“Courage and Cowardice” is an essay. Electronic textbooks on the Russian language Introduction on the topic of cowardice

in the direction of "Courage and cowardice"

Theme:Can a brave person be afraid?

It is generally accepted that a brave person is not afraid of anything. But is it? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to define what courage means and what it is. In dictionaries, courage is a positive moral and volitional personality trait, manifested as decisiveness, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger.

Indeed, courage is usually associated with walking on the edge, with a threat to life, but it can also manifest itself in everyday situations. Brave men are not only in war, they are found everywhere. Courageous can be called someone who is not afraid to express his opinion, who has the courage to differ from the majority, is able to perceive new things. Does courage involve fear? In my opinion, only a fool is not afraid. It is not a shame to be afraid, but only a person who overcomes fear can be called brave.

Numerous writers have taken up this topic. Thus, E. Ilyina's story "The Fourth Height" is dedicated to overcoming fears. Gulya Koroleva is an example of courage in all its manifestations. Her whole life is a battle with fear, and each of her victories is a new height. In the work we see the history of the life of one person, the formation of a real personality. Every step she takes is a manifesto of determination. From the first lines of the story, little Gulya shows real courage in different life situations. Overcoming her childhood fears, she takes a snake out of the box with her bare hands and sneaks into a cage with elephants in the zoo. The heroine grows, and the trials encountered in life become more serious: the first role in a movie, admitting one’s wrong, the ability to take responsibility for one's actions. Throughout the entire work, he does what he is afraid of. Having matured, Gulya Koroleva gets married, she has a son. It seems that all fears have been defeated, you can live a calm family life, but the biggest test awaits her ahead: the war begins, and her husband goes to the front. She fears for her husband, her son, the future of the country, but fear does not paralyze her, does not force her to hide. The girl goes to work as a nurse in a hospital to contribute. Unfortunately, her husband dies and Gulya has to fight alone. She goes to the front, unable to look at the horrors happening to her loved ones. The heroine takes the "fourth height". She dies, having conquered the very last fear that lives in a person, the fear of death. On the pages of the story, we see how the main character is afraid, but overcomes her phobias.

The problem of overcoming fear is also revealed in the novel by Veronica Roth "Divergent". Beatrice Pryor, the main character of the story, leaves her home, the Forsaken faction, to become Fearless. She is afraid of the reaction of her parents, she is afraid of not going through the initiation ceremony, of being rejected in a new place. But her main strength lies in the fact that she challenges all her fears, looks them in the face. Tris puts herself in great danger, being in the company of the "Fearless", because she is "different", such as she is being destroyed. This terribly scares her, but she is much more afraid of herself. She does not understand the nature of her difference from others, is horrified at the thought that her very existence can be dangerous for people.

Dealing with fears is one of the key problems of the novel. So, beloved Beatrice's name is Fore, translated from English it means "four". It is precisely this amount of fears that he needs to overcome. Tris and Fore fight fearlessly for their lives, justice, peace in the city they call home. They defeat both external enemies and internal ones, which undoubtedly characterizes them as brave people.

I would like to conclude my reflections with the statement of M. Twain: “Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence”. Indeed, one should not be afraid of fear and associate it with cowardice; one should fight against it, overcoming not only external circumstances, but also resolving internal conflicts.

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FINAL COMPOSITION 2017/2018. THEMATIC DIRECTION "Courage and cowardice." “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life! M.Gorky

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Cowardice Cowardice is the most ancient human vice, And one must be especially wise here, To make a simple jerk through fear And keep the courage in everyday life! And envy has long since made its way to the masses, But an unexpected turn happens - When in broad daylight, who is not well-worn, Contemptuously carries blind nonsense! And smiling to himself sarcastically, I'm glad to choke with my sting, If only nobody could see - The soul is empty, and there is discord in the heart! Courage It is good to be brave, only scary ... A madman can not be afraid, And walk on the edge where it is dangerous, Is it courage? Of course not. Fear is always present in us, in everyone, Someone is closer or farther, Fear has overcome in oneself once, You can live by honor and without falsehood. And pull the boor in the train, pull the drowning ashore, save the weak from the bully, If a person believes in himself. Fear should not rule the mind, so that later on at you to mock, because every minute we need to remain a man

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This direction is based on the comparison of the opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of difficult, sometimes extreme life situations. On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will are presented.

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It is not for nothing that courage is considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the guarantee of other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) How can a tree bloom if its roots are dry? So it is here: until there is proper order in the kingdom, where will military courage come from? If the leader does not constantly strengthen the army, then he will rather be defeated than a winner. But you, despising all this, praise only courage; and what courage is based on is not important to you. (Ivan the Terrible)

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According to the dictionary of V.S. Bezrukova, COURAGE is a positive morally strong-willed personality trait, manifested as determination, fearlessness, courage when performing actions associated with risk and danger. Courage allows a person to overcome by volitional efforts the fear of something unknown, difficult, new and achieve success in achieving the goal. It is not for nothing that this quality is highly respected among the people: “God owns the brave”, “The boldness of the city takes”. It is also read as the ability to speak the truth ("Dare to have your own judgment"). Courage allows you to face "the truth in the eye" and objectively assess your capabilities, not to be afraid of darkness, loneliness, water, heights and other difficulties and obstacles. Courage provides a person with a sense of his own dignity, a sense of responsibility, security, and the reliability of life. Synonyms: courage, determination, courage, heroism, enterprise, arrogance, self-confidence, energy; presence, uplifting; spirit, courage, desire (to tell the truth), audacity, boldness; fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness, fearlessness; fearlessness, decisiveness, daring, heroism, courage, riskiness, despair, audacity, innovation, daring, audacity, audacity, prowess, misfortune, valor, novelty, courage, masculinity.

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Cowardice is one of the expressions of cowardice; negative, moral quality that characterizes the behavior of a person who is unable to perform actions that meet moral requirements (or, conversely, refrain from immoral actions), due to the inability to overcome fear of natural or social forces. T. can be a manifestation of calculating selfishness, when it is based on fears of incurring adverse consequences, someone's anger, fear of losing existing benefits or social position. It can also be subconscious, a manifestation of a spontaneous fear of unknown phenomena, unknown and uncontrollable social and natural laws. In both cases, T. is not just an individual property of the psyche of this or that person, but a social phenomenon. It is associated either with egoism, rooted in the psychology of people throughout the centuries-old history of private property, or with the impotence and suppressed position of a person generated by the state of alienation (even fear of natural phenomena develops into T. only under certain conditions of social life and the corresponding upbringing of a person). Synonyms: fearfulness, timidity, cowardice, suspiciousness, indecision, hesitation, fear; apprehension, fear, shyness, cowardice, timidity, fearfulness, capitulation, cowardice, cowardice.

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In this area, we will talk about indifference and responsiveness from several positions. 1. Courage and cowardice as abstract concepts and properties of a person (in a broad sense). Within the framework of this section, one can reflect on the following topics: Courage and cowardice as personality traits, as two sides of the same coin. Courage / cowardice as a personality trait conditioned by reflexes. True and False Courage / Cowardice. Courage as a manifestation of overconfidence. Courage and risk-taking. Courage / cowardice and self-confidence. The connection between cowardice and selfishness. Difference between rational fear and cowardice. The connection between courage and philanthropy, philanthropy, etc. 2. Courage / cowardice in minds, souls, characters. Within the framework of this section, you can reflect on the concepts: willpower, fortitude, the ability to say no, the courage in defending your ideals, the courage necessary to defend what you believe in. And you can also talk about cowardice, as the inability to defend your ideals and principles. Courage or cowardice in making decisions. Courage and cowardice when embracing something new. Courage and cowardice when trying to get out of your comfort zone. Courage to admit the truth or admit your mistakes. The influence of courage and cowardice on the formation of personality. Contrast of two types of people.

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3. Courage / cowardice in life. Pettiness, inability to show courage in a specific life situation. 4. Courage / cowardice in war and in extreme conditions. War reveals the most basic human fears. In war, a person is able to show previously unknown character traits. Sometimes a person surprises himself, showing heroism and unprecedented strength of mind. And sometimes even good people, contrary to their expectations, show cowardice. Courage / cowardice within the framework of this section is associated with the concept of heroism, heroism, as well as dithering, betrayal, etc. 5. Courage and cowardice in love.

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Sample List of Topics What does it mean to be brave? Why does a person need courage? What does cowardice lead to? What actions does cowardice push a person to? Can it be argued that courage is the engine of progress? In what situations in life is courage best shown? Do you need courage in love? Do you need to have the courage to admit your mistakes? Courage is the beginning of victory Do you agree with the statement of O. De Balzac: “Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives courage to an undecided one”? How do you understand the fixed expression "fear has big eyes"? How do you understand the words of Confucius: "Cowardice is to know what to do and not to do it"?

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How do you understand the statement: "A fearful dog barks more than bites"? Is it fair to say “courage is half the victory”? What actions can be called courageous? What is the difference between audacity and audacity? Who can be called a coward? Can you cultivate courage? How do you understand M. Twain's statement: “Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence” Do you agree with L. Berne's statement: “A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he must be feared more than anything else”? What are the causes of fear? Can a person of high moral standards be a coward? Is cowardice a sentence? Do you agree with the statement of B. Russell: "To be afraid of love means to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life means to be two-thirds dead"? Is it possible to love someone you are afraid of? Can a brave person be afraid of anything? Can it be argued that a person is afraid only of what he does not know? Do you agree with the statement of D. Diderot: “We consider a coward the one who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence. D. Diderot "

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How do you understand the expression of F. Cooper: "Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak"? What is the difference between true and false courage? Is courage always expressed in actions? How do you understand the expression: "The master's work is afraid"? Is it a shame to feel fear? How do extreme conditions affect courage? How do you understand the statement of W. Shakespeare: "Cowards die many times before they die, the brave die only once"? Can it be argued that courage and cowardice are two sides of the same coin? Why is it important to be bold in life? Do you agree with the statement of J.J. Rousseau: "Do not confuse boldness with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar in its source and result"? Do you agree with the statement of G.S. Crispa: “In battle, those are most exposed to danger, who are most possessed by fear; courage is like a wall ”? What does it mean to be bold in everyday life? What's the difference between courage and risk-taking? How is fear different from cowardice? Do you agree with Voltaire's statement: "The success of science is a matter of time and courage of the mind"? How is willpower related to courage? Do you need to have the courage to say no? Why is it important to have the courage to stand up for your ideals? Why is it important to have courage when making decisions? Does it take courage to embrace something new?

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How do you understand the statement of Helvetius: "To be completely devoid of courage, one must be completely devoid of desires"? Can cowardice hinder the development of personality? Do you agree with the statement of W. Churchill: “Courage is considered the highest virtue for a reason - after all, courage is the guarantee of other positive qualities”? How does courage affect personality formation? Confirm or refute Thucydides' statement: "Ignorance makes people courageous, and reflection makes people indecisive." How does cowardice affect the formation of personality? What is the difference between a coward and a daredevil? Do you agree with P. Holbach: "You can never live happily when you are trembling with fear all the time"? Why are people afraid to voice their opinion? How is courage manifested in war? Do you agree with G.Yu. Caesar: "It is easier to find such people who voluntarily go to death than those who patiently endure pain"? What qualities does a person display in war? Do you agree with the statement of G. Ibsen: "Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty"? Why does creativity take courage? Why do people show cowardice in war? How do you understand the statement of F. Bacon: “Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative”? Do you agree with S. Lagerlöf's statement: "More soldiers always die while fleeing than in battle"? How is suspiciousness related to cowardice? Do you need courage in love? Can a coward be happy? Do you agree with Plutarch's words: “Courage is the beginning of victory”?

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List of literature to prepare for the final essay. VC. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow" V.M. Garshin "Coward" M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", "White Guard" B.L. Vasiliev “Tomorrow was a war”, “The dawns here are quiet” AS Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov" M.Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Piskar" E. Remarque "Three Comrades", "All Quiet on the Western Front" by A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo", "Three Musketeers" by E. Ilyin "The Fourth Height" J. London "White Fang" , "Martin Eden" V. Nabokov "Invitation to Execution" S. Collins "The Hunger Games" A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", "Olesya" W. Golding "Lord of the Flies" R. Gallego "White on Black" F.M. Dostoevsky "The Idiot" V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" J. Orwell "1984" V. Roth "Divergent" MA Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", "Nakhalenok" E. Hemingway "Farewell to Arms!" M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", "Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young oprichnik and daring merchant Kalashnikov" N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba", "The Overcoat" M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" B.N. Field "The Story of a Real Man"

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On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will are presented.

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Quotes for the final essay in the direction of "Courage and cowardice." Be brave for the truth. Whoever dared, he ate (and got on a horse) Courage is the beginning of victory. (Plutarch) Courage, bordering on recklessness, contains more madness than (M. Cervantes) When you are afraid, act bravely, and you will avoid the worst troubles. (G. Sachs) To be completely devoid of courage, you need to be completely devoid of desires. (Helvetius K.) It is easier to find people who voluntarily go to death than those who patiently endure pain. (J. Caesar) Who is courageous is brave. (Cicero) Do not mix courage with arrogance and rudeness: there is nothing more dissimilar in its source and result. (J.J. . Rousseau) Excessive courage is the same vice as excessive timidity. (B. Johnson)

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Courage, which is based on discretion, is not called recklessness, but the exploits of the reckless should rather be attributed to mere luck than to his courage. (M. Cervantes) In battle, those who are most exposed to danger, who are more obsessed with fear than others; courage is like a wall. (Sallust) Courage replaces the fortress walls. (Sallust) To be courageous means to consider everything terrible as distant and close to everything that inspires courage. (Aristotle) ​​Heroism is an artificial concept, because courage is relative. (F. Bacon) Others show courage without having it, but there is no person who would demonstrate wit if he were not witty by nature. (J. Halifax) Real courage is rarely complete without stupidity. (F. Bacon)

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Ignorance makes people courageous and reflection makes people indecisive. (Thucydides) Knowing what you want to do in advance gives you courage and ease. (D. Diderot) It is not for nothing that courage is considered the highest virtue - after all, courage is the guarantee of other positive qualities. (W. Churchill) Courage is resistance to fear, not its absence. (M. Twain) Happy is he who boldly takes under his protection what he loves. (Ovid) Creativity requires courage. (A. Matisse) It takes a lot of courage to bring bad news to people. (R. Branson)

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The successes of science are a matter of time and courage of the mind. (Voltaire) It takes great courage to use your own reason. (E. Burke) Fear can make a daredevil timid, but it gives him courage to be indecisive. (O. Balzac) A person is afraid only of what he does not know, knowledge conquers all fear. (V.G.Belinsky) A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he must be feared most of all. (L. Berne) There is nothing worse than fear itself. (F. Bacon) Cowardice can never be moral. (M. Gandhi) A coward sends threats only when he is confident in safety. (I. Goethe)

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You can never live happily when you tremble with fear all the time. (P. Holbach) Cowardice is very harmful because it keeps the will from doing useful things. (R. Descartes) We consider a coward to be the one who allowed his friend to be insulted in his presence. (D. Diderot) Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty. (G. Ibsen) Who fearfully cares about how not to lose life, will never rejoice in it. (I. Kant) The difference between the brave and the coward is that the former, aware of the danger, does not feel fear, and the latter feels fear, unaware of the danger. (V.O. Klyuchevsky) Cowardice is in knowing what to do and not doing it. (Confucius) Fear makes the smart stupid and the strong weak. (F. Cooper) A fearful dog barks more than bites. (Curtius) More soldiers are always killed in flight than in battle. (S. Lagerlöf) Fear is a bad mentor. (Pliny the Younger) Fear arises from the impotence of the spirit. (B. Spinoza) Scared - half defeated. (A.V.Suvorov) Cowards speak about bravery most of all, and scoundrels speak about nobility. (A.N. Tolstoy)

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A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" As an example, we can take the comparison between Grinev and Shvabrin: the first is ready to die in the battle for the fortress, directly expresses his position to Pugachev, risking his life, remained faithful to the oath on pain of death, the second was afraid for his life and went over to the side of the enemy. Captain Mironov's daughter turns out to be truly courageous. "Coward" Masha, who shuddered from the shots at the exercises in the fortress, shows remarkable courage and firmness, opposes the claims of Shvabrin, being in his full power in the fortress occupied by the Pugachevites. The title character of the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" in fact turned out to be a coward - he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of society, which he himself despised. Realizing that he is to blame for the overdue duel and can prevent it, he does not do this, as he is afraid of the opinion of the world and gossip about himself. To avoid being accused of cowardice, he kills his friend.

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A striking example of true courage is the protagonist of the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" Grigory Melekhov. The First World War caught up with Gregory and whirled in a whirlwind of turbulent historical events. Gregory, like a true Cossack, gives himself up to battle. He is determined and courageous. He easily captures three Germans, deftly recaptures a battery from the enemy, and saves an officer. Evidence of his courage - St. George's crosses and medals, officer rank. Gregory shows courage not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, to go against the will of his father for the sake of his beloved woman. Gregory does not tolerate injustice and always speaks openly about it. He is ready to abruptly change his fate, but not change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed extraordinary courage in his search for the truth. But for him it is not just an idea, some idealized symbol of a better human being; he is looking for its embodiment in life. Touching many small particles of truth and ready to accept each, he often discovers their inconsistency when confronted with life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes to the end, having made his choice at the end of the novel.

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Not afraid to completely change his life and the young monk, the hero of the poem M.Yu. Lermontov's "Mtsyri". The dream of a free life completely captured Mtsyri, a fighter by nature, forced to live in a gloomy monastery that he hated. He, who has not lived a day at large, independently decides on a brave act - to escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only in freedom, in those days that Mtsyri spent outside the monastery, all the wealth of his nature was revealed: love of freedom, thirst for life and struggle, perseverance in achieving the set goal, unbending willpower, courage, contempt for danger, love for nature, understanding of its beauty and power. Mtsyri shows courage and will to win in the fight against the leopard. In his story about how he descended from the cliffs to the stream, contempt for danger sounds: But free youth is strong, And death seemed not terrible. Mtsyri failed to achieve his goal - to find his homeland, his people. “The prison has left its stamp on me,” he explains the reason for his failure. Mtsyri fell victim to circumstances that turned out to be stronger than him (a stable motive of fate in the works of Lermontov). But he dies adamantly, his spirit is not broken. Great courage is required in order to preserve oneself, one's personality in the conditions of a totalitarian regime, not to abandon one's ideals and ideas, including in creativity, not to submit to the conjuncture.

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Many works of classical Russian literature raise the issue of fear of life in its various manifestations. In particular, many works by A.P. Chekhov: "Fears", "Cossack", "Champagne", "Beauties", "Lights", "Steppe", "Man in a Case", "Death of an Official", "Ionych", "Lady with a Dog", "Chameleon" , "Ward No. 6", "Fear", "Black Monk" and others. The hero of the story "Fear" Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he is "sick with a fear of life." The hero, according to Chekhov, is frightened by the incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, catastrophes and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. Everything that is incomprehensible in the world around him is a threat to him. He reflects and tries to find answers to his questions about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, and he poisons himself daily with his own fear. The hero of the story is trying to hide and retire all the time. He seems to be running away from life: he leaves the service in St. Petersburg due to the fact that he experiences feelings of fear and dread, and decides to live alone in his estate. And then he receives a second strong blow when his wife and friend betray him. When he finds out about the betrayal, fear drives him out of the house: "His hands were trembling, he was in a hurry and looked back at the house, probably he was scared." It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself to a newborn midge, whose life consists of nothing but horrors.

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In the story "Ward No. 6" the theme of fear also comes to the fore. The hero of the story, Andrei Efimovich, is afraid of everything and everyone. Most of all he is wary of reality. Nature itself looks terrible to him. The most ordinary things and objects seem frightening: “This is reality!” Thought Andrey Efimovich. The moon, and the prison, and the nails on the fence, and the distant flame in the bone-cutting factory were scary. The fear of the incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "The Man in the Case". This fear makes the hero move away from reality. The hero of the story, Belikov, is always trying to "hide from life" in a case. His case is made of circulars and prescriptions, which he constantly monitors. His fear is vague. He is afraid of everything and yet nothing concrete. The most hateful thing for him is non-compliance with the rules and deviation from the rules. Even insignificant trifles plunge Belikov into mystical horror. "Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify this timidity, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and that which had never happened; and the ancient languages ​​that he taught , were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella, where he hid from real life. " If Silin, out of fear of life, tries to hide in his estate, then Belikova's fear of life forces him to hide in a case of rules and strict laws and, in the end, hide forever underground.

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The story of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon". Before the reader flies through the life of a minnow, simple in its structure, based on fear of the potential dangers of the world order. The hero's father and mother lived a long life and died a natural death. And before leaving to another world, they bequeathed to their son to be careful, since all the inhabitants of the water world, and even a person, at any moment can destroy him. The young gudgeon has mastered the science of his parents so well that he literally imprisoned himself in an underwater hole. He came out of it only at night, when everyone was asleep, was malnourished and "trembled" around the clock - just not to be grabbed! In this fear, he lived for 100 years, really outliving his relatives, although he was a small fish that anyone can swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. His other dream also came true - to live so that no one would ever know about the existence of the wise gudgeon. Before dying, the hero thinks about what would happen if all fish lived the same way as he does. And he sees: the genus of minnows would cease! Every opportunity passed by him - to make friends, create a family, raise children and pass on to them his life experience. He clearly realizes this before his death and, deep in thought, falls asleep, and then involuntarily violates the boundaries of his burrow: "his snout" from the burrow is shown outside. And then there is room for the reader's imagination, because the author does not tell what happened to the hero, but only states that he suddenly disappeared. There were no eyewitnesses to this incident, so not only was the gudgeon attained the task of at least living imperceptibly, but also the "super task" - to disappear just as unnoticed. The author with bitterness sums up the life of his hero: "Lived - trembled, and died - trembled"

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Anxiety and caring for loved ones often help courageous people. The little boy from the story of A.I. Kuprin "White Poodle". In the story, all the most important events are associated with the white poodle Artaud. The dog is one of the artists of the traveling troupe. Grandpa Lodyzhkin appreciates him very much and says about the dog: "He feeds, gives water and dresses us two." It is with the help of the image of a poodle that the author reveals human feelings and relationships. Grandpa and Seryozha love Artoshka and treat him like a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell their favorite dog for any money. But Trilli's mother thinks: "Everything is sold, what is bought." When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered the artists fabulous money and did not even want to listen that the dog was not for sale. When they couldn't buy Artaud, they decided to steal him. Here, when grandfather Lodyzhkin showed weakness, Seryozha shows determination and goes to a brave act worthy of an adult: to return the dog by all means. Risking his life, almost getting caught by the janitor, he frees his friend.

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True courage, courage in war can be shown not only by a soldier, a warrior, but also by an ordinary person, by the forces of circumstances involved in a terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in the novel by V.A. Zakrutkin "Human Mother". In September 1941, Hitler's troops advanced deep into Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. Remained on the territory occupied by the Germans and lost in the steppes of the farm, where the young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka lived happily. Having seized the previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis ruined everything, burned down the farm, drove people to Germany, and Ivan and Vasyatka were hanged. Maria alone managed to escape. Lonely, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child

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V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" emphasizes the problem of genuine and imaginary courage and heroism, which is the essence of the storyline of the work. The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently under the same circumstances. The fisherman, being cowardly, agreed to join the police, hoping to return to the partisan detachment at an opportunity. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death, because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, the ability not to think about himself, about his own destiny when the fate of the Motherland is being decided. The death of Sotnikov became his moral triumph: "And if anything else worried him in life, it was his last duties in relation to people." The fisherman, on the other hand, discovered shameful cowardice, cowardice, and for the sake of his own salvation agreed to become a policeman: "Now there is an opportunity to live - this is the main thing. Everything else - then"

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Courage and cowardice are themes that have long been raised in literary works (recall the greatest monument of ancient Russian literature "The Lay of Igor's Host"). The relevance of these topics is due to the fact that these qualities are inherent in every person, and in a situation of choice, he manifests himself either as brave and strong-willed, or as a coward who does not want to decide anything, putting everything on other people's shoulders. The relevance of these concepts for each person is confirmed by the abundance of proverbs and sayings dedicated to cowardice and courage, aphorisms and catchphrases.

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How can brave and indecisive characters help you get credit?

Text: Anna Chainikova, teacher of Russian and literature at school No. 171
Photo: frame from the cartoon "The Wise Gudgeon", 1979

There are only a few days left until the final essay, but we continue to analyze the main directions, this time we will talk about “Courage and cowardice”. Is it easy to be bold in your everyday life? How are fear and betrayal related? Can a coward be happy? The graduates will have to find answers to these difficult questions in literary works.

FIPI comment:

This direction is based on the comparison of the opposite manifestations of the human "I": readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of difficult, sometimes extreme life situations.

On the pages of many literary works, both heroes capable of bold actions and characters demonstrating weakness of spirit and lack of will are presented.

Vocabulary work

According to the explanatory dictionary of D.N.Ushakov:
COURAGE - courage, determination, courageous behavior.
Cowardice - fearfulness, timidity characteristic of a coward.

Synonyms
Courage - courage, fearlessness, courage, valor, fearlessness, determination, courage.
Cowardice- cowardice, indecision.

In what situations does a person show courage or cowardice?

• In extreme situations (in war, during natural disasters and catastrophes)
• In a peaceful life (in relationships with other people, in upholding views, ideals, in love)

Quite often we come across examples of courage shown in extreme situations: in war, during catastrophes, natural disasters, in a critical situation when someone needs help and protection. Then a person, without thinking about his own life, rushes to save someone who is in trouble.

However, you can be brave or chicken out not only at such moments, in everyday life there is also a place for such concepts as courage and cowardice.

How will courage be shown in everyday life? Do you need to be bold day in and day out? What does fear push a person to? How are fear and betrayal related? Can it be attributed to "time" that a person commits a cowardly and vile act? These questions make your reader ponder Yuri Trifonov in the story "House on the Embankment".

Glebov, the protagonist of the story, grew up in a poor family, all his life he tried to break out into people, to get rid of the inferiority complex that had formed in childhood, spent next to the famous "House on the Embankment", next to the children of the Soviet elite: party workers and professors. The main character puts his well-being above all else, therefore, when fate confronts him with a choice: at a meeting to defend his future father-in-law, Professor Ganchuk, or to stipulate, supporting the campaign launched against him, Glebov does not know what to do. On the one hand, he is kept by family ties and conscientiousness: he is Ganchuk's future son-in-law and saw only good things from this family, the professor himself has repeatedly provided assistance to Glebov, and the hero cannot betray his scientific advisor. On the other hand, the Griboyedov scholarship promised to him is at stake, opening all the doors and giving career prospects.

Glebov's father was a cautious, frightened man who saw some hidden dangers even in his son's harmless friendship with children from party families. Caution in itself is not cowardice, but a principle instilled from childhood in the form of a joke: "My children, follow the tram rule - don't stick your head out!"- bears fruit in Glebov's adult life. At a critical moment, when Ganchuk needs help, Glebov goes into the shadows. Some demand from him to support the professor, others - to expose him. Ganchuk's friends appeal to Glebov's conscience, nobility, they say that an honest person simply cannot do otherwise, has no right, in the educational unit the hero is promised a Griboyedov scholarship and career advancement.

Only one thing is required from Glebov - a decision with whom he is, and he just cannot decide: “Glebov belonged to a special breed of heroes: he was ready to stomp at the crossroads until the last opportunity, until that final second when they fell dead from exhaustion. A bogatyr is a waiter, a bogatyr is a rubber teller. Of those who themselves do not decide on anything, but leave it to the horse to decide. "

Why can't the hero make a decision that would seem obvious to an honest person? It’s not so much a reluctance to miss potential opportunities, says Y. Trifonov, but fear: “What was there to be afraid of at that time of stupid youth? It is impossible to understand, it is impossible to explain. Thirty years from now, there’s nothing to get to. But a skeleton emerges ... They rolled the barrel at Ganchuk. And nothing else. Absolutely nothing! And there was fear - absolutely insignificant, blind, formless, like a being born in a dark underground - fear of not knowing what, to act in spite of, to stand in defiance "... Glebov unaccountably follows the same fatherly principle of "not sticking out." He wants to “come and be silent” in order to preserve relations with the Ganchuks as much as possible and not block his way “forward and upward”.

"Why are you silent, Dima?" - the main question asked to Glebov.

The “bogatyr-wait-and-see” with all his might wants to delay the moment of making a decision, he expects that the situation will somehow resolve itself, dreams of a heart attack or loss of consciousness, which would save him from the need to speak, make a decision and be responsible for his choice. The death of his grandmother relieves Glebov from the need to attend the meeting, however, despite the fact that he did not denounce Ganchuk, his cowardice and cowardly silence are betrayal and complicity in the crime. “Yes, if in front of your eyes<…>they attack a person and rob in the middle of the street, and you, a passer-by, are asked for a handkerchief to shut the victim's mouth ...<…>Who are you, one wonders? Accidental witness or accomplice? "- Kuno Ivanovich, a friend of the Ganchuk family, denounces Glebova on the eve of the meeting.

Cowardice and cowardice push Glebov to betrayal. “Sometimes your own silence will kill you,” says Kuno Ivanovich before the meeting. Glebov will have to torment himself with the memories of his cowardly act, the betrayal of his teacher, throughout his life. A reminder of him will be a recurring dream about crosses, medals and orders, “thirty pieces of silver” by Glebov, which he, trying not to rattle, is sorting out in a box from under the monopansier.

Glebov wants to absolve himself of responsibility for not finding the strength to stand up in front of everyone and tell the truth, because he was cowardly, so he reassures himself with the phrase: "Glebov is not to blame and not people, but times." However, according to the author, the responsibility lies entirely with the person. After all, finding himself in exactly the same situation as Glebov, Professor Ganchuk behaves differently: he defends his colleague, his student Asturga, although in a professional respect he largely disagrees with him. “When people are undeservedly humiliated, he cannot stand aside and be silent,” the author writes about Professor Ganchuk. “He will fight for others like a lion, go anywhere, grapple with anyone. So fought for this insignificant Asturgus ", - says Kuno Ivanovich about him. It is also important that it was precisely by the active defense of the student that Professor Ganchuk brought trouble upon himself. This means, Yuri Trifonov concludes, that it’s not a matter of "times", but the choice that everyone makes himself.

It cannot be said that Glebov commits treason only because he is a cold pragmatist, a calculating and unprincipled person, as Yulia Mikhailovna, Ganchuk's wife says about him (“... an intelligent person, but his mind is icy, useless, inhuman, this "), Because betrayal is not easy for him, he suffers from the realization of what he has done for many years. Glebov is a coward and a conformist, unable to find the strength to “act in spite of, stand in opposition”.

Even in everyday life, sometimes a person is faced with situations in which fearlessness is required of him, for example, the courage to speak out, go against everyone, protect the weak. This everyday, everyday courage is no less important than courage on the battlefield. It is it that allows a person to remain human, respect himself and arouse the respect of others.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people

• When you are afraid, act bravely and you will avoid the worst troubles. (G. Sachs)
• In battle, those are most exposed to danger, those who are most obsessed with fear; courage is like a wall. (Sallust)
• Courage is resistance to fear, not lack of it. (M. Twain)
• Scared - half defeated. (A. V. Suvorov)
• A person is afraid only of what he does not know, knowledge conquers all fear. (V.G.Belinsky)
• A coward is more dangerous than any other person, he must be feared most of all. (L. Berne)
• There is nothing worse than fear itself. (F. Bacon)
• Cowards die many times before they die, the brave only die once. (W. Shakespeare)
• Cowardice is very harmful because it keeps the will from doing useful things. (R. Descartes)
• Cowardice in its prime turns into cruelty. (G. Ibsen)
• You can never live happily when you tremble with fear all the time. (P. Holbach)
• You cannot love either the one you are afraid of, or the one who is afraid of you. (Cicero)
• To be afraid of love is to be afraid of life, and to be afraid of life is to be two-thirds dead. (B. Russell)

What questions are worth pondering?

• What does it mean to be bold in everyday life?
• What does cowardice push a person to?
• How is fear related to dishonor?
• What actions can be called courageous?
• What is the difference between audacity and audacity?
• Who can be called a coward?
• Can you cultivate courage?
• What are the causes of fear?
• Can a brave person be afraid of anything?
• How is fear different from cowardice?
• Why is it important to have courage when making decisions?
• Why are people afraid to voice their opinion?
• Why does creativity take courage?
• Do you need courage in love?
• Can a coward be happy?

Before each person, sooner or later, life poses the problem of choice: to preserve yourself, your physical life, your comfortable and soft nest, where you are completely safe, or break the bonds of fear.

To commit an extraordinary act (this word can only sound with a capital letter): save a human life, help a widow, go against a stronger one, defending justice... We offer a small essay "Courage and cowardice" on this topic.

In contact with

Meaning of concepts

The quote from "Song of the Falcon" by Maxim Gorky perfectly characterizes the attitude towards courageous people. They are admired, they deeds glorify... Surely all of us, listening to the story of someone's exploit, mentally try the situation on ourselves: “Could I do the same? Would I have the courage? " First, let's figure out what this means. be brave.

What kind of person is brave? According to Ozhegov, this is “fearless, decisive”. "Brave, fearless" - this is the definition of another great connoisseur V.I. Dahl.

A little bit of reasoning

So what is courage? From many it can be concluded that this special quality, allowing a person not to be afraid of anything that threatens life, health, position in society, personal safety.

What does it mean to be brave and courageous? To face hostile circumstances, regardless of any risks?

This is partly true, but this concept is still worth considering more broadly and fully. Let's try to write an essay-reasoning on this topic in order to "separate the wheat from the chaff."

The composition "Courage and cowardice" let's start with the introduction, where we will try to define these two concepts.

Can you call the absence of fear, the desire to rush headlong into dangers, as boldness? Of course not. But be able to overcome your own fears, doubts and always act as the conscience dictates, regardless of how the act will affect the future life - this is means to be brave.

Synonyms

When you begin to write about what courage is, the essay will be incomplete if you do not make an attempt to choose the concept that accurately reflects the essence of the concept under discussion:

• bravery,
• courage,
• fearlessness.

How are qualities such as courage and courage manifested? First of all - in the ability to fight back not to the enemy and circumstances, but to myself: own hesitation, uncertainty, desire to avoid danger and difficulties.

Therefore, the story of a bold act does not always tell of a large-scale feat. Sometimes this is a modest work about how the hero managed to help the kid, who was frightened by the upcoming flight on the plane. At the same time, he himself was afraid to fly so much that during take-off his heart "went to his heels" from horror. And you yourself are not afraid to fly - this is already not courage, but just act of kindness to the child.

Attention! If you want to become a courageous person, overcome your fear by helping others.

The essence of the antithesis

Two opposing concepts are inseparable from each other. The most courageous act of one person is illustrated by cowardice shown by another. At the same time, the coward gives various arguments that allow him to justify himself in his own eyes and in front of those around him. Why didn't you help the first grader, whose tablet was taken away by two older children? How could I have done this, the frightened one will answer when:

• there were two of them, and I was one;
• they are still stronger;
• followed by the physical education teacher - so he had to intervene, because he is an adult.

Personal courage manifests itself in many different ways. What it means to be a real hero:

• rush into a fight and protect the weak, although he himself has never been involved in wrestling;
• take the old woman out of the burning house;
• to object to the boss, who unjustly deprived the award of a competent specialist because of personal hostility.

Final essay on bravery should not be about such actions like jumping out of a window from the third floor or crossing a road at a red light. This will be a story not about courage, but about stupidity and recklessness.

Such pseudo-courage is of no interest to anyone: does not benefit people, it only makes it worse for the "hero" himself and for those close to him.

What are we talking about when we talk about courage? Not only about overcoming your own fears, but also that our act must necessarily give benefit someone who really needs help.

The point of view of the classics

Examples of courage are often found in works of art. Unforgettable classics and more modern authors talk about brave deeds... These stories are remembered for a long time, because this topic affects everyone, regardless of specific circumstances.

The most famous examples of courageous deeds in the literature:

• the heroism of the girls from the story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ..." by Boris Vasiliev;
• the resilience of an unknown soldier from the book by the same author, “Not In The Lists,” who defended the Brest Fortress almost literally to the last drop of blood;
• the courage of the "weakling" Pierre Bezukhov from Leo Tolstoy, who rushed to save the girl from the burning house and protected the young Armenian woman from the French marauders;
• the courageous actions of the teacher from Rasputin's French Lessons, who was not afraid to be fired in difficult, hungry times for trying to help a little boy.

There are a lot of books, the heroes of which are truly brave people. How in life, what does it mean to be fearless a brave man in real life?

Cluster plan for writing an essay on the topic "Courage and cowardice."

Life examples

Most often you have to face the need risk yourself to save yourself other representatives of such professions as:

• fireman,
• pilot,
• military,
• rescuer.

But what kind of person do we call courageous? Is it just a lifeguard or a fire fighter? In life, everything is much more complicated.

Examples of courage that we can observe in life include duel of 1837 Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and his courageous behavior in the last days before his death. He would raised a challenge to society, not only to enemies, but also to friends who did not understand him, defending themselves and their innocent spouse. Only after his death did the poet's relatives realize that he had to go through... Until the end of their days, many accused themselves of inaction, that left him alone to fight with a whole light.

Truly brave people are Evgenia Ginzburg and her husband, whom she met in the Stalinist camps of the late 1930s. last century. He helped others giving yourself entirely and not thinking about the need survive on your own... In terrible conditions, he remained a Man with a capital letter.

From the latter - the story of the life of Elizaveta Petrovna Glinka, whom everyone fondly called Dr. Lisa. The founder of a charitable foundation, this woman always went to help where it was needed, bullets whistled and blood was shed. She I was not thinking about myself, but only about those to whom her support could save life or to make her last days and hours at least a little happier.

Courage and cowardice. Direction of the final essay

How to prepare for the final essay

Conclusion

Everyone has their own arguments supporting the concept of “courage and cowardice. When preparing a final essay on this topic, any student is free to bring own point of view.

But, whatever the words, the chief judge in this case - conscience... It is she who tells what act should be called courageous, and which one to be ashamed of, how manifestations of cowardice... Let's listen to her and our own heart.

FIPI Commentary on Courage and Cowardice:
"This direction is based on the comparison of the opposite manifestations of the human" I ": the readiness for decisive actions and the desire to hide from danger, to evade the resolution of difficult, sometimes extreme life situations. characters showing weakness of spirit and lack of will. "

Recommendations for students:
The table contains works that reflect any concept related to the direction of "Courage and cowardice". You DO NOT NEED to read all of the works listed. You may have read a lot by now. Your task is to revise your reading knowledge and, if you find a lack of arguments in one direction or another, fill in the gaps. In this case, you will need this information. Think of it as a reference point in the vast world of literary works. Please note: the table contains only a part of the works in which the problems we need are present. This does not mean at all that you cannot use completely different arguments in your works. For convenience, each work is accompanied by small explanations (the third column of the table), which will help you navigate how exactly, through which characters, you will need to rely on literary material (the second mandatory criterion when evaluating a graduation essay)

An approximate list of literary works and carriers of problems in the direction of "Courage and cowardice"

The topic “Courage and cowardice” was proposed among other topics in the final essay on literature for the 2020 graduates. Many great people have discussed these two phenomena. “Courage is the beginning of victory,” Plutarch once said. "The boldness of the city takes", - after many centuries A.V.Suvorov agreed with him. And some even made provocative statements on this topic: “Real courage is rarely complete without stupidity” (F. Bacon). Be sure to include such quotes in your work - this will have a positive effect on your assessment, as well as mentioning examples from history, literature or from life.

What to write about in an essay on this topic? You can consider courage and cowardice as abstract concepts in their broadest sense, think about them as two sides of the coin of one person, on the truth and falsity of these feelings. Write that courage can be a manifestation of overconfidence, that there is a direct connection between selfishness and cowardice, but rational fear and cowardice are not the same thing.

A popular topic for reflection is cowardice and courage in extreme conditions, for example, in war, when the most important and previously hidden human fears are exposed, when a person displays character traits previously unknown to others and himself. Or vice versa: even the most positive people in an emergency situation can show cowardice. Here it will be useful to speculate about heroism, heroism, desertion and betrayal.

Within the framework of this essay, you can write about courage and cowardice in love, as well as in your mind. Here it will be appropriate to remember willpower, the ability to say "no", the ability or inability to defend one's opinion. You can talk about a person's behavior when making decisions or meeting something new, leaving the comfort zone, the courage to admit their mistakes.

Other directions of the final essay.