Urzhum district local history conference. Mariez: History long in three thousand years

And, I tell you, bringing so far the bloody sacrifices of God.

At the invitation of the organizers of the International Conference dedicated to languages \u200b\u200bin computers, visited the capital Mari El - Yoshkar Ole.

Yoshkar is red, and Ola, I have already forgotten what it means, as the city at Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bjust "Car" (in the words Syktyvkar, Kudymkar, for example, or Shepashkar - Cheboksary).

And Markets - Finno-Ugry, i.e. Related in the High Language, Nenets, Hantam, Udmurts, Estonians and, Semesna, Finnam. Hundreds of years of joint residence with Turks also played a role - there are many borrowing, for example, in their welcoming speech, a high-ranking official called the founders of the only radio broadcasting in the Mari language, radio.

Markets are very proud to be stubborn resistance to the troops of Ivan Grozny. One of the bright Mariers, the Oppositionist Light Shemeir (Vladimir Kozlov) wrote even a book about the defense Mari of Kazan.

We had something to lose, in contrast to the part of the Tatars, who were relative to Ivan Grozny, and actually changed one khan to another, "he says (for some versions, Wardah Ubaan did not know even Russian).

Here, Mary El appears from the train window. Swamps and Marie.

Someone is snow.

This is a Buryat colleague in the first minutes of entry into the Mari Earth. Frank Badangarov - a participant in the conference in Yakutsk, which took place in 2008.

We consider the monument to the famous Mariers - Jõvan Kyrla. Remember Mustafa from the first Soviet soundtrack? He was a poet and actor. Repressed in 1937 on charges of bourgeois nationalism. The reason served as a fight in a restaurant with sweeping students.

He died in one of the Ural camps from hunger in 1943.

On the monument he rides Dresin. And sings the Mari song about the cunits.

And this is our owners. The fifth left is the legendary personality. That same radio - Chasyshev Andrei. He is famous for the fact that once wrote a letter to Bill Gates.

"As I was then naive, I did not know much, I didn't understand much ..." he says, "it was not from journalists from the removal, I began to pick up - again the first channel, and do you have a Bibisi ..."

After the rest, we were led to the museum. Which specially opened for us. By the way, in a letter, the radio was wrote: "Dear Bill Gates, buying a licensed package" Winduses ", we paid you, so please include five Mari letters in standard fonts."

It is surprising that Mary's inscriptions everywhere. Although there were no special gingerbread knutov, and no responsibility of owners for not writing a sign on the second state language are not carried. Employees of the Ministry of Culture say that they simply talk to the souls with them. Well, a secret said that the chief architect of the city is played in this matter.

Here is such awick. In fact, what is the name of a charming guide, I do not know, but the most popular female name in Marijtsev is Ivik. Emphasis on the last syllable. And still Salika. There is even a television film on Marius, with Russian and English subtitles with the same name. I brought this as a gift to one Yakut Maryza - asked his native aunt.

Exuccia is curious - to get acquainted with the life and culture of Mariers are offered to be traced the fate of the Mari Girl. Of course, her name is Ivik))). Birth.

The Ivik seems to be in the cradle (not visible).

This is a holiday with a rich, type of carol.

"Bear" has a mask from Beresta.

See, Ivik blows into the pipe? It she grabbies the district that she became a girl and it is time for her to marry. Some initiation rite. Some hot Finno-Ugric guys))) Immediately, also wanted to notify the district about your readiness ... But they were told that the pipe is different))).

Traditional three-layer pancakes. Bake to the wedding.

Pay attention to the monista of the bride.

It turns out that conquering Cheremsov, Ivan the Terrible forbade the foreigners a blacksmithing business - so that the weapons did not come. And I had to make markers to do from coins.

One of the traditional classes is fishing.

Borthernastrhea - picking up honey of wild bees - also an ancient lesson of Mariers.

Livestock.

Here is the Finno-Ugry: in the sleeveless, the representative of the people of Mansi (photographs), in a suit - a man from the Republic of Komi, behind him, Estonian.

End of life.

Pay attention to the bird on the rod - cuckoo. The link between the worlds of the living and the dead.

That's where our cuckoo, cuckoo, how much remains me? "

And this is a priest in a sacred birch grove. Maps or cards. So far, they say, about 500 sacred groves have been preserved - a kind of temples. Where Marys bring sacrifice to their gods. Bloody. Usually a chicken, goose or lamb.

Employee of the Udmurt Institute for Administration of Teachers, Administrator of the Udmurt Wikipedia Denis of Sugar. As a true scientist, Denis, a supporter of a scientific, not a "hatchardative" approach in promoting languages \u200b\u200bto the network.

As you can see Mariez make up 43% of the inhabitants. The second in numbers after the Russians, koih 47.5%.

Mariy residents are mainly divided by language on mountain and meadow. Mountains live on the right bank of the Volga (in the direction of Chuvashia and Mordovia). Languages \u200b\u200bare so distinguishable that there are two Wikipedias - at the Gorogonian and Lugovarian languages.

Questions about the Cheremis Wars (30-year resistance) asks the Bashkir colleague. Girl in white in the background - an employee of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the sphere of his scientific interest calls - what would you think? - Identity of ormpic events. This summer is going to the Tour of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and may even come to the village of Yesse. We wish good luck to the fragile urban girl in the development of non-frost even in the summer of Polar expanses.

Picture next to the museum.

After the museum, waiting for the beginning of the meeting was walked through the city center.

This slogan is extremely popular.

The city center is actively rebuilt by the current head of the republic. And in a single style. Pseudovizante.

Even the mini-Kremlin was built. Which, they say is almost always closed.

On the main square on the one hand, the monument to the Sacrot, on the other - the conqueror. Guests of the city are chicked.

Here is another attraction - clock with donkey (or mule?).

Marika tells about the donkey, as he became an informal symbol of the city.

Soon trips three hours - and the donkey will come out.

We admire the donkey. As you understand - Donkey is not simple - he brought Christ to Jerusalem.

Participant from Kalmykia.

And this is the same "conqueror." The first imperial governor.

UPD: Pay attention to the coat of arms of Yoshkar-Ola - Soon it, they say, will be removed. Someone in the city council decided to make moose horned. But, maybe this is to sue conversations.

UPD2: The coat of arms and the flag of the republic have already changed. Markelov - And no one doubts that this is he, although he voted the parliament - replaced the Mari Cross on the bear with a sword. The sword looks down and in the sheath. Symbolically, right? In the picture - the old Mari coat of arms has not yet been removed.

Here was a plenary conference meeting. No, sign in honor of another event)))

Curious thing. In Russian and Marih ;-) In fact, everything was right on other signs. Street by Mariysk - Ura.

Shop - Kevyt.

As one colleague was gladly noticed, who once visited us - the landscape resembles Yakutsk. It is sad that our hometown appears in such a guise.

Language is alive if in demand.

But still need to provide technical side - the ability to print.

Our wiki is among the first in Russia.

Absolutely faithful remark of Mr. Leonid Somsa - Gondira "Linux-Inc." (Peter): the state seems to notice the problem. By the way, Linux-Inc. is developing a browser, Spell Checker and an office for self-sufficient Abkhazia. Naturally on the Abkhaz language.

Actually, the conference participants tried to answer this is a sacramental question.

Pay attention to the amounts. This is to create from scratch. For a whole republic - the only trifle.

Report by the Bashkir Institute of Humanitarian Research. Familiar with our Vasily Migalkane. Bashkortostan linguists began to approach the so-called. Language case - a comprehensive language codification.

And in the Presidium sits the main organizer of the action, the worker of the Mari Ministry of Consult Eric Yusikin. Freely speaks in Estonian and Finnish. Owned his native language already as an adult, in many respects, it is recognized due to the spouse. Now he teaches the language of his children.

DJ "Radio Mari El", Admin Lugovaria Vicky.

Representative of the Foundation "Word". A very promising Russian fund, which is ready to support projects for minority languages.

Wikimedists.

And these are the very new buildings in quasi-Italian style.

These Muscovites began to build a casino, but on time a decree on their ban arrived.

In general, the question about who finances all the "Byzantium" responds that the budget.

If we talk about the economy, in the republic were (and there is probably military plants for the production of legendary Rockets C-300. Because of this, before Yoshkar-Ola, even was a closed territory. As our Tiksi.

Mariyza

Mariyza -Ev; mN. The people of the Finno-Ugek language group, which constitute the main population of the Mari Republic; Representatives of this nation, republic.

◁ Marieca, Manza; m. Maryka, and; mN. Rod. -Rext dates. -rikes; g. Mariy (see). Mari's narch.

Mariyza

(Samuading - Mari, outdated - Cheremis), the people, the indigenous population of the Mari Republic (324 thousand people) and the neighboring regions of the Volga region and the Urals. In total, 644 thousand people (1995). Mary language. Mary's believers - Orthodox.

Mariyza

Markets (Convents. - Cheremsa), the people in the Russian Federation, the indigenous population of the Mari Republic (312 thousand people), also live in the neighboring areas of the Volga region and the Urals, including in Bashkiria (106 thousand people), Tataria (18 , 8 thousand people), Kirov region (39 thousand people), Sverdlovsk region (28 thousand people), as well as in the Tyumen region (11 thousand people)., Siberian Federal District (13 thousand people .), Southern Federal District (13.6 thousand people). Total in the Russian Federation 604 thousand Mariers (2002). Mariy residents are divided into three territorial groups: mountain, meadow (or forest) and oriental. Mountain Mariers live predominantly on the right bank of the Volga, meadow - on the left, oriental - in Bashkiria and the Sverdlovsk region. The number of mountain marine marines in Russia - 18.5 thousand people, Eastern Mariers - 56 thousand people.
According to the anthropological appearance, Mariy residents belong to the Subural type of the Ural race. In the Mari language belonging to the Volga-Finnish group of Finno-Ugric languages, mountain, meadow, eastern and northwestern adverbs are distinguished. Among Mariers are widespread Russian. Writing - based on the Cyrillic alphabet. After the entry of Mari lands, the Christianization of Mari residents began in the 16th century. However, the Eastern and small groups of the meadow Mariers of Christianity did not accept, they were preserved before the 20th century preserved preserves, especially the cult of ancestors.
The beginning of the formation of the Mari tribes belongs to the frontier of the first millennium of our era, this process took place mainly on the right bank of the Volga, capturing partly and left bank areas. The first written mention of Cheremis (Mari) is found at the Gothic historian of Jordan (6th century). They are mentioned in the "Tale of Bygone Years". A large role in the development of the Mari Ethnic Sheets played close ethnocultural ties with Turkic peoples. A significant influence, especially intensified after the entry of Mariers, the Russian state (1551-1552) was provided by Russian culture. Since the end of the 16th century, Marytsev's resettlement began in a pre-rally, intensified in the 17-18th centuries.
The main traditional occupation is arable farming. Hardware, rowing horses, cattle and sheep, hunting, forestry, forestry (billet and alloy of forest are used. Slotchocuriasis) Later - baking beekeeping, fisheries. Marytsev has developed art crafts: embroidery, wood carving, jewelry.
Traditional Clothing: Ornate Embroidered Shirt Tunical Casual, Pants, Swing Summer Caftan, Belt Canopy Canvas Towel, Belt. Men wore felt hats with small fields and caps. For hunting, working in the forest was used by a tagging type of a tank. Mari shoes - Napti with onuchi, leather boots, boots. Wooden platforms were attached for work in swampy places to shoes. For a female suit, apron and an abundance of jewelry of beads, sequins, coins, silver buckles, Sulganov, as well as bracelets, rings.
A variety of female hats - cone-shaped caps with a bustling blade; Surfaces borrowed in Russians, head towels with eyelaver, high voposiform jams on a birest frame. Women's outerwear are straight and cutting on the assembly of kaftans from black or white cloth and fur coats. Traditional types of clothing are among the older generation, are used in wedding rituals.
Mari cuisine - dumplings with stuffing from meat or cottage cheese, puff pancakes, cottage cheese cheesecakes, drinks - beer, patch, strong medical honey. The Mari family is predominantly small, but they also met and large, unrequited. A woman in the family enjoyed economic and legal independence. At the conclusion of marriage, the bridesmaid was paid to the redemption, and they gave the dowry for her daughter.
Folded in the 18th century in Orthodoxy, Mariez retained the pagan beliefs. Characterized public prayers with sacrifice, suitable in sacred groves before the beginning of Sev, in the summer and after harvesting. Among the eastern Mariers are Muslims. In folk art, wood carving and embroidery is unique. Mary music (husli, drum, pipes) differs wealth of forms and melodiousness. Songs are allocated from the folk genres, among which the "sorrows", fairy tales, legends occupy a special place.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

Synonyms:

Watch what is "Mari" in other dictionaries:

Markets ... Wikipedia

- (Samupporting Mari the Constitue. Cheremis), the nation, the indigenous population of the Mari Republic (324 thousand people) and the neighboring regions of the Volga region and the Urals. Total in the Russian Federation 644 thousand people (1992). The total number of 671 thousand people. Mari language ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Samuoking Marie, Mari, Cheremis) People with a total number of 671 thousand people. Basic settlement countries: Russian Federation 644 thousand people, incl. Republic of Mari El 324 thousand people. Other settlement countries: Kazakhstan 12 thousand people, Ukraine 7 thousand ... ... Modern encyclopedia

Markets, ev, units. IET, Icy, husband. Same as Marie (in 1 meaning). | wives. Marika, and. | arr. Mariy, Aya, Oe. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Swedov. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (Samuading Mari, Outdated Cheremis), the people in the Russian Federation, the indigenous population of the Mari Republic (324 thousand people) and the neighboring regions of the Volga region and the Urals. In total, 644 thousand people in the Russian Federation. Language Mari Volzhsko ... ... Russian history

SUT., Number of synonyms: 2 Marie (3) Cherems (2) Dictionary of Synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Mariyza - (Samuoking Marie, Mari, Cheremis) People with a total number of 671 thousand people. Basic settlement countries: Russian Federation 644 thousand people, incl. Republic of Mari El 324 thousand people. Other settlement countries: Kazakhstan 12 thousand people, Ukraine 7 thousand ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Mariyza - (Samonazv. Marie, outdated Russian. Named. Cheremis). Divided on mountain, meadow and east. Live in the rep. Mari El (on the pr. Shore Volga and partly on the lion. Mountain, other meadow), in the head. (Vost.), as well as in a small number in the neighboring rep. and region ... ... ... Ural historical encyclopedia

mariyza Ethnopsychological Dictionary

Mariyza - Representatives of one of the Finno of Ugric peoples (see), living in Volzhzko Vytzhsko Vyatka Mebractions, Prikamia and the Urals and in their national psychology and culture similar to Chuvash. Marities are hardworking, hospitable, modest, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Marities, previously known as Chelers, were famous for their militia. Today they are called the latest pagans of Europe, since the people managed to carry a national religion through the century, which there is still a significant part of it. This fact will surprise even more if you know that the writing of the people of Marie appeared only in the XVIII century.

Name

The self-sizing of the Mari people dates back to the word "Marie" or "Mari", which means "man." A number of scientists believe that it can be associated with the name of the ancient Russian people of Mary, or a measure that dwells in the territory of modern Central Russia and mentioned in a number of chronicle.

In ancient times, mountain and meadow tribes that dwell in the Volga-Vyatsky interfluid were called Cheremis. The first mention of them in the year 960 is found in the letter of Kagan Khazaria Joseph: he mentioned the "tsundas" among the nations who paid Kaganat Dan. The Russian chronicles celebrated the Chelemasons much later, only in the XIII century, along with the mordeland, ranked them to the peoples inhabited on the Volga River.
The meaning of the name "Cheremis" is not fully established. It is known for certain that part of "MIS", as well as "Marie," means "man." However, how this person was, the opinions of researchers disagree. One of the versions refers to the Turkic root of the "Cher", meaning "fighting, fighting." From him, the word "Yanychar" occurs. This version looks plausible, since the Mari language is the most turcue from the entire Finno-Ugric group.

Where live

More than 50% of Marier lives in the territory of the Republic of Mari El, where 41.8% of its population is. The republic is the subject of the Russian Federation and is part of the Volga Federal District. The capital of the region is the city of Yoshkar-Ola.
The main area of \u200b\u200bresidence of the nationality is the dissimilar zone of the metropolitan and Vyatka. However, depending on the place of resettlement, language and cultural characteristics, 4 groups of Mariy residents are distinguished:

1. Northwestern. Live outside Mari El, in the territory of the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Their language is significantly different from the traditional, but they did not exist with their own writing until 2005, when the first book was published in the national language of the North-Western Mari.
2. Mountain. In modern times, it is small - about 30-50 thousand people. Inhabit in the western part of Mari El, mainly on the southern, partly on the northern banks of the Volga. The cultural differences of the mountain marines began to form in the X-XI centuries, due to the close communication with the Chuvas and the Russians. Have their own skimmeri language and writing.
3. Eastern. A significant group consisting of migrants of the Lugovo part of the Volga in Ural and Bashkortostan.
4. Meadow. The largest largest and cultural influence of a group residing in the Volga-Vyatka interfluacy in the Republic of Mari El.

The last two groups are often combined into one due to the maximum similarity of language, historical and cultural factors. They form groups of meadow-eastern Mariers with their own meadow-oriental language and writing.

Number

The number of Mariers, according to the 2010 census, is more than 574 thousand people. Most of them, 290 thousand, live in the Republic of Mari El, which means "Edge, Mainean's Motherland." A little smaller, however, the largest community outside Mari El is located in Bashkiria - 103 thousand people.

The remaining part of Mariers inhabits the regions of the Volga region and the Urals, lives throughout Russia and beyond. A significant part lives in the Chelyabinsk and Tomsk regions, Khanty-Mansiysk JSC.
The largest diasporas:

• Kirov region - 29.5 thousand people.
• Tatarstan - 18.8 thousand people.
• Udmurtia - 8 thousand people.
• Sverdlovsk region - 23.8 thousand people.
• Perm region - 4.1 thousand people.
• Kazakhstan - 4 thousand people.
• Ukraine - 4 thousand people.
• Uzbekistan - 3 thousand people.

Language

The meadow-East Mari language, which, along with Russian and the Gornariy, state in the Republic of Mari El, is part of the Great Group of Finno-Ugric Languages. And also, along with Udmurt, Komi, Sami, Mordovian, is included in the small Finno-Perm group.
There is no accurate data on the origin of the language. It is believed that he was formed in the Volga region before the X century on the basis of Finno-Ugric and Turkic dialects. Significant changes, he underwent in the period of the entry of Mariers in the composition of the Golden Horde and Kazan Kaganata.
Mari writing arose quite late, only in the second half of the XVIII century. Because of this, there are no written evidence of the life, life and culture of Mariers throughout their formation and development.
The alphabet was created on the basis of Cyrillic, and the first text preserved to this day on Marius refers to 1767. He was created by the skimmer who studied in Kazan, and he was dedicated to the arrival of Empress Catherine the second. The modern alphabet was created in 1870. Today, a number of national newspapers and magazines and magazines are published in the Lugovo-Eastern Marizh language, it is studied in Bashkiria schools and Mari El.

History

The ancestors of the Mari nation began to master the modern Volga-Vyatka territory at the beginning of the first millennium of the new era. They migrated from the southern and western regions east under pressure from the aggressive Slavic and Turkic peoples. This led to assimilation and partial discriminations of Permian, the originally inhabited in this territory.

Part of the Mariers adheres to the version that the ancestors of the people in the distant past came to the Volga from the ancient Iran. After an assimilation with the tribes of Finno-Ugroms and Slavs living here, however, the originality of the people was partially preserved. In favor of this, studies of philologists say, noting that in the Mari language there are indoire enclosures. This is especially true of ancient prayer texts, which practically did not change over the centuries.
By the VII-VIII century, the pramarians moved to the north, taking the territory between the wind and Vyatka, where they live until today. During this period, Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes were seriously influenced by the formation of culture and mentality.
The next stage of the history of Cheremsov belongs to the X-XIV centuries, when Eastern Slavs were closest to their neighbors from the West, and from the South and East - the Volga Bulgars, Khazars, and then Tatar-Mongols. For a long time, Marie's people were depending on the Golden Horde, and then from the Kazan Khanate, who paid tribute to the fur and honey. Part of the Mari lands were influenced by Russian princes and, according to the chronicles of the XII century, was also subject to tribute. Over the centuries, Cheremisas had to be lavailed between the Kazan Khanate and the Russian authorities who tried to attract the nationality whose number at that time was up to a million people, to his side.
In the XV century, in the period of aggressive attempts of Ivan the Terrible to overthrow Kazan, the mountain marines moved to the power of the king, and the meadow supported Khanate. However, in connection with the victory of Russian troops, in 1523 the land became part of the Russian state. However, the name of the Cheremis tribe is not in vain means "militant": next year it rebelled and overthrew the temporary rulers until 1546. In the future, the bloody "Cheremis Wars" broke out twice in the struggle for national independence, the overthrow of the feudal regime and the elimination of Russian expansion.
The next 400 years of the life of the people proceeded relatively calmly: having achieved the preservation of national authenticity and the ability to practice their own religion, Mariy residents were engaged in the development of agriculture and crafts, without interfering with the country's socio-political life. After the revolution, Mari Autonomy was formed, in 1936 - the Mari ASSR, in 1992 she was assigned the modern name of the Republic of Mari El.

Appearance

The Anthropology of Mariers dates back to the ancientural community, which has formed a distinctive feature of the appearance of the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group as a result of mixing with the Europeanoids. Genetic studies show the presence of Gaplogroups of N, N2A, N3A1 in the Marines, which are also at Veps, Udmurt, Finns, Komi, Chuvash and Baltintians. Autosomal studies have shown relatives with Kazan Tatars.

Anthropological type of modern Mariers - Suburaral. The Ural Race is intermediate between the mongoloid and the Europeanoid. Marytsev has more, compared to the traditional form, the Mongoloid signs.
Distinctive features of appearance are:

• medium height;
• yellowish or darker than in the europeroid, skin color;
• almond-shaped, slightly diagonal eyes with lowered downside corners;
• straight, dense hair of a dark or light blue shade;
• speakers.

clothing

Men's and female traditional costumes were similar in configuration, but female decorated more brightly and richly. So, the daily outfit consisted of a similar to the tunic of a shirt, which had a long woman, and men did not reach the knees. Under it, spacious pants were put on top of the caftan.

Sweatwear sewed from dominant matter, which was made from hemp fibers or woolen threads. The female suit was supplemented with an embired apron, ornaments were decorated with sleeves, cuffs and a shirt gate. Traditional patterns - horses, solar signs, plants and flowers, birds, lamb horns. In the cold season, they put on top of her on top of her, Tulup and sheep's fur coats were put on.
The required element of the costume is a belt or waist winding of a linen piece of matter. Women complemented her pendants from coins, beads, seashells, chains. The shoes were made of a scroll or leather, in the swampy terrain it was supplied with special wooden platforms.
Men wore high hats with narrow fields and towards, because most of the time was spent outside the house: on the field, in the forest or on the river. Women's hats were famous for great variety. The Russians were borrowed from the Russians, the Sharpan was popular with popularity, that is, tied around the head of a towel, bonded by eyebreaker - a narrow strip of fabric, embroidered with traditional ornaments. The distinguishing element of the bride's wedding costume is a bulk chest ornament from coins and metal decorative elements. It was considered a family relic and was transmitted from generation to generation. The weight of such a decoration could reach up to 35 kilograms. Depending on the place of residence, the features of costumes, ornaments and colors could differ significantly.

Men

The Mary residents had a patriarchal family structure: a man was the main thing, but in the case of his death, a woman got up at the head of the family. In general, the relationship was equal, although all public issues were on the shoulders of a man. For a long time in Mari settlements there were remnants of Levirat and Cores, having praised women's rights, but most of them did not adhere to them.

Women

A woman in the Mari family played the role of the keeper of a homemade hearth. It was appreciated by hardworking, humility, economic, good nature, maternal qualities. Since a solid dowry was exhibited for the bride, and its role was significant, the girls were married later than the young men. It often happened that the bride was 5-7 years older. The guys tried to marry as early as possible, often aged 15-16 years.

Family manner

After the wedding, the bride went to live in the house of her husband, so the family from Marie was big. Often, the families of the brothers were adjacent to them, the senior and subsequent generations lived together, the number of which reached 3-4. The head of the economy was the older woman, the wife of the head of the family. She distributed to children, grandchildren and daughters of instructions on the farm, followed material well-being.
Children in the family were considered the highest happiness, manifestation of the blessing of the Great God, so they gave birth a lot and often. Education was engaged in the mother and the older generation: children did not pampered and since childhood was accustomed to work, but never offended. The divorce was considered disgraced, and the permission to him had to ask for the main minister of faith. The couples who expressed a similar desire, tied back to each other on the main village area, while those waited for solutions. If the divorce took place at the request of a woman, her hair was cut, as a sign that she is no longer married.

Housing

Marie for a long time lived in typical old-worker cuts from a duplex roof. They consisted of hay and residential part, in which the kitchen with the stove separately fell separately, shops were nailed to the walls for overnight. The bath and hygiene played a special role: in front of any important thing, especially the prayer and conducting rituals, it was necessary to wash. It symbolized the cleansing of the body and thoughts.

A life

The main occupation of the people of Marie was agriculture of a pasha type. Field crops - Prista, Oats, Len, hemp, buckwheat, oats, barley, rye, turnip. In the gardens put carrots, hops, cabbage, potatoes, radish, onions.
Livestock was less common, however, for personal use, birds, horses, cows and sheep were bred. But goats and pigs were considered unclean animals. Among men's crafts, wood carving and silver processing for the manufacture of jewelry was highlighted.
From antiquity they were engaged in Borutnsky, and later and baking beekeeping. Honey was used in cooking, made crumpled drinks from it, and also actively exported to neighboring regions. Beekeeping is distributed today, being a good source of income for villagers.

Culture

Due to lack of writing, Mari culture focuses in oral folk art: fairy tales, songs and legends, which since childhood teaches children a senior generation. Authentic musical instrument - Shvwier, analog of boils. It was made from the water bladder of a cow supplemented by a ram horn and a tube. He imitated natural sounds, along with the drum accompanied songs and dances.

There was a special dance-cleansing from evil spirits. It took part in it, consisting of two guys and girls, sometimes all residents of the settlement participated in the festivities. One of his characteristic elements is the twist, or the shot: the rapid synchronous movement of the legs in one place.

Religion

A special role in the life of the people of Marie in all a century was played by religion. Until now, the traditional religion of Marie, which is officially registered. It confesses about 6% of Mariers, but rituals are observed by many. The people always tolerantly belonged to other religions, therefore, the national religion is right with Orthodoxy.
Traditional religion Marie proclaims faith in the strength of nature, into the unity of all people and everything that is on earth. Here they believe in the single space god Osh Kugu-Yumu, or the Big White God. According to the legend, he instructed the evil spirit yyna to remove a piece of clay from the world's ocean, from which KUGU-YUMO did the Earth. His part of the clay yyn threw on the ground: so the mountains turned out. From the same material KUGU-YUMO created a man, and the soul brought him from heaven.

In total, there are about 140 gods and spirits in the pantheon, but only some are very honored:

• Ilyashe Shokhn-Ava - Analogue of Our Lady, Goddess of Birth
• JUMU - manages all worldly affairs
• Mland Ava - Goddess of Earth
• Puresho - God of Fate
• Aziren - Death itself

Mass ritual prayions occur several times a year in sacred groves: they are total from 300 to 400 across the country. At the same time, ministry can occur in the grove. One or more of the gods, each of which bring victims in the form of food, money, parts of animals. The altar is made in the form of a flooring of fir branches established near the sacred tree.

Come to the grove in large boilers, they prepare food brought with them: meat geese and ducks, as well as special pies from the blood of birds and cereals. After under the leadership, the map is an analogue of the shaman or priest, the prayer begins, which lasts up to an hour. Ends the rite of consumption of cooked and harvested grove.

Traditions

The most complete ancient traditions are preserved in wedding and funeral rites. The wedding always started with a noisy redemption, after the young on the cart or sleigh covered with bearish skin, headed to the card for making a wedding rite. All the way the groom clicked a special braid, drivening out evil spirits from the future wife: this whip then remained in the family for life. In addition, their hands were associated with a towel, which symbolized the connection to the rest of his life. So far, the tradition of the oven is still preserved after the wedding pancakes for a new man.

Of particular interest causes funeral rites. At any time of the year, the deceased was delivered to the graveyard on her sleigh, and in Mountains put in winter clothes, supplying a set of things. Among them:

• linen towel, according to which he will go down to the kingdom of the dead - from here there was an expression "tablecloth";
• rosehip branches to drive away dogs and snakes guarding the afterlife;
• clustered nails during the lifetime to cling them for rocks and mountains on the way;

After forty days, no less terrible custom made: the friend of the deceased was falling in his clothes and sat down with closest deceased in one table. He was accepted for the deceased and asked him questions about life on the world, they passed the lead, reported news. During the general holidays, the commemoration also remembered the deceased: they were covered with a separate table, which the hostess raised all the treats, which was cooked for living.

Famous Mariers.

One of the most famous Mariers - Actor Oleg Taktarov, who played in the films "Viy" and "Predators". All over the world, he knows how the "Russian Bear", the winner of cruel fights without the UFC rules, although in fact his roots lead to the ancient people of Marie.

The living embodiment of the real Mariy Beauty - "Black Angel" Varda, whose mother was by Mariy's nationality. She is known as a singer, dancer, fashion model and owner of seductive forms.

The special charm of Marytsev is a soft character and a mentality based on the adoption of all things. Tolerance to others, coupled with the ability to defend their own rights, allowed them to preserve their authenticity and national flavor.

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The history of the Mari people from ancient times. Part 2 The question of the origin of the Mari People is controversial so far. For the first time, the scientifically based the theory of ethnogenesis of Mari residents expressed in 1845, the famous Finnish linguist M. Kastresen. He tried to identify Mariers with the chronicle. This point of view was supported and developed by T.S. Semenov, I.N. Smirnov, S.K. Kuznetsov, A.A.Pititsyn, D.K.Selienin, M.N.Yantemir, F.E.Gorov and many others Researchers of the 2nd half of 19 - I half of the 20th century. With a new hypothesis in 1949, a prominent Soviet archaeologist A.P.Smirnov, who came to the conclusion about Gorodetskaya (close to Mordve) basis, other archaeologists, ON Bader and V.F. Gröng, at the same time defended the thesis about Dyakovsky (close to as) the origin of Mariers. Nevertheless, the archaeologists have already managed to convincingly prove that Merry and Marie although they are relative to each other, but are not the same people. In the late 1950s, when the permanent Mari archaeological expedition was acting, its leaders of A.Khlikov and G.A. Archipov developed the theory of the mixed Gorodetsky-Azelian (Volzhsky-Perm) basis of the Mari people. Subsequently, G.A. Archipov, developing this hypothesis, further, during the opening and study of new archaeological monuments, proved that the Marytskoye-Dyakovsky (Volzhko-Finnish) component prevailed in a mixed basis, the component and the formation of the Mari Ethnos, which began in the first half of the Millennium of our era In general, it was completed at 9 to 11 centners. At the same time, then the Mari ethnos began to share for two main groups - mountain and meadow marries (on the latter, compared to the first, the azelin (permony) tribes had a stronger influence. This theory as a whole is now supported by the majority of archaeologists engaged in this problem. The Mari Archaeologist V.S. Patrushev nominated a personal assumption that the formation of the ethnic basis Marie, as well as Mary and Murom, took place on the basis of the population of Akhmylovsky appearance. Linguists (I.S. Malkin, D.E. Kazansev), who rely on language data, believe that the territory of the formation of the Mari people should be searched for not in the Vyatsky-Vyatka interfluve, as archaeologists consider, but south-west, between the eye and Sura. The archaeological scientist T.B.Noystina, given the data not only archeology, but also linguistics, came to the conclusion that the Praodina Marries is located in the Volga region of the Occassion-Surrechia and in the Potthewice, but to promotion to the east, to Vyatka occurred at 8 - 11 explosive, in the process of which contact and mixing with azeline (permony) tribes were carried out. Azelian culture is an archaeological culture of 3-5 centuries in the Volga-Vyatka interfluid. V. Gening is classified and named Azelinsky Mogilnik at the village of Azelino Malysjo district of the Kirov region. Formed on the basis of traditions of a drinobor culture. Habitat is represented by rivals and settlements. All farm is based on fatal agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting and fisheries. The buoy fortification (Buiski transport) hid a treasure of 200 iron hoes and copies. Most round-bottom vessels with a pattern of notches or cord prints. Ground grains, inguinal burials, oriented head north. Women's costume: a hat or a born with an accepted and temporal suspension, necklace, hryvnia and bracelets, chest plates, apron, a wide belt, often with an ePUletovoid clasp, lining and hanging brushes, a variety of stripes and suspensions, shoes on the straps. Men's burials hide numerous weapons in themselves - spears, axes, helmets, chain and swords. The final process of the separation of Mari tribes was completed in about 6-7 century of our era. In the old tradition of the Mari People, it is said that once in distant time immemorials near the Volga-River lived a mighty giant. Called him onar. He was so great that he would rise, happened, on the steep Volzhsky slope and only a little bit of his head climbed over the forests of color rainbow. That is why they call the rainbow in the ancient legends of the Gate of the Ointh. The rainbow shines with all the colors, it is so red that the eye does not take away, and the clothes at the onar were still more beautiful: the white shirt was embroidered on the chest of scarlet, green and yellow silk, rocked onar belt from the blue bead, and silver decorations sparkle on the hat. He was the hunter, mined the beast, collecting honey of wild bees. In search of the beast and arms, full of fragrant honey, he went away from his housing, which stood on the banks of the Volga. On one day, Monar managed to visit and on the Volga, and on the Pijm with Nemma, flowing into a light wicter, as the Maryski river is called the Vyatka River. For this reason, Markets, and call their land of the land of the hero. In the representation of the ancient Marie, onras - the first inhabitants rising from the marine waters of the Earth. Onra - people-giants of extraordinary growth and strength. The forests were knee-deep. Many hills and lakes in the Gorogonary Territory people call the traces of ancient giant. And again, the ancientandic legends about Asuras - ancient people (the first inhabitants of the planet Earth) are involuntarily for memory - ashors, who were also giants - their growth was 38-50 meters, later they became lower - up to 7 meters (as Atlanta). Asur was the Old Russian Bogatyr Svyatogor, who is considered the progenitor of the entire Old Russian people. Marities themselves call their people with the name Marie. In the circle of scientists, the question of their origin is open. According to these etymology, Marie is a people living under the auspices of the ancient goddess Mary. The influence of Mary on the belief of Mariers strongly. Marities are considered the last pagan people of Europe. Mari religion is based on faith in the forces of nature, which a person must read and respect. The temples of Marijtsev - Purchased Groves. On the territory of the Republic of Mari El - their about five hundred. In the sacred grove, it is possible to contact a person with God. The first written mention of Cheremis (Mari) is found at the Gothic historian of Jordan (6th century). They are mentioned in the "Tale of Bygone Years". Approximately by this time include the first mentions and other tribes related to the ancient Mariers - Meshchera, Murom, Merey, who lived mainly by the west of the Velodian Territory. Some historians claim that the name "Marie" Maryan people received on behalf of the ancient Iranian god Mara, but I have not met such God in Iranians. But there are many gods named Mara in Indo-European peoples. Mara - in the Western and East Slavic tradition, a female mythological character associated with seasonal rites of dying and resurrected nature. Mara - a night demon, a ghost in the Scandinavian and Slavic mythology Mara in Buddhism - the demon, personifies as an embodiment of the idleness, the death of the spiritual life of Mara - in the Latvian mythology goddess, guarding cows. In some cases, it coincides with the mythologized manner of the Virgin Mary. As a result, I believe that the name "Marie" has its origin from the times when the Ural and Indo-European peoples lived near or were a single people (hyperborers, borea, biarmioms). Some researchers of the history of the Mari people believe that Mariy residents occurred from the mixing of ancient Iranian tribes with miracles. The question arises when it was. I have long checked when Iranians appeared on the territory of the ancient Mariers, but did not find such a fact. There was a contate of the ancient Iranian tribes (Scythians, Sarmati), but it was significantly south and the contact was with the ancient Mordovsky tribes, and not with Mariy. As a result, I believe that the name "Marie" The Mari people received from the most ancient times when the Ural peoples, Indo-European peoples (including the Slavs, Balts, Iranians) lived nearby. And these are times of biarmeys, borea or even hyperborean times. So continue to talk further about the history of the Mari people. In the 70s of the 4th century, Huns appeared in the south of Eastern Europe - the nomadic Turkic-speaking people (as more precisely, it was the Union of many nomadic peoples in which the Turkic and Nurschool peoples were included). The era of the great resettlement of peoples began. Although the Union of Gunnsky tribes moved to the south of Eastern Europe (mainly in the steppes), this event also influenced the story of more northern peoples, including the history of the ancient Mari people. The fact is that one of the ancient Turkic peoples was involved in the stream of nomadic tribes - Bulgars (initially they were called onogura, witch, crooked). In addition to the ancient Bulgarian tribes on the territory of the steppes of the North Caucasus and Don, other Turkic-speaking tribes came - Suwara. From the 4th century until the emergence of a strong Khazar state in these places in the territory between the Black and Caspian Sea and in the steppes of Don and Volga lived a lot of different nomadic tribes - Alans, Akatsira (Gunns), Muscuts, Barcilles, Onoguras, Critiers, Fuckuri) . In the 2nd half of the 8th century, part of the Bulgar moved to the region of the Middle Volga region and the lower order of Kama. There they created the state Volga Bulgaria. Initially, this state was depending on the Khazar kaganate. The appearance of the boulars in the lower reaches of Kama led to the fact that a single space occupied by the ancient Mari tribes was divided into two parts. A significant part of the Mariers living in the territory of the West of Bashkiria turned out to be torn off from the main territory of Mariers. In addition, under the pressure of the bullgig, part of Marijtsev was forced to recalculate the north and to press the ancient Udmurt tribes (voyages), Markets settled in the interfold of Vyatka and the wind. For information, I inform the readers that in those days the modern Vyatka land had another name - the "Land" (land of voyage). In 863, a part of Suvav, who lived within the North Caucasus and Don, was under the influence of Arab invasions, under the Volga in the Middle Volga region, where they entered the Volga Bulgaria in the X century, they built the city of Suvav. According to a number of Bashkir historians in the Volga Bulgaria, Suwara was numerically the predominant ethnic group. It is believed that modern Chuvas are not considered to be the inconsistent descendants. In the 960s, Volga Bulgaria became an independent state (as Khazar Kaganat was destroyed by the Kiev Prince Svyatoslav). The question of the origin of the ethnonyms "Marie" and "Cherems" remains complex and unexplained. The meaning of the word "Marie", self-discharge of the Mari people, many linguists are derived from the Indo-European term "Mar", "measures" in various sound variations (translated as "man", "husband"). The word "Cheremis" (the Russians called the Mariers, and in a somewhat different, but phonetically similar to the phone - many other nations) has a large number of different interpretations. On the 960s - the first written mention of this ethnonym (in the original "C-district") is found in the letter of the Khovar Kagan Joseph, the sovereign of the Cordovsky Caliph Khasday Ibn-Shaperut. D.Y. Kazansev Following the historian of the 19th century G.I.Pertyatkovich came to the conclusion that the name "Cheremis" gave Marrzians Mordovian tribes, and in translating this word means "a person living on the sunny side, in the east." According to I.G.Ivanov, "Cheremis" is a "man from the Chers or Chora tribe", in other words, the name of one of the Mari tribes. Neighboring nations subsequently distributed this name to the entire Mari people. The version of the Mari Local Lowers of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, F.Egorova and M.N.Yantemir, who suggested that this ethnonym is as follows to the Turkic term "militant person", uses wide popularity. F.I. Hordev, as well as supported His version I.S.Halkin defended the hypothesis about the origin of the word "Cheremis" from the ethnonym "Sarmat" through the mediation of Turkic languages. A number of other versions were also expressed. The problem of the etymology of the word "Cheremis" is also complicated by the fact that in the Middle Ages (up to the 17th - 18th centuries) so called in some cases not only Mariers, but also their neighbors - Chuvash and Udmurts. For example, the authors of the textbook "History of the Mari People" on archaeological findings related to Iran-language tribes write that the PMs of sacrificial fires are found in the Volga settlements with a large content of pet bones. Rites, connected with the worship of fire and bringing animals to sacrifice the gods, were subsequently an integral part of the pagan cult of Mariy residents and other threats. The worship of the sun was reflected in applied art: solar (solar) signs in the form of a circle and cross took a prominent place in the ornament of Finno-Ugric Naro. In general, all the ancient peoples had solar gods and worshiped the sun, as a source of life on Earth. Let me remind you again, Suras (the ancient gods from the sun) were divine teachers of the first people - Asurov. The end of the first millennium BC for the Mary region is characterized by the beginning of the use of iron, and mainly from local raw materials - swamp ore. This material was used not only for the manufacture of workers of the labor, facilitating the flow of the forest for land plots, processing arable land, etc., but also for the manufacture of more advanced weapons. Wars began to occur more and more. Among the archaeological monuments of that time, the most characteristic of the fortified settlements, protected from the enemy with shafts and Rips. With a hunting lifestyle, a widely common cult of animals (elk, bear) and waterfowl are associated with a widespread cult. A. G. Ivanov and K. N. Sanukov talk about the resettlement of the ancient Mariers. The ancient basis of the Mainic People underway to the beginning of the first millennium was subjected to new impacts, mixing, pending. But the continuity of the main features of the material and blood culture was maintained and fixed, as evidenced by, for example, archaeological finds: temporal rings, elements of breastplas, etc., as well as some features of the pelvic rite. Ancient ethno-forming processes occurred in conditions of expansion of relations and interaction with related and non-relevant tribes. These names of these tribes remained unknown. Archaeologists gave them conditional names in accordance with the name of the settlement, about which for the first time was excavated and their monument was studied. Regarding the social development of the tribes, it was the time to start the collapse of the primitive-commodity building and the formation of a period of military democracy. The "great resettlement of peoples" at the beginning of the first millennium hurts and tribes that dwell on the border of the forest zone and forest-steppe. The tribes of Gorodetskaya Culture (ancient Mordovian tribes) under the pressure of Stepnikov moved to the north on Sura and the Oke to the Volga, and went on the left bank, in the tag, and from there to a great Kokshah. Simultaneously from Vyatka to the River District, the azelins penetrated the large and small coland. As a result of their contact and long-term contacts, with the participation of the more ancient local population, there were large changes in their initial crops. Archaeologists believe that as a result of "mutual massimillations" of Gorodetsky and Azelian tribes in the second half of the Millennium, an ancient-Russian tribes were formed. This process shows such archaeological monuments as the younger Akhmylovsky burial ground on the left bank of the Volga opposite Kozmodemyansk, Shor-Untryzhinsky Mogynomin in the Morkinsky district, Kubashevskoy town in the south of the Kirov region and others containing the materials of Gorodetskoy and Azelian cultures. By the way, the formation of ancient Mariers based on two archaeological crops predetermined the initial differences between the mountain and meadow marries (the first - the predominance of the features of Gorodetsky culture, the second-azelian). The region of formation and initial habitat of the ancient-Russian tribes in the West and the southwest was far beyond the limits of the modern Republic of Mari El. These tribes occupied not only all the records and the central regions of the Vytzhsko-Vyatsky interfluve, but also the land to the west of the winds, the border with merryan tribes in the Uge River area; On both banks of the Volga region of their habitat extended from the mouth of Kazanka to the mouth of Oka. In the south, the ancient Mariers occupied not only the lands of the modern Okrugary district, but also to Northern Chuvashia. In the north, the border of their settlement was held somewhere around the city of Kotelnich. In the east, Mariers occupied the territory of Western Bashkiria. At the turn of the I and II of the Millennium, when an ancient Russian nationality was mostly developed, close relationships with related finno-Ugric tribes (except the closest neighbors - Mordvo and Udmurts) were actually stopped and established rather similar contacts with the early Turks (Suwars and Bulgars) . Already since that time (middle of the end of the Millennium), the Mari language began to experience a strong Turkish influence. Ancient Mariers, already having their own specific features and while maintaining a certain similarity with related threats, began to experience a serious Turkic effect. On the southern outskirts of the Mari territory, the population as assimilated with the Bulgarians, and partially opposed to the north. It should be noted that some of the Chinese, Mongolia and Europe researchers, when illuminating the history of the Attil Empire, include the Finn-speaking tribes of the Middle Volga region into the empire. In my opinion, this statement was extremely erroneous. . The decomposition of the genital building from Marie occurred at the end of the first I millennium, the birth principalities arose, which were ruled by elected elders, later the princes began to appear, the borders called Ohmami. Using its position, they eventually began to capture power over tribes, enriched by their account and, making raids on their neighbors. However, this could not lead to the formation of his own early refortion state. Already at the stage of completion of his ethnogenesis, Marius turned out to be the object of expansion from the Turkic East (Bulgararia of Volzhsko-Kamskaya) and the Slavic state (Kievan Rus). From the south of Marie was exposed to the invasion of the Volga Bulgar, then the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. From the north and west, Russian colonization was walking. In approximately the 11th century, Shangong Kuguzism (Maryan Valtory Principality) was formed. To protect their borders from the promotion of Russian from the side of the Galich Principality, the Fortress of Shans was built, this fortress later became the center of the Votor Principality. The Fortress of Shans (now it is the village of Old-Shangsky in Sharinsky district) was set by Mariers on the border of his lands as a watchdog post (eyes), who watched the promotion of Russians. The location was convenient for protection, as a natural fortress "walls" has a natural fortress wall from three sides: the Wetcil river with a high bank and deep ravines with steep skates. The word "chance" comes from the Mari Schuntsa (SHENZE) and means eye. The boundaries of northeastern Russia came close to the territory of Mari's settlement in the 11th century. The beginning of the colonization of Mari lands, both peaceful and violent character. On the right bank of the Volga, Mariers lived to Nizhny Novgorod. To the west of Sura, the Mari settlements of Somovskoe I and II and Toponymik are known. There is Lake Cheremskoye, two villages of Cheremiki and many villages with Mariy names - Monary, Abaturovo, Keemara, Mactelier, Ilievo, Kubaevo, and others. Pretty Morns Markets moved to the north and east for Sura. The Mari Rhodesmind Tip turned out to be split, part of its representatives was focused on Russian principality, the other part was actively supported by the Bulgar (and later -Tatar). In such conditions, it could not be a speech on the creation of a national feudal state. The first mention of Mariers in Russian written sources refers to the beginning of the 12th century. And meets in the "Tale of Bygone Years" of the monk Nestor. The chronicler, listing the Finno-Ugric peoples-neighboring Slavs, paying the tribute to Russia, also mentions Cheremis: "On Beleozer, there is all, but on the Rovovsky Lake Merry, and on the White Pleasse the lake. And on Ocea, the Race, where to go to the Volga, Murom your tongue, and the Cumulatory language, Mordva has your own language. CE Bo Tokmo Sloverees Language in Russia; Polyana, Klyland, Nogornzi, Polokhan, Dregovichi, North, Buzhana, Zana Sedosha in Bugu's after the same velanyan. And the essence of the Invest language, others, the tribute to give Rus: Chemed, Mero, the whole, Muroma, Damn, Mordva, Perm, Pecheque, Yami, Lithuania, Zimigol, Court, Norova, Libe: si essence your own language, from Knee AFECHOVA, izh Live in the countries of semidal ... ". At the beginning of the 12th century, the Shangsky Prince Kai, fearing Russian teams, turns Shang to a fortified city, builds for himself another new city of Vervuzhsky. At this time, Galitsky Prince Constratin Yaroslavich (Alexander Nevsky's brother) of the power of weapons tried to force the Vethuous Cheremis to comply with Galich and pay tribute to "Zaccis silver". But Cheremis has defended their independence. In the 12th and 16th centuries, Markets more clearly than now, divided into local ethno-graphics groups. The differences were in material and spiritual culture, language, household. They were determined by the peculiarities of the territory of the settlement and the influence of various ethnic components who participated in the formation of certain groups of the Mari people. Some differences in ethnographic groups are traced archaeologically. Studies of the structure of the Mari language also confirm the existence of the Marytan tribal associations with independent and fairly different dialects. Mountainmarians lived on the right bank of the Volga. Meadow Mariers spread the east of the river Small Cochag. Regarding Kazan, they were also called the "Lower" and "near" Cheremis. To the west of Malaya Kokshagi lived by the Vervy and Cochai Mariers, called scientists, also as northwestern. This was already celebrated contemporaries. Kazan Chronicler, saying about the "meadow Cheremis" continues: "... In that country, Lugovoy has Cheremis Koksha and Vetluzhskaya." On Cokshai and Lugovy, the Cheremis and the Pierce-Waa Book on Kazan 1565-1568. Mariy residents have lived in the Ural and Kama region as eastern or Bashkir. In the 16th century, another group of Mariers, which, in the will of fate, was far in the West (in Ukraine), referred to as the chasers. The Mari Society was divided into the genus, which were the tribes. One of the Mari legends indicates the existence of more than 200 genera and 16 tribes. Power in the tribe belonged to the Council of Elders, which was usually intended once twice a year. It was solved about holidays, about the procedure for public prayers, economic affairs, issues of war and peace. From Folklore, it is known that the Council of all Mari tribes was gathered in order to resolve issues affecting common interests. On this council there was a redistribution of hunting, fishing, booring land. Marities professed the pagan religion, their gods were spiritual to the forces of nature. A part of the Mari residents who lived close to Kazan, especially the birth advantage, in the 16th century under the influence of the neighboring Tatars accepted Islam, they subsequently turned out. Among those who lived in the West, Orthodoxy was distributed. A significant place in the economic classes of Mariers of Forest Fries, Bortnasthesky, Fisheries and Hunting is explained by the fact that they lived in a truly fertile forest edge. Breakless dundant mixed virgin forests with a solid massif occupied the whole meadow side, merging by the north with Taiga. When describing the Mari Territory, contemporaries often used expressions of the type "Forest", "Debresses", "Forest Desert", etc. In the Mari forests, a great set of game was found - bears, moose, deer, wolves, foxes, lynks, mountainous, sables, squirrels, cunits, beavers, hares, a large number of diverse birds, rivers were full of fish. The hunt of Mariytsev was a fishery focused on the extraction of flies for sale. The examination of the bones with Mari archaeological monuments shows that about 50% of them belong to the furrines of animals, mostly beobru, a cunita and sable. Marytsev has established and craft production. They knew the blacksmith and jewelry, woodworking, were engaged in stretching leather, pottery. Mary women fabric linen and woolen clothes. Markets lived in log houses, in small, consisting of several houses, villages - Ileagues and Zaimki - Ruemah. Settlements were located along the shores of the reservoirs. There were also fortified cripples, shafts and frequencies "Krepy" and "Ostrog", in which Mariers were hidden in the event of military danger. Some of these stors were administrative and tribal centers. Marytsev had a birth to know, referred to as the Russian sources of foremen, Pentecostal, centuries and hundreds of princes. The ten-hundredth form of management has developed as a result of organizational events of the Golden Horde with an administrative and fiscal and military goal. Such a form of management as a whole corresponded to the already existing Tribal Organization with Mari residents and therefore were perceived by them. The Mariers themselves called their leaders of Schÿdyvulyui, a puddle, puddler, Louvuju and Kugozia (Kugeza), which meant the "great owner, elder". Marie could act as a hired army in internecine straightening of Russian princes, and make robber raids into Russian lands alone or in a union with bulgarians or tatars. Often, the Bulgarian and Kazan rulers hired mercenaries warriors from amongmarians, and these soldiers were famous for their skills. All territories in the north of Russia first were subordinate to the "Mr. Veliky Novgorod". His sons, dashing scribyniki, knew the waterway, which joined the Volga with the North, through the wind, volley, through a small wolf between the Northern Movement and Volga, through the South River and Northern Dvina. But the promotion of Rusich to the northeast was constantly accelerated every year, and by 1150, Rusichi was completely subordinated to their power and included the Murom tribes in their state, and a significant part of the Tribal of the Merey (in the western part of the Kostroma region). Rusichi penetrated the shores of Unji, but there were no them in the valley of the upper veto (in the Vetryvsky Territory). There still lived the Northern Mariers - Cheremis. But from the north, the Novgorodians penetrated this territory, and the souzdalians and Nizhny Novgorod penetrated the territory of the south. At the end of the 12th century, Mari armed groups participated in the internecine wars of the Kostroma and Galician princes, helping one of the warring princes. But it was not long.

The question of the origin of the Mari People is controversial so far. For the first time, the scientifically based the theory of ethnogenesis of Mari residents expressed in 1845, the famous Finnish linguist M. Kastresen. He tried to identify Mariers with the chronicle. This point of view was supported and developed by T.S. Semenov, I.N. Smirnov, S.K. Kuznetsov, A.A.Pititsyn, D.K.Selienin, M.N.Yantemir, F.E.Gorov and many others Researchers II half of the XIX - I half of the twentieth centuries. With a new hypothesis in 1949, a prominent Soviet archaeologist A.P.Smirnov, who came to the conclusion about Gorodetskaya (close to Mordve) basis, other archaeologists, ON Bader and V.F. Gröng, at the same time defended the thesis about Dyakovsky (close to as) the origin of Mariers. Nevertheless, the archaeologists have already managed to convincingly prove that Merry and Marie although they are relative to each other, but are not the same people. In the late 1950s, when the permanent Mari archaeological expedition was acting, its leaders of A.Khlikov and G.A. Archipov developed the theory of the mixed Gorodetsky-Azelian (Volzhsky-Perm) basis of the Mari people. Subsequently, G.A. Archipov, developing this hypothesis, further, during the opening and study of new archaeological monuments, proved that the Marytskoye-Dyakovsky (Volzhko-Finnish) component prevailed in a mixed basis, the component and the formation of the Mari Ethnos, which began in the first half of the Millennium of our era In general, it was completed in the IX - XI centuries. At the same time, then the Mari ethnos began to share for two main groups - mountain and meadow marries (on the latter, compared with the first, the azelinsky (permony) tribes had a stronger influence. This theory as a whole is now supported by the majority of archaeologists engaged in this problem. The Mari Archaeologist V.S. Patrushev nominated a personal assumption that the formation of the ethnic basis Marie, as well as Mary and Murom, took place on the basis of the population of Akhmylovsky appearance. Linguists (I.S. Malkin, D.E. Kazansev), who rely on language data, believe that the territory of the formation of the Mari people should be searched for not in the Vyatsky-Vyatka interfluve, as archaeologists consider, but south-west, between the eye and Sura. The archaeological scientist T.B.Nikitina, given the data not only archeology, but also linguistics, came to the conclusion that Praodina Marijtsev is located in the Volga region of the Occasky Mezhda Meternreach and in the Pottherzhye, and the Promotion east, to Vyatka occurred in VIII - XI explosive, in the process of which contact and mixing with azeline (permony) tribes were carried out.

The origin of the ethnonyms "Marie" and "Cheremis"

The question of the origin of the ethnonyms "Marie" and "Cherems" remains complex and unexplained. The meaning of the word "Marie", self-discharge of the Mari people, many linguists are derived from the Indo-European term "Mar", "measures" in various sound variations (translated as "man", "husband"). The word "Cheremis" (the Russians called the Mariers, and in a somewhat different, but phonetically similar to the phone - many other nations) has a large number of different interpretations. The first written mention of this ethnonym (in the original "C-R-Mis") is found in the letter of the Khovar Kagan Joseph, the Sanovnik Kordovsky Khalifa Hasday Ibn-Shape (960s.). D.E. Kazansev Following the historian of the XIX century. G.I.Pertyatkovich came to the conclusion that the name "Cheremis" gave Marrian Morden tribes, and translated this word means "a person living on the sunny side, in the east." According to I.G.Ivanov, "Cheremis" is a "man from the Chers or Chora tribe", in other words, the name of one of the Mari tribes, the neighboring peoples subsequently distributed to the whole ethnos. The version of the Mari Local Lowers of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, F.Egorova and M.N.Yantemir, who suggested that this ethnonym is as follows to the Turkic term "militant person", uses wide popularity. F.I. Hordev, as well as supported His version I.S.Halkin defended the hypothesis about the origin of the word "Cheremis" from the ethnonym "Sarmat" through the mediation of Turkic languages. A number of other versions were also expressed. The problem of the etymology of the word "Cheremis" is also complicated by the fact that in the Middle Ages (up to the XVII - XVIII centuries) so called in some cases not only Mariers, but also their neighbors - Chuvash and Udmurts.

Literature

For details, see: Clacks S.K. Methodological manual "History of the Mari People of the IX-XVI centuries" Yoshkar-Ola: GOU DPO (PC) with "Mari Institute of Education", 2005