincerely love her and give an oath of loyalty. Prince Siegfried gives such a promise, but violates him during the ball, when Odilely appears on it, like two drops of water similar to Odeta. For a swan girl, it means only one thing - she will never be able to return to her old life.

"Romeo and Juliet"

History: Music to the world-famous ballet was written by Sergey Prokofiev back in 1935, but the spectator itself saw after three years, and not in Moscow or Leningrad, but in the Czech Republic, in the city of Brno. In the Soviet Union, the tragedy of Shakespeare was shown only in 1940. The main role was then shone the legendary Ulanov. By the way, the dancer (like many others) did not understand the music of the maestro. After the premiere, she uttered a pleasant toast: "There is no story sadder in the world than the music of Prokofiev in the ballet."

The plot: ballet completely and completely coincides with Shakespeare's interpretation - lovers from the warring families in secret from relatives are crowned, but die in a tragic accident.

"Bayaderka"

History: "Bayaderka" - one of the most famous ballets of the Russian imperial scene. For the first time, the production was submitted to the general public in 1877, on the stage of the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater. And in 1904, the balletmaster Alexander Gorsky moved it to the capital. Over the time, "Bayaderka" was subjected to numerous alterations, only the scene "Shadows" remained unchanged in the performance of the corps. It is rightfully considered to be a real decoration of the entire formulation and the present achievement of Petipa Balletmaster.

The plot: Love flashes Nika's love between Solor and Bayaderka (dancer). However, the girl likes not only his chosen one, but also the Great Brahmin who received the abandonment of beauty, decides to take revenge on her. Raja Dugmante also wants the death of Bayaderki, because he dreams of pumping his daughter for a solo. As a result of the conspiracy, the girl dies from the bite of a snake, which her enemies hide in a bouquet.
The strongest part of the "bayaders" is the scene "Shadows". When the solser falls asleep, he sees an incredible picture: the dance of the shadows of the dead souls descends the long string of the gorge among the Himalayas, among them there is Nikia, which is calling him to himself.

"Spartacus"

History: The premiere of ballet took place on December 27, 1956 in St. Petersburg, and in 1958 - in Moscow. Perhaps the most famous performers of the main male parties in the Soviet period can be called Vladimir Vasilyeva and Marisa Liepow. The basis for the scenario was various historical materials and fiction.

The plot: in this ballet, the love line goes to the background against the background of the opposition of the two main heroes of Spartacus and Crassa.
Spartak raises the uprising among gladiators, he managed to win, but the Crassus does not want to give up and begins a new campaign against his enemy. This time luck on his side. Spartak beats to the latter, but dies in an unequal battle: most of his allies just struggled and refused to fight the opponent.

Submitted by CopyPaster on Wed, 08/15/2007 - 01:11

Ballet - Art is quite young. He is a little more than four hundred years, although the dance decorates the life of a person from ancient times.

Ballet was born in northern Italy in the Renaissance era. Italian princes loved lush palace festivities in which the dance occupied an important place. Rural dances did not suit the court ladies and cavaliers. Their robes, like the halls, where they danced, did not allow an unorganized movement. Special Teachers - Dance Makesters - tried to bring order in court dances. They rehearsed in advance with nobles, separate figures and dance movements and led the groups of dancing. Gradually, the dance became more and more theatrical.

The term "ballet" appeared at the end of the XVI century (from the Italian Balletto - to dance). But he meant then not a performance, but only a dance episode that transmits a certain mood. Such "ballets" usually consisted of little "outputs" of characters - most often the heroes of Greek myths. After such "outputs" began the overall dance - "big ballet".

The first ballet performance-presentation was the "Comedy Ballet of the Queen", delivered in 1581 in France by the Italian Balt Maker Baltazarini di Beljoyozo. It was in France that the ballet was further developed. Initially, these were ballet masquerades, and then pompous melodraumatic ballets for knight and fantastic plots, where dance episodes were replaced by vocal arias and the declamination of poems. Do not be surprised, at that time the ballet was not only a dance play.

In the reign of Louis XIV performances of the court ballet achieved special splendor. Louis loved himself to participate in ballets, and his famous nickname "King Sun" received after the role of the sun in the "Night Ballet".

In 1661, he created the Royal Academy of Music and Dance, which includes 13 leading dance makers. Their duty was the preservation of dance traditions. Director of the Academy, Royal Dance Teacher Pierre Boshan, determined the five main positions of classical dance.

Soon the Paris Opera was opened, the balletmaster of which was appointed the same Boshan. Under its beginning, a ballet troupe was formed. At first, there were some men in its composition. Women on the scene of the Paris Opera appeared only in 1681.

The theater was set by the Operas-ballets of the composer Lully and the comedy ballets of the Moliere playwright. Initially, the courtesies were at first, and the performances were almost no difference from the palace views. The already mentioned slow menuets, Gavoto and Pavanians danced. Masks, heavy dresses and high-heeled shoes prevented women to perform complex movements. Therefore, men's dances differed with greater grace and grace.

By the middle of the XVIII century, the ballet won great popularity in Europe. All the aristocratic courtyards of Europe have sought to imitate the luxury of the French Royal Court. Opera theaters opened in the cities. Numerous dancers and dance teachers easily found a job.

Soon, under the influence of fashion, women's ballet costume became much easier and freer, the body lines were guessed under it. The dancers abandoned the shoes on the heel, replacing it on the light free-free shoes. A man's suit is less bulky and a man's suit: Pantalonians in touching the knees and stockings allowed to see the figure of the dancer.

Each innovation did the dances meaningful, and the dance technique is higher. Gradually, the ballet separated from the opera and turned into independent art.

Although the French ballet school was famous for the grace and plasticity, it was characterized by some coldness, formality of performance. Therefore, the balletmisters and artists were looking for other expressive means.

At the end of the XVIII century, a new direction was born in art - romanticism, which had a strongest influence on ballet. In the romantic ballet dancer stood on pointes. Maria Taloni was first made, completely changed the previous ideas about the ballet. In the ballet "Silfide", she appeared to a fragile being from the other world. Success was stunning.

At this time, many wonderful ballets appeared, but, unfortunately, the romantic ballet became the last period of the heyday of dance art in the West. From the second half of the XIX century ballet, losing its former importance, turned into an appendage to the opera. Only in the 30s of the XX century under the influence of the Russian ballet began the revival of this type of art in Europe.

In Russia, the first ballet performance is "ballet about ORFEE and EVRIDIK" - Posted on February 8, 1673 at the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Ceremonial and slow dances consisted of changing elegant poses, bows and moves alternating with singing and speech. He did not play any significant role in the development of scenic dance. It was only another royal "fun," attracted by its unusual and novelty.

Only a quarter of a century, thanks to Peter I reforms, music and dance entered the life of Russian society. In noble educational institutions introduced mandatory dance training. At the courtyard, the musicians, opera artists and ballet troupes began to perform from abroad.

In 1738, the first ballet school opened in Russia, and after three years 12 boys and 12 girls from Palace Chelyan became the first professional dancers in Russia. At first, they performed in the ballet masters of foreign masters as a person involved (so called the courts' artists), and later in the main parties. The wonderful dancer of that time Timofey Bubliks shone not only in St. Petersburg, but also in Vienna.

At the beginning of the XIX century, Russian ballet art has reached creative maturity. Russian dancers contributed expressiveness and spirituality to dance. Very precisely this feeling, A. S. Pushkin called the dance of his contemporary of Avdoti, the historic "soul fulfilled".

Ballet at this time took a privileged position among other species of theatrical art. The authorities paid great attention to him, provided state subsidies. Moscow and St. Petersburg ballet troupes performed in well-equipped theaters, and graduates of theatrical schools annually replenished the state of dancers, musicians and decorators.

Arthur Saint-Leon

In the history of our ballet theater, the names of foreign masters often meet, who played a significant role in the development of Russian ballet. First of all, this is Charles Didlo, Arthur Saint-Leon and Marius Petipa. They helped create a Russian ballet school. But the talented Russian artists gave the opportunity to reveal to the talents of their teachers. It invariably attracted to Moscow and Petersburg of the largest choreographers in Europe. Nowhere in the world they could not meet such a big, talented and well-trained troupe, as in Russia.

In the middle of the XIX century, realism came to Russian literature and art. Ballets feverishly, but to no avail tried to create realistic performances. They did not take into account that the ballet - the art of conditional and realism in ballet is significantly different from realism in painting and literature. Began the crisis of ballet art.

The new stage in the history of the Russian ballet began when the Great Russian composer P. Tchaikovsky first composed music for ballet. It was the Swan Lake. Before that, they were not serious about ballet music. She was considered the lowest view of musical creativity, just an accompaniment for dancing.

Thanks to Tchaikovsky, ballet music has become serious art along with opera and symphonic music. Previously, the music completely depended on the dance, now the dance had to obey music. Supported new means of expressiveness and a new approach to creating a performance.

The further development of the Russian ballet is associated with the name of the Moscow balletmaster A. Gorsky, who, by refusing obsolete meals of the pantomime, used in a ballet performance of techniques of modern director. Putting great importance to the pictorial design of the performance, he attracted to the work of the best artists.

But the authentic reformer of ballet art is Mikhail Fokin, which risen against the traditional construction of a ballet performance. He argued that the topic of the performance, his music, the era, into which the action takes place, requires other dance movements, another drawing of the dance. When setting the Ballet "Egypt nights" Fokina inspired poetry V. Brysov and the ancient Egyptian drawings, and the images of the ballet "Petrushka" postponed him poetry A. Blok. In the ballet "Daphnis and Chloe", he refused dancing on pointers and in free, plastic movements revived antique frescoes. His "Shopenian" revived the atmosphere of the romantic ballet. Fokin wrote that "dreams of creating ballet-fun ballet drama, from dance - a clear language, speaking". And he succeeded.

Anna Pavlova

In 1908, the annual performances of Russian ballet artists in Paris, organized by theatrical figure S. P. Dyagilev. The names of the dancers from Russia - Vaclav Nizhinsky, Tamara Karsavina, Adolf Most - became known all over the world. But the first in this row is the name of the incomparable Anna Pavlova.

Pavlova - lyrical, fragile, with elongated body lines, huge eyes - caused engraving with the image of romantic ballerinas. Her heroines were transferred to a purely Russian dream of harmonious, spiritualized life or longing and sadness about the unfulfilled. The "dying swan" created by the Great Ballerina Pavlova is a poetic symbol of the Russian ballet of the beginning of the 20th century.

It was then, under the influence of the skill of Russian artists, a second breathing of Western ballet was shaken and gained.

After the October Revolution of 1917, many panel theater figures left Russia, but despite this, the Russian ballet school survived. Pafos movement to a new life, revolutionary topics, and the main exposure of a creative experiment inspired ballet masters. In front of them there was a challenge: bring the choreographic art to the people, make it more vital and affordable.

So the genre of dramatic ballet appeared. These were performances, usually based on the plots of well-known literary works, which were built under the laws of a dramatic performance. The content in them was expressed by the pantomime and the visual dance. In the middle of the 20th century, dramatic ballet worried a crisis. Ballets made attempts to preserve this genre of ballet, reinforcing the spectacle of performances with the help of stage effects, but, alas, in vain.

In the late 1950s, a fracture came. Choreographers and a new generation dancers revived the forgotten genres - one-act ballet, ballet symphony, choreographic miniature. And since the 1970s, independent ballet troupes arise independent of opera-ballet theaters. Their number is constantly increasing, among them there are studios of free dance and dance Modern.