Biography of Henry Fielding. Enlightenment Roman Henry Fielding "History of Tom Jones, Found Watch What is" Fielding "in other dictionaries

Henry Fielding is famous English playwright and writer. He worked in the XVIII century. Received popularity thanks to its everyday humor and satirical works. His most famous novel is called "History of Tom Jones, Found". Literary crowns consider it one of the founders of the genre of a classic realistic novel. In addition to success in the writer's field, it became famous in the history of British law enforcement agencies. Being judge, created the first London police units.

Biography writer

Henry Fielding was born in Somersetshire County in 1707. His father was a nobleman with a famous name. He was a warlord, 4 years after the birth of the Son resigned in the rank of general.

Henry Fielding conducted childhood in the estate of his grandfather on the motherboard in East Staure. Education The future writer received in Iton, in one of the most aristocratic schools of Great Britain. Even there he began friendship with William Pitt, the future prime minister.

Henry Fielding began his literary career in London, being there as a result of romantic intrigues with a young woman. This connection turned to him with problems with the law, and he went to the capital.

At 21, Fielding leaves in the Netherlands to study classical art and law. He enters the university in Leiden. However, he studied only two years, returns to London. Here begins to engage in drama.

Fielding himself lived unbove, but constantly received assistance from the famous patron of Ralph Allen, who supported his work. He continued to do this and after the death of the writer, in particular, paying the formation of his children.

Satirical works

In addition to the Pieces Henry Fielding wrote and satirical works dedicated to literature, art and politics.

Regularly published in journals supporting the batch of Tori, under the fictional name "Captain Hercules Vinegar". Since the late 1730s, in satirical articles, it begins to express its anti-Jacobitian and liberal views.

The writing of the novels comes, for the most part, by chance. In 1741, he envied the success of the English writer Samuel Richardson, who wrote the novel "Pamela". Henry Fielding, whose biography is closely connected with literature, sits down for their work.

He creates an anonymous parody of Roman Richardson, which "Chamela" calls. This satirical work brought him the first major success.

Plays Fielding

The first feature of the Fielding, which was put on the stage of the English theater, became a comedy called "Love in various masks". Over the next one and a half decades, he writes 26 texts for the scene, some in collaboration with other playwrights.

In his dramatic works, he most often copies the Maneru of other famous English masters of William Congriva and William Oceedly. You can see the effect on the french field of Jean-Batista Moliere. Over time, the writer develops his own, nothing like a similar style. Often addresses educational and socio-accusatory reasons.

Fielding novels

The most famous feeding novels are considered "The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Eybraham Adams", "The History of Tom Jones, Found" and "Emilia".

Already in the first work, the author applied innovative techniques for his time. In the "Joseph Andrews" writer truthfully imitates nature, his books have educational and publicistic importance. His task he sees the fight against social abuse. Laughter is the main weapon that it uses.

Through his novels, Heini Fielding is important to the reader. The writer's books learn that the virtue itself is insufficient. It is important to appreciate the mind to it.

The main thing

This idea finds its embodiment in his main novel. "History of Tom Jones, Found". This is an epic novel, in which the life of the main character is described in detail - the skeleton and the poor man.

Extremely symbolic in this work Victory Jones above its antagonist Bilevil. She, ultimately, is revealed and as a triumph of good, violating the rules of bourgeois morality over Burgers Prudence. The author appeals to the reader's feelings, to their kind heart, so that they understand and appreciate the hero.

"Tom Jones" is the top that has achieved in his work Fielding. In it, many literary critches see the potential for the transition to sentimentalism, which has become very popular subsequently.

Latest novels

In his last novel, "Emilia" is already noticeable that the filling talent weakens. Satira is no longer so funny and witty, as it was in his previous works. But it is noticeable that the emerging movement towards sentimentalism was still carried out in his work.

It is also well aware of his work "Journey to the afterlife." At the very beginning of this novel, the narrator dies and goes to the next world. In the imagination of the author, this happens in a carriage surrounded by other spirits of recently dead people. On the way there are a palace of death, a city of diseases, many other symbolic buildings. Near the Wheel Fortune everyone is obliged to stop. It is here that it is determined who will be the spirit in his next life, whether to become a well-known scientist or a rich nobleman or will unbleased to live a few decades in poverty and needs.

Fielding himself died quite early. He was only 47 years old. A few years before that, his health deteriorated sharply. He was treated in Portugal. Writer tormented asthma, gout and some more unpleasant diseases. Ultimately, he had to use crutches for walking. Fielding died in Lisbon, spending only two months there. Buried in England.

Henry Fielding - An outstanding English Prose, playwright, the largest figure of English enlightenment, one of the creators of the genre of realistic novel. It remained in history not only as a writer: Henry Fielding and his brother John became the creators of the first police unit in the English capital. Henry Fielding was born in Sharpem Park (County Somersetshire), was the son of a nobleman who was serving to the general. The childhood of the future writer passed in the Dedovsky estate of East Stur.

For 1719-1725 He received an education in a privileged Iton College. In 1728, Fielding becomes a student of the University of Leiden, but he studied there about two years - most likely due to the difficulties of a financial nature.

Returning from the Netherlands to London, Henry Fielding to earn, began to write plays. The novice playwright has succeeded in satirical chubs of public morals and members of the government, which, in fact, because of it was in 1737 a law on theatrical censorship, which turned into an irresistible obstacle for further fruitful activities in the field of dramaturgy.

By this time, the city of Fielding had a wife and two children. To ensure them, after studying at Temple, where he entered in 1737, he received a lawyer in three years. In the same period, the biography, he began to engage in journalism, published in daily magazines, not forgetting the genre of satire.

Having glanced by writing novels, the writer and publicist began to write them hardly by chance - due to the envy, whether the success of Roman S. Richardson "Pamela". In 1741, Fielding himself proceeds to the composition of the novels, and the first published work of this genre - "Shamela", which became a parody of Roman Richardson, was perceived very approvingly. Seeing the light next year Roman "Joseph Andrews" became the point of reference of the city of Fielding as the author of the "serious" novels. In 1743, the novel "The history of the life of the late Jonathan Wilde the Great" was published, which, as some researchers believe, was actually conceived and started before the rest.

In 1744, Henry Fielding's wife died, and three years later he married her former maid, located in the position. This is configured against the writer public opinion. Nevertheless, after a year of the Fielding, they are appointed by the Justice in Westminster - this was a thorough degree of Antsakobinskaya position and support provided by the Anglican Church. In this post, he had to work until death. Henry and his brother John was considered in London the best judges of the whole XVII cent.; They were a lot done so that the judicial system would become more perfect, and the conditions of the detention of prisoners are more humane.

The work has become a source of enormous life experience, successfully used in literary works, but she also claimed his health. In 1754, on the recommendation of the doctor, Fielding was held to be treated in Portugal and two months later, on October 8, 1754, being in Lisbon, died; was buried in an English cemetery.

The works of fielding were of great importance for the development of realism in European literature, were the forerunner of Creativity Ch. Dikkenon, W. Tekaker, B. Shaw.

Biography from Wikipedia

Henry Fielding (English Henry Fielding, April 22, 1707, Scarves, Somerset, England - October 8, 1754, Lisbon, Portugal) - English writer and playwright of the XVIII century, is known for its everyday humor and satirical skill, as well as the author of the novel " " One of the founders of the realistic novel.

In addition to his literary achievements, the fielding occupies a significant place in the history of law enforcement agencies: using his authority of the judge, he, together with his brother John, created himself called many of the first police unit of London, - Society "Iznachka" with Bou Street.

Born on April 22, 1707, presumably in Sharpem Park (County Somersetshire). His father was a born nobleman, served in the army, in 1711 he retired in the general rank. Up to twelve years, Henry, most importantly, lived in East Staure (County Dorsetshire), rich in the estate of grandfather from the motherland, a member of the royal bench court.

Fielding received secondary education in IION (1719-1725), one of the most aristocratic schools of England. In ITon, he set a strong friendship with William Pitt-seniors. His younger sister, Sarah, also became a successful writer. After love oath with a young woman who wrapped around for him with the law with the law, Fielding went to London, where his literary career began. In 1728, he went to Leiden to learn classic art and the right at the university. But, apparently, the lack of sufficient material resources made him abandon the end of Leiden University (1728-1730), where he studied for about two years and forced to return to London. Returning to London, in search of livelihoods, the young fielding appealed to dramaturgical activities. He began writing for the theater, some of his works were severely criticized by the government under the leadership of the Chancellor of Sir Robert Walpola.

The law on theatrical censorship 1737, as stated, is a direct result of its activities. In particular, the play, which led to the law on theatrical censorship, was "Gold hood" (THE GOLDEN RUMP.), But the satire of the filding set the tone. Whereas the law on theatrical censorship It was approved, Satira on political topics was actually impossible and playwrights, whose works were delivered, were under suspicion. For this reason, Fielding left the theater and continued his career in the field of law and to maintain his wife Charlotte Cracot and two children, in 1737, Fielding entered the student at Temple and in 1740 he received the title of lawyer. By the same period also applies to the beginning of its journalism.

Fielding and his family often underwent periods of poverty, but he also helped him Ralph Allen., patter and founder first in England private postal service, which later served as the prototype of Squire Ollti in the novel " Tom Jones" After the death of the Fielding, Allen financially supported his children and gave them education.

Fielding has never stopped writing satires both political and modern art and literature. His Tragedy tragedy A c-finger boy (for which William Hogart performed the design of the frontispisis) had, for example, quite a good success for a printed play. He was also published in diary magazines. Fielding wrote for periodic publications Tori, as a rule, under the pseudonym "Captain Hercules Vinegar" ( Captain Hercules Vinegar). In the late 1730s and in the early 1740s, Fielding continued to express his liberal and anti-Jacobitis views in satirical articles. Almost by chance, having possessing the success of Roman Samuel Richardson "Pamela", in 1741, Fielding begins to write novels and his first major success was the novel "Shamela", anonymous parody of Melodramatic Roman Samuel Richardson. This satire follows the benchmark of the famous "conservative" satyrikov of the previous generation (in particular, Jonathan Swift and John Gay).

Then the novel followed Joseph Andrews."(1742), the original work is allegedly telling about the brother of Pamela, Joseph. Although the work and wondered as a parody, it developed into a full-fledged novel and is considered a certain starting point, the finalding debut, as a serious novelist. In 1743, Fielding published a novel in the third compilation Miscellanies.. It was a novel " " This novel is sometimes considered his first novel, because he almost certainly began to compose him before writing novels " Chamela"And" Joseph Andrews." This is a satire on Walpol, which holds a parallel between Walpol and Jonathan UaddomThe infamous gang leader and the robber. It indirectly compares the Batistry of Viga in Parliament with a gang of thieves, who led Walpol, whose constant desire to become a "great man" (common epithet for Walpol) should reach apogee only in the antithesis of greatness: when he is hanged.

His anonymously published in 1746 " Washing spouse» ( The Female Husband.) It is a fictional story about the famous case, when a woman-transvestite was convicted for the coercion of another woman with a deception to marry. Despite the fact that this topic takes a minor place in the creative heritage of the Fielding, it consistent with his constant interest in fraud, deception, pretency. Best Filding Work, Tom Jones (1749) - This is a carefully built Plutovskaya novel, confusing and funny telling about how the found is succeed. Fielding's wife, Charlotte, who served as a prototype of Heroin in the novels "Tom Jones" and "Amelia", died in 1744. Three years later, Fielding, neglecting public opinion - married the former maid of Charlotte, Mary, who was pregnant.

Despite this, his consistent anti-jacobism and the support of the Anglican Church contributed to the fact that a year later, Fielding was appointed chief judge of London, and his literary career went uphill. Unite with his younger brother John, he helped to form in 1749, the Bow Street Runners division, called many London's first police division. According to the historian M. Trevevyan, they were the best judges of London in the eighteenth century, and did a lot to improve the judicial system and the conditions of the detention of prisoners. Influential pamphlets and filing requests included a proposal to cancel public hanging. This does not mean, however, that Fielding opposed the death penalty as such, as he shows, for example, his chairmanship in the court in 1751, at the hearing of the case of the famous criminal James Field, he was found guilty of robbery and sentenced to the gallows. Despite the fact that John Fielding was blind, he replaced his elder brother at the post of chief judge and became known as "Blind Beak" (blind beak) with Bow Street for his ability to independently recognize criminals in their voices. In January 1752, Henry Fielding engaged in periodicals - a magazine called once every two weeks "Covent Garden ", Which he published under the pseudonym"sir Alexander Drokanansir, CST. British censor "Until November of the same year. In this magazine, Fielding challenged the "Army with Grab Street" and modern writers of periodic daily publications. This conflict, ultimately led to the Paper War of 1752-1753 (Paper War of 1752-1753 ).

Hot filling commitment, as a great humanist to the case of justice (in particular, he supported Elizabeth Cunning) coincided with a rapid deterioration of his health, and in 1754 he went to Portugal for treatment. Gout, asthma and other diseases led to the need to use crutches. Henry Fielding died in Lisbon two months later. His grave is located on the territory of the city English cemetery (Cimeterio Ingles). The last months of the lives of the Fielding are described by it in the "Lisbon Diary" - "Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon", 1755.

Pieces

In 1728, his first comedy "Love in various masks" ("Love in Several Masques") appears, followed by a number of other plasters (for the interval between 1728 and 1743 fielding alone or in collaboration with other authors, 26 works are written for the scene, Not counting the posthumous play "The Fathers, or a Good-Natured Man", found by Jones in 1776 and published with the Prologue and the Garric Epilogue in 1798).

The fielding plays, which presented with the greatest part of the imitation of Congriva and Oceedly, sometimes - Molver ("The Mock Doctor", 1732, "The Miser", 1733), subsequently lost its artistic importance. However, socially accusatory motives and educational trends, attacking already in these early works of the Fielding, make it possible to foresee in their authors of the future Fielding-Romanist.

Deats Chesterfield of his "Don Quixote in England" ("Don Qvixote in England", 1734), Fielding stated that his task was an image of "disasters lining on the country with universal corruption." In the full educational spirit, the "life and death of common sense", telling about the wrestling of Queen, common sense with Popami and the law seeking her death, is part of the Comedy "Pasquin, Dramatic Satire for Modernity" ("Pasquin, A Drahatyick Satire On The Times ", 1736).

Novels

Wide writing fame Fielding is based on his drama and journalism, but exclusively on three large novels: "Joseph Andrews adventure history and his friend Eybraham Adams" ("The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and Of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams" , 1742), "History of Tom Jones, found" ("The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling", 1749) and Emilia ("Amelia", 1751), to which his satirical story "Life of Jonathan Wilde the Great "(" The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild The Great ", which included the collection" Miscellanies "released by Fielding in 1743).

The impetus for the creation of "Joseph Andrews" served "Pamela" Richardson. Making the hero of his novel of the imaginary brother Pamela, like she, in the service and exposed to the same encroachment on his virtue, Fielding is poisonously parods the sentimental-didactic style of Richardson. However, the literary-historical importance of "Joseph Andrews" comes far beyond the limits of a simple parody. Already in this novel written by almost impromptom, Fielding is aware of and proclaims himself by the Creator of the new literary genre - "the comic epic in prose, different from comedy, as serious epic is different from the tragedy by the fact that his action is more widely and expanded that it covers Much more numerous and diverse characters. " This new genre is a real realistic epic of the bourgeois society, is opposed to them equally to the Baroque pastoral-historical novel of the XVII century and the sentimental family novel of the Richardsian school.

The innovative principles scheduled for "Joseph Andrews" received a detailed expression in the masterpiece of Fielding Tome Jones. The introductory theoretical and aesthetic chapters of Tom Jones represents the real manifesto of educational aesthetics. The task of the artist is to draw its material from the "Great Book of Nature"; Truthful imitation of nature is the only source of aesthetic pleasure. The imagination of the writer should be strictly closed in the boundaries of the possible; "For extremely rare exceptions, the highest subject for the pen ... historians and poets are a man" ("Tom Jones", Book VIII, 1). The educational and journalistic meaning of literature - from the point of view of the filing - hugely; The fight against social abuses, with human vices and hypocrisy is the task that Fielding himself put himself in every novel. Laughter, from his point of view, one of the most powerful means of the artist in this struggle.

The problem of human nature is the main problem for the entire enlightenment of the XVIII century - it takes a central place in the work of the filding, especially in Tome Jones, filling his novels with new moral philosophical content. "The nature of a person by itself is far from bad," says one of the characters of the filding. - Poor education, bad habits and customs corrupt our nature and send it to the pork. For the viciousness of our world, his rulers are responsible, including I am afraid, and the clergy "(" Emilia ", KN. IX, 5). In the same educational optimism, the final pages of Tom Jones are breathing with a mountain hermit ("Tom Jones", KN. VIII, 15), where Tom Jones with all the fervor of his youth contrasts her hosts a deeply optimistic faith in human dignity.

However, according to Fielding, the virtue itself is as insufficient, as is insufficient, the mind torn away from virtue. The victory of Tom Jones over Bylefil is revealed not only as the victory of abstract virtue over an abstract vice, but also as the victory of the owner of a kind heart (at least he violated all the rules of bourgeois morality) over one-sidedness of bourgeois prudence. This appeal against the mind to the feeling, from prudence to a kind heart in the work of the Fielding already forces to predicate the forthcoming criticism of the bourgeois society in the works of sentimentalists.

Tom Jones notes the top of the filding creativity. The marked chief of creativity of the filding followed by him, in the center of which is "Emilia", is characterized by the weakening of the realistic talent of the writer and its satirical pointedness.

If in "Tome Jones" was concluded only a well-known potential for the transition to sentimentalism, "Emilia", the last novel of Fielding, shows that the shift in this direction has already managed to actually come true in his work. Despite the presence of a number of bright satirical images (Judge Tracher, Mr. Ellison, the Unnamed "noble lord" and others), the overall color of the book differs sharply from the preceding feeding novels. In the dedication of Emilia, Allenu speaks of the accuratory tasks of the book:

This book is sincerely intended to contribute to the protection of the virtues and the exposure of some of the most arrogance abuses, defaulting at the present time both the public and the privacy of our country.

However, they are achieved, unlike "Joseph Andrews" or "Tom Jones", not so much by means of realistic satire, how many means of sentimentally moralistic didactics. The image of the resonating pastor Harrison (to a certain extent similar to Ollverti Tom Jones) is highlighted for the first plan of the novel, respectively, lowering the proportion of the image of Captain Buzsa - weak epigeon Tom Jones. Typically for a new stage in the work of the Fielding, the final "appeal" of Buzs, which allowed himself to doubt the omnipotence of providence (after reading the barrow sermons in the arrest house). The most construction of the novel is significantly different from the preceding books of the filding; Unlike Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones, the detailed composition of which gave the artist the possibility of a wide coverage of reality, the action of Emilia is concentrated around the narrow family Mirka Emilia. Starting his creative path with a parody of Richardson ("Joseph Andrews"), Fielding in Emilia is noticeably approaching him. It is characteristic that while "Joseph Andrews" and "Tom Jones" were condemned for "rudeness" and "immorality", "Emily" Fielding had to be protected from directly opposing accusations in excessive sentimentality and plane.

An article about "reading" ("Covent-Carden Journal", 4 / II 1752), written after the appearance of Emilia, confirms the change in the philosophical and aesthetic principles of f.; In this article, he rents himself from Aristofan and Rabl, which he had recently admired in Tome Jones, and makes an attempt to reconcile with Richardson, positively responding about him as "Clariss's witty author".

Literary style

While Defo and Richardson tried to hide the fictional nature of their works under the cover of "memoirs" and "literary works", respectively, Henry Fielding took a position that was a kind of new deviation in prosaic fiction, which is no means effort In order to hide the literary techniques of his novels. In fact, he was the first major writer who openly admitted that his prose was pure fiction. In addition, compared with his main rival and contemporary, Richardson, Fielding presents its reader a much broader spectrum of characters taken from all social classes.

The lack of psychological realism (feelings and emotions of his heroes, is rarely analyzed very deeply), perhaps, forgive, because of its acute concern to the identification of universal order of things. It can be argued that the novel " Tom Jones"Reflects the main neoclassical views of the author - the character is something that the individual is gifted at birth, part of the natural order of life or system. The characters in Fielding novels are also largely typical, for example: Squire Western is a typical coarse and unwashed Squire-Tori, obsessed with only a hunt for foxes, drinking and acquiring new property.

So the comic epos of filding contains a number of beautiful, but essentially unchanged (static) characters whose motives and behavior are largely predetermined. There are little emotional depths in their image, and the complex realities of interactive human relations, which are as an integral part of the modern novel, are not considerable for filling. Perhaps the character that we will know is best, is the all-knowing narrator (that is, the Fielding), whose company is enjoying some of his readers.

Value

The "comic epic" of the filling had its predecessors and represented by the Spanish Plutovsky novel of the XVI-XVII centuries, and in the face of the French "comic novel" of the XVII century. (Sorel, Scarron, Fewwider). However, the new topics introduced by them into the literature is the life of the Plebee "lower lines" of society - they are used almost invariably in terms of Grotesque. In the work of Fielding Bourgeois enters the literature in the prosaic costume of Mr. Ollleth and Tom Jones, in the usual appearance of a ordinary citizen of the bourgeois England of the XVIII century. No wonder in the struggle for the dignity of the new bourgeois topics and the new bourgeois "comic-narrative" genre of Fielding, giving the definition of his "comic epic", so persistently relieves it from the burlesque and caricatures, from the total "absurd and monstrous".

Main Works

• THE MASQUERADE. - Poem (First Fielding Publication)
• Love in various masks - LOVE IN SEVERAL MASQUES - Piece, 1728
• Rape Upon Rape - Piece, 1730.
• The Temple Beau. - Piece, 1730
• The Author's Farce - Piece, 1730
• The Letter Writers. - Piece, 1731
• The TRAGEDY OF TREDIES; OR, The Life and Death Of Tom Thumb - Piece, 1731
• Grub-Street Opera - Piece, 1731
• The Modern Husband. - Piece, 1732
• The Lotterry. - Piece, 1732
• The Covent Garden Tragedy - Piece, 1732
• The Miser. - Piece, 1732
• The Intriguing Chambermaid'7 - Piece, 1734
• Paskvin - Pasquin. - Piece, 1736
• Evridik - Eurydice Hiss'd. - Piece, 1737
• THE HISTORICAL REGISTER FOR THE YEAR 1736 - Piece, 1737
• Apology of life Mrs. Shamela Andrews - An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews. - Roman, 1741
• The story of the adventure of Joseph Andrews and his friend Eybraham Adams - The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend, Mr. Abraham Abrams. - Roman, 1742
• The history of the life of the late Jonathan Wilde the Great - The Life and Death Of Jonathan Wild, The Great - Roman, 1743
• Miscellanies. - Collected Operations, 1743, keeps Poem Part of Juvenal's Sixth Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse
• Washing spouse - The Female Husband Or The Surprising History of Mrs Mary Alias \u200b\u200bMR George Hamilton, Who Was Convicted of Having Married A Young Woman Of Wells and Lived With Her As Her Husband, Taken From Her Own Mouth Since Her Confinement - Pamphlet, 1746
• History of Tom Jones, Found - The History Of Tom Jones, a Foundling - Roman, 1749
• A Journey From This World To the Next - 1749
• Amelia - Amelia - Roman, 1751
• Covent Garden - The Covent Garden Journal - Magazine, 1752
• Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon - Travel stories, 1755
• The Fathers: OR, The Good-Natur'd Man. - Piece, 1778

Bibliography

• Fielding G. Amelia / ed. Podg. A. G. Inge; Ot. ed. N. Ya. Dyakonova. - M.: Science, 1996. - 537 p. - (literary monuments). - 4000 copies.
• Fielding G. Selected writings / entries. Art. and comments. V. Kharitonov. - M.: Fiction, 1988. - 686 p. - 330,000 copies.
• Filding The story of the adventure of Joseph Andrusa and his friend Abraham Adams. It is written in the imitation of the manner of Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote / Per. from English N. D. Volpin; Under Red F. M. Lauraier. - M.: Gichl, 1949. - 396 p. - 30,000 copies.
• Filding The story of Tom Jones, found / lane. from English and comments. A. A. Frankovsky. - M.: Fiction, 1973. - 880 p. - (Library of World Literature). - 303,000 copies.
• Fielding G. FARTS / PER. from English R. P. Pomeranzova and Yu. I. Kagarlitsky. - M.: Art, 1980. - 360 p. - 30,000 copies.

In the house of the wealthy Squer Ollti, where he lives with his sister Bridget, thrust the baby. Squire, a few years ago, who lost his wife and children, decides to raise the child as a native son. Soon he managed to find the mother of a princess, a poor rustic woman Jenny Jones. Ollti fails to learn from her the name of the boy's father, but since Jenny repents in his act, Squire does not pass things to court, but only sends Jenny from his native places, pre-leaving her a large amount. Ollti continues to search for the father of the child. The suspicion of it falls on the village teacher of the parridge, which Jenny took Latin's lessons for a long time. At the insistence of Ollti, the case is transferred to court. A teacher's wife, who has long been jealous of him to Jenny, accuses her husband in all mortal sins, and no one doubts that the teacher is the father of the boy. Although the parridge himself denies his connection with Jenny, he is confirmed guilty, and Ollti sends it from the village.

Sister Squire, Bridget, marries Captain Bilefila, and their son is born. Tom Jones, found, who saved Ollti's love, raised together with the young Blyfortil, but a greedy and envious captain, fearing that the state of Ollti would switch to the found, hates him, trying to defam the boy in the eyes of his named father. After some time, the captain suddenly dies, and the Bridget becomes a widow. From an early age, the volume is not distinguished by exemplary behavior. Not as an example of Bilefortila - not by the years restrained, pious and diligent - Tom does not show zeal in study and its leprosy constantly delivers the concern of Ollti and Bridget. Despite this, everyone in the house loves found for his kindness and responsiveness. Blifil never takes participation in Tom games, but condemns his tricks and does not miss the case to report for an inappropriate pastime. But Tom is never angry with him and sincerely loves Bilefila as a native brother.

Since childhood, Tom is friends with Sofia, the daughter of the neighbor of Ollti - the rich Squire Western. They spend a lot of time together and become inseparable friends.

To educate the young people, Ollty invites you to the house of the theologian TVCOM and the philosopher of SPAYRA, who make one requirement to their disciples: they should thoughtlessly flaw their lessons and not have their own opinions. Blyfortil from the first days conquers their sympathy, as carefully memorizes all their instructions. But this is not interesting to repeat the capital truths behind the nasksi and hostrators, and he finds his own other classes.

Tom spends all his free time in the house of the beggar guard, the family of which dies from hunger. The young man as far as possible tries to help the unfortunate, giving them all his pocket money. Having learned that Tom sold his Bible and the horse donated to him by Ollty, and the revenue money gave the family of Storam, Blifeil and both teachers in anger fell on the young man, considering his act worthy of censure, while Ollti touched the kindness of their favorite. There is another reason that causes the volume to spend so much time in the family of the guard: he is in love with Molly, one of his daughters. Carefree and frivolous girl immediately takes his courtship, and soon her family learns that Molly is pregnant. This message is instantly distributed throughout the district. Sophia Western, who has long liked Tom, comes to despair. He, accustomed to see only a friend of his children's games in it, only now notes how she flourished. It is inconspicuous for himself, more and more attributive to the girl, and over time, this attachment develops into love. Tom is deeply unhappy, because it realizes that it is now obliged to marry Molly. However, the case takes an unexpected turn: Tom finds Molly in the arms of his teacher, the philosopher of Socan. After some time, Tom finds out that Molly is not pregnant at all, because of what he considers himself free from any obligations to her.

Meanwhile, Squire Ollty is seriously ill. Feeling end approach, he gives recent orders about the inheritance. One of the fact that the hotly loving his named father, which is crazy, whereas everyone else, including Bilefil, are concerned only by their share inheritance. A messenger arrives at the house and brings a message that Bridget Ollti, who emitted from the estate for several days, died suddenly. By the evening of the same day, the Squire becomes easier and he clearly goes on amendment. Tom is so happy that even the death of the Bridget can not overshadow his joy. Wishing to celebrate the recovery of the named father, he dries extra, which causes the condemnation of others.

Squire Western dreams of giving her daughter to marry Bilefila. This seems to be extremely advantageous to him, since Bilefil is the heir to most of the state of Ollti. Not even interested in the opinion of the daughter. Western hurries to get marriage from Ollti. The wedding day has already been appointed, but Sophia unexpectedly declares him that he will never be a wife of Bilefila. The angry father locks it in the room, hoping that she is caught.

At this time, Blifila, who since childhood secretly hated Tom, because it was afraid that most of the inheritance will turn to the found, ripens a cunning plan. Curable paint, he tells Squire about the unworthy behavior of Tom on that very day when Ollty was on the hairs of death. Since all the servants witnessed the raw fun of the jetty Tom, Bilefila succeeds in convincing Squire that Tom rejoiced his close demise and the fact that he would soon become the owner of a considerable state. Thinking Blywila, the angry Squire drives out the volume from the house.

Tom writes Sofa farewell letter, realizing that, despite his ardent love for her, now that he is doomed to wandering and beetle life, he has no right to count on its location and ask her hands. Tom leaves the estate, intending to go to the sailors. Sophia, desperately, to distort the Father, not to marry her hated by Bilefila, runs away from the house.

In the provincial hotel, Tom accidentally meets the parridge, the teacher himself, whom Ollti once sent out of his village, considering it by his father found. The parridge convinces a young man in the fact that he suffered insignificantly, and asks permission to accompany the volume in his wanders.

On the way to the city of Epton, Tom saves from the hands of a violence of a woman, some Mrs. Wheel. In the city hotel Mrs. Wheel, who immediately liked the handsome Tom, the easiest seduces him.

At this time, Sophia, which is heading to London, hoping to find a shelter at the old friend of their family, also stops at the eponymroom hotel and will gladly find out that volume is among the guests. However, hearing that he changed her, an angry girl as a sign that she was all aware of the behavior of his beloved, leaves his clutch in his room and Eppton leaves in tears. For a happy chance, Kuzina Sofia stops in the same hotel, Mrs. Fitzpatrick, who fled from her husband, rascal and lords. She offers Sofye to hide from pursuers together. In fact, immediately after the departure of the runaways to the hotel arrives an angry father of Sofia and Mr Fitzpatrick.

In the morning, Tom guesses why Sophia did not want to see him, and in despair leaves the hotel, hoping to catch up with his beloved and get her forgiveness.

In London, Sophia finds Lady Bellaston. That welcoming the girl and having heard her sad story, promises her his help.

Tom with a parride soon arrives in London. After many searches, it is possible to attack the trail of the beloved, but her cousin and Lady Bellaston prevent him to meet with Sofia. Lady Bellaston has its own reasons: despite the fact that she is good in mothers, she passionately falls in love with him and trying to seduce a young man. Tom guess what a lady seeks from him, but nevertheless he does not refuse meetings with her and even takes money from her and gifts, for he has no choice: first, he hopes to find out where Sofya, and secondly He has no livelihood. However, in relations with Lady Bellaston, it is possible to save the distance. Finally, Tom accidentally meets the beloved, but she, having heard the confidence in eternal love and loyalty, rejects Tom, for can't forgive him to betray. Tom in despair.

In the house where Tom with a parridge take off the room, Mr. Plantneyale lives, with whom Tom immediately became friends. Nancel and Nancy - the daughter of their mistress, Mrs. Miller, love each other. Tom will find out from the buddha that Nancy is pregnant from him. But the Plantneyale cannot marry her, for his father is afraid, who found a rich bride for him and, wanting to get dowry to his hands, insists at an immediate wedding. Plantneyale conquers fate and secretly goes from Mrs. Miller, leaving Nancy a letter in which explains to her the reasons for its disappearance. Tom will find out from Mrs. Miller that her Nancy, who loves Plantneyale hotly, having received his farewell letter, already tried to impose on his hands. Tom goes to the Father of his frivolous buddy and announces him that he was already notified with Nancy. Plantneyale-senior is humble before inevitability, and Mrs. Miller and her daughter are hastily preparing for the wedding. From now on, Nancy and her mother consider Tom by their Savior.

Lady Bellaston, crazy in love in Tom, constantly demands dates from him. Understanding how much he is obliged to. That is no power to refuse her. But its harassment will soon become unbearable. Found it offers a friend a cunning plan: he must write a letter to her with a proposal of his hand and heart. Since Lady Bellaston is considered with the opinion of light and will not decide to marry a person who twice the younger, she will be forced to refuse to be able to, and he taking this, will be entitled to stop with her any relationship. The plan succeeds, but the angry lady decides to take revenge on this.

For Sofia, who still lives in her house, carries a rich Lord Fellamar. He makes her an offer, but receives a refusal. Bellaston's cunning lady explains Lord that the girl is in love with a beggar passing; If Lord will be able to get rid of the opponent, the heart of Sophia will be free.

Tom visits Mrs. Fitzpatrick to talk to her about Sofye. Going out of her house, he faces her husband. Having risked jealous, who finally attacked the footplate and found out where she lives, takes a young man for her lover and insults him. Tom is forced to expose the sword and accept the challenge. When the phytzpatrick falls, pierced by a sword of volume, they suddenly surrounded by a group of dozen wellers. They grab Tom, passion, and he is in prison. It turns out that Fellamar sent several sailors and ordered them to recruit Tom on the ship, giving them to understand what he wants to get rid of him, and they, cauting Tom during the fight, when he wounded his rival, decided to simply pass the police volume.

Father Sophia came to London, Mr. Western. He finds her daughter and announces to her that, as long as Ollty and Bilefil arrive, the girl will sit under house arrest and wait for the wedding. Lady Bellaston, having decided to take revenge, shows Sophie his letter with his hands and hearts. Soon, the girl learns that Tom is accused of murder and is in prison. Ollty comes with a nephew and stops at Mrs. Miller. Ollti is her long-standing benefactor, he invariably helped a poor woman when her husband died and she was left without a means with two young children in her arms. Having learned that Tom - the adoptive son of Squire, Mrs. Miller tells him about the nobility of a young man. But Ollti still believes slander, and praise, crowded, do not touch him.

Planegeyl, Mrs. Miller and parridge often visit Tom in prison. Soon that the Mrs. Wheel comes to him, a random relationship with which led to a grinding with Sofia. After Tom left Elton, Mrs. Wheel met there with Fitzpatrick, became his mistress and left with him. Having learned from Fitzpatrick about his recent collision with Tom, she hurried to visit the unfortunate prisoner. Tom with relief learns that Fitzpatrick is intact and unharmed. The parridge, who also came to visit Tom, informs him that a woman who calls himself Mrs. Wheel, in fact - Jenny Jones, Native Mother of Tom. Tom in horror: he sinned with his own mother. The parridge, who never knew how to keep the tongue for his teeth, tells Ollti about this, and that immediately causes Mrs. Wheel to himself. Representing your former owner and learning from him that Tom is the same baby whom she threw into the House of Squire, Jenny finally decides to tell Ollty about everything she is known. It turns out that neither she nor the parrge is not accepted for the birth of a child. Toma's father - son of Ollti's friend, who once lived in the House of Squire a year and died of smallpox, and his mother is no one like her sister Squire, Bridget. Fearing the condemnation of a brother, the Bridget hid from him that he gave birth to a child, and for a large remuneration, Jenny persuaded to throw the boy into their house. Ollti's old servant, having heard that Squire found out the whole truth, admits to the owner that the Bridget on his deathbed applied to him his mystery and wrote a letter to his brother, which he handed Mr. Bilyfort, because Ollti was unconscious at that moment. Only now Ollti is guessing about the cunning of Bilefila, who, wanting to take the state of the Squire, hid from him that they are with Tom - the siblings. Soon Ollti receives a letter from the former boy teacher, the philosopher of Socan. In Him, he informs Squire about what is under death and considers him a debt to tell him the whole truth. Squarer, who never loved Tom, sincerely repent: he knew that Bilefil slandered Tom, but, instead of exposing Bilefila, preteaded to silend. Ollti finds out that one Tom was awesome when Squire was between life and death, and the cause of such an unlimited joy of the young man was just a recovery of his named father.

Ollti, having learned the truth about her nephew, sincerely repent in everything that happened, and curses ungrateful Blifila. Since the phytzpatrick did not prevent any charges, he was freed from prison. Ollty asks for forgiveness from Tom, but the noble volume does not blame Squire.

PlantNelel tells Sofye that Tom and was not going to marry Lady Bellaston, as it is he, Plantneyale, who has taken a letter to write her the letter she seen. Tom is to Sofier and again asks her hands. Squire Western, having learned about Ollti's intention to make Tom to his heir, happily gives his consent to their marriage. Love after the wedding leaving to the village and happily live away from the city fuss.

Henry Fielding - English Writer and Maturity of the XVIII century - Born April 22, 1707 Presumably in Sharpem Park (County Somersetshire). His father was a born nobleman, served in the army, in 1711 he retired in the general rank. Up to twelve years, Henry, most importantly, lived in East Staure (County Dorsetshire), rich in the estate of grandfather from the motherland, a member of the royal bench court.

Fielding received secondary education in Iton ( 1719-1725 ), one of the most aristocratic schools of England. In ITon, he set a strong friendship with William Pitt-seniors. His younger sister, Sarah, also became a successful writer. After love oath with a young woman who wrapped around for him with the law with the law, Fielding went to London, where his literary career began. In 1728. He went to Leiden to learn classic art and the right at the university. But, apparently, the lack of sufficient material resources made him abandon the end of Leiden University ( 1728-1730 ), where he studied for about two years, and forced to return to London. In London, in search of livelihood, young fielding appealed to dramaturgical activities. He began writing for the theater, some of his works were severely criticized by the government under the leadership of the Chancellor of Sir Robert Walpola.

The law on theatrical censorship 1737 , as stated, is a direct result of its activities. In particular, the play, which led to the law on theatrical censorship, there was a "golden huvelion" (The Golden Rump), but the satire of the filding set the tone. While the law on theatrical censorship was approved, Satira on political topics was actually impossible and playwrights, whose works were delivered, were under suspicion. For this reason, Fielding left the theater and continued his career in the field of law and to maintain his wife Charlotte Cracot and two children, in 1737. Fielding entered the student at Temple and in 1740. He received the title of lawyer. By the same period also applies to the beginning of its journalism.

Fielding and his family often underwent periods of poverty, but he was assisted by Ralph Allen, the patrons and the founder of the first private postal service in England, who later served as the prototype of Squire Ollti in the novel "Tom Jones". After the death of the Fielding, Allen financially supported his children and gave them education.

Fielding has never stopped writing satires both political and modern art and literature. His tragedy tragedies Boy-C-Finger (for which William Hogart performed the design of the frontispisis) had, for example, quite a good success for the printed plays. He was also published in diary magazines. Fielding wrote for periodic publications Tori, as a rule, under the pseudonym "Captain Hercules Vinegar" (Captain Hercules Vinegar). In the late 1730s and in the early 1740s Fielding continued to state his liberal and anti-kobitan views in satirical articles. Almost by chance, having possessing the success of Roman Samuel Richardson "Pamela", in 1741. Fielding begins to write novels and his first major success has become the novel "Shamela", an anonymous parody of Melodramatic Roman Samuel Richardson. This satire follows the benchmark of the famous "conservative" satyrikov of the previous generation (in particular, Jonathan Swift and John Gay).

Then the novel "Joseph Andrews" followed ( 1742 ), Original work is allegedly telling about the brother of Pamela, Joseph. In 1743. Fielding published a novel in the third collection of Miscellanies. It was a novel "The history of the life of the late Jonathan Wilde Great."

His anonymously published in 1746. "The Female Husband" is a fictional story about the famous business, when a woman-transvestite was convicted for coercion another woman in a deception to marry. Despite the fact that this topic takes a minor place in the creative heritage of the Fielding, it consistent with his constant interest in fraud, deception, pretency. The best work of the filding, "Tom Jones" ( 1749 ) - This is a carefully built Plutovskaya novel, confusing and funny telling about how Found is achieved. Fielding wife, Charlotte, who served as a prototype of Heroin in the novels "Tom Jones" and "Amelia", died in 1744.. Three years later, Fielding, neglecting public opinion - married the former maid of Charlotte, Mary, who was pregnant.

Despite this, his consistent anti-jacobism and the support of the Anglican Church contributed to the fact that a year later, Fielding was appointed chief judge of London, and his literary career went uphill. United with his younger brother John, he helped to form in 1749 The Bow Street Runners division (The Bow Street Runners), called many London's first police unit. In January 1752 Henry Fielding took up the periodicals - a magazine under the name "Covent Garden", which he published under the pseudonym "Sir Alexander Drokansir, CST. Great Britain Censor "until November of the same year. In this magazine, Fielding challenged the "Army with Grab Street" and modern writers of periodic daily publications. This conflict, ultimately led to the Paper War 1752-1753 Paper War of 1752-1753).

Hot filling commitment, as a great humanist to justice (in particular, he supported Elizabeth Cunning) coincided with a rapid deterioration of his state of health, and in 1754. He went to Portugal for treatment. Gout, asthma and other diseases led to the need to use crutches. Henry Fielding died October 8, 1754 In Lisbon, two months later. His grave is located on the territory of the city English cemetery (Cimeterio Ingles). The last months of the lives of the Fielding are described by it in the "Travel Diary in Lisbon" - "Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon", 1755 .

Main works Henry Fielding:

The Masquerade - Poem (First Publication of Fielding)
Love in various masks - Love in Several Masques - Piece, 1728
Rape Upon Rape - Piece, 1730 .
The Temple Beau - Piece, 1730
The Author's Farce - Piece, 1730
The Letter Writers - Piece, 1731
The TRAGEDY OF TREDIES; OR, The Life and Death of Tom Thumb - Piece, 1731
Grub-Street Opera - Piece, 1731
The Modern Husband - Piece, 1732
The Lotterry - Piece, 1732
The Covent Garden TRAGEDY - Piece, 1732
The Miser - Piece, 1732
The INTRIGUING CHAMBERMAID'7 - Piece , 1734
Pasquin - Pasquin - Piece, 1736
Evridik - Eurydice Hiss'd - Piece, 1737
The Historical Register for the Year 1736 - Piece, 1737
Apology of Life Mrs. Shamela Andrews - An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews - Roman 1741
Adventure History Joseph Andrews and his friend Eybraham Adams - The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and His Friend, Mr. Abraham Abrams - Roman 1742
The history of the life of the late Jonathan Wilde Great - The Life and Death Of Jonathan Wild, The Great - Roman, 1743
Miscellanies - Collected Works, 1743 , Description Poket of Juvenal's Sixth Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse
Women's wife - The Female Husband Or The Surprising History of Mrs Mary Alias \u200b\u200bMr George Hamilton, Who Was Convicted Of Having Married A Young Woman Of Wells and Lived With Her As Her Her Husband, Taken From Her Own Mouth Since Her Confinement - Pamflet, 1746
History of Tom Jones, Found - The History Of Tom Jones, A Foundling - Roman 1749
A Journey From This World To the Next - 1749
Amelia - Amelia - Roman 1751
Covent Garden - The Covent Garden Journal - Magazine 1752
Journal Of A Voyage To Lisbon - Travel Stories , 1755
The Fathers: OR, The Good-Natur'd Man. - play, 1778

Fielding

Fielding

Fielding Henry (Henry Fielding, 1707-1754) is a English writer, a prominent representative of the English realism of the XVIII century, one of the founders of the European realistic novel. Father F. - an officer who has served in the end of life to the rank of Lieutenant General, belonged to the impoverish younger branch of the county derby. F. received secondary education in Iton, one of the most aristocratic schools of England; But, the lack of sufficient material resources made him abandon the end of Leiden University, where he studied for about two years. Returning to London, in search of livelihoods, young F. appealed to dramatic activities. In 1728, his first comedy "Love in various masks" (Love in Several Masques) appeared, for K-Roy, a number of other plays followed (for the interval between 1728 and 1743 F. Solve or in collaboration with other authors, 26 works for the scene were written, Not counting the posthumous play "The Fathers, Or a Good-Natured Man", found by Jones in 1776 and published with the prologue and the epilogue of Garric in 1798). Pieces F., who presented with the greatest part of the imitation of the Congrey and Hydiece (see), sometimes - Molver (The Miser, 1733), now lost their artistic importance. However, socially accusatory motives and educational trends, appealing already in these early works of the Fielding, make it possible to foresee in their authors of the future F.-Romanist. Deats the Chesterfield of his "Don Quixote in England" (Don qvixote in England, 1734), F. stated that his task was an image of "disasters, close to the country with universal corruption." In the very educational spirit, the "life and death of common sense", telling about the wrestling of the queen, common sense with Popami and the law, seeking her death, is part of the Comedy "Pasquin, Dramatic Satire for Modernity" (Pasquin, A Drahatick Satire On The Times 1736). In 1737 F. Enters the student to Temple and in 1740 receives the title of lawyer. By the same period also applies to the beginning of its journalism. In 1739-1741, he publishes the magazine "The Champion" - the imitation of the "viewer" of Eddison (see), in 1745 the Antiitorian magazine "True Patriot" (The True Patriot). In recent years, they leave: "Jobita Journal" (The Jacobite's Journal, 1747-1748) and "Covent-Gardin Journal" (The Covent-Garden Journal, 1752). At the end of 1748 F. received the appointment to the post of the World Judge in Westminster, he retained to the end of his life. The work associated with this post absorbed all the forces of F. and finally undermined his health. In 1754, on the advice of doctors, he took a sea trip to Lisbon, where he died shortly after arrival (these last months of F. Life are described by him in the posthumous "Travel Diary to Lisbon" - Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, 1755).
Wide writing F. F. is based on his drama and journalism, but exclusively on three large novels: "The story of the adventure of Joseph Endryus and his friend Mr. Abragim of Joseph Andrews and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams, 1742), "History of Tom Jones, Found" (The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling, 1749) and "Emilia" (Amelia, 1751), it should also join his satirical story "Life of Jonathan Wilde the Great "The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild The Great), which included the collection of" Miscellanies ", released by F. in 1743.
The impetus to the creation of "Joseph Endryus" served "Pamela" Richardson. By making the hero of his novel imaginary brother Pamela, like she, in the service and exposed to the same encroachment on his virtue, F. Poison parodins the sentimental-didactic style of Richardson. However, the literary-historical importance of "Joseph Endryus" comes far beyond the limits of a simple parody. Already in this novel, written by almost impromptu, F. realizes and proclaims himself the Creator of the new literary genre - "the comic epic in prose, different from comedy, as serious Epos is different from the tragedy by the fact that his action is more widely and expanded that he It covers much more numerous and diverse characters. " This new genre is a real realistic epic of the bourgeois society, - is opposed to them equally to the baroque pastoral-historical novel XVII century. and sentimentally family novel Richardson school.
The innovative principles scheduled for "Joseph Endryus" received a detailed expression in the masterpiece F. Tome Jones. The introductory theoretical and aesthetic chapters of Tom Jones represents the real manifesto of educational aesthetics. The task of the artist is to draw its material from the "Great Book of Nature"; Truthful imitation of nature is the only source of aesthetic pleasure. The imagination of the writer should be strictly closed in the boundaries of the possible; "For extremely rare exceptions, the highest subject for the pen ... historians and poets are a man" ("Tom Jones", Book VIII, 1). The educational and journalistic meaning of literature - from the point of view of the filing - hugely; The fight against social abuses, with human vices and hypocrishes - the task that Fielding himself put himself in every novel. Laughter, from his point of view, one of the most powerful means of the artist in this struggle.
The "comic epic" F. had its predecessors and represented by the Spanish Plutovsky Roman XVI-XVII centuries., And represented by the French "comic novel" of the XVII century. (Sorel, Scarron, Fewwider). However, the new topics introduced by them into the literature is the life of the Plebee "lower lines" of society - they are used almost invariably in terms of Grotesque. In the works of the same, F. Bourgeois is included in the literature in the prosaic costume of Mr. Allverth and Tom Jones, in the usual appearance of a ordinary citizen of Bourgeois England XVIII century. No wonder in the struggle for the dignity of the new bourgeois themes and the new bourgeois "comic-narrative" genre F., giving the definition of his "comic epic", so persistently degradates it from the burlesque and caricatures, from the total "absurd and monstrous".
This desire for maximum consumer reliability was contradictory on its artistic results. Being, on the one hand, step forward to a more realistic image of reality, it at the same time had its consequence the inevitable narrowing of the realism of the bourgeois artists of the XVIII century. It is enough to compare the creativity of F. with the works of the great realists of the Renaissance - Shakespeare, Rabel, - the least we took care of the household reliability of his creativity, boldly appealing for fiction and burlesque and who created the broadest realistic generalizations. By the time F. This era of "Titans", which "were anything, but not only bourgeois-limited" (Engels), was entirely in the past. In England, he had time to survive the revolutionary battles of Cromvelev's "Great Money" and the inglorious compromise of the "glorious revolution" 1688, the bourgeois limitations entered into his rights, even where it was about the most advanced and true art of that time. True, in its appeal to the experience as the only source of true art F. Infinitely far from the crumbling empiricism of epigions of bourgeois literature. In the aesthetic-theoretical chapters "Tom Jones" F. Not once refers to the artist demanding to abandon the flat photographic image of life, insisting on the fact that his novel, unlike all sorts of empirical "lives" and "apologies", represents "history ", I.e., artistic synthesis of events. However, it is in this maximum generalization of his observations on the "human nature", which is a guarantee of the breadth of its realistic horizon, is brighter than everything at the same time its limitations, which narrows the social base of realism F. It is in this contradiction - the internal tragedy of creativity F. Stripping masks from Lies and hypocrisy, in whatever circles of public life, he met (Lady Bellaston, Lord Fellamar ("Tom Jones"), "Noble Lord" ("Emilia"), Lady Bubi ("Joseph Erius"), Jonathan Wilde and T . d.), F. opposes them - as an ideal sample - human nature at all.
The problem of human nature is the main problem for the entire bourgeois enlightenment of the XVIII century. - It is central and in the work of F., especially in Tome Jones, filling his novels with a new moral philosophical content. "The nature of a person by itself is far from bad," says one of the characters of the filding. - Poor education, bad habits and customs corrupt our nature and direct it to the pork. For the viciousness of our world, his rulers are responsible, including I am afraid, and the clergy "(" Emilia ", KN. IX, 5). In the same educational optimism, the final pages of Tom Jones are breathing with a mountain hermit ("Tom Jones", KN. VIII, 15), where Tom Jones with all the fervor of his youth contrasts her hosts a deeply optimistic faith in human dignity.
However, according to F., the virtue itself is also insufficient as the mind is insufficient, torn away from virtue. The victory of Tom Jones over Bylefil is revealed not only as the victory of abstract virtue over an abstract vice, but also as the victory of the owner of a kind heart (at least he violated all the rules of bourgeois morality) over one-sidedness of bourgeois prudence. This appeal from the mind to the feeling, from prudence to a kind heart in the works of F. already forces to predicate the forthcoming criticism of the bourgeois society in the works of sentimentalists.
Tom Jones notes the top of Creativity F. The last period of Creativity F. followed him, in the center of the "Emilia" stands, is characterized by the weakening of the realistic talent of the writer and its satirical pointedness.
If only the well-known potential for the transition to sentimentalism, then "Emilia", the last novel F., has been enclosed in Tome Jones, "Emilia", shows that the shift in this direction has already managed to realize in his work. Despite the presence of a number of bright satirical images (Judge Tracher, Mr. Ellison, Unnamed "noble lord", etc.), the overall flavor of the book is sharply different from the preceding novels of F. The accusatory tasks of "Emilia", which he speaks in dedication to Her Allen ("This book is sincerely intended to promote the protection of the virtue and exposing some of the most arrogance abuses, currently, both the public and the privacy of our country), are achieved, unlike the" Joseph Endryus "or" Tom Jones " , not so much by means of realistic satire, how many means of sentimentally moralistic didactics. The image of the resonating pastor Harrison (to a certain extent similar to Ollverti Tom Jones) is highlighted for the first plan of the novel, respectively, lowering the proportion of the image of Captain Buzsa - weak epigeon Tom Jones. Typically for a new stage in the work of F. Final "Appeal" of Buzs, which allowed himself to doubt the omnipotence of providence (after reading the barrow sermons in the arrest house). The most construction of the novel is significantly different from the preceding books of the filding; Unlike Joseph Endryus and Toma Jones, the detailed composition of which gave the artist the possibility of a wide coverage of reality, the action of "Emilia" is concentrated around the narrow family Mirka Emilia. Starting his creative path with a parody of Richardson ("Joseph Endryus"), F. in Emilia is noticeably approaching him. It is characteristic that while "Joseph Endryus" and "Tom Jones" were condemned for the "rudeness" and "immorality", "Emily" Fielding had to be protected from directly opposing accusations of excessive sentimentality and plane (see "Covent-Garden Journal" , 1752).
An article about "reading" ("Covent-Carden Journal", 4 / II 1752), written after the appearance of Emilia, confirms the change in the philosophical and aesthetic principles of f.; In this article, he rents himself from Aristofan and Rabl, which he has recently admired in Tome Jones, and makes an attempt to reconcile with Richardson, a positive response about him as a "witty author of Clarissa."
"Religious chanting and stupidity of the English respectable middle class" (Engels) contributed to creating in English criticism and in the presentation of the broad reading masses "Legends" about F., unconditionally opposing him with his heroes (in particular with Buzsom from Emilia), turning f . In a moth-like, thoughtless, frivolous artist, and his novels - in purely "entertainment" works. Attempts to restore the authentic appearance of F. and his creativity have been made over the past decades by some literary criticism of the West; The present fulfillment of this task will be the case of Marxist literary studies. Bibliography:

I. The first collection of works by F. in 4th TT. In the posthumous edition edited by Arthur Murphy, 1762. The collection of novels was published by Walter Scott, 1821. Critical publication of the Essays of F.F. no time. Of the existing collections of essays, the best are considered: Works, Edited with Biographical Essay by Lesli Stephen, 10 VLS, L., 1882-1883; Works, edited by George Saintsbury, 12 VLS, L., 1893-1899 (So-called "Temple Fielding").
Bibliography of Russian filing translations, published in the XVIII century, is in the book: Sipovsky V.V., from the history of the Russian novel and the story (materials on bibliography, history and theory of the Russian novel), part I, XVIII century, St. Petersburg, 1903 ( By sign). Under the name of the fielding, the books of the Books of Rodigari Randoma, 2 h., M., 1788, and the "Journey of the Clinker", 3 h, SPb, 1789 owned by Smalllet. Tom Jones, translation of A. KRONEBERGA, SPB, 1849; The same, under the title. "History of Tom Jones-Found", TT. 1-3, ed. A. S. Suvorin, St. Petersburg, 1893; The same, ed. "Young Guard", M. - L., 1931 (abbreviated translation); The same, TT. I-II, ed. "Academia", M. - L., 1935.

II. Thacheray W. M., Lectures on the English Humorists of the Eightenth Century, L., 1853; Lindner F. H., Fieldings Dramatische Werke, Dresden, 1895; Dobson A., Fielding (English Men Of Letters), L., 1909. Late. ed. 1925; Godden G. M., H. Fielding: A Memoir, Including Newly Discovered Letters a. Records with Illustrations from Contemporary Prints, L., 1910 (actual. 1909); Cross W. L., The History of H. Fielding, 3 VLS, New Haven, 1918; Frohlich A., Fieldings Humor in Seinen Romanen, DISS., LPZ., 1918; Digeon A., Les Romans de Fielding, P., 1923, English. Translation, L., 1925; His, Le Texte Des Romans de Fielding, P., 1923; Blanchard F. T., Fielding The Novelist, L.-Oxford, 1926 (Dana Extensive. Literature); RADTKE B., H. Fielding Als Kritiker, Phil. DISS., LPZ., 1926; Baker E. A., The History of the English Novel, Vol. IV, Intellectual Realism from Richardson to Sterne, L., 1930; Banerji H. K., H. Fielding, Playwright, Journalist a. Master of the Art of Fiction, His Life a. Works, Oxford, 1929; Voorde F. P., Van Der, H. Filding Critic and Satirist, Amsterdam Diss., Taara, 1931; Thornbury E. M., H. Fielding's Theory of the Comic Prose Epic (Univ. Of Wiskonsin Studies in Language and Literature, N. 30), Madison, 1931; Gray E. W., The Fielding - SMOLLET Tradition in the English Novel from 1750 to 1835, Sat. Harvard University. Summaries of theses (1931), Cambridge, 1932; Bissell Jr., F. O., Fielding's Theory of The Novel, IThaca, N. Y., 1933; Jones B. M., H. Fielding, Novelist and Magistrate, L., 1933. Gettner G., History of Universal Literature XVIII century, Vol. I. English Literature (1660-1770), SPb, 1863, p. 397-404; Tekkrech V. M., Collected Works, Vol. XI, SPb, 1895, article "English humorists of the XVIII century"; Oblomiyevsky D., Fielding (in Sat. "Early Bourgeois Realism", Goslitizdat, Leningrad, 1936).

Literary encyclopedia. - at 11 tons; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Friece, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Fielding

(Fielding) Henry (1707, Sharpem Park, Somerset, England - 1754, Lisbon), English Writer. He studied in College in ITon ancient Greek and Roman literature, entered Leiden University in Holland, due to the lack of funds was forced to return to England. In London, began writing for the theater: in 1728-37. I composed more than 20 satirical comedies and became the most notable playwright, opened my own theater, but the law, which limited the number of London theaters to two (1737), undermined the wisp of the writer. In 1737, Fielding began to study the jurisprudence and in 1740 became a lawyer, combining the literature to the end of the life of the literature with lawyer practice. The first satirical novel filling "The history of the life of the late Jonathan Wilde Great" (1739, publ. In 1743). Roman "The History of Adventure Joseph Andrusa and his friend Abraham Adams" (1742) was conceived as a parody of Roman S. Richardson "Pamela, or Renewned Virtue," but became a real comic epic that combined the panorama of the life of England 18 V. With juicy details of life. "The history of Tom Jones, found" (1749) - a comic novel, imbued with an accusatory spirit, became a new type of novel, in which the main character is the man depicted in accordance with nature (reality). Fielding considered it necessary to combine the narrative with the educational impact on the reader. The epigraph of the "History of Tom Jones" - "saw the customs of many people" (a quote from "Poetic Art" Horace) - indicates this feature of the narration. Fielding is hardly the first in English literature used in his novel a living spoken language and reached great skills in building dialogues. Each book was presented by the introductory chapter, so the novel combines a fascinating story with the treatise on the novel. In 1754, Fielding goes to the treatment in Portugal, where he dies. The experience of travel is reflected in the "Travel Diary in Lisbon" (publ. Posthumously).

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Fielding last name. Famous media: Fielding, Henry English Writer XVIII century Fielding, Helen English Writer Fielding, Noel English Actor, Member of Comic Trupping Maji Bush Fielding, Michael British comedian ... ... Wikipedia