Archaic period in the history of the art of ancient Greece. Greece in the archaic era and and its influence on the world
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Archaic period in the history of Greece (650-480 BC. Er) - The term adopted among historians since the XVIII century. It originated during the study of Greek art and originally belonged to the stage of the development of Greek art, mainly decorative and plastic, intermediate between the period of geometric art and the art of classical Greece. Later, the term "archaic period" was distributed not only to the history of art, but also on the public life of Greece, because during this period, which comes after the "dark centuries", there was a significant development of political theory, raising democracy, philosophy, theater, poetry, revival written language (the emergence of the Greek alphabet instead of a linear letter b) for the period of "dark centuries").
Regarding recently Anthony Snodgrass (Anthony Snodgrass) criticized the term "archaic", since it considers it not as "preparation" to the classic era, but as an independent episode of Greek history with its own developed culture. Michael Grant (Michael Grant) also criticized the term "archaic", since "Archaichery" implies some primitiveness that in relation to Archaic Greece is absolutely not applicable - it was, in his opinion, one of the most fruitful periods in world history.
According to Snodgrass, the beginning of the archaic period should be considered a sharp increase in the population and material well-being, whose peak came to 750 BC. e., and the "intellectual revolution" of Greek culture. The end of the archaic period is the invasion of Xerxes in 480 BC. e. Nevertheless, individual cultural events associated with the archaic period could exit both for the upper and lower conditional boundaries of the period. For example, a redfigure vase characteristic of the classical period of Greece arose in the archaic period.
Periodization
- Archaic period - 7th century. BC E.- NCH. 5. in. BC e.
- Early Archaika - Nach. 7th century BC e. - 570s. BC e.
- Mature Archaika - 570s. BC e. - 525th. BC e.
- Late Archaica - 525th. BC e. - 490s. BC e.
Society
Cities
Art
During the archaic period, the earliest forms of ancient Greek art - sculptures and vases, which in a later classical period become more realistic.
Ceramics
In Vasopysi in the middle and 3rd quarter of the 6th century. BC e. The blackfoot style has achieved a heyday and about 530 BC. e. - Red-breed style.
With a late archaic period, such styles of Vasopysi, like black-deficient ceramics, arising in Corinth at 7th century. BC e., and later red-chicken ceramics, which was created by the Andokid Vasopian around 530 BC. e.
In ceramics, elements are gradually appearing, uncharacteristic for archaic style and borrowed from ancient Egypt - such as the post "left foot forward", "Archaic smile", a template stylized image of hair - the so-called "hair-helmet".
Architecture
Archaic - the time of the addition of monumental visual and architectural forms. Doric and ionic architectural orders have developed in the archaic era.
According to the most common periodization, the history of Greek visual art and architecture V c. It is customary to divide into two large periods: the art of early classics, or strict style, and the art of high, or developed, classics. The border between them takes approximately in the middle of the century, but the borders in art are generally quite conditional, and the transition from one quality to another is gradually and in different fields of art at different speeds. This observation is true not only for the turn between an early and high classic, but also between archaic and earlyclass art.
The art of early classics.
In the era of the early classics, the polls of Asia are losing a leading place in the development of art, which they have occupied. The most important centers of artists, sculptors, architects are the Northern Peloponnese, Athens and the Greek West. The art of this pore is highlighted by the ideas of the liberation struggle against the Persians and the celebration of the policy. The heroic character and increased attention to a citizen person who created the world where he is free and where his dignity is respected, distinguishes the art of early classics. Art is exempt from those rigid frames that were tolding him in the archaic era, this is the time of searches for the new and, due to the time of the intensive development of various schools and directions, creating heterogeneous works. To change the two types of figures prevailing in sculpture, the two types of figures - Kosaru and Kore - comes a much greater variety of types; Sculptures are striving for the transfer of a complex movement of the human body. The architecture is drawn up by the classic type of peripetral temple and its sculptural decor. The steps in the development of early-class architecture and sculptures were such structures such as the Treasury of Athenian in Delphi, the Church of Athens Afiai on about. Aegina, the so-called Temple E in Selinunte and Zeus Temple in Olympia. According to sculptures and reliefs, decorated with these facilities, it is clear to trace how their composition and style changed in different periods - when moving from archaic to strict style and further to a high classic, which is characteristic of each period. Archaic art has created perfect in their completion, but conditional works of art. The task of classics began to portray a person in motion. The wizard of the early classics pores took the first step along the way to a large realism, to the image of the person, and it is natural that this process began with solving the easier task - the transfer of the movement of the human body. The next high classic fell out the next, more difficult task is to transfer the movements of the soul. The dignity of the dignity and the greatness of a person-citizen becomes the main task of the Greek sculpture of the classics era. In the statues cast from bronze or carved from marble, the masters seek to convey the generalized image of a hero person throughout the perfection of his physical and moral beauty. This ideal had a large ethical and socio-educational meaning. Art had a direct impact on the feelings and minds of contemporaries, raising in them an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat a person should be.
The second quarter V c. - Years of activity of the most outstanding of the artists of the early classics - polygnosta. Judging by the testimonies of the ancient authors, the polygnot, seeking to show people in space, located the figures of the back plan over the front, partially hiding them on the unevenness of the soil. This technique is witnessed in Vasopysi. However, for the vases of this time, the most characteristic of the abstract painting in the field of stylistics, but independent development. In search of fine media, the vazopisians not only walked for monumental art, but, as representatives of the most democratic type of art, in some way they overtook him, portraying scenes from real life. In the same decade, the decay of the black-phony style is observed and the redflower flourished when the natural color of clay remained for the figures, the space between them was filled with black varnish.
The art of a high classic, prepared by creative quest for artists of the previous generation, has one important feature - Athens becomes the most significant center of its development, and the influence of the Athenian ideology has become increasingly determining the development of the art of all ELDA.
Art of high classic
The art of high classics is an explicit continuation of what happened earlier, but there is one area where it is born fundamentally new, urbanism. Although the accumulation of experience and some empirically found urban development principles was the result of creating new cities in the Great Colonization period, it is for the time of high classics that theoretical generalization of this experience is accounted for, creating a whole concept and implementing it in practice. The birth of urban planning as a theoretical and practical discipline, which combined artistic and utilitarian goals, is associated with the name of Miletsky hypodes. Two main features characterize its scheme: the regularity of the city plan, in which the streets intersect at a right angle, creating a system of rectangular quarters, and zoning, i.e., a clear allocation of various functions of the city's districts.
The leading type of buildings was still a temple. Temples of the Doric Orders are actively built in the Greek West: several temples in Agrigente, among which the so-called Temple of Concordia (in reality - Argei Gera), considered the best of Dorian temples in Italy. However, the scale of the construction of public buildings in Athens far exceeds everything that we observe in other parts of Greece. Conscious and targeted policies of the Athenian democracy, headed by pericles, - to turn Athens not only in the most powerful, but also the most cultural and wonderful policy of Ellala, to make the native city by the focus of all the best, which is in the world, - found a practical embodiment in a wide construction program.
The architecture of high classics is characterized by the striking proportionality combined with festive monumentality. Continuing the tradition of the previous time, architects at the same time did not follow the slave canons, they boldly sought new funds that enhance the expressiveness of the structures created by them mostly reflecting the ideas laid in them. During the construction of Parfenon, in particular, Iktin and Callicrat boldly went to the connection in the same building, the features of the Doric and Ionian Orders: outside Parfenon represents a typical doric peripter, but decorates it characteristic of an Ionian order with a solid sculptural frieze. The connection of Dorik and Ioniki is applied in propiles. Erehechteyon is extremely peculiar - the unique temple in Greek architecture with an absolutely asymmetric plan. Original and the solution of one of its porticors, where the columns are replaced by six figures of the Caryatid girls. In the sculpture, the art of high classics is associated primarily with the work of Mirone, fidiya and a policlet. Miron completed the search for the preceding time masters, striving to convey human movement in sculpture. In the most glorified of his creatures, for the first time in Greek art, the task of transmitting an instant transition from one movement to another was decided, finally overcome by the static archaic. Completely solving the task of moving the movement, Miron, however, could not master the art of expression of sublime feelings. This task fell to the share of Fidiya - the largest of Greek sculptors. Fidium became famous for its sculptural images of deities, especially Zeus and Athens. Early his works are still known. In the 1960s, FIDI creates a colossal statue of Athens Prosakhos, towering in the center of the Acropolis.
The most important place in the work of Fididia occupied the creation of sculptures and reliefs for Parfenon. The synthesis of architecture and sculpture, so characteristic of Greek art, finds here his perfect embodiment. Fidia belonged to the overall idea of \u200b\u200bthe sculptural design of Parfenon and the leadership of its implementation, they also performed some sculptures and reliefs. The artistic ideal of the triumphant democracy finds the completed embodiment in the majestic works of Fidiya - the undisputed top of the art of high classics.
But, according to the Greeks themselves, the greatest creation of the fidia was the statue of Zeus Olympic. Zeus is represented by the throne, in his right hand he kept the figure of the goddess of Victory Niki, in the left - the symbol of power is a scepter. In this statue, I also created the image of gracious God for the first time for Greek art. The statue of Zeus Ancient considered one of the miracles of the world.
The perfect citizen of the policy is the main theme of the creativity of another sculptor of this time is a polyclet from Argos. He performed mainly the statues of the winning athletes in sports. His statue of Dorifora (young men with a spear), which the Greeks were considered an exemplary product. Doricor Polklet - the embodiment of a physically and spiritually perfect person.
At the end of V c. In the sculpture begin to manifest new features that have been developed in the next century. In the reliefs of balustrades of the church of Nicky Apterems (looting) on \u200b\u200bthe Acropolis, Athens is especially striking dynamism. We see the same features in the sculptural image of the nickname performed by Peonia. The desire for the transfer of dynamic compositions was not exhausted by the search for sculptors of the end of the century. In the art of these decades, reliefs on the gravestone monuments occupy a great place. Usually they were created according to a single type: the died in the circle of loved ones. The main feature of this circle of reliefs (the most famous - the gravestone of Hegezo, the daughter of the proxy) is an image of natural feelings of ordinary people. Thus, in sculpture, the same tasks are solved as in the literature (the tragedy of Euripid).
Unfortunately, about great Greek artists (Apollodor, Zevxis, Parraysi), we do not know almost nothing but describing some of their paintings and information about their skill. It can be assumed that the evolution of painting mainly walked in the same direction as sculptures. According to the reports of the ancient authors, Apollodor Athens opened at the end of V c. The effect of lighting, i.e. put the beginning of painting in the current sense of the word. Parraysi sought to transfer to the means of painting spiritual movements. In the vasopy of the second half V c. Household scenes occupy an increasing place.
In the consciousness of subsequent generations V century BC Associated with the greatest victories overwhelmed by the Greeks in the Marathon and Salamine, he was perceived as the time of the heroic acts of ancestors who defended the independence of Eldlas who saved her freedom. It was a time when a single goal was to serve the Motherland who inspired the fighters when the highest valiation was to die for the Fatherland, and the good benefit was considered the good of the native policy.
Sculpture
In the era of archaic, the main types of monumental sculpture are formed - the statues of the naked young man-athlete (Kuros) and a draped girl (bark).
Sculptures are made of limestone and marble, terracotta, bronze, wood and rare metals. These sculptures are both separately standing and in the form of reliefs - used to decorate temples and as tombstone monuments. Sculptures are depicted both scenes from mythology and everyday life. The statues in full size suddenly appear about 650 BC. e.
Examples of archaic of Greek art
History
Conflicts
- Arkady Wars
- Athenian Republican Wars
- First Messenskaya War (approx. 750-730. BC. Er)
- First Sacred War (595-585 BC er)
- LELLANTING WAR (end of the 6th century BC. Er)
- Epidaur destruction Perindrom (about 600 BC)
- The second Messenskaya War (640-620 BC.)
- Spartan expedition against Samossky polycrat (529 BC.)
- The Tired War (mid 6 in. BC.)
See also:
- Wars of the ancient world
Important archaic period figures
State figures
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Epic poets
Philosophers
Lyrical poets
Surgograms
Basnopisians
see also
Notes
Literature
- Cambridge history of the ancient world. T. 3. C. 3: Expansion of the Greek World. VIII-VI century BC e. Ed. J. Bordman and N.-j.-h. Hammond. Per. from English, Text Preparation, Preface and Notes A. V. Zhikova. M.: Ladomir, 2007. 653 p. ISBN 978-5-86218-467-9
- Richter Gisela M.A. A Handbook of Greek Art: Third Edition Newly Revised. - Phaidon Publishers Inc ..
- Snodgrass Anthony ARCHAIC GREECE: THE AGE OF EXPERIMENT. - London Melbourne Toronto: J M Dent & Sons Ltd. - ISBN 0460043882.
- George Grote, J. M. Mitchell, Max Cary, Paul Cartledge, A HISTORY OF GREECE: From the time of Solon to 403 B.C. , ROUTLEDGE, 2001. ISBN 0-415-22369-5
Links
- Archaic Period: Society, Economy, Politics, Culture - The Foundation Of The Hellenic World
- The Archaic Period of Greek Art - Columbia ELECTRONIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
- Ancient Greece: The Archaic Period - by Richard Hookero
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The history of mankind is divided into many periods. It is believed that this method allows you to better figure out in the past. The oldest periods in which humanity existed is called archaic. What does this concept mean and where it is used - you can learn from the article.
Translation and general meaning
The word comes from and translates into Russian as "ancient" or "ancient". What is the meaning of the word "archaic"? There are two dictionaries.
The first means the early stage in the historical formation of some phenomenon. The second value is described in more detail, since it is so called the period at that is, the Archaica is the period that preceded the classics.
Archaic period of ancient Greece
The period was introduced into Historians in the eighteenth century. It dates from 750-480 to our era. Similar temporary frames were not taken in vain. For 750 BC, the peak of a sharp increase in the Greek population and improving his material well-being. The archaic period ended in 480 to our era, when Xerxes invaded Ellad.
Archaica is the concept of it arose as a result of the study of Greek art, namely decorative and plastic.
Later, the concept spread to the entire history of art and public life Eldlas. In the archaic period there was a significant development of philosophy, political theory, poetry, theater, as well as the rise of democracy and the revival of the letter.
Anchor Anthony Snodgrass criticizes the term "archaicity" for the history of ancient Greece. For him, Archaica is a primitiveness, so it is unacceptable to apply such a concept in relation to Ellad. He considers this period most fruitful in world history. What is this historical phenomenon in general terms?
Archaic culture
This period in its historical development is preceded by a civilized world. It is the earliest form of human collectivity with relevant culture and ideas about faith.
Archaica is a certain constant value that guarantees constant and stable reproduction of a sociocultural object. Time in this culture is an endless chain of return to the forefields. Thanks to this, the world never changes and remains at the stage of its appearance.
What is archaic for the spiritual world of man? It represents the absolute immutability of life. Its mechanisms protect a person from new models of behavior in the world. Socio-cultural mechanisms prevent the emergence of new desires.
The existing myth of constant return to the origins gave a person to this period the opportunity to overcome the frequency of its being. The world in this culture was distinguished by its orderly. He remained such as at the time of his creation from chaos.
The principles of archaic are based on ethnic cultures of human history. The art of Archaic was finally brought in the period of the new time.
The economic rise, the prerequisites for which were laid in previous "dark centuries", served as a foundation for large changes in all spheres of society. In the archaic period of the History of Greece, the final branch of the crafts from agriculture is being improved, the pottery and shipbuilding are being improved, and iron is also produced, real money appears.
In agriculture there are two new industries: olives and vinendores. Their leadership was due to geographical reasons, namely mountainous terrain, which was not the best basis for a wide sowing of cereals. The peasants using the iron tools of labor were able to produce more than enough products to provide their community, so the surrounding steel was exported for sale. It is this purpose that (selling surplus and profit) and stimulated the growth of agricultural production, and also contributed to the development of crafts whose products could be purchased on the reversed money.
Development crafts in archaic period
The more crafts distant from agriculture, the more the qualifications of their masters increased, since they had free time to improve their skills. Especially succeeded metallurges. They learned not to simply process the iron, but also developed various methods for its spikes and welding. The iron tools of labor were much more efficient than bronze, and the iron weapons contributed to the appearance of the so-called, goplites (heavy infantry). The role of the cavalry scored from aristocrats was gradually acquired secondary importance in military affairs. Also not stood on the spot and pottery production. With the improvement of firing technologies, the Greeks have learned and more "rich" on the content of the decoration of their products. As a result, Goncharov products from Athens and Corinth had a great success throughout the Mediterranean. Well, of course, shipbuilding - as a kind of indicator of the success of the development of all crafts, has reached its highest flourishing, compared with other periods of the History of Greece. After all, the construction of any ship required the coordinated labor of many narrow specialists (often living in remote polishes), and therefore the rather developed sector of the economy in the field of various crafts.
Money appearance
The result of all these economic transformations and strengthening ties between the policies was the emergence of money that stimulated further further commercial production. Polis now becomes not only an administrative and religious center, but also trade - craft, where in every city in the central markets (Agoras) there is an active trade and the harbors are ingenic ships, arriving in Greece with a commercial purpose. In all cities of Greece, the number of artisans, sailors, rowers, traders and workshops are significantly increasing. Also, close connection with major cities tried to support and the peasants - farmers, they gathered on the national assembly, sold over their products, took part in public holidays, and also acquired artisan products. Thus, the Greek cities turn into the focus of the entire economic, cultural and political development of society.
Social Sector
The rapid pace of development of the economy and the separation of society (the result of the development of the crafts) led to the emergence of classes and various social groups. The faster the industrial production and trade in one or another policy, the faster and more intense these processes proceeded. Where trade and industry developed faster, the process of separation of society into classes and the elimination of the remnants of the generic relationship was faster. At the same time, in agricultural zones, where even speeches did not particularly go about product relationships, he proceeded very intensively, due to the fact that the generic remnants did not leave the life for a long time.
The appearance of artisans and merchants
One of the first to highlight the class of artisans and merchants. Over time, he became a pretty weighty force capable of even interfere in politics and able to defend its rights. It is the craft-trading layer who spawned a phenomenon that was subsequently called tyranny. Tiranes called folk leaders who came to power using violent methods. They arranged the persecution of the old generic aristocracy - confiscated property, expelled, etc. That is why in modern society the term "tyrant" has a negative shade. In fact, there were many active, capable and smart "tyranans", actively supporting such industries as trade, craft, agriculture, shipbuilding; They minted coins and ensured the protection of trade routes.
However, the phenomenon of tyranny did not delay in Greece for a long time. Despite the fact that Tiranians were struggling with centuries-old ways of life, they carried out reforms in favor of the people, developed the economy, soon their rule had acquired a really despotic character. Both the leaders themselves and their approximate began to actively apply violent methods for their power and abused their position. In the end, the people stopped supporting tyrants, and they were expelled or died in class struggle. By the end of the 6th century. BC e. Tiras was completely eliminated almost in all Greece.
In general, the consequences of this regime were quite good - childbirth had no longer such a high and indefinite position as before, the prerequisites for the approval of the polis, the craft-trading layer strengthened its position in society and in the management of them. The craft trading sector developed very quickly, which contributed to the rapid overpopulation of policies and the "overproduction crisis". There is a need to expand the market, and the only exit at that time seemed colonization of other people's lands.
Great Greek Colonization
Modern historians see several reasons who contributed great Greek colonization. First of all, the already mentioned economic reasons. Next reason is the rapid process of the system of separation of society. The poor, who did not have their land, tired by the debt dependence, lost in the social struggle of different opposing parties, were hoping to find good luck, a good life in a foreign land, in the newly founded colonies. Aristocracy This state of affairs was only on hand, because in the colony there were dangerous for nobles displeased people, political opponents. And the governments of large cities were beneficial to have their own colonies, with which they would expand their economic and political influence.
Scientists allocate two stages of the process of colonization:
8 in. BC. - The first half of the 7th centuries. BC e. Colonies at this time had a purely agricultural character. Their goal was only the provision of the colonists of the Earth.
From the end of the 7th century BC. At the end of the 6th century. BC. More attention is paid to communication and the establishment of contacts with the local population, which contributed to the development of the trade and craft sector.
As for the geographical directions of colonization, then at that time three of them were distinguished: Western, South and North-East. The most intensive development was the Western direction, part of the East of Sicily and part of Italy's territory were colonized. Subsequently, they got the name "Great Greece". In addition, the colonies of Sardinia and Corsica islands, south of France and the eastern coast of Spain. The next direction is southern and southeast. It includes the appearance of colonies in the following territories: The coast of Palestine, Phenicia and North Africa. As to the northeastern destination, here you can observe movement in propontide (Marmara Sea) and in the Black Sea. In propontide, two town appears: Byzantine, the progenitor of the Great Constantinople, from which the history of Byzantium and Chalkidon will begin, where it will happen later, already in the times of Christianity, the fourth universal cathedral.
In the colonies of people, there are no burden of generic relationships and, therefore, everything developed faster - whether it is economics, culture or authorities. Many, originally small, poor towns, turn into huge, rich, economically developed cities with a numerous population, a rich social and cultural life. The fact of such rapid development of the Greek colonies has a positive effect on the development of Greece as a whole, to establish more mature forms of the polis. Great Greek colonization of 8-6 centuries. BC e. contributed to the rapid and effective development of the entire Greek world. Greeks learned new countries, peoples, traditions, customs, which extremely expanded their horizons. The need for housing, ships, in mastering new territories gave the most powerful impetus for the development of construction, architecture, shipbuilding. Communication with other countries enriched the culture of Greece with new knowledge, ideas, which had a positive impact on the formation and development of Greek literature and philosophy.
Culture
The prosperity of Greece due to the development of trade, agriculture, production, the emergence of new territories in the process of colonization led to the update of Greek culture. In the center of the new value system now there was a free human personality. The Minoan and Ahasey heritage of the ancestors were rethought. At this time, the "Homerskaya" sphere - poetry continues to develop. New literary genres appear. Epos replaces the poetry lyrical, which describes the senses of man, his joy and grief.
Another science is born - philosophy. She is close to natural philosophy ("Nature Philosophy" of the East). It reflects the first steps of Greek thinkers seeking to realize that there is a world, and what a person occupies in it.
Greek architecture also develops very rapidly. The center of attention of architects of that time is public buildings and temples of the gods. Each city had its own patron woman, who was the personification of the strength and beauty of the city, so the authorities did not regret money for decoration and decorating such buildings. It was in the construction of the temples that the famous architecture system was created, which subsequently became the source of the development of Greek, and later the Roman architecture. New features appear in visual art. A black and red-chicken painting of ceramic products, which appeared without the influence of the East, comes to replace the geometric style.
The "golden age" began antiquity - the state entered into a new era of its development - classical.
Archaic period
| Name of parameter | Value |
| Theme of article: | Archaic period |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Literature |
Ralteral PERIOD.
Folklore Folded in Lit-Ru
Greek mythology. The myth records the phenomenon, the development stage. Carrying a community-building echo. The concept of the hero'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''MU
Genres: Favoric, Heroic, Heineological Epos, Poetry, Novels, Tragedies, Mythographic Lit-Ra
The tale - wears an incredible character.
Features of Greek: almost no samples, except for the plot from Amur and Psyche. (2 century BC) in Roman lit-re. Neglecting to the fairy tale.
Fairy Tale Elements: Epos, Classical Comedy (In the plots, where it is about the hero, the cat. Descends in Aid, the place where life goes on the perfect principle, sharply different from reality)
Labor and ritual songs
Labor in epic, epigram, lyrics, comedies.
Rituals in the heroic epos - and early Greek lyrics.
Riddles, Aphorisms, Proverbs - Small Folklore Form
The bass retained the features of the archaic era. Its heroes more often were animals and birds. Used to allegory, explanations of something, turned into an element of the social struggle between the aristocracy and the folk masses.
The earliest refers to the 8th century BC. Gesiod''basnya about the nightingale and hawk'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
5th century BC The appearance of a collection of Greek Basen Ezopa. Includes about 400 fables of different centuries of the 7-4 centuries of writing. Translated in the 1st century AD. Fedrom, became part of Roman culture. Basni Barbia 2 century AD Lafanthane France (17th century), wings (Basen transition chain from one culture to another)
Chronology. He began with epic poems (heroic epic).
Created on the basis of mythological plot (does not coincide with the mythological cycle, only an episode) reflected the oral tradition of the dolite period.
Trojan cycle The beginning of a quarrel of the three goddesses, the end of the return and fate of the surviving heroes of the Trojan War
Homer (problems of dedicated to the authenticity of the personality of Homer, his life time and avtorev received the name of the Homerovsky question. 2 stages: in antiquity (considered a real person, the author of a number of works of Illiad, Odyssey, Homer's hymns, some kickback, early epigrams) (main questions: Time Homer's life (2 floors. 10th century BC or 9 century BC. Or 9-8 century BC); Place of birth (about 20 policies of low-anzia cities (Kolofon, Smyrna, Fr. Chios, Argos, Athens)), how real traveling by Homer), in our time).
The place of creation of the poem of the ion (region of Malaya Asia). At the root of the Ionian dialect.
Hegzametre - the size that epic works are written. He became mandatory as the Ionian dialect.
Performed races under the LIRA or KIFAR.
In 6VEK BC The rapes were changed (performers)
Gomerida - Rhapsods from the island of Chios, led his genus from Homer
The spread of Homer's poems. Balkans, because the episodes of Iliad and Odysseys were reflected in Greek vazopysi. In the 6th century BC The emergence of rhapsodes on the heroic epic. Pesleaset led to hold in Athens to the recording of Homer's poems for rope contests. Athenian version.
The playwrights treated Homer, as God.
The appearance of criticism of the works of Homer in the 6th century BC Interpretation of episodes of Homer's poems, from the point of view of the reality of what is happening.
In the 5th century BC. Herodotus and Fukititis Alicez examined the texts of Homer.
Xrenova from the Colorofon Poet, the philosopher first turned with criticism to Gomer for reducing the image of the gods, for their image as people (Plato develops this topic)
The most evil criticism of Homer in''bice on Gomera''''l from Amphipol (Zailova Critica)
An Alexandrian library is formed in the era of elinism. From 3 century BC. There is a study of the manuscripts of early Greek and Homer, attracting scientists Aristophane Byzantine, Aristarh Selfraky. The library collected many versions of the manuscript of Homer. Named at the location.
Systematization of texts, an attempt to remove new fictional characters, the destruction of non-stalking, identifying the earliest option. Arist. Samofr.
Posted on Ref.rf
I tried to return the original meaning to the Gomeov text. Soma (body, but then corpse) phobos (fear, later escape)
They broke on the songs in order to be more comfortable to store. Title alphabet letters.
Modern translation are based on the version of Aristarha Samofaraki.
3 century BC Gelannik and Xenon Horizons (separators) After analyzing the texts found various interpretations of images and events and said that Iliad and Odyssey were written by different authors. Criticizing Samofratsky's Aristarha (stated that it may be due to different versions or due to changes in the age and views of Homer)
Reached in the form of Scholius (comments to the Homer)
The most valuable version is the Venital 10 century BC.
In a new time, Homerovsky question:
In the 16th century, the first discussion of the''s of the Old and New'' 'between the fans of the epic talent of Homer and the fans of Virgil. Disputes about who is better. Mostly in France (Homer defeated checlasally)
1664 FRNSUA Dobyak defended his thesis on Iliad, in which he stated that Homer did not exist. Homer is not the name of its own, and the term 'Slept'''''' referred to early poets, indicated the AEM or a group of nuclear fuel. Iliad is a collection of songs of several singers. Collection of songs of blind singers. Where then is the unity of the text? The reason for all edition of the 6th century BC
1715 - the dissertation of Dobenyak
1713 - Bentley's work, who did not deny the existence of Homer, but said that the words of several singers were found in the foundation, and Homer had edited them
1795 - Fidrich Avgyt Wolf from gave 'importing to Homer'''''''''''''. It was argued that there was no unity of the poem and the general text of the writing was not yet, but in orally small songs created by several aeads. Did not deny the Homer, but it is only one of the nuclear fuel, the remaining names erased from memory. Poles are combined from songs artificially.
1. The theory of small songs (Karl Lahman) tried to find the initial components.
2. Unitary or unity theory (Heinrich Nich) said that then there was already writing and believed that Odyssey and oriada united poems. Homer considered a real person, one of the nuclear power plants, who participated in the creation and gave unity.
3. The theory of the main nucleus (George Grytt) Homer was, but they were written two small poems of Prailiad and the PraDasey, and in the 6th century BC. They were expanded by other aids.
The heroic epic is written on the basis of myth, except for some late. At the root of Iliad and Odysseys are the episodes of the Trojan mythological cycle. The content is dedicated not to the hero, but by action. The poem is not about Achille, but about the anger of Achilla.
Iliad is a military poem. It is devoted to the second part of the cycle, the course of the Trojan war, the last year of the siege of Troy. There is a detailed list of Alpanic heroes. Subsequently, it becomes mandatory (on the basis of catalog of oriad ships) the most important thing - a description of the war. The war is shown through separate fights and feats of heroes, and not through large battle scenes. Detailed description of weapons.
There is an image of the Homeric Warrior. War from the main classes, for the sake of the glory of descendants, mining
Odyssey is a post-war poem, with a description of a peaceful life. War memories.
Many descriptions of peters on which you can see a form of a good aige.
Women are shown: Elena, Penelope, Kirk. The homemade life and the work of women is shown. Many work and ritual songs.
Fairy tale elements.
The poem is completed with the return and reprisals with the grooms.
The main features of the heroic epic of Homer: the large size of the poem, it is necessary about the past, usually a long-time past; We are talking on the person of the author, the layering of the epoch occurs due to the fact that life and rites take from the modern era; The obligatory participation of the Olympic gods, the scene of the assembly of the gods and their active participation in the life of heroes; The absence of a copyright position on events and characters, an objective presentation, the author does not analyze, does not judge, only tells; Pointy archaic, leverage of terms and rituals, detailed descriptions of objects, weapons, gods themselves, the heroes themselves, strong, beautiful; Refrontation - a detailed description of the subject or event (a peculiar plug-in design); Repetitions of the most important events in several lines among the same words; epithets (shows the attitude towards the hero) firmly secured by the heroes of the definition, there must be a huge amount; epithets of the gods are associated either and their functions either with cult nicknames; Comparisons are associated with actions, not with a person or thing, have independent importance, are used for emotional impact on the listener, associated with the desire for visibility; The chronological incompatibility of individual events (the author cannot show the simultaneity of two actions, in connection with this, it jumps from the description of one event to another (duel of Paris and Menel and Elena with the Priam discussion of the Ahase soldiers)); unevenness of the description of the events (due to the oral creation of the poem. Preparation for action is described longer than the action); General sites (screen verses showing repetitive actions (sunrise, occasion, arrival, hero care) 2-3 lines)
Language of Homer's poems:
Formed in Ionia. Written by a literary language (the earliest Greek literary) tears off the Greek speech, practically did not reflect it. Metonimia - replacement of one word two or three other, similar to the value (spear - acute copper).
Pleuonism is an abundance of synonyms, striking her eyes (he said and said the word).
Hexameter 6-stop verse created for heroic epic. Each line begins with a long syllable. He became obligatory for all epic poetry.
Homer was attributed to another series of works, for example, Homer's hymns. Appeal to the Olympic gods (34 appeals). The anthem here is a conditional concept, mini-peppers. Also on the Ionian dialect in the explicit imitation of Homer (epithets, screen verses). Topics: Birth of the gods, description of the feats and battle of the gods. It is possible to be used on ripcodes as an entry. ''Ancing with you I will go to another song''''''E at the end of each hymn. Created (7 (1-5 Apollon (2), Demeter, Aphrodite, Hermes) -5 (God PNAU) century BC). The traditional image of the gods is described in terms of the ascension of gods (strong, mighty, beautiful).
Another kiklic poems (kicks) kiccles are also attributed to. Practically not preserved (8-6 centuries BC). Were collected by Alexandria scientists. Circle of some big mythological cycle (Trojan cycle. Beginning with Cyprus, Iliad, Ethiopia (Amazon and the arons of the Ethiopian Tsar Memnon come to the aid of the Trojans, ends with the death of Achille) Small Iliad (the burial of Achille and the dispute for his armor (between Odyssem and Ajax Talamanide) The destruction of Ilion (Feloctet kills Paris, Trojan horse and Fire Troy) Poles of return (Odyssey, about Agamemnon, Melane, Ayaksa Malom, Nesser, Deameda, Naptolen, Son Achille) FVAN CYCLE (EDIPOY, (ABOUT THE MURNING OF FATS ODIP) FIVAIDE ( The struggle for power), epigions (the second campaign against FIV), alkmeonide (alkmeon camping on the hair)). Kikli did not have unity, had several plot lines. The authors tried to include as many characters as possible. Lagografs were studied in the point of view of history, used In the quality confirmation of different Eastor.
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events.
Parody of heroic epos. (9-7 centuries BC) were written at an Ionian dialect, a hexameter with classic Homeric epithets and comparisons, but the heroes are present in another context (Margid (7th century BC. Bad is poorly preserved. In the center of the parody cowardly, greedy , cat. Does not want to fight, but glorifies himself as a hero) and war mice and frogs (5th century BC parody of Iliad)
Translations of Homer in Russian Lit-Re:
12th century Mentioning in the manuscripts of Metropolitan Clement Slavic.
The 17th century, first-passwords were associated with the war of mice and frogs, and not with Iliaia and Odyssey.
18th century Fragmented translation of Tredianakovsky, Lomonosov. Attempt to create a Russian hegzametra
1760 Konstantin Kondratovich first transferred or the Latin version. Not published.
1820-30 First Prosaic Translation Dmitry Lykov
1829 Translation of Galot 20 years old translated. It came up as a researcher, together with historians. Tried to accurately transfer customs, weapons, clothes, terms. Archaic language. Translated by fragments and songs by presenting the translation in magazines and salons. Opened antician literature for Russia
1842-49 Translation Odyssey Zhukovsky. Translated not knowing the Greek language. I ordered a sign up and gave this substrol a poetic form. Wolly translation of the poem. 850s. Vasily Oryansky took an attempt to translate IIAD
1896 ᴦ. Nikolai Minsk new translation of Iliad in a more modern language, but it was believed that he was inferior to the Gallet.
Versereev 19-20th century. Iliad, on the basis of the translation of the Galot. Attracts historians and folklerides. Translates Odyssey.
The archaic period is the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Archaic period" 2017, 2018.