Biography in A Mozart briefly. Music Music Creativity

29.06.2019

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Mozart (Johann Chrysito Wolfgang Teofil (Gottlib) Mozart) was born on January 27, 1756 in the city of Salzburg in a musical family.

In the biography of Mozart, the musical talent was found in early childhood. Father trained his game on the organ, violin, Clavesisin. In 1762, the family rides in Vienna, Munich. There are concerts of Mozart, his sister Mary Anna. Then, while traveling around the cities of Germany, Switzerland, Holland Musarth's music is striking listeners amazing beauty. For the first time, composer compositions are published in Paris.

The following few years (1770-1774) Amadeus Mozart lived in Italy. There for the first time his operas are put ("Mithridate - King Pontic", "Lucius Sulla", "Sad Scipion"), which receive a great success of the public.

Note that by 17 years the composer's wide repertoire included more than 40 major works.

Flowering creativity

From 1775 to 1780, the fruitful work of Wolfgang Amade Mozart has replenished the cohort of its writings nearby of outstanding compositions. After classes of the court organist in 1779, Mozart Symphony, its operas contain more and more new techniques.

In a brief biography of Wolfgang Mozart, it is worth noting that the marriage of the Constance Weber also reflected on his work. Opera "Kidnapping from Seralya" is impregnated with romance of those times.

Some Mozart Opera remained unfinished, since the difficult financial situation of the family forced the composer to devote a lot of time to various part-time jobs. The aristocratic circles held piano concerts of Mozart, the musician himself was forced to write plays, waltz to order, teach.

Peak of Glory

The work of Mozart of the following years amazes fruitfulness along with skill. The famous opera "Wedding Figaro", "Don Juan" (both operas are written in conjunction with the poet Lorenzo da Ponte) Composer Mozart are put in several cities.

In 1789, they received a very advantageous offer to lead the court chapel in Berlin. However, the composer's refusal further aggravated the material flaw.

For Mozart, the work of that time was extremely successful. "Magic Flute", "Mercy of Titus" - these operas were written quickly, but very qualitatively, expressive, with beautiful shades. The famous Mass "Requiem" was never finished with Mozart. The work finished the student of the composer - Zyusmayer.

Death

Since November 1791, Mozart sick a lot and did not get out of bed at all. The famous composer died on December 5, 1791 from acute fever. Mozart buried on the cemetery of St. Mark in Vienna.

Test on biography

And you remember well a brief biography of Mozart? Learn it right now.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the full name of Johann Chrysito Wolfgang Theofil Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, died on December 5, 1791 in Vienna. Austrian composer, dropmaster, violinist virtuoso, clause, organist. According to the testimony of contemporaries, possessed phenomenal musical hearing, memory and ability to improvisation. Mozart is widely recognized as one of the greatest composers: his uniqueness is that he worked in all musical forms of his time and achieved the highest success. Along with Gaidn and Beethoven, belongs to the most significant representatives of the Vienna Classical School.
Mozart was born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg, then the capital of Salzburg Archbishopia then, now this city is located in Austria.
Mozart's musical abilities manifested itself at a very early age when he was about three years old. Father trained Wolfgang basic basin, violin and organ.
In 1762, Mozart's father took with his son and daughter Anna, also a wonderful executive in Clavesis, an artistic journey to Munich, Paris, London and Vienna, and then to many other cities in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland. In the same year, young Mozart wrote his first composition.
In 1763, the first Mozart Sonats for Harpsichord and Violin were published in Paris. From 1766 to 1769, living in Salzburg and Vienna, Mozart studied the work of Handel, Studella, Carissi, Durant and other great masters.
1770-1774 Mozart spent in Italy. In 1770, in Bologna, he met an exclusively popular at the time in Italy by composer Josef Madious; The influence of the "Divine Bohemets" turned out to be so great that later, in the similarity of the style, some of his writings were attributed to Mozart, including the oratorile "Abraham and Isaac"

In 1775-1780, despite the concerns about material security, a barren trip to Munich, Mannheim and Paris, the loss of mother, Mozart wrote, among other things, 6 key sonatas, a concert for flute and harp, a large symphony number 31 D-DUR, nicknamed Paris, several spiritual choirs, 12 ballet rooms.
In 1779, Mozart received the place of the court organist in Salzburg (collaborated with Michael Haydn). On January 26, 1781, the "Idomenay" opera was put in Munich with a great success, which denoted a certain turn in Mozart's work.
In 1781, Mozart finally settled in Vienna. In 1783, Mozart married Konstanz Weber, the sister of Alozia Weber, in which he was in love during his stay in Mannheim. In the first years, Mozart acquired broad fame in Vienna; His "Academy" was popular, as the public author's concerts were called in Vienna, in which the writings of one composer were fulfilled, often themselves. However, with Opera in Mozart in the following years in Vienna, it was not the best in Vienna. Opera "L'OCA Del Cairo" (1783) and "Lo Sposo Deluso" (1784) remained unfinished. Finally, in 1786, the Opera "Wedding Figaro" was written and was written, the author of the libretto was Lorenzo da Ponte. She had a good reception in Vienna, but after several ideas was removed and was not put up to 1789, when the production resumed Antonio Salieri, who considered the "Wedding Figaro" of the best opera Mozart.
In 1787, he saw the light of the new opera, created in the Commonwealth with Da Ponte, "Don Juan".
At the end of 1787, after the death of Christof Willibald Gluca, Mozart received the position of "Imperial and Royal Chamber Musician" with a salary of 800 florines, but his duties came down mainly to the composition of dances for masquerades, opera - comic, on the plot from secular life - was Mozart ordered only once, and she became "Cosi Fan Tutte" (1790).
In May 1791, Mozart was enrolled on the unpaid position of the Assistant of the Kadelmeister of the Cathedral of St. Stephen; This position provided him with the right to become a dropmaster after the death of a seriously ill leopold Hofman; Hofman, however, survived Mozart.
Mozart died on December 5, 1791. The death of Mozart is still the subject of disputes. Most researchers believe that Mozart really died, as it was indicated in a medical conclusion, from rheumatic (projected) fever, possibly complicated by acute heart or renal failure. The famous legend of Mozart poisoning by composer Salieri is now supported by several music archives, but there are no convincing evidence of this version. In May 1997, the court, meeting in the Milan Palace of Justice, having considered the case of Antonio Salieri on charges of murder of Mozart, made him an acquittal.

Recent estimates: 4 5 3 5 2 2 1 1 1 1

Comments:

A lot is written

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Neither Fig yourself brief biography

Shining, radiant, incredible - as soon as the Mozart lovers of classical music are not called. Indeed, from the great set of works written by him only a few units written in Minor.

Musical education Mozart He was engaged in his father, a good musician himself, who appealing to the talent of his son and carefully grown him. Although now the methods of Mozart-Sr. would seek cruel towards the child (the boy was remembered for hours a day, and literally from four years to constant classes were added regular speeches in different parts of Europe), the pupil received exclusive pleasure from music, connecting academic musical knowledge with passion and emotions. Despite the short life (he died at 35), Mozart fully changed the idea of \u200b\u200bmusic.

On the birthday of the composer "Evening Moscow" Intends to your attention a selection of interesting facts from his biography.

1. At four, Mozart wrote his first concert for Clavsity. Father, looking at the notes, struck his complexity and said that it was hardly at least one of the European virtuosos would be able to execute it. "What stupidity, dad!" The boy exclaimed, "even a child can play it. For example, I".

2. Once seven-year-old Mozart came to give a concert in France-Maine. After the speech, the boy came to him and said that he could never learn how wonderful to play him.

But it's very simple! Try to record music notes that comes to mind.

Music does not come to mind, only poems.

It's great! Writing poems is much more difficult than music.

The interlocutor of Little Mozart was young Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

3. As a child, the father tried to squeeze the talent of his son to the maximum, from this all the life of Mozart was a solid series of classes and performances. The boy played the key, the full halls gathered on his speeches, and his father came up with new and new ways to draw attention to a small genius. He tied her son's eyes and Amadeus played blindly, the keyboard was clotched, and the boy still was not mistaken in any note. It seemed that this child could not knock anything. During one of the speeches on the scene, a cat came out. Mozart threw the game and rushed to her to stroke. On the outrageous screams of his father, he replied:

Clausing is not going anywhere, and the cat will leave.

4. At seven years, Mozart wrote his first symphony, at 12 - the first opera "Bastient and Bastienne". At the Academy in Bologna, where the entrepreneurial father wanted to send his son, did not take anyone who was under 26 years old. For a brilliant boy, the Council of the Academy made an exception - so at the age of 14 Mozart became an academician. When the Father congratulated him, the boy asked if he could go as an academician and just walk half an hour.

5. Once a young man dreamed of becoming a composer turned to Mozart. He asked the maestro how to write a symphony. Mozart asked why he would not start with something easier, because he was so young.

But you wrote the first symphony of seven years!

Yes. But at that time I did not occur to ask how to do it.

6. In the Vatican, one-one once a year was fulfilled by a huge essay of Allegri for two choirs. The score of this work was very carefully guarded, and no one saw him except the artist. Mozart wanted to make a gift to his sister Anna - to give her notes that were only at Pope. Therefore, the boy just recorded the score for rumor. Upon learning of the "Stoles", Pope came to beware, but checking the music record and finding her flawlessly, Pontiff awarded Mozart, the Order of the Knight Golden Spurs.

7. Wolfgang Amadeus and his wife Constance got used to live on a wide leg. Mozart fees were perfectly fabulous, but in two weeks he was sitting without a penny in his pocket and was forced to take money from friends. One of them asked the composer:

You have no castle, nor dear mistress, no heaps of children, no stables ... Where do your money disappear?

I have a wife, - answered Mozart, - she is my castle, my mistress, a bunch of my children and my stable.

8. Once Mozart decided to swallow Salieriand wrote a very complex melody. Amadeus said he is the only person in the world who can play it. Salieri, throwing a look on the notes, objected that no one would be able to play this melody, because at the most difficult moment you need to take a few notes in the middle, while the hands must perform the most complex passages at the opposite ends of the keyboard, and all this It was performed in a very fast pace. Satisfied Mozart sat down for the instrument and played a play exactly through notes, and he took the sacred chord in the middle ... nose!

9. One friend of Mozart loved to joke. He came up with a cute draw - sent a huge bundle to the composer's address, in which there was nothing but paper and notes "Dear Wolfgang! I am alive and healthy!". In response to this, Mozart, who he himself loved to laugh, sent a response message - a heavy parcel with a stone inside. And on the stone it was written: "Dear friend, this stone fell from my soul when I got your message!".

10. Once alone, one beggar appealed to the composer. On this day, Mozart was on Melie, but she took a poor man in a cafe, where Menuet sketched in five minutes. He gave the pool to the poor and advised to contact her to one publisher. The beggar did it. The publisher, just looking at the leaf, paid five gold for Minuet and asked to bring more similar writings.

Of all representatives of the Vienna Classical School, Mozart is the most unique. His gifts manifested itself in early childhood and developed up to an unexpected death. The Austrian composer created more than 600 works, playfully played, worked in various musical forms. His ability to play from four years old and early death became the subject of numerous disputes and hooked myths. The biography of Mozart, the summary of the life and creativity of which is divided into sections, is presented in the article.

early years

He was born on 01/27/1756 in the Scripple family and composer Leopold Mozart. His hometown was Salzburg, in which his parents considered the most beautiful married couple. Mother, Anna Maria Mozart, gave birth to seven children, who survived two - daughter Maria Anna and Wolfgang.

The ability to music manifested itself from a boy from three years. He loved to play the clasine and could pick up a conservation for a long time. Father began to study with a boy from four years, because he had a pronounced ability to memorize the heard melodies and reproduce them on Clavesis. So began the musical biography of Mozart, briefly about which it is difficult to write, is so rich in events.

By five years, Mozart could compose small plays. On paper, their father was recorded, setting the date of creation on the fields. In addition to Claus, Wolfgang learned to play the violin. The only tool that brought horror on the young musician was a pipe. He could not listen to her sound without maintaining other tools.

Not only Wolfgang in the Mozart family playfully played. His sister was no less talented. They gave the first concerts together and caused delight among the listeners. In Vienna, they were represented by Empress Mary Terezia, who listened to their concert for several hours.

With his father, they traveled in Europe, giving concerts with noble nobles. Only for a short time they returned home.

Vienna

After misunderstanding with their employer, Archbishop Salzburg, Amadeus Mozart, whose brief biography is presented in this article, decides to change their lives and go to Vienna. He arrived in the city 03/16/1781. To start a career in Vienna, the time was chosen unsuccessfully. Most aristocrats left for the summer for the city, and concerts were practically not carried out.

Mozart hoped to become a teacher of Princess Elizabeth, whose education was engaged in Joseph II. But all attempts ended in failure. Instead, Joseph II chose Salieri and Zummer. However, Wolfgang had enough student, albeit less noble. One of them was Teresa von Trattner, which he believes his beloved. The composer dedicated her sonate to Minor and fantasy to Minor.

After long expectations and obstacles, Mozart married the Weber Constance. They had six children, but only two of them survived. It is the connection with the Constance spoiled the relationship of the musician with the Father, whom he loved from birth. The biography of Mozart, briefly outlined, is impossible without the version of his death.

The last year of life

In 1791, Mozart ordered "Requiem", which he did not have to complete. Made it his student Franz Ksaver Zyusmeyer. In November, the composer became very bad, he could not walk, the help of doctors took.

They stated he had an acute projected fever. From her at the time, many veins inhabitants died. The disease was complicated by the general weakening of the body.

By December 4, the state of the composer became critical. On December 5, Mozart died. Biography (brief) composer, who left the descendants many wonderful works, ends on this.

The funeral took place on December 6, 1791 in the presence of only close friends. Then his body was taken to the cemetery for burial. Where it is, it is unknown, but allegedly at that place over time was the monument to "Crying Angel".

Legend of Mozart Poison

Many works describe the myth on the poisoning of Wolfgang with his friend and the famous composer of Salieri. Some musicians still support this version of death. However, convincing evidence does not exist. At the end of the last century, an exclusive verdict Antonio Salieri was made in the Palace of Justice (Milan) on charges of the murder of Wolfgang Mozart.

Mozart's biography: briefly about creativity

The creations of Mozart are combined with strict and clear forms with deep emotionality. His works are poetic and carry a subtle grace, while they are not devoid of masculinity, dramaticness, contrast.

He is famous for his reform approach to the opera. It is their novelty to take care of both the opera and the biography of Mozart, the short content of which begins with a three-year-old age. Its works are not clearly pronounced negative or positive characters. Their characters are multifaceted. The most famous operas:

"Don Juan";
"Wedding Figaro";
"Magical flute".

In the symphonic music of Mozart (biography, brief, but meaningful, probably allowed you to learn a lot about this composer) distinguished himself by the presence of singers in opera arias and dramatic conflict. Symphones are considered popular at the numbers 39, 40, 41.

According to the thematic catalog of Khele, Mozart created:

spiritual creations - 68;
string quartets - 32;
sonatata (variations) for harpsichord and violin - 45;
theatrical works - 23;
sonatas for harpsile - 22;
symphony - 50;
concerts - 55.

Hobbies Mozart

Most of all the composer loved to stay in a merry society. He gladly visited balls, masquerades, arranged techniques. On the bala, he often danced.

Like its other peers, Wolfgang Mozart, the brief biography of which we are described, well played billiards. His house was his own table, which was a special luxury at the time. He often played with friends and his wife.

He liked the Canary and Skvorts, whom he wouldingly kept holding himself as pets. In addition, he had dogs and even horses. On the recommendation of the doctor, he made early walks on horseback every day.

The Biography of Mozart briefly told about the fate of the genius who had lived long, but who had made an invaluable contribution to the musical art of the whole world.

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Introduction

The life of the ingenious Austrian composer of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is amazing and unusual. His bright, generous talent, constant creative burning gave completely striking, the only results of a kind. Mozart lived only 36 years. Despite the continuous concert activities that began from the six-year-old, he created a lot of works during this time. About 50 symphonium, 19 operas, sonates, quartets, quintes, requiem and other works of various genres are written to Mozart.

Relying on the achievements of Haidna in the field of son-symphonic music, Mozart made a lot of new, original. Huge artistic value represents his operas. "Wedding Figaro", "Don-Zhuan", "Magic Flute" enjoy the same success for more than one century. Similarly, in other genres, Mozart said his word, the word of musical genius.

The striking talent of Mozart, his early death attracted attention not only to the contemporaries of the composer. The Great Pushkin wrote a small tragedy "Mozart and Salieri", and the composer of Roman Corsakov for this tragedy created a opera.

Nowadays, Mozart's music sounds in concerts, opera theaters, on the radio. The works of Mozart are required in programs of music schools, conservatories, all-Union and international competitions. About Mozart write books, articles, trying to reveal the depth and beauty of his music, talk about his extraordinary giving, about his bright, interesting and at the same time full of labor and disadvantages of life.

Chapter 1. Composer Biography

mozart composer music instrumental

Biography up to 1781

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus - Austrian composer. Born on January 27, 1756 in Salzburg. Great influence on the musical development of Mozart, his father Leopold Mozart, who trained the son of the game on musical instruments and compositions. At the age of 4, Mozart played the Clavesis, since 5-6 years began to compose (1st symphony was executed in 1764 in London). Mozart also acted as a violinist, singer, organist and conductor, imprisonly improvised, hitting phenomenal musical hearing and memory. From 6 years with triumph toured in Germany, Austria, France, England, Switzerland, Italy. At the age of 11, he made as theatrical composer (1 hour of the stage oratorio<Долг первой заповеди>, school opera<Аполлон и Гиацинт>). A year later created the German Singspil<Бастьен и Бастьенна> And Italian opera-buff<Притворная пастушка>. In 1770, Pope awarded him with the Order of Golden Spurs. In the same year, a 14-year-old musician after a special test was elected a member of the Philharmonic Academy in Bologna (here Mozart took J. B. Martini's lessons for some time). Then the young composer conducted in Milan's premiere of his opera<Митридат, царь Понтийский>. Next year, Serenade Mozart was performed there<Асканий в Альбе>, in a year opera<Луций Сулла>. Artistic Tour and Further stay in Mannheim, Paris, Vienna contributed to the wide familiarization of Mozart with European musical culture, his spiritual growth, improving professional skills. By 19 years old Mozart was the author of 10 musical and scenic works of various genres (among them operas<Мнимая садовница>, setting in Munich,<Сон Сципиона> and<Царь-пастух> - both in Salzburg), 2 Cantat, numerous symphony, concerts, quartets, sonatas, ensemble-orchestral suite, church compositions, aria and other works. But the more Wunderkind turned into a master, the less the aristocratic society was interested. From 1769 Mozart was listed by the court chapel in Salzburg's accompanist. Archbishop Ieronim Count Svalloredo, the ruler of the Church Principality, despotically limited the possibilities of his creative activity. Attempts to find another service were in vain. In the princely residences and aristocratic salons of Italy, German states, France composer met indifference. After the wanderings in 1777-79, Mozart was forced to return to his native city and take the position of the court organist. Written in 1780 for Munich Opera<Идоменей, царь Критский, или Илия и Идамант> He testified to the artistic maturity of the ingenious master. The fact that was for him stay in Salzburg. In 1781, Mozart finally broke with the archbishop.

Biography after 1781

Among the great musicians of the past, Mozart was the first to preferred the unsecured life of a free artist by the semi-represented service of the dominated Velmazby. Mozart did not want to sacrifice his ideals to the prevailing tastes, courageously defended creative freedom and personal independence. Mozart settled in Vienna. He had a family (from six children only two sons survived the Father; the younger became a musician, Mozart F. K. V.). The troubles about the service remained unsuccessful. The existence of Mozart mined episodic editions of the works (most of the major works published posthumously), the lessons of the game on the piano and the theory of composition, as well as the "Academy" (concerts), with which the appearance of his concerts for piano with the orchestra is connected. After Zingspil<Похищение из сераля> (1782), who had an important milestone in the development of this genre, did not seem to compose for the theater for almost 4 years.

In 1786, in the Imperial Palace, Schönbrunn was performed his small musical comedy<Директор театра>. With the assistance of the court poet Librettist Lorenzo da Ponte, in the same year, it was possible to perform the opera in Vienna<Свадьба Фигаро> (1786), but she went there relatively long (resumed in 1789); Especially happy was a noisy success for Mozart<Свадьбы Фигаро> In Prague (1787). Enthusiasm reacted the Czech public and to specially written for Prague Opere Mozart<Наказанный распутник, или Дон Жуан> (1787); In Vienna, (production 1788), this opera was adopted restrained. In both operations, new ideological and artistic aspirations of the composer were fully revealed. In these years, his symphonic and chamber-ensemble creativity has also reached a heyday. Position<императорского и королевского камерного музыканта>, provided by Mozart Emperor Joseph II at the end of 1787 (after the death of K. V. Glitka), the activity was syrupted, the responsibilities of Mozart were limited to the essay of dances for masquerades. Only once he was instructed to write a comic opera on the plot from secular life -<Все они таковы, или Школа влюблённых> (1790). Mozart intended to leave Austria. His trip to Berlin did not meet Him in 1789. With the top of the new Emperor Leopold II (1790), the position of Mozart has not changed. In 1791 in Prague, on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold, the Czech king was represented by Opera Mozart<Милосердие Тита>, celebrated cold. In the same month (September) I saw the light<Волшебная флейта>. The suburban theater put on the stage of the suburban theater, this Opera Mozart found this recognition from the democratic public of the Vienna. Among the advanced musicians who managed to fully appreciate the power of Mozart's diving were his senior contemporary I. Gaidn and the younger - L. Beethoven. In conservative circles, his innovative works were condemned. From 1787 stopped<академии> Mozart. He failed to organize the execution of the 3rd symphony (1788); Three years later, one of them (apparently, G-Moll) sounded in charitable concerts in Vienna under the control of A. Salieri. In the spring of 1791, Mozart enrolled the free assistant to the Capereuser of the Cathedral of St. Stephen with the right to take the freed place after the death of the drop-messer. His deprivation, disregard for his work, difficulties in obtaining orders and a demolition position - all this poisoned the life of the composer, gave birth to gloomy premonitions. For a half months before the death of Mozart, the diagnosis of rheumatically inflammatory fever). Requiem, ordered by him anonymously Count F. Valshegg-mounted (decided to give a purchased work for their own), remained unfinished (the missing numbers wrote a student of Mozart - F. K. Zyusmir; the discussion began in 1825 as the participation of Zyusmira at the end of the requiem did not end and Ponyna). Mozart died without reaching 36 years. According to the once schedule of ordinary funeral, he was buried in the general grave in the cemetery of St. Mark (the location of the grave is unknown).

1.1 Analysis of creativity Composer

The work of Mozart, comprehensive on the coverage of genres and the latitude of musical and stylistic ties - one of the most important stages in the world development of the opera, symphony, concert and chamber music. It is summarized in the centuries-old experience of composers of various countries, primarily Austrian, German, as well as Italian, French, Czech. Completing the 18th century, it had an impact on the late creativity I. Gaidna and directly led to 19 V. - To the heroic of L. Beethoven (symphony C-DUR, later called<Юпитер>) And Romantics F. Schubert (Symphony G-Moll). As a music playwright Mozart transformed a household comic and sentimental opera and created new opera genres of mature realistic style. Its creative method is inherent in truthfulness and versatility in the image of characters, the disclosure of images in their development and interaction, the unity of the typical and concrete, contrast of the tragic and joking, combination of heartiness with irony, reality with fantastics. Based on the Italian opera-buff (and partly opera-Seria) operated opera-comedy<Свадьба Фигаро> and opera drama<Дон Жуан>, based on Austro-German Zingspil - National Opera-Tale<Волшебная флейта>, incorporated and other stage and musical genres - from the sacred representation to extravagancies, from the forms of the Italian opera to Choral and Fugue. The creative nature of Mozart, the heroic-mythological and conditional historical genre of the series, answered the creative nature of Mozart, as well as his early works (<Митридат>, <Луций Сулла>) how much later -<Милосердие Тита> (fictional episode from the life of the Roman emperor). But even in this region, the Mozart made a new one and already in the opera<Идоменей> (based on ancient Greek history and mythology) in its own way developed the conquest of musical and dramatic art K. V. Glitka. Unlike the glitch, sharply breaking the old canons of the opera, Mozart walked through the internal update and crossing musical and scenic forms. In the synthesis of music and drama Mozart, leaving the majority of music, being simultaneously demanding on the dramatic content and qualities of the literary text. The interpenetration of simphonism and drama, with the constant predominance of the vocal principle, determines many parties of the Mozart Music Theater. The most important nodal moments of action are reproduced in musical and dramatically effective ensembles, including richly developed finals. In ensembles, the equilibrium of musical and dramatic sides, the harmony of general sound, with the specificity of individual vocal lines, which ensure the individual certainty of each character. Lyrical, comic, dramatic, arias in operations - sound portraits of heroes.

Harmonically clear and bright expressive art of Mozart, a representative of the Vienna classical school, akin to educational classicism with his cult of mind, ideal for noble simplicity and optimism and at the same time sentimentalism with his heart cult and approval of the rights of the individual, in particular its radical wing.<Бури и натиска>. In combination of passionate lyrism, heartiness, the forces of expression with high organized and volitional collaboration is the originality of the art of Mozart. Overcoming the traditions of aristocratic culture, but keeping the living elements of the gallant style, rethinking and subjugate their deeper aesthetic concept, Mozart claimed a new progressive path of development of music. Individualization of images, expression of expression, rapidness of development, saturation of drama - all this enriched melodic, harmonic, polyphonic drugs, strengthened the internal dynamics and contrast of composite forms, led to new principles of using tools and votes in the orchestra and vocal ensemble. Multifaceted Mozart Music often with stunning power transmits mournful-lyrical (<вертеровские>) Or gloomy tragic moods, but light tones predominate in it. The beauty of music of Mozart, elegant and perfect in shape, reflects the completeness of the sensation of life, embodies the dream in happiness.

1.2 Themes of Mozart's works

The topics of Mozart operas reflected the advanced social and ethical ideas of the era. Antifeodal tendency directly acts in the opera<Свадьба Фигаро> by comedy<Безумный день, или Женитьба Фигаро> Bomadsche. The revolutionary comedy sharpness in Opera is mitigated (partly in censorship), poetic than in the comedy, the love topic is embodied. At the same time, the social idea is the victory of energetic, smart, decent people from the people (Figaro and his bride Suzanne) in a persistent struggle against the aristocrat claims - preserved in the opera fully and is the basis of dramatic development and musical characteristics. New Spanish legend in Opera received a new interpretation<Дон Жуан> - <весёлой драме> (Dramma Giocoso), combining comedic and tragedy elements, psychological inlence and entertaining intrigue, fantastic convention and domestic reliability. The title hero personifies the vital energy, temperament, irresistible charm, freedom of feelings. By poetizing this image, Mozart at the same time does not justify Don Juan. Initially a strong person, he opposes the solid principles of the mind and morality, personified in the symbolic figure of the Commander and in the sublime, chastely strict image of Donna Anna. In a fun and elegant opera<Все они таковы> (Literally transfer:<Так поступают все женщины>) Buffonada is transformed with a thin irony, the type is clearly engraved in the arias and especially in ensembles (they are much larger here than Arium). Clean and noble sense of youthful hearts, loyalty to love and friendship Singles in Zingspile<Похищение из сераля> With his very conditional oriental flavor and in the philosophical drama opera fairy tale<Волшебная флейта>, drawing the utopian ideal world of wisdom and virtue.<Волшебной флейте> The features of moralizing and symbols in the spirit of Masonry are characterized (from 1784 Mozart was a member of the Masonic Order -<свободным каменщиком> At the end of 1785 he entered the lie<К добродетели>). Opera glorifies the victory of the light over the darkness, friendship over the hostility, resistance over the union, human love over the evil forces of the world. In the charming music embodied the greatness of spirit and simplicity, turbidity and comicity, allegorical deepness and naivety. IN<Волшебной флейте> Mozart carried out his dream - to create a big opera in his native language. AND<Свадьба Фигаро>, I.<Дон Жуан> According to its artistic principles, dramaturgy and musical warehouse - the creation of a Vienna school, but they, like most Opera Mozart, are written in Italian and in forms close to the Italian opera who prevailed in those years in many countries.<Волшебная флейта> originated on a different basis. With all the absenteeism and exoticness of its plot, with all the unusualness of her musical drama, this opera is closest to national character, folk song and domestic polyphony, traditions of the Austrian Democratic Theater. She opened the way to approval of the independence of the National Opera in German countries. Along with I. Haydn Mozart - the creator of a new orchestral and chamber classics. It relied on a 4-private symphonic and ensemble cycle scheme, on an developed haiden type of the Sonata Allegro and its structure of the symphony orchestra and the replacement quartet. (In turn, Haydn took the innovation of Mozart and completed them in his best symphony, quarters and sonata, which appeared after Mozart's death) as the compositional features of modern schools and directions mastering the compositional features (the ease of perception was amazing), his own changed noticeably The manner of the letter was fully detected by the unique peculiarity of his ingenious creativity. The influence of the Mannheim school affected<Парижской> D-DUR Symphonies created in 1778, after staying in Mannheim. It means that the mark in the musical development of Mozart left familiarization at the beginning of the Vienna period with the works of I. S. Baha and G. F. Handel. At the age of 15-16 years, M. created 15 or 16 symphonies, and in the last 10 years of life - 6 (about 50). Each of the mature symphony is different in character. T.N.<Хафнер-симфония> (D-DUR, 1782, written for the Salzburg family, Hafner) wears another features of the divertiment style. She originated from many serenade, from where the introductory march was seized and one of the two menuets. In 1783 appeared<Линцская> Symphony C-DUR, in 1786 -<Пражская> D-DUR (<симфония без менуэта>). 3 Symphones 1788 crowned the symphonic creativity of Mozart and the entire European Symphony of 18 V. A large solemnly pathetic entry of ES-DUR symphony contrasts with dance and household themes of all 4 parts, heterogeneous by emotional color. The symphony of the G-Moll is permeated with an agitated lyrics, a sorrowful palator and at the same time is distinguished by energy, will, spiritual resistance. In the majestic Symphony G-DUR (<Юпитер>), the largest scale, the contrast of images is especially emphasized. Mozart elevated the ideological-shaped content of the symphony, gave it a greater dramatic tension, strengthened her style unity and deepened contrasts between the parts of the sonata cycle, between the parties of the allegro, as well as inside the topics. The shape of a sonata allegro he applied not only in the 1st, but also in the 2nd and 4th parts of the symphony. Monumental Final Symphony<Юпитер> - a brilliant example of the introduction of a fugue to the Sonataya Allegro. The Evolution of Menuet (3rd Symphony) is indicative - it becomes lyrical and courageous. The essential principle of the instrumental works of Mozart - the Cantability used by the composer is not only in the lead voice, but in all subtle-developed texture (<певучая инструментовка>). Topics are inherent melodic saturation, line flexibility, wide breathing; Often they are associated with melodies of Mozart opener; Many of them are transformed by the revolutions of household, folk music of Austria. In the Orchestra of Mozart, a wonderful balance of groups (4 parties of string instruments with an undifferentiated bass batch and mostly pair composition of wind instruments with licenses) are reached. Individually used wind timbs. Flutes are often presented in the orchestra not two, but one party (including in the 3rd symphony), bobbs are absent in ES-DUR symphonies (by 543), clarinets to which Mozart is more and more (Haidn introduced them to a symphony orchestra After Mozart), no, however, in the symphony C-DUR (K 551) and introduced into the Symphony G-Moll (by 550) additionally (there are no pipes and Litavr).

Chamber music

The chamber instrumental ensembles of Mozart are close in a warehouse to its symphony, but, as a rule, more intimate, refined expressive and spiritually focused. They are even more intense than in symphony, polyphony elements are used; Typical chromatically aggravated melodic lines (string quintet G-Moll), brave dissonant consonants (string quartet C-DUR). In the early ensembles, the key is dominated over the violin (in sonates), over the violin and cello (in Trio). Strings and keirs are equal in later writings. Of the 35 Sonatas for Piano and Violin (it does not include 6 tons. Romantic Sonatas, whose belonging is refuted) 16 were created during the early concert trips (Paris, London and Hague). The most advanced sonates belong to the Vienna period (B-DUR, 1784; A-DUR, 1788). In stringed quarters, the old type close to Trio Sononata (Italy, 1770-73) was changed by Gaidnovsky, presented on 6 quarters dedicated to<отцу, наставнику и другу> I. Gaidna (according to Mozart,<плод долгого и упорного труда>), and 3<Прусских> quartents (1789-90). If string quartets occupy a central place in chamber music, the Mozart, along with quartz (quantitatively, they prevail) to the forefront on the artistic value, string quintes (the most complete samples are C-DUR and G-Moll, 1787). Among the wind and mixed ensembles, quintet for piano and windows (1784) and quintet for clarinet and stringed (1789) are distinguished.

Keywords:

Mozzart's key music reflected two important historical process: the transition from the harpsichord and keycorder to the piano (already in the rather earlyness of Mozart) and the stabilization of the classic seen cycle (three-part) in Sonata and the concert. The piano style of Mozart is directly connected with his performing art. Elegant, rectifying, singer, who comes from the heart, the game of Mozart made up the era in the history of pianism. Mozart is the founder of the classic form of a concert. Saving extensive availability, Mozart's concerts acquired a symphonic scope and a variety of individual expression, improvisation and strictly logical start, competition and mutual partition and orchestral ensemble are organically combined. 11-year-old boy Mozart processed in the form of 4 concerts of a part of the Sonatas of other composers, at the age of 17-21, wrote the first 4 original concerts for piano with the orchestra; Most (17) piano concerts appeared later in Vienna. The music is marked by the festive brilliance (concerts of D-DUR and A-DUR), sometimes drama and pathetic (C-Moll and D-Moll concerts). Viennese piano concerts were preceded by 5 concerts for violin with orchestra, written by 19-year-old Mozart, perhaps for their own performances, and a double piano concert, composed for himself and sisters (1779). At the request of musicians or by order of famous amateurs, he created a number of solo concerts for wind instruments, a few double concerts and a triple piano concert, as well as spectacular, in<мангеймском стиле>, <Концертную симфонию> With 4 soling wind instruments. For his speeches, and partly for students Mozart wrote piano sonates, Rondo, fantasies, variations. Although Sonata is inferior to concerts, quintams, symphony, still the most mature of them, such as C-Moll (1784), A-DUR (1778) and D- DUR (1789), together with similar works for The piano and violins form the vertex of the selection of 18 V.

Church music

Almost all the church music of Mozart-Mass, Litania, evening, offability, motels, etc., as well as church sonates - written in Salzburg. Over the past 12 years of life, Mozart has created only one complete churchwork - mott (June 1791, Baden resort, near Vienna). In Vienna, he worked on the mesca and requiem. Both large compositions remained unfinished. Work on the requiem refers to the last year of the life of Mozart. This mourning mass for choir, the quartet of soloists and the large orchestra is one of the deepest and expression of innovative works of Mozart. Tragic pathos and touching sorrow are transmitted in it with the same penetration.

Art of improvisation

Fantasies and partly the variations to a certain extent captured the incomparable art of Mozartt improvisation. Sonatogo-type dramaturgy is a fantasy C-Moll (it is presented by the Sonata of the same tonality) and Rondo C-Moll. Sonats and other plays of Mozart for piano in 4 hands and for 2 piano belong to the early samples of the piano duet, (creative inventiveness and ingenious cheerfulness was marked by household entertainment music for the orchestra or ensemble - cycles of type of suite (divertiments, serenades, cassation, nocturons ), dancing (menuets, countersders,<немецкие>, Landlers), marches. It is especially tangible in touch with folklore. In contact with some faces with chamber instrumental genres, symphony and concerts, entertaining suite served for the composer of a kind of experimental laboratory. Most of the serenad and divertiments appeared in Salzburg. They were designed for musitizing both in the open air and indoors and could be executed by the orchestra, the ensemble (they used various compositions - mixed, brass, string). One of the most popular works of Mozart in this genre -<Маленькая ночная серенада> (1787), written for string orchestra. The plays forming the cycle are diverse in forms and types of music - from sonata and concert to a different kind of dance, from Rondo to variations. Street cassation, serenada, divertisters were usually preceded and often walked by the musicians played on the go. The tendency to yumor was brilliantly manifested<Музыкальной потехе> () For string quartet and 2 horn (parody of the symphonies of composers-artisans). Among the orchestral plays a special place occupies<Масонская траурная музыка> (1785). Most solo songs, as well as vocal ensembles and comic canons Mozart created for a close environment. Numerous arias and vocal ensembles with the orchestra (partially as inserted numbers to the operations of other authors, almost everything in Italian) was written by the composer on the order of the artists. The genre of the German song for voices with piano in Austria was only harvested, and Mozart was among the first who created her classic samples. Among the preserved 30 Mozart songs -<Фиалка> on cl. I. V. Goethe (1785),<Старушка>, <Вечернее настроение>, <Тоска по весне> other. Popular<Колыбельная> (<Спи, мой младенец, усни>) Belongs not to Mozart (its author is B. Flis). For Mozart Masons created several cantat and songs. Like I.<Волшебная флейта>These works are imbued with humanistic ideas.<Маленькая масонская кантата> (November 1791) - the last completed work of Mozart.

Conclusion

The creative process proceeded by Mozart is relaxed and rapidly. The composer often accounted for without preliminary sketches. Sometimes in large scores, he fixed the main thoughts first, and the details introduced later, without refusing to alterations. His inspired creativity relied on the craft in the best sense of the word, his skills were constantly enriched with the search for new techniques, compositions. With the myth about Mozart - a careless, naive artist, a genius, creating without effort and meditation, the priest "pure" art - a special, aesthetic type of creativity, which is assigned to the name "Mozar-Thianism" without reasonable. The work of Mozart was portrayed in the music united literature and interpreted in performing art as a cloudless clear, serene, "apollonic", or a fanish-elegant ("Rococo"), or, on the contrary, romantic and "demonic". Modern musicography approves Mozart as one of the greatest creators, who expressed the progressive public and aesthetic ideas of their era in its geniile creativity and spread the horizons of all world music arts.

Bibliography

1. Illustrated biographies of great musicians. Mozart Publisher "Ural Ltd." 2013

2. Handbook "Creative portraits of composers"

3. Encyclopedia for children.

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