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False deafness (part of Onet) Sometimes the lecture creates the topic for the next, breaking the schedule of classes, but I treat it positively, because there is a terrible theory, my friend, and the tree of life always wants to eat. So this is an extraordinary lecture for officers and cadets of senior courses.

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Objectives lesson:

• introduce students with the facts of the biography of the literary criticism, a public figure D.S. Likhachev and his book "Letters of good and beautiful";
• compare the life views of the outstanding scientist of modernity with their views;
• get a positive emotional experience from communicating with the heritage of the great publicist;
• determine your attitude to moral values;
• evaluate the ecology of his own soul;
• get the skill of the selection of arguments to part with the exam in the Russian language;
• prepare for writing ESE ESE on social studies.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Entrance word of the teacher of the Russian language.

The soul of a person ... Some she is with a pea, and others are inclusive, ready to accommodate the whole world. Compassion, mercy, conscience, and nearby - cruelty, envy, violence, thirst for power. And the person comes out, then spiritual, then indifferent, at the same time he and the keeper of nature, but he is also her destroyer. Every year on our planet celebrate three special calendar holidays:

These days are a reminder of the problems of nature of nature, because to protect nature not from some mythical aliens, but from their fellow citizens with a deformed soul. The soul of man should be raised carefully, carefully and with love. There is no other way in humanity, if it wants to live in human.

Today we will talk about, it means to live by human, but will help us in this book Dmitry Sergeevich Likhacheva "Letters of Good and Beautiful."

He introduces students with the identity of D.S. Likhacheva.

On the slide screen:

• Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev;
• Milestones of life path;
• Legacy of Likhacheva (Cover book about "letters of good and beautiful";
• Recognition (awards);
• Personality and power.

The teacher commented on each slide and tells about three aspects of the confrontation of Academician Likhachev with the authorities: the conflict is professional, moral and conflict of class origin.

But by virtue of its intelligence and decency, Dmitry Sergeevich did not get out and continued the work of a philosopher, educator, journalist. The book "Letters of Good and Beautiful" was written in 1985.

Remember what is called journalism? What are her tasks?

The student responds: - This is a generation of works devoted to current issues and phenomena of current life. The main task of the journalistic style is the impact on the reader, the listener, the conviction of it in something, the suggestion of certain ideas, views, implies to certain actions, actions.

- What genres of journalistic style do you know?

On the screen slide with genres: essays, articles, reports, interviews, letters.

- The book of Likhacheva consists of forty-six letters addressed to the young reader.

- What is a letter?

On the Slide screen: the letter is written text sent to messages of anything (from the dictionary S.I. Ozhegov).

We have four working groups. Each has its own letter. Think about what I wanted to inform the reader Dmitry Sergeevich?

- I as a teacher who preparing you for the exam in the Russian language, please define the problem raised by the author in the letter, give an answer, what is the position of the author. Consent or disagreement argue, leading examples from literature or history.

- And as a teacher of social studies, I ask for each of the letters to formulate a rule of morality, which will be both your life credo. Record it on the board after discussion.

So, thoughts out loud about the read.

Letter Tenth: Honor True and False

1st group: - The tenth letter in the book of Likhachev "Letters of Good and Beautiful" is entitled "Honor True and False", which indicates the problem raised by the author. The true honor comes from the depths of the soul, she does not give a man to calm down, as if "gnawing" him from the inside. Synonym for such a conscience - a conscience that cannot be false because it is in the subconscious and is completely not subject to a person. On the true path withdraws precisely conscience. The false honor is the "Honor of the Mundar", forcing it to speak and do what society is waiting for you, even when it contradicts your own beliefs. For example, in the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov overpowers those moral boundaries that a person if he wants to remain a person, under no circumstances to cross it. Rodion did not provide for remorse, he forgot that the one who

shed blood, hoof himself on terrible flour. Having committed a crime, he says: "I didn't kill the old woman, but myself!" In the novel. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" is simple people to help the wounded, fights for the freedom of native land. The same Tikhon Shcherbaty goes to war not by some kind of political reasons (because "so necessary"), but because it feels the inner need, the need. This is, in my opinion, the manifestation of the honor of the truth. The false honor remains heavy cargo, empties the soul, while the true honor does not give a person to calm down, demands to make deeds worthy of respect. I think people need to remember that conscience - measured purity of thoughts and actions.

The members of the group are complemented by their arguments and conclusions.

- Youth tend to seek to understand these eternal truths to find their place in society, to determine their moral position. Turning to the classic literature, analyze the behavior of the heroes from the point of view of their life credo, regard their actions, attitude towards people and events through the prism of honor and dishonor. In my opinion, the behavior of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky is a worthy example of honor of honor. This is a knight without fear and reproach, who decided to serve the Motherland without a residue, to be together with the simple people to the end (a deadly injury scene). It's sad that a person's woven honor is to suffer. He is an advanced warrior, he is a winner, and he is a victim!

- Duel Lensky and Onegin. What is this: the protection of the honor of the true or "honor of the uniform"?

The conversation on the content of the letter number 10 is completed by the record on the board of the moral rule formulated by the Group based on the above:

On the Slide screenwith text letter.

Letter twenty fifth: at the order of conscience

2nd group: - There is a mental need to act on the settlement of conscience, to create good and there is the most valuable in man, that is, what makes him live in humans - this is, in my opinion, the position of the author in the letter "on the settlement of conscience" . Each intuitive manifestation can in themselves. We just want to want. Live, indeed, it will become easier and more interesting, and faithful decisions will come to your consciousness, without giving calm down and scurry. The person is not thinking about what and how he does to breathe, walk, see. So the path of good should be without effort and flour.

- A vivid example of the actions of people at the field of conscience can serve as the feats of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Nikolay Gastello is a pilot, in battle directed his plane to the enemy column, the price of his own life did not allow the enemy to win. Alexander Matrosov died, closing the embassy of the enemy dot's bosch, opening the way to the desired height. These people acted intuitively, at the expense of conscience.

- Honor and conscience did not allow the heroes of the story "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Do not fulfill the task. Retreat. They knew that they would die, but believed that the time would benefit. So it turned out. All five girls died, and the foreman of Vaskov suffered due to the fact that he could not protect them. We are grateful to people who defended the honor of the country, received at the venue of conscience on the battlefields and survived.

- I want to believe that people with a clean conscience and honor will not disappear and that they will finally appreciate them. They will be equal, they will be glorified. But honor and conscience is needed by a person not for glory and honors. In everyday life, it is also important to behave adequately, that is, to live in human. It comes to the mind of the lines from the "Captain's Daughter" Pushkin, Father Peter Greenoava: "Take care of the honor of the Smalod!" Apparently, this is the most important wishes for a person.

- And I think that it is necessary to live at the field of conscience from early childhood, so I will give the story Arkady Gaidar as an argument "Timur and his team." After all, it is in childhood that the foundations of moral purity are laid.

The conversation on the content of the letter number 23 is completed by the record on the board of the moral rule formulated by the Group on the basis of the above:

Create good, without seeing merit.

On the screen slide with the text of the letter.

Letter thirtieth: moral vertices and attitude to them

On the screen slide with the text of the letter.

3rd group:

- "... The most important thing is the most important thing - his ideals," D.Likhachyov's thirtieth letter ends. The basis of this text is the argument of the author about the moral vertices of the people and the attitude towards them. A scientist argues that in solving this issue it is necessary to rely on the best, great, highly moral. In this letter, the author calls for a benevolent attitude towards any people, even the most small. The people should be judged by the best that there is in it. Old fairy tales are created by a simple people, but they already laid the idea that good always wins evil. And what helped the Russian people to stand in harsh historical tests: in the Patriotic War of 1812 and in the Great Patriotic War? In the novel "War and Peace", Lion Tolstoy speaks about the role of a person in history and comes to the conclusion that the success of the case does not solve the will of one person, and the Spirit, the moral takeoff of the people, based on patriotism. Defenders of the Fatherland, Military and Civilians, Making Large and Small Feats, rose to moral vertices: Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Duchev, Nikolay Rostov, Plato Karataev, Natasha Rostov ... This text made me think about the fact that I am a particle of the Great and Great People . So that my plane does not fall, I should strive for moral vertices, should be worthy of his people.

- Each person should make a choice between morality and immorality, between the external well-being in the inner god and the wealth of nature with a modest existence. It can be assumed that in the life of every person there will come such a period when he has to solve the problem of choice: how to live on. I think the life of Matrius from the story of Solzhenitsyn "Matrein Dvor" is a good confirmation of that. All people and nothing for themselves.

- Ideal is an idea of \u200b\u200bperfection, the highest goal and a sample, which determine the method of thinking and human activity. The moral ideal is an idea of \u200b\u200bmoral perfection, the highest moral sample of behavior. In the books of V.M. Shukshina brightly sounds the subject of the meaning of life. The hero of the story "Chudik" seeks to comprehend the movement of his own soul. He sees a fifty-handed paper at the store's adjustment: raise or pass by, secretly assign or declare a find? His mind is that he chooses the second way, that is, comes as a minority would come. And as a result, it turned out that he did not bended to raise his own money. "It went to the store, I wanted to look at the piece of paper, stood at the entrance ... and did not entered. It will be very painful. Heart may not withstand. " The act shows that he lives the hero in human, pupil and thoughts.

- The Russian language teacher reads the passage from the story of Solzhenitsyn "One Day Ivan Denisovich", drawing an episode of brickwork: in the inhuman conditions of the Stalinist camp, a morally clean man retains the ability to receive joy and pleasure from their hands.

The conversation on the content of the letter number 30 is completed by the record on the board of the moral rule formulated by the group based on the above:

Remember! You are a grain of your people. Your actions are the fate of your country.

On the screen slide with the text of the letter.

Letter Forty Fifth: Space Hermitage

– 4th group: -In a fortieth letter, the author asks us, what can be opposed to such human vices, like revenge, evil quarrels and distribution? And he answers him: the solution of everything is a culture. Likhachev was convinced of this completely, and his affairs can serve as evidence. For example, he helped save the nature of the Volga reserve, prevented the opening of a sandy career, did not destroy the library in Myshkin, founded the culture fund, the magazine "Our Heritage", 20 years old headed the publication of the book "Literary Monuments". Thanks to his efforts, dozens of national cultural monuments were preserved and renovated. In the letter, the author shares with the reader emotions about the incredit value of our earthly civilization. Speaks about the unifying power of culture.

- in the story L.N. Tolstoy "Lucerne" depicts a scene when all its noble and concerned in the hotel for very rich people came to a balcony for very rich people to listen to the play of a poor stray musician. Listening to excellent music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same and even seemed to breathe in unison.

- I agree with the author: there are much more common between earthlings than different. From historical linguistics, it is known that once there was a single language for all - the Pyranceo European Basic Language. Thus, it is proved that the languages \u200b\u200bthat exist on Earth are relatives. We all speak in the same language, so we can not not understand each other.

The conversation on the content of the letter No. 45 is completed by the record on the board of the moral rule formulated by the Group based on the above:

While there is a culture, there are people!

V. Final part of the lesson - reflections.

- So our conversation came to the end about "good." I as a teacher of Russian language and literature satisfied and I think that there will be no problems with searching for arguments about morality and cleanliness in the exam.

- A history teacher demonstrates a slide with the moral code created by Lihachev and proposes to compare his items with those that were born from groups during the lesson. The class is convinced of the coincidence of its conclusions on the issue under discussion with the findings of D.S. Likhacheva ..

God of every person is his conscience.
Create good, without seeing merit.
Remember! You are a grain of your people. Your actions are the fate of your country.
While there is a culture, there are people!

The Russian language teacher ends the lesson with words from the 46th letter of the book "Letters of Good". At this time, the class sees on the screen without sounding an excerpt from the film about Likhachev:

- Letters could be more, but it's time to summarize. We walked today, rising through the steps of experience - the experience of moral and aesthetic. Life requires complications. So, what is the most important thing in life? The main thing for everyone has its own, unique, but it is. And whatever it is an individual, should be kind and significant. In life, the values \u200b\u200bof all kindness, and the kindness is smart, purposeful. Happiness reaches only one who seeks to make happy others and is able to forget about their interests, about himself. This is a "unmanned ruble." Today we learned to follow the paths of kindness. In my opinion, it is very and very important. Believe me!

The history teacher completes the lesson by execution under the guitar of the song "Hurry to live!"

"Honor, decency, conscience is the qualities that you need to go on, as well as we value our health, for without these qualities and a person is not a person."

Likhachev D. S.

Humanity is already more than two and a half millennium expects with the hope of "ideal society", in which moral values \u200b\u200bwould be the basis, such as: freedom, honor and dignity, conscience, duty and responsibility, good and justice. Thinkers of all time worked to move this idea to life, but, unfortunately, the topic of moral cultivation of man and today remains unfinished. Actual, still, the problem of honor and dignity of personality in the modern world.

I think it is unlikely to find opponents in this matter. Are the views of Likhacheva? Find the answer to this question is the goal of my work.

Honor, decency and conscience - a moral rod, without which a person does not live. In general, honor, decency and conscience, I will add nobility, regarded as a whole, without which the Likhachev said, a person is not a man. That's how it comes in one of the songs of Bulat Okudzhava:

Conscience, nobility and dignity

Here it is holy our military.

Honor, decency, dignity and conscience are given to a person from birth ancestors and instilled in their parents. Honor is like a chicken egg: I smash once, do not glue anything else. This is a purely personal moral quality, which should be in the soul of everyone. A decent person always keeps his promises and does not make intentional harm to others. And conscience - "Clawed beast, scraping heart," it is a natural spiritual gift of human nature. Each person in this world, in my opinion, must have its certain moral standards.

A person of honor, decency and conscience, in the highest understanding of these words, was Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, who made a great contribution to the development of these concepts.

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev was born, lived most of his life and graduated from his days in St. Petersburg. He was born on November 28, 1906. Learned by D.S. Likhachev first in the gymnasium of a human-loving society, then in the gymnasium and the real school of K.I. May, he ended up secondary education in the Soviet Labor School. L. Lenta. From 1923 to 1928 he studied at the Leningrad State University at the Faculty of Public Sciences, on the Ethnic-Linguistic Office. Here he penetrates special love for his native history and culture and began to explore the ancient Russian literature.

Immediately at the end of the University, Dmitry Likhachev for a false denunciation and charges of counter-revolutionary activities was arrested in 1928-1932. He conducted in the conclusion: first half a year in prison, then two years in the Solovetsky camp of special purpose, and, finally, on the calender construction of the Belomor-Baltic Channel. This period Academician D.S. Likhachev subsequently called the "most important time in his life," because passing through the terrible tests of prisons and camps, he learned sacrificial love for people and always follow the path of good.

In 1941, he becomes a senior researcher at the Institute of Russian Literature. In the same year, he protects the candidate thesis on the theme "Novgorod chronicle of the XII century". While in the blockade in Leningrad, he writes and publishes the book "Defense of Old Russian Cities" (1942). In June 1942, the scientist together with his family is evacuated to Kazan.

In 1945, the victorious year D.S. Likhachev writes and publishes the book "National Self-Agency of Ancient Rus." The following year receives a medal "For valiant work in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.".

In the middle of the century in the series "Literary monuments", accompanied by its scientific articles and comments overlook the two wonderful books: "Tale of the time years" and "Word about Igor's regiment."

In 1970 he was elected a valid member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Meanwhile D.S. Likhachev he became a foreign member and a corresponding member of a number of countries, as well as an honorary doctor of Sofia Universities, Budapest, Oxford, Bordeaux, Edinburgh and Zurich.

Proceedings Academician D.S. Likhachev in Russian chronicles and the problems of the history and theory of Russian literature and culture became a world-recognized classic philological science.

The scientist had many awards, both domestic and foreign ones. Among them are the highest awards of the USSR - the Stalinist Prize, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and the Gold Medal "Sickle and Hammer", a big gold medal. M.V. Lomonosov, the Order "For Merit Before the Fatherland" of the II Degree, the Order of the Apostle Andrei Promotional "For Faith and Fatherland" for the contribution to the development of domestic culture. He became the first cavalier of the Order of the Apostle Andrei First Called after the restoration of this Higher Award in Russia.

The end of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhacheva followed on September 30, 1999. November 28, 2006 turned 100 years since the birth of a great scientist. 2006 by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin was announced the year of Likhachev.

In one of the speeches, he noted: "I began to disappear from us conscientiousness. I say about it, it is obliged to say, because in my life there is many times not on personal matters, but according to such that are of great importance to conserve our culture, it was necessary to deal with People who have no sense of conscientiousness. "

It is known for such a paradox: most of all the conscience is tormented by a conscientious person, and not unsensing. Probably, this is because the happy conscience has already stopped, made silent, long ago stopped listening to her. "The conscience suggests. Honor acts. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and the conscience in one way or another person is cleared. The conscience" gnaws. "Conscience is not false. It happens muffled or too exaggerated (extremely rare)." The fact that the conscience does not "bite" is one of the problems of our country, and the whole world. She partly contributes to this feeling of permissiveness, impunity, because the worst punishment is a troubled conscience. Conscience is an integral line of a decent person. Honor is the advantage of a morally living person. Decency is everything that unites conscience and honor together.

The lack of conscientiousness in people, inflicts the damage to the material, but more spiritual. Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is an example of outstanding courage and resistance, because he managed, I repeat, throughout my difficult life, to preserve decency, conscience and honor, no matter what.

I want to believe that such concepts as conscience, decency and honor will not be forgotten. That the calm of conscience in harmony with an unmailing honor will be the highest value of the decency of our time.

"In my letters, I imagine friends. Letters to friends let me write simply. At first I am writing about the purpose and sense of life, about the beauty of behavior, and then I turn to the beauty of the world around us, to the beauty, which opens in works of art. I do it because to perceive the beauty of the surrounding person himself should be mentally beautiful, deep, stand on the right life positions. Try to keep binoculars in trembling hands - you will not see anything "(D. S. Likhachev).

Letter tenth

Honor True and False

I do not like definitions and is often not ready for them. But I can point out some differences between conscience and honor.

There is one significant difference between conscience and honor. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and conscience in one way or another is cleaned. Conscience "gnawing." Conscience is not false. It happens muffled or exaggerated (extremely rare). But ideas about honor are perfectly false, and these false ideas cause enormous damage to society. I mean what is called "Honor Mundir". We disappeared such an unusual phenomenon, as the concept of noble honor, but the "honor of the Mundir" remains a heavy cargo. Similarly, a person died, but only a uniform with which the Order was removed. And within which a conscientious heart is no longer beating.

"Honor of Mundir" makes the managers to defend false or vicious projects, insist on the continuation of obviously unsuccessful buildings, fighting protecting monuments with societies ("Our construction is more important"), etc. An examples of such settling "Honor of Mundir" can be given a lot.

The honor of True is always in accordance with conscience. The honor is false - the mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of human (or rather, the "official") soul.