What is divided by political regime. Types of state (political) regimes

The political regime is the methods of implementing political power in society.

Political regime: species and essence

Any political regime is this or that combination of opposite relationships between people: democratism and authoritarianism.

Types of state and totalitarianism

Under the similarity of authoritarianism with totalitarianism, in the first case, some polarization and placement of interests and forces are allowed. Some elements of the struggle, elections and in some limits are not excluded here, the legal opposition and dissent. But at the same time, the rights of public political organizations and citizens are somewhat limited, legal serious opposition under the ban, the political behavior of organizations and individual citizens is strictly regulated by the Rules. Destructive, constrain, which creates certain conditions for democratic reforms and harmonizing interests.

Political regime, types: democracy

Under the democracy, primarily implies the participation of the masses in the management of the state, as well as the presence of the country of democratic freedoms and rights, officially recognized and enshrined by law and the constitution. Democracy in the entire history of its existence, as a socio-political phenomenon, developed certain values \u200b\u200band principles to which include:

• publicity in the activities of power;

• equal law of citizens of the state in the management of society;

• division of authorities for judicial, legislative and executive;

• constitutional registration of the state of state;

• a complex of civil, political, social and economic freedoms and human rights.

These values, of course, describe the ideal system that has no anywhere else. It is possible, in principle, unattainable. However, the institutions to maintain the values \u200b\u200bof democracy exist with all their shortcomings.

1. The concept of political regime

2. Totalitarian political regime

4. Democratic political regime.

1. Political regime - This is a combination of methods, techniques and forms of political relations in society, that is, the method of functioning its political system.

Political regime is determined by the following factors:

The role, function and place of the head of state in the system of political leadership;

The method and procedure for the formation of representative authorities (electoral system);

Relationships of legislative and executive power;

The provision and condition of the parties, mass community organizations, movements, public associations of citizens in the political system;

Legal status, guarantees of human rights and freedoms, the degree of participation of the people in the formation of political power, the degree of real participation of the people in political life, the presence of mechanisms of direct democracy;

The procedure for the functioning of punitive and law enforcement agencies;

The situation of the media, the degree of publicity in society and the transparency of the state apparatus;

Accounting of minority interests in making political decisions;
- availability of mechanisms of political and legal responsibility of officials, including the highest.
The state of political regime is influenced: the political stability of society, the ratio of social forces and the degree of exacerbation of the struggle between them, historical, parliamentary, socio-cultural traditions and other factors. The political regime characterizes the adaptation of the political system to the objective conditions for the socio-economic and cultural development of society. In turn, this is one of the criteria for its effectiveness.

In political science there are various typologies of political regimes. One of the most common is as follows:

Totalitarian.

There are approaches according to which there are modes of democratic and non-democratic (authoritarian and totalitarian). According to the following typology, democratic and authoritarian regimes are allocated, and the totalitarian is treated as an extreme form of manifestation of an authoritarian regime. There are other approaches. However, we will focus on the first classification.

2. Totalitarian political regime - Political regime that performs comprehensive control over all the areas of society's life as a whole and the life of each person individually, based on the systematic use of violence or threatening it. Totalitarianism is a political way to organize all social life, characterized by comprehensive control by the authorities over the society and personality, submission of the entire social system to collective goals and official ideology. In totalitarian state, political parties were destroyed or coordinated in the composition of one party and the conflict between classes is hidden by emphasizing organic unity in the state. The term "Totalitarianism" occurred from the Latin word Totalitas (completeness, integrity) and for the first time in a wide political lexicon was introduced to characterize his motion Benito Mussolini (Italy) in 1925. Totalitarianism is the phenomenon of the 20th century. However, ideas about the possibility of a complete, universal management of the Society from the state existed in antiquity.

Study by scientists-political scientists totalitarian regimes of the last century made it possible to allocate their following specific traits:

1. The presence of a single ideology that covers all the vital parties to human being, which seeks to answer all the potentially emerging questions from the community of society and which are presumably adhere to all living in this society.

2. The only mass party is usually headed by one person, the leader of the charismatic warehouse and absorb the relatively small part of the population; Party, whose core is committed to ideology and is ready to fully contribute to its widespread; A party that is organized by the hierarchical principle and, as a rule, is either worth a bureaucratic state organization, or completely drained with it.

8. In totalitarian society, the ruling party spurs with the state apparatus, which leads to monopoly control over the economic sphere.

3. A system of police control that supports the party, and at the same time supervising it in the interests of its leaders.

7. Full control over all armed forces.

5. Comprehensive control over all mass communication and information - press, radio, cinema and intolerance to dissent in any form. Individuality, originality in thoughts, behavior, and even clothing is not encouraged. Conversely, the desire is generated not to stand out, be like everything, equability, suspicion, the desire to convey.

6. In consciousness of people, the image of the enemy is imperative, with which no reconciliation cannot be. A combat mood is supported in society, the atmosphere of secrecy, emergency, so that no one is lost vigilance. All this is justifying management methods of management and repression.

9. Full alienation of citizens from political processes, infringement of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

10. The socio-psychological foundation of the totalitarian regime is conformism. Social conformism is a non-critical adoption and following dominant thoughts and standards, stereotypes of mass consciousness and traditions. The conditions for the emergence of conformism are fear, propaganda, fanatical faith in the highest and only truth, the imperatives of group standard.

Totalitarianism has the following historical forms: Communism (USSR), fascism (the time of the Board of B. Mussolini in Italy), National Socialism (Germany at Hitler - Third Reich).

Start communism Put the military communist system, which was in 1918 in Russia. Communist totalitarianism is more than its other species, expresses the main features of this building, as it is aimed at the complete destruction of private property, and, consequently, any autonomy of the person and represents the absolute government of the state.

Fascist The mode was first set in Italy in 1922. In it, totalitarian traits were not fully expressed. Italian fascism as its aim to proclaim not so much the radical construction of a new society, how much revival of the Italian nation and the greatness of the Roman Empire, the establishment of a procedure, solid state power.

National Socialism As a political and public system was established in Germany in 1933. He is characterized by almost all the common features of totalitarianism. National Socialism has relatives with fascism, although a lot takes a lot from the Soviet past: first of all, the revolutionary and socialist components, the form of organization of the party and the state and even the appeal "Comrade". At the same time, the place of class takes the nation, the place of class hatred is National and Racia. The main goal was proclaimed world domination of the Aryan race, to achieve which militarization (strengthening military power) and military expansion, genocide standing at a lower level of development of peoples (Slavs, Roma, Jews).

3. Authoritarian regime It occupies an intermediate position between totalitarian and democratic modes. The dictatorial nature of the authoritarian authority gives him with totalitarianism (in this case, authoritarianism is a kind of alternative to totalitarianism), and with a democratic regime it brings the presence of autonomous, non-governmental public areas, in particular, economic and private life, the preservation of civil society elements. Thus, authoritarian regime (authoritarianism) is a mode based on a monopoly on the power of one person or a group of persons, while maintaining some freedoms in non-political spheres.

· Alienation of the masses from power due to the fact that one person (monarch, tyrant) or a small group of persons (military junta) acts by carriers of power;

· The desire to exclude the political opposition (if such exists) from the process of articulation of political positions and decision-making. Monopolization of power and policies, the consequence of which is the prevention of political opposition, independent legal political activities. It is possible to exist a limited number of parties, trade unions and some other public organizations, but subject to their authorities;

· Non-government power to citizens and its unlimitedness. Power may rule with the help of laws, but it takes them at their discretion;

· The desire to put control of all potentially opposition public institutions - family, traditions, groups of interests, media and communication;

· The relative closeness of the ruling elite, which is combined with the presence of disagreements within it and fighting for the power of groups;

· Non-interference or limited interference in non-political spheres. The main landmarks of the authorities are related primarily to ensuring their own security, social order, defense and foreign policy. At the same time, there is a possibility of impact on the economic development strategy, the implementation of active social policy;

Authoritarian political regimes are quite diverse. These can be counted and famous in the history of absolute monarchies, and feudal aristocracy, and the modes of Bonapartist type, and military dictatorships, and many other mixed forms, with difficulty definition. But political researchers more often allocate the following three groups of varieties of authoritarian political regimes, depending on such a criterion as the ruling group, its main characteristics and ways of interaction with society:

1. Single-party systems. Characterized either the presence of one political party (the rest is prohibited) or the dominant position (the activities of the remaining parties are limited by the ruling authority). In most cases, single-party systems are either established as a result of the revolution, or are imposed on the outside. So it was, for example, with countries in Eastern Europe, in which one-party systems have become the post-war result of the exploration of the USSR. Here, in addition to countries with the communist regime of the Board, Taiwan and Mexico can be attributed.

2. Military regimes. Most often arise as a result of state coups against management of civilians (military governments in Latin America, Africa, Greece, Turkey, Pakistan, etc.).

3. Personal power regimes. Their general characteristic is that the main source of authority is the individual leader and that power and access to power depend on access to the leader, proximity to it, depending on it. Portugal at Salazar, Spain with Franco, Philippines during Marcos, India with Indira Gandhi, Romania with Ceausescise are more or less convincing examples of personal power modes.

It should be noted that most of the political systems of modernity are characterized by the presence of the features of an authoritarian political regime.

4. Democratic regime. In modern political science, the concept of "democracy" is quite common, but its initial meaning (demos - people, kratos- power) expanded its borders. Initially, the term democracy was defined as the power of the people. For example, such an explanation of democracy gave Herodotus, in which this concept is found for the first time. In the democracy of Herodotus, power belongs to all citizens who have equal rights to the management of the state, and not one person or not groups of persons. It was this feature of democracy that did not like other representatives of the ancient political thought - Platon and Aristotle, who attributed democracy to the negative (wrong) forms of government. So, Aristotle under the democracy understood such a system when free-born and the poor, constituting the majority, have the supreme power in their hands. For Aristotle, the best state is such a society that is achieved through the average element (that is, the "middle" element between slave owners and slaves), and those states have the best system where the average element is represented in a greater number, where it is greater than it is relatively compared with Both extreme elements. Aristotle noted that when in the state many persons deprived of political rights when there are many poor people in it, then in such a state, hostile elements are inevitable.

The basis of a modern understanding of the ideal model of democracy is the values \u200b\u200bof freedom, equality, human rights, national sovereignty, the participation of citizens in management, etc. In the broad sense of democracy, it is treated as a form of a device of any organization based on the principles of equality of its members, the election of management and adoption authorities. Maiden solutions. Democracy - This is the management of the state in accordance with the folk preferences. Democracy as a special organization of political power determines the ability of various groups of the population to implement their specific interests. Thus, democracy can be defined as the political regime of the state, in which the power is carried out through direct democracy, or through representatives elected by the people or some part of it.

Signs of democratic regime:

1. The presence of a multi-party system.

2. Freedom of activity of public organizations and movements.

3. Universal eligible law and free election system.

4. The principle of separation of the authorities.

5. Developed parliamentarism system.

6. The principle of mutual responsibility of citizens and the state.

7. Official ideology coexists harmoniously with ideological pluralism.

8. The media is free and independent.

9. Rights and freedoms of citizens are guaranteed by law. The law determines the mechanism of their implementation.

10. The election of the main authorities.

Depending on the degree of participation of citizens in political life, the following modelsdemocracy:

· participator (Participer - participate). Within the framework of this concept, the need to participate wide sections of society in the elections of its representatives, in decision-making, as well as directly in the political process and in monitoring the implementation of the decision;

· plebisitarian. It is distinguished by the position that representative bodies should be controlled by citizens, and, therefore, it is necessary to minimize them, and the will of the people and state power must be identical or identical. The people should directly participate in the adoption of the most important political decisions. In the history of the development of society, it was the antique democracy that was plebiscitarian;

· representative. This concept is based on the principle of responsibility of power and government. The people are recognized as a source and controller of power. The will of the people is expressed in the elections, it is also delegated to deputies and other representative bodies. Real representative democracy is usually embodied in parliamentarism. Its essence is that citizens elect their representatives to the authorities who are intended to express their interests in making political decisions, in making laws and implement social and other programs;

· elite. In this concept, the principle of restricting the direct participation of the masses in management was obtained. In this model, the carriers of democratic values \u200b\u200bare not ordinary citizens, but elite, which is capable of more efficiently manage society and protect the values \u200b\u200bof democracy. The mass must have the right to periodically control the elite using the elections, affect its composition.

The process of transition to democracy is not unidirectional and linear, which is why it is customary to allocate intermediate stages, which specifies this process. At the first stage there is a transformation of the political system and stabilization of economic. This stage is characterized by the establishment of major democratic institutions, the liberation of the media, the elimination of a police state, the emergence of new political forces that advocate for democratic changes. At the second stage there is a transformation in the economic sphere, while the political system begins to gradually stabilize as the new Constitution, the Law on Elections, the Democratic Election Law, is adopted. And at the third stage, the economy begins to develop on the basis of self-sustaining growth, without excessive intervention from the state.

Characteristic features of democracy are inherent in the political systems of EU countries, USA, Canada, Australia, etc.

Ministry of Education of Russian Fediocy

Universal Institute of Innovation Technologies

Faculty: Jurisprudence

Course work

Types of political regimes

Performed student

2 buses, day branch

Faculty of jurisprudence

Scientific adviser:

Moscow, 2008

PL A N:

1. Introduction,

2. Typology of political regimes ,

1. Despotic mode

2. tyrannic mode

3. Totalitarian regime

4. Fascist (Racist) Mode

6. Liberal regime

7. Democratic regime

8.Fodalism

9.Tocratic

10.Dicture

11. Corporatochritia

12. Measitress

13.Iligarchy

14. Glohacia

15. Anarchism

3. Conclusion

4. References.

Introduction

Humanity has been looking for the most perfect forms

state organization of society. These forms are changing with the development of the

societies. The form of government, the device of the state, political regime is

method of dominance, which characterizes the relationship between the ruling elite and the population and represents a set of practical implementation of state power.

The political regime determines the level of political freedom in society, the legal status of the individual, gives answers to questions about how public authorities are being carried out to which the population is allowed to manage the Company's affairs, including law-conducting.

The term "political regime" appears in the scientific circulation in the 60s. XX century, category, "political regime", according to some scientists; Due to a synthetic nature, it was supposed to be considered as a synonym for the form of the state. According to others, the political regime should generally be excluded from the form of the state of the state, since the functioning of the state is not characterized by a political, but the state regime.

The discussions of that period were the beginning of a wide and narrow approaches to understanding the political (state) regime.

A wide approach refers political regime to the phenomena of political life and to the political system of society as a whole. Narrow - makes it the property of only public life and the state, since it specifies other elements of the form of the state: the form of government and the form of the state device, as well as the form and methods of the state of their functions. Thus, for the characteristics of the state form, political regime is important both in the narrow sense of the word (a set of techniques and methods of state leadership) and in a wide sense (the level of guaranteeing the democratic rights and political freedoms of the individual, the degree of compliance of official constitutional and legal forms of political realities , the nature of the relationship of power structures to the legal basics of state and public life).

Throughout the centuries-old history of the existence of the state as a social phenomenon, the use of many types of political regime.

1. Despotic regime (from Greek. - Unlimited power). This mode is characteristic of an absolute monarchy. When despoty, power is carried out solely by one person. But since it is actually a despot one can not manage, he is forced to reimburse some managerial affairs to another person who has a particular confidence (in Russia it was a little whims, Menshikov, Arakcheev). In the east, this person was called Vizier. Behind him, the despot certainly left punitive and tax functions. The will of the despot is arbitrary and sometimes manifests itself not only as self-depth, but also as self-smuggling. The main thing in the despotic state is obedience, the execution of the will of the ruler. But there is a force that can withstand the will of the despot, it is religion, it is mandatory for the sovereign.

The despoty is characterized by cruel suppression of any independence, discontent, indignation and even disagreement of subject. The sanctions applied at the same time shake their severity, and they, as a rule, do not correspond to the deed, but are defined arbitrarily. The main sanction used most often is the death penalty. At the same time, power seeks her visibility in order to sow among the people fear and ensure his obedience.

The despotic regime is characterized by the most opportunized cure. The lack of elementary rights and freedoms reduces them on the position of the cattle. We can only talk about satisfying physiological needs, and it is not fully.

The despotus is mostly the historical past. Modern world does not accept her.

2. tyrannic mode (from Greek. - The tormentor) is established, as a rule, in the territory undergoing military conquest. It is based on the sole administrator, but is characterized by the presence of the institution of the governor, and not the institution of a trusted person (Vizier). Tirana power is cruel. In an effort to suppress resistance, he executed not only for pronounced disobedience, but also for found intent on this matter, i.e., it is preventive to sow fear among the population.

Mastering the territory and population of another country is associated, as a rule, with physical and moral violence not only over people, but also on the customs of the people. When new rulers enter orders, nasty lifestyles and thoughts of people, especially if they impose other religious standards, the people are experiencing tyrannoe power very hard (Ottoman Empire). Laws do not act, since tyrannal power, as a rule, does not have time to create them.

The tyrannical board is perceived by the people as the oppression, and Tirans as a oppressor. Such a regime also existed in the early stages of human development (ancient world, early Middle Ages). Compared with the despoty of tyranny, it is still a little less severe regime. "Mitigating circumstance" serves here the fact of oppression not his, but someone else's people.

Types of tyranny

Several historical types of tyranny are known:

· Rannegreic (or older) tyranny;

· Properside tyranny in conquered by the Persians of the Greek cities of Malaya Asia and on the islands of the Aegean Sea;

· Lategorical (or younger) tyranny.

Rannegreic tyranny arose in the period of the formation of policies (VII-VI centuries. BC) in the process of a fierce struggle between the generic to know and the demos, headed by the trade and crafting top of the city; Got the spread in economically developed areas of Greece. Having come to power with the help of the armed force and relying on the support of Demos, tyrana conducted important transformations to improve the position of artisans, peasants, the poorest urban and rural layers, contributed to the development of crafts, trade and the process of colonization (for example, Kipsiel and Periagera in Corinth; Feegen in Megara ; Frasibul in Mile; Piscistratus in Athens; Gelon, Gieron I, Frasibul in Syracuse). Usually reforms were directed against the generic aristocracy and contributed to the consolidation of elements of class society and the state.

Generated by the features of the transition from the generic system to class, based mainly on military force, tyranny was not a solid regime and to the middle of the 5th century BC. e. Historically heal herself, giving way to the Polis Republic.

Properside tyranny existed in the period of conquest to the Persians of the Greek cities of Malaya Asia and Islands (end of the VI century BC); The Tirana of the Greeks was called the Persister's Persons from the representatives of oligarchic circles (for example, the silosont on Samos, which in Mitilylene, etc.).

Lategorical tyranny emerged at the end of V c. BC e. In the conditions of an acute social struggle of the wealthy and noble top of the policy with the broken layers of the Demos and existed to 2 V. BC e. He was carried out by the leaders of the hired detachments and led to the elimination of the Polis Republics (for example, Dionysius I Senior, Agafocl and others in Syracuses; Licofron and Jason in Fessaly; Mahanid and Naris in Sparta, etc.

3. Totalitarian regime (from Late. - Full, whole, comprehensive) otherwise you can call the inclusive power. The economic basis of totalitarianism is a large property: feudal, monopolistic, state. The totalitarian state is characterized by the presence of one official ideology. A combination of ideas about social life is set by the ruling elite. Among these ideas allocated the main "historical" idea: religious (in Iraq, Iran), the communist (in the former USSR: the current generation will live with communism), the economic (in China: to catch up and overtakely by the West), patriotic or powered and Dr. Moreover, the idea is formulated so popular, it's just that all sections of society can be understood and take it to the leadership, even the most uneducated. Sincere support to the power of the population contributes to the monopoly of the state for the media. There is one ruling party that declares itself the leading power of society. Because this party gives the "most correct installations", the Brazdes of the Board are given to her: there is a splice of the party and state apparatus.

Totalitarianism is characterized by an extreme centralism. The center of the totalitarian system is the leader. His position is akin to Divine. It is declared the wiser, infrequent, fair, tirelessly thinking about the good of the people. A critical attitude towards it is brutally pursued. Against the background of this, the power of the executive bodies occurs. Among the state bodies is allocated by the "power security" (militia, state security bodies, prosecutor's office, etc.). The punitive organs are constantly growing, because it is precisely the violence that is the nature of terror - physical and mental. It establishes control over all spheres of society: political, economic, personal, etc., and therefore life in such a state becomes like a glass partition. The personality is limited in rights and freedoms, although they can even be proclaimed.

- One of the forms of the political system of society with characteristic purposes, means and methods of implementation.

The political regime provides an idea of \u200b\u200bthe essence of state power established in the country at a certain period of its history. Therefore, the structure of a political system or state is not so important, how many ways of interaction between society and the state, the volume of human rights and freedoms, methods of forming political institutions, style and methods of political governance.

Simplicate or similar government structures can generate different political regimes, and, on the contrary, the same type of political systems may occur in various structures. For example, many European countries are constitutional monarchies (Sweden, Norway, Belgium, etc.), but the political regime in these countries corresponds to the republican structure of power with democratic board methods. At the same time, the Republic of Iran, having a completely democratic political structure of the organization of the state, put on the authoritarian state.

It is not easy to distinguish the authentic democratic regime of power from authoritarian or totalitarian. The USSR was for a long time for many peoples of the world by the personification of real democracy and the oasis of democratic freedoms. The true position of the people who survived the worst in the history of mankind totalitarian regime was opened only in the period of publicity.

Character and signs of political regime

Important characteristics of the political regime are the principles of the organization of the institutions of power, the intended political goals, methods and methods of their achievement. For example, slogans and installation types are very popular in totalitarian modes: "The goal justifies the funds", "victory at all costs" and so on.

The nature of the political regime is a significant impact of the historical traditions of the people and the level of political culture of society. The political dictator or the ruling political elite can usurp the authority just as much as these people's masses and civil society institutions allow them. It is difficult to imagine that in countries with long-standing democratic traditions and high levels of political culture would be established by authoritarian or totalitarian regime of power. But in countries with mainly traditional political culture, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes arise naturally.

Forms and types of political regimes

The varieties of political regimes are countless, but in political studies, three main forms of political regimes usually allocate: Totalitarian authoritarian and democratic.

Totalitarian political regime

(Lat. Totalis - all, whole, full) - political regime in which the state fully subordinates all areas of society and a separate person. It is the inclusion of its supervision that the totalitarianism differs from all other forms of state violence - despotia, tyranny, military dictatorship, etc.

The term "Totalitarianism" was introduced in the 20s. Critics B. Mussolini, but since 1925 he himself began to use it for the characteristics of the fascist state. Since 1929, this term has become used and in relation to the regime that established in the USSR.

Totalitarianism arose in the XX century. As political regime and as a special model of socio-economic order, characteristic of the stage of industrial development, and as an ideology, which gives clear benchmarks for the development of a "new person", "new economic and political order". This is a kind of "reaction" of the masses to the accelerated destruction of traditional structures, their desire for unity and consolidation in the face of frightening obscurity.

In such a state, the mass is becoming easy "mining" of various kinds of political adventurers (leaders, furors, charismatic leaders), which, relying on the fanaticism of their like-minded people, impose their ideology with the population, their plans to solve problems that have arisen.

The political system of totalitarianism, as a rule, is a strictly centralized party-state structure, which exercises control over all society, not allowing any public and political organizations outside this control. For example, in the USSR at each enterprise, in each state or public organization there was a party cell (CPSU).

In totalitarianism, civil society is completely absorbed by the state, and the ideological control of the ruling party is established over the state itself. The dominant ideology becomes a powerful unifying and mobilizing power of society. "Who is not with us - the one against us!" - Here is one of the slogans, which did not allow any pluralism of opinions.

Depending on ideological flows, totalitarianism is considered to imply on the "left" and "right". "Left" totalitarianism, based on the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, arose in the Communist countries (USSR, Eastern Europe, Asia and Cuba). The "right" totalitarianism in fascist Germany was based on the ideology of National Socialism, and in Italy - on the ideas of Italian fascism.

For any totalitarian regime, characteristic features are: military and semi-Russian organization of the Company; constant search for internal and external "enemies", periodic creation of extreme situations; permanent mobilization of masses for the fulfillment of the next "urgent" tasks; Requirement of unquesting subordination to the upstream manual; Hard vertical power.

Authoritarian political regime

(from lat. Auctoritas - power, influence; Auctor - the progress, founder, author) - a political regime characterized by the concentration of all the completeness of power in one person (monarch, dictator) or the ruling group.

For authoritarianism, high centralization of power is characterized; the population of many sides of public life; Command-administrative methods of manual; unconditional submission of power; alienation of the people from power; preventing a real political opposition; Restriction of freedom of printing.

With authoritarian regimes, the constitution remains, but it is declarative. There is also an election system, but it performs an indicative-fictitious function. The election results are usually predetermined and cannot affect the nature of the political regime.

In contrast to totalitarianism, under authoritarianism, there is no total control over all public organizations. In ideology, limited pluralism is allowed if it does not harm the system. Repressions are mainly active opponents of the regime. People occupying neutral positions are not considered enemies. There are certain personal rights and freedoms, but they are limited.

Authoritarianism is one of the most common types of political system. In terms of its characteristics, it occupies an intermediate position between totalitarianism and democracy. Therefore, it is possible both when moving from totalitarianism to democracy and, on the contrary, from democracy to totalitarianism.

Authoritarian regimes are very diverse. They differ in the objectives and methods of solving problems, according to the forms of the organization of power and can be reactionary, conservative or progressive. For example, countries such as Chile, Brazil, South Korea, through authoritarianism came to the democratic regime of power.

Democratic political regime

(from Greek. Demos - the people and Kratos - power) - the power of the people, or democracy. This is such a form of state, its political regime, in which the people or its majority is (considered) the carrier of state power.

The concept of "democracy" is multifaceted. Under the democracy, they understand the form of the Device of the State or Organization, and the principles of management, and the type of social movements involving the implementation of democracy, and the ideal of a public device in which citizens are the main vertices of their destinies.

Democracy as a way to organize and the form of management can take place in any organization (family, scientific department, a production team, a public organization, etc.).

Democracy is associated with freedom, equality, justice, compliance with human rights, the participation of citizens in management. Therefore, democracy as a political regime is taken to oppose authoritarian, totalitarian and other dictatorial regimes of power.

The word "democracy" is often used in conjunction with other words, for example, such as Social Democrat, Christian Democrat, Liberal Democrat, etc. This is done in order to emphasize the commitment of certain social movements by democratic values.

The most important signs of democracy are:

• legal recognition of the supreme power of the people;
• periodic election of the main authorities;
• universal eligible law, in accordance with which every citizen has the right to participate in the formation of representative institutions of power;
• equality of citizens' rights to participate in the management of the state - every citizen has the right not only to elect, but also be elected to any elected position;
• making a decision by a majority vote and subordination of the minority to the majority;
• control of representative bodies for the activities of the executive branch;
• accountability of elected bodies to their voters.

Depending on how the people make their right to power, three main ways to implement democracy can be distinguished.

Direct democracy - All the people (having the right to vote) directly makes decisions and follows their execution. This form of democracy is most characteristic of early forms of democracy, for example, for the generic community.

Direct democracy also existed in antique times in Athens. There, the main institution of power was the national assembly, which made decisions and often could organize their immediate execution. Such a form of democracy sometimes resembled the arbitrariness and self-dossi crowd. Obviously, this fact was one of the reasons that Plato and Aristotle negatively treated democracy, considering it a "wrong" form of government.

This kind of democracy existed in ancient Rome, in the Middle Ages Novgorod, in Florence and a number of other urban republics.

Plebisitarian democracy - People make a decision only in certain cases, for example, during a referendum on some question.

Representative democracy - The people elect their representatives, and they are managed by a state from his behalf or some authority. Representative democracy is the most common and effective form of democracy. The disadvantages of representative democracy are that the people's choices, having received powerful powers, do not always fulfill the will of those they represent.

The political regime is a term that first appears in the works of Socrates, Plato and other ancient Greek philosophers scientists. Aristotle has highlighted the correct and incorrect modes. To the first type he attracted a monarchy, aristocracy, politics. By the second - tyranny, oligarchy, democracy.

What is political regime?

This is a way to organize a political system. It reflects the attitude towards power and society, the level of freedom, the nature of the prevailing political focus. These characteristics depend on different factors: traditions, cultures, conditions, historical component. Therefore, two absolutely similar modes in different states cannot be.

The formation of a political regime due to the interaction of a huge number of institutions and processes:

• the degree of intensity of the flow of various social processes;
• form of an administrative and territorial device;
• type of power and management behavior;
• systematicism and organizedness of the ruling elite;
• the presence of the correct interaction of the apparatus of officials with society.

Institutional and sociological approaches to the definition

The institutional approach brings closers, merges the political regime with the concept of the form of government, the state system. Because of this, he becomes part of constitutional law. It is more characteristic of the French state. Previously, within the framework of this approach, three main groups of modes were allocated:

• mergers - Absolute Monarchy;
• division - presidential republic;
• cooperation - Parliamentary Republic.

Over time, this classification has become additional, since only government structures defined to the greater extent.

A sociological approach is characterized by focus on social reasons. Under it, the concept of regime is considered more volo, assuming balance in the relationship between the state and society. The mode has a system of social connections based on the system. For this reason, modes are changed and measured not only on paper. For the process, the interaction and movement of social reasons.

Structure and main characteristics of the political regime

The structure is the authority and political organization and its structural elements, political parties, public organizations. It is formed under the influence of political norms, cultural features in their functional aspect. In relation to the state, it is impossible to talk about the usual structure. Of paramount importance is given to the relationship between its elements, ways to form power, the attitude of the ruling elite with ordinary people, the creation of prerequisites for the realization of the rights and freedoms of each person.

Based on the structural elements, it is possible to allocate the main signs of the legal regime:

• the ratio of different types of power, the central government and local self-government;
• the situation and the role of various public organizations;
• political stability of society;
• the procedure for the work of law enforcement and punitive organs.

One of the important characteristics of the regime is its legitimacy. It is understood as the basis for making any decisions are laws, a constitution, legal acts. On this characteristic, any modes may be based, including tyrannical. Therefore, today legitimacy - the recognition of the regime by the masses, based on their convictions about which political system of society meets their beliefs and interests to a greater extent.

Types of political regimes

Varieties of political regimes a huge amount. But in modern studies, the emphasis is on three main types:

• totalitarian;
• authoritarian;
• democratic.

Totalitarian

With it, such a policy is formed so that absolute control over all parties to the life of society and man as a whole. He, as well as authoritarian type, refers to a non-democratic group. The main task of power is to subjugate the way of life of people with one undisputed dominant idea, to organize power so that all conditions have been created in the state for this.

• The honors from the totalitarian regime is ideology. It always has its own "Bible". The main features include:
• Official ideology. It completely denies another order in the country. It is needed to combine citizens, building a new society.
• Monopoly on the power of a single mass batch. The latter practically absorbs any other structures, starting to perform their functions.
• Control over the media. This is one of the main disadvantages, because the censored information is censored. Total control is observed in relation to all communications.
• Centralized economy control and bureaucratic management system.

Totalitarian modes may vary, evolve. If the last one appears, then we are talking about the post with totalitarian mode, when the previously existing structure loses part of its elements, becomes more blurred and weak. An example of totalitarianism is Italian fascism, Chinese Maoism, German National Socialism.

Authoritarian

This type is characterized by a monopoly on the power of one party, face, institute. In contrast to the previous species, authoritarianism does not have one for all ideology. Citizens are not subjected to repression only because they are opponents of the regime. You can not support the existing system of power, it is enough just to endure.

At the same time, there is a different regulation of different aspects of life. Characterized by the intentional depoliticization of the masses. This means that they know little about the political situation in the country, practically do not take part in addressing issues of participation.

If with totalitarianism the center of power is one party, with the authoritarianism of the highest value recognized the state. Common, estate and other differences are maintained among people.

The main features include:

• ban on the work of the opposition;
• centralized monistic structure of power;
• preservation of limited pluralism;
• the absence of the possibility of non-violent change of ruling structures;
• the use of structures for keeping power.

The company believes that authoritarian regime always implies the use of rigid political rule systems, which applies forced and power methods for regulating any processes. Therefore, environmental authorities and any means of ensuring political stability are important political institutions.

Democratic political regime

It is associated with freedom, equality, justice. With a democratic mode, all human rights are observed. This is the main plus it. Democracy - democracy. It can only be called political regime if the legislative power was chosen by the people.

The state provides its citizens wide rights and freedoms. It is not limited to them only to the proclamation, but also provides the basis for them, establishes constitutional guarantees. Thanks to this, freedoms become not only formal, but also real.

The main signs of a democratic political regime:

1. The presence of a constitution that would meet the requirements of the people.
2. Sovereignty: People choose their representatives, can change them, carry out control over the activities of the state. structures.
3. The rights of individual personalities and minority occurs. Most opinion is a necessary, but not sufficient condition.

In a democratic strict, there is equality of the rights of citizens in the management of state. Systems. Any political parties and associations can be created, allowing to express their will. In this mode, the legal state is understood as the highest power of the law. In democracy, political decisions are always alternative, and the legislative procedure is a clear and balanced.

Other types of political regimes

Three types considered are the most popular. Today you can meet the republics and countries in which other regimes are preserved and prevail: military dictatorship, democrats, aristocracy, holloration, tyranny.

Some political scientists describing modern non-democratic regimes, make focus on hybrid species. Especially on those that combine democracy and authoritarianism. At the same time, the direction is subject to preclusion of individual provisions using various democratic procedures. The peculiarity is that the latter are under the control of the ruling elites. The subspecies include viscosities and democrats. The first arises when conducting liberalization without democratization, there is humility of the ruling elite with some individual and civil rights without accountability to society.

During a democracy, democratization without liberalization occurs. This means that elections, multiparty and political competition are possible only by the measure of not the threatening ruling elite