Literature lesson in grade 8

Topic: D.I.Fonvizin. A word about the writer. Satirical orientation of the comedy "The Minor"

(to the textbook by V.Ya. Korovina)

Goals:

to give students an idea of ​​the life and work of the writer DI Fonvizin;

to actualize the literary concepts of "satire", "comedy", "conflict";

to reveal the primary perception by the students of the read comedy "Minor", to designate the two sides of the conflict in the comedy;

to enrich the knowledge of eighth-graders about the peculiarities of the literature of the 18th century, its connection with the socio-political system of the era;

enrich the vocabulary of students, train the skills of constructing well-reasoned answers;

to develop the ability to conduct a constructive dialogue within the framework of the proposed topic, to respect the opinion of classmates in the course of group work.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

Creating a favorable atmosphere for the lesson, informing students that today they have to work as researchers: based on the materials of the textbook by V.Ya. Korovina, analyze the various stages of the life, social and creative activities of Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin. In the course of group work, students should take short notes in a notebook, drawing conclusions on each question.

2. Work in groups.

The class is divided into five groups, each group receives a printout with assignments. After reading the article about DI Fonvizin, eighth-graders discuss in groups the answers to the questions received.

Group 1

1. "... they usually punish small thieves, not big ones." What is it about?

(students say that these are words from Goldberg's fable "The Fox Moral", translated by Fonvizin. The quote shows that already in his early work, D.I. Fonvizin had a penchant for satire and was not afraid to criticize reality and power).

2. Brief biography and life expectancy of DI Fonvizin.

3. First experiments in literature. What is satire?

Approximate entry in notebooks: DI Fonvizin was born in Moscow, studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University, and then at the university itself. He knew several languages, was engaged in translations. From a young age he began to try himself in satire.

Satire - (lat. satira) - a type of fiction in prose or poetry, which sets as its task criticism, denunciation and ridicule of the negative phenomena of reality.

Fonvizin died at the age of 47 after a long illness.

Group 2

1.The birthday of the great Russian comedy. When?

(students name the day of September 24, 1782, on which the first performance of the comedy "The Minor" took place, and which went down in literary history as "the birthday of the great Russian comedy")

2. What problems of Russian social life brought up on the stage of "The Minor"?

3. Why did Fonvizin turn to the theatrical genre?

An example of an entry in notebooks: September 24, 1782 - the first performance of "The Minor" on stage (the birthday of the great Russian comedy). Even in early childhood, the St. Petersburg Theater made a strong impression on Fonvizin. Denis Ivanovich went to work on theatrical theatrical genres for a long time.

Group 3

1. "I have to live badly! And Mr. Fonvizin wants to teach me to reign." Who do these words belong to? What is their meaning?

(the students report that these words were said by Empress Catherine II after watching the comedy "The Minor", in which she saw Fonvizin's clear condemnation of her policies and the exposure of the most acute problems of public life).

2. What acute political issues does Fonvizin touch upon in his work?

Approximate note in a notebook : Ekaterina did not accept the work of Fonvizin, because it sounded condemnation of the social system of Russia, serfdom, ignorance of the nobility and the people.

Group 4

"Do not forget to write Fon-Vizin Fonvizin. He is Russian, Russian from Pere-Russians." Who is the author of these words and what did he mean?

(students note that the author of these words is A.S. Pushkin, he addressed them in a letter to his brother. A.S. Pushkin meant the foreign origin of the surname and clan of the Fonvizins. the famous bearer of it with all his heart was rooting for a better future for the country).

Approximate note in a notebook : Quote from A.S. Pushkin's letter.

Group 5

Who and why ordered Fonvizin to die? How do you understand the meaning of these words?

( students report that from the time the comedy "The Minor" came out on the stage, a legend has survived that Prince G. Potemkin-Tavrichesky said the phrase: "Die, Denis -" Minor "crowned you!" These words were interpreted in different ways, but, one way or another, they clearly show the understanding by Fonvizin's contemporaries of the meaning of his comedy).

Approximate note in a notebook : quote by G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky.

3. The game "Who is who?" (suggests quick answers, is aimed at identifying the primary perception by students of the content of the read comedy "Minor").

Where does the comedy take place?

Who is Prostakov's social status?

Who is Prostakova Skotinin?

Who is Sophia Prostakova?

Who is Sophia Starodum with?

What are the names of Mitrofan's teachers?

Who are Tsifirkin, Kuteikin and Vralman?

Who is Eremeevna?

What is the name of Sophia's beloved?

Who is Pravdin?

Which hero loves pigs?

4. Conversation (with a note in a notebook).

Conflict - it is a clash between characters, or between characters and the environment.

Whose interests are in conflict in the comedy "The Minor?"

(Students can easily recall external conflicts, for example, Prostakova's quarrel with the serf Trishka, Skotinin's quarrel with Mitrofan because of his marriage to Sophia, the presence of a love triangle. Teacher's guiding questions help eighth-graders move from external manifestations of conflicts to their inner, universal essence).

Writing in a notebook :

Conflict in the comedy "Minor":

1. Love

(marriage of convenience and love)

2. Socio-political (lawlessness of peasants and tyranny of landowners; enlightened and unenlightened nobles; the appearance of a true nobleman and reality)

5. Summing up the lesson.

Answer the question: What is the meaning of the satirical depiction of reality in Fonvizin's comedies? (by the example of "Minor").

6. Homework: 1) Fill in the table describing the characters of the comedy "The Minor" according to the points:

The meaning of the name (from a dictionary or by association)

Upbringing and education

Character traits

Attitude towards people

Features of speech

2) Individual tasks - preparation of messages by students (given on cards).

\ Cards:

Individual assignment (for the next lesson):

Monologue response

I'M GOING TO A LESSON

Lessons from Penza teachers

Methodical recommendations for conducting lessons on comedy by D.I. Fonvizina "Nedorosl" in the 8th grade

From the originator. This is a kind of continuation of the seminary "Lessons from Penza Teachers", published in No. 8 for 2003. Unfortunately, that collection did not include all the most interesting finds made by Penza language writers. Today we offer our readers one more material, developed by a creative group of language teachers of school № 51.
Note that the teachers of this city work mainly on the educational and methodological complex "In the world of literature", prepared by a team of authors edited by A.G. Kutuzov. Therefore, it is natural that all lessons are focused on him.

Program (section "Russian literature of the 18th century and its traditions"). DI. Fonvizin. "Minor"

Basic characters. Dramatic conflict. Features of the composition. Ways to create a comic effect. Reflection in the comedy of the ideas of the 18th century. The meaning of comedy for contemporaries and subsequent generations

Lesson number	Lesson topic	Information on the history of literature	Formation of aesthetic and theoretical-literary concepts	Types of student activities for the development of analytical, interpretive and creative skills
1	DI. Fonvizin "Minor"	Educational ideas and Russian literature	comedy	Commented reading of the poster and the first act. Dictionary work.
2			Speech characteristic	Commented reading of selected scenes of the comedy. Speech and actions as the main means of creating character in a dramatic work. Drawing up the speech characteristics of the heroes.
3			Dramatic conflict and its development	Reading by roles with elements of dramatization.
4	Practical lesson "Traditions and innovation of the comedy" The Minor "by D.I.Fonvizin"		Traditions of classicism in comedy. Educational ideas of the author. The innovation of Fonvizin the playwright. Aphorism. Composition.
5	Continuation of the lesson
6	Creative workshop			Comedy writing

Lesson 1. D.I. Fonvizin. "Minor": educational ideas and Russian literature. Commented reading of the poster and the first act

Working with a tutorial article

What is the role of the writer in the 18th century?

Why did Fonvizin know court life well?

What does an ideal state look like from the point of view of educators? (“We are obliged to obey and submit to every sovereign, without exception, since he has an indisputable right to this; but we must respect and love only his virtues” - Michel Montaigne.)

Why does Fonvizin choose drama?

Why is Fonvizin's favorite genre comedy?

Individual message about the comedy "Brigadier". With the hero of what work we have read, can we compare Ivanushka and why?

The pinnacle of the playwright's creativity - "Minor" (1782)

Working with the epigraph on the blackboard

... There in the old years,
Satyrs brave lord
Shone Fonvizin, friend of freedom ...
(A.S. Pushkin)

Introductory speech of the teacher

The connection of the playwright's work with the historical setting, with the social and artistic thought of the 70s-80s.

Fonvizin was one of the first to touch upon the topic of serfdom - the foundations of his contemporary social system. He considered the unlimited power of the landlords over the peasants to be a great social evil, which could lead the noble state "to the very brink of ultimate destruction and destruction."

Recall the features of dramatic works

DRAMA (from Greek - action, action) is one of the main types of fiction (along with epics and lyrics). It is written in a dialogical form and, as a rule, is intended for staging on stage; the basis of the drama is action. Reproduces, first of all, the world external to the author. Dramatic works are characterized by acute conflict situations that imperiously induce the characters to verbal and physical actions.

COMEDY is a dramatic genre that depicts life situations and characters that cause laughter.

Features of the composition of the pieces XVIII century- the subordination of the composition of the stage work to the rule of three unities.

Events take place over the course of one day and in one place - a provincial manor house, in the house of the landowner Prostakova.

Independent vocabulary work

Card (8 groups). Explain the lexical meaning of the word. As a result of group work, "Dictionary of Comedy", the vocabulary of which is replenished during the entire work on the work.

Heartlessness - lack of softness, cordiality; soullessness, cruelty.

Voivode - in Ancient Russia and in some Slavic states - the chief of an army, a district.

Garrison - belonging to a military unit located in a settlement, fortress or fortified area.

Yard - belonging to the household. Yard people. Outbuilding for courtyards(noun).

Dvornya (collect.) - under serfdom: domestic servants in a landlord's house. Numerous d.

Noble - belonging to a nobleman.

Nobleman- a person belonging to the nobility.

Despotism - 1) autocratic rule. Monarchic d.; 2) the behavior of the despot (in the second meaning). D. tyrant.

Careerism - pursuit of a career, pursuit of personal well-being, promotion in personal interests.

Greed - striving for personal gain, profit, greed.

Serf - a serf peasant.

Serf - the owner of serfs, a champion of serfdom.

Scammer - a person who is engaged in fraud, a rogue, a swindler. Small m.

Undergrowth - in Russia in the 18th century: a young nobleman who has not reached the age of majority and has not yet entered the civil service; transfer- stupid youth dropout ( colloquial iron.).

Exposure - to expose, revealing something unseemly, harmful, criminal, to severely censure. O. vices.

Guardianship - a form of protection of personal and property rights of incapacitated persons (children who have lost their parents, mentally ill). Take care. Establish guardianship.

Opposition - opposition, resistance ( book.). Someone's politics. To be in opposition to someone else(disagreeing with someone's views and actions, to oppose them).

Estate - land ownership of the landowner. Large, small p.

Dedicate (what, who, what) - to designate, to give. P. my life work.

Privilege - preemptive right, privilege. War Veterans Privileges.

Courtier - a person who is with the monarch (as well as with a member of his family), included in his entourage.

Enlighten (who, what) - to transfer knowledge to someone, to spread knowledge, culture.

Devastation (who, what) - violation, destruction of someone's material well-being, bringing to poverty. R. family.

Collusion - engagement, agreement between the parents of the bride and groom ( outdated.).

Stinginess - great stinginess, greed.

Money-grubbing - greed, desire for profit.

Hard worker - a person who works; hardworking person. Village workers.

Petitioner - the one who submits the petition.

Petition - in Russia before the beginning of the 18th century: written request, complaint. Submit a petition.

Favorite - a favorite of a dignitary who receives the benefits and benefits of his patronage.

Task for working with a dictionary: be able to explain the lexical meaning of words, compose phrases and sentences with words, choose words from the dictionary that may be needed in the work on the characterization of the hero, the interpretation of the author's position, and so on.

Who is the main character of the play for you?

Prostakova - a play about her fate. Sophia- the reason for the rivalry between Mitrofan, Skotinin, Milon. Starodum- everything depends on his opinion. Mitrofan- after all, the play is called "Minor".

Working with title(teacher comment)

According to the order established under Peter I and Empress Anna Ioannovna, every seven-year-old boy-nobleman was obliged to appear at the Heraldry School-Office of the Senate, to say how old he was, what he studied, where his parents and ancestors served, how many serf souls his parents had. Then the "ignoramus", as the boys were called then, were allowed to go home. Five years later, at the “second review”, the child should have already been able to read and write. After that, he was sent to military or civilian service, allowing him to stay at home only if his parents pledged to teach his son a foreign language, arithmetic, the Law of God. At the age of fifteen, the young man came to a new review, and he was either assigned to an educational institution, or they took a subscription that he would learn geography, history and military engineering.

Work with the poster

Commented reading of the poster. Speaking surnames.

The development of a dramatic conflict. What is the balance of power in the play?

The noble intellectuals Sophia, Starodum, Milon, Pravdin are opposed to the Prostakovs-Skotinin, the ignorant backward serf-owners. ( Who accounts for whom?)

What are the goals and aspirations of both groups?

Selfish acquisitives are opposed to those who want justice, convinced opponents of "malicious ignoramuses", educated and humane people.

How, on this basis, do you imagine the conflict that has arisen between them?

Commented reading and analysis of the first act

Nothing tormented my heart like innocence in the hands of deceit. I have never been so pleased with myself as if it happened to snatch prey from a blemish from my hands.(Starodum)

Reading scenes and dialogues from the first act

How are the characters of the spouses Prostakovs, Mitrofan, Skotinin revealed in the first scenes? How do they behave, what is their speech?

Fitting a caftan (app. 1-3). Barbaric attitude of Prostakova towards serfs, her lust for power and despotism.

The theme of lordly tyranny is the main one in the play. (The play begins with a scene with the tailor Trishka being bullied by the “mistress inhuman”.)

"Mitrofanushka ... mother's son, not father"(manifest. 4). Mitrofanushka is a spoiled and shameless "mama's son".

"The intentions of Prostakova and Skotinin"(manifest. 5).

Skotinin is a stupid rude man, a cruel landowner, anxious about the forthcoming "collusion" with Sophia.

The dialogue between Prostakova and Skotinin characterizes them as cruel serf-owners. “Since we have taken away everything that the peasants had, we cannot rip anything off. Such a disaster! " (Prostakova complains to her brother.)

Self-interest, money-grubbing, profit - the behavior of the Prostakovs and Skotinin is subordinate to them.

Serfdom ,believes Fonvizin, not only leads the peasants to the position of uncomplaining slaves, but also deafens the landlords.

Why does Skotinin want to marry? Do you like the "girl"? No, we need her “villages” in which pigs are found: Skotinin has a “death hunt” for them.

So, the EXPOSITION of the play - the acquaintance with the heroes took place.

Why did Prostakova initially have nothing against her brother's marriage to Sophia? ( She considered her a dowry.)

Prostakova changes her plans(manifest 6)

Why is she changing her plans? ( He learns that she is the heiress of a rich uncle, Starodum.)

What is the comic of her behavior? (Inconsistency: he wants to consider his fiction as truth, the truth is fiction.)

What interesting do we learn about Prostakova? ( Can't read.)

It is from this event that the dramatic conflict begins to develop - this is the BINDING of the play. And it seems that nothing will help Sophia.

The balance of forces is not changing in favor of the Prostakovs-Skotinin(manifest 8).

What event changes the balance of power? (Soldiers came to the village to stand, led by officer Milon, Sophia's fiancé. He is a friend and associate of Pravdin, a staunch opponent of the "malicious ignorant".)

Lesson 2. Commented reading of comedy: speech and actions as the main means of creation character in a dramatic work

Homework check: discussion of the compiled presentation text, its comparison with the sample text.

Morning at Prostakova's house

Morning. The omnipotent mistress examines the caftan made by the tailor Trishka. And although the caftan is sewn "pretty little", it is difficult to please the capricious lady. “Thief”, “thieves' mug”, “blockhead”, “swindler” - these are the mildest epithets with which she awards her servants.

A frequent visitor to the Prostakovs' estate is her brother Skotinin, whose very name speaks volumes. Today he came to his sister to set the day of the "conspiracy." The fact is that Prostakova, having robbed a distant relative Sophia “on a legal basis,” decided to marry her off to her brother. At the same time, of course, Sophia's opinions are not asked.

And here is the son of Prostakova - Mitrofanushka, in whose character the features of the same serf owner as his mother and uncle are clearly visible. But in some respects he went even further than his mother. Prostakova loves her son in her own way, and the ignorant is heartless and rude to her. However, he perfectly understands who is the real master of the house, and therefore clumsily flattering his mother, telling his dream, Mitrofan “pity mother”, who is so tired, “pounding the priest”.

This is how the action of this wonderful comedy by D.I. Fonvizin, and the life of a landlord's estate of the 18th century appears before us.

Work on the topic of the lesson: what happens in the second act?

Positive characters meet, talk, find moral support and mutual understanding.

Phenomenon 1

Why does Pravdin come to the village? (He has an assignment in his service to go around the district, at the behest of his heart, noticing the use of power over people by landowners for evil, seeks to correct the situation.)

Phenomenon 2

What did Pravdin discover in the Prostakovs' estate? (“I found a landowner, an innumerable fool, and a wife despised by a fury, whose hellish temper makes the whole of their house unhappy.”)

Phenomenon 3

What is Skotinin's cherished dream? How is his surname reflected in his speech?

Phenomenon 4

What is Eremeevna's character in this scene? What did we learn about Mitrofan's character by reading about the clash of rivals?

Phenomenon 5

How does Prostakova manage her estate? (Find her self-characterization.)

Important: the characters of the negative characters are clearly outlined.

Homework (optional)

1. Pick up aphorisms that speak of the life principles of Starodum (action III, phenomena 1 and 2; action V, phenomenon 1).

2. Complete written work-presentation "Biography of Starodum".

Lesson 3. The concept of dramatic conflict and its development. Reading the roles of individual scenes of the comedy

Analysis of the third action

The mind, since it is just mind, is the most trifle. With fleeting minds we see bad men, bad fathers, bad citizens. Good manners give him a direct price.(Starodum)

Phenomenon 1

Whose worldview does the conversation between Starodum and Pravdin introduce us to? (The dialogue introduces the worldview of the progressive noble intellectuals who sharply criticize the “depraved age” of Catherine II, her idle and vicious nobles and ignorant landowners-serfs.)

The images of the bearers of virtue are Starodum and Pravdin. Positive images of lovers - Sophia and Milona. They are entrusted with the thoughts and feelings of the playwright himself and those close to him. They talk about what is dear to the author: about the need to instill in a person from childhood the consciousness of duty, love for the Fatherland. Infallible honesty, truthfulness, self-esteem, respect for people, contempt for baseness, flattery, dishonesty. They put forward concepts of honor, nobility and wealth that are directly opposite to simpletons of all ranks.

Their speeches reveal the arbitrariness of the government, which gives rise to people in Russia who are unworthy to be people, nobles, unworthy to be nobles.

Homework check

Reading written work "Biography of Starodum". Comprehend the “speaking surname”(what and who is the ideal of the author). Peter I and his era.

Working with cards "Life principles of Starodum"(by rows). Determine what socio-political and moral issues he touches. Formulate and write them down. If possible, supplement the cards with your own examples.

Card I

• In the then century under Peter I, the courtiers were warriors, but the soldiers were not courtiers.
• Small souls are found in the big world.
• Where the sovereign thinks, where he knows what his true glory is, there humanity cannot but return their rights.
• It is in vain to call a doctor to see the sick is not cure: here the doctor will not help, unless he himself becomes infected.

Card II

• It is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery.
• An ignoramus without a soul is a beast.

Card III

• Ranks begin - sincerity ceases.
• Ranks are often begged for, but true respect must be earned.
• A downright loving person is jealous of deeds, not ranks.

Card IV

• Cash is not cash denominations.
• Wealth does not help a foolish son.
• The golden fool is all fool.

Messages on the results of work in the group

1) The role of government is to know what its role is: to protect human rights. The tsar and the great world are "unhealthy", "little souls", instead of serving the state, take care of their careers.

Starodum does not hide his opposition to Catherine's monarchy. In the army, noble idlers who have not been in a single battle enjoy themselves, and military officers are neglected. Flattery, rivalry, and mutual hatred soar at court. Anyone who does not want to lie, hypocrite, flatter in the struggle for a warm place, resigns, as Starodum did. So, to be in favor at court, one must be dishonest. It is difficult to characterize the situation more sharply. And although Starodum does not say a word about the empress, it is clear that the dishonorable awards can be poured in at the court of either a stupid or a dishonorable monarch. Nobody considered Catherine II stupid.

Fonvizin, as Panin's secretary, lived at the court until 1773 and saw with his own eyes the fierce struggle of court groups and individuals on the narrow road to the mercy of the empress, “Where two, having met, cannot part. One dumps the other. "

The continuation of Starodum's conversation with Pravdin completes the gloomy picture. To Pravdin's words that people like Starodum should be called to court for the same purpose as a doctor is called to the sick, Starodum replies: "My friend! You are wrong. It is futile to call a doctor to see a sick person. Here the doctor will not help, unless he himself becomes infected. "

The arbitrariness of the government as a result of the unlimited power of the empress and her favorites, the arbitrariness of the bureaucracy, natural in a country where there is no firm legislation, arbitrariness in a serf estate, where the power of some people over others is not limited and is not controlled by anyone, arbitrariness in the family, everywhere the pursuit of power , the insatiable power of wealth, the measure of which determines the strength of power - these are the links in a single chain that fosters servility, baseness of the soul, meanness - anything but humanity.

2) Serfdom is illegal. If an uneducated person does not yet have a soul, he is a beast.

The "undersized" only demanded a human relationship to the serfs. “It is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery,” says Starodum. But Fonvizin realized that moral preaching did not reach the consciousness of serf-owners, that conviction alone could not influence tyrants who were corrupted by uncontrolled power. According to the writer, government intervention is necessary. And the law at that time forbade the landowner only to kill the peasant. Prostakova, on the other hand, did not kill anyone, injure her, did not burn her maids with tongs, like Countess Kozlovskaya, did not force the lackeys to tickle the girls in her presence until they gave up their breath, did not drive out naked in the cold, did not sew the fingers of an inept seamstress to her body, even did not pinpoint to death, as many, many nobles did. Prostakova is not Saltychikha, who tortured 140 peasants. She is an ordinary ordinary landowner, and the fact that Fonvizin portrayed her just like that is the great power of comedy, its deep truth in life. Saltychikha, Kozlovskaya and other monsters were spoken of as exceptions. The image of Prostakova, which absorbed the features of thousands of landowners, was supposed, according to the author's plan, to become a living reproach to the gentlemen, in whose houses the same thing happened. And not only for the gentlemen. Having forced Pravdin to take Prostakova's estate into custody at the end of the comedy, Fonvizin prompts the government to find a way out: all landowners who abuse the peasants should be deprived of the right to own the peasants. Everyone, not just rabid killers.

3) Service. The main thing is not ranks, but deeds.

"It is much more honest to be bypassed without guilt than granted without merit." "I will calculate the degree of nobility according to the number of deeds that the great gentleman has done for the fatherland ..."

4) Wealth is not in money.

Another terrible force, the power of money, has a huge impact on human relations. In The Nedoroslya, Fonvizin showed that “money is the first deity,” sovereign masters over serfs are themselves slaves of money. Mrs. Prostakova is rude to everyone who depends on her, and she fawns at Starodum when she learns that he has ten thousand. She pushes Sophia around at the beginning of the play and curses up with her - a bride with wealth. She remembers with pride father, who knew how to make a fortune by bribes, and, without hesitation, teaches his son: “I found the money, do not share it with anyone. Take everything for yourself, Mitrofanushka. " "The rich man ... the one who counts out what is too much to help the one who does not have what is needed.", - says Starodum.

5) Wealth in spiritual qualities. The dignity of a person is his soul, heart.

What can Fonvizin oppose to all this? Belief in the good beginnings of the human soul, which, according to the enlighteners, is capable of distinguishing bad from good; hope for the strength of conscience - a faithful friend and strict judge of a person; moral sermon: "Have a heart, have a soul and you will be a man at all times" and the like.

To Pravdin's remark - "So, you left the yard with nothing?" - Starodum answers: “The price of a snuffbox is 500 rubles. Two came to the merchant. One paid money, brought home a snuffbox. Another came home without a snuff box. And you think the other came home with nothing? You are wrong. He brought home his 500 rubles in whole. I left the courtyard without villages, without ribbons, without ranks, but I brought mine home intact, my soul, my honor, my rules ”.

Starodum resigns, not wanting to oppress his own kind with slavery, he leaves for Siberia, acquires a small fortune there and, having returned, preaches his views in a narrow circle of people close to him. Fonvizin acts more courageously: he writes "The Minor". And he understands the significance of his deed, putting the fearlessness of a statesman, who speaks the truth to the sovereign, risking his anger, through the lips of Milo, higher than the fearlessness of a soldier going into battle. Death in battle is honorable. Opal threatens with dishonor, slander, doom to inaction, moral death.

Fonvizin is not afraid of opals. But, having pronounced the harsh verdict of Catherine's Peseta, what could he offer in return? What are those new, not similar to European, ways and forms of life, about which he wrote to Bulgakov? The playwright did not rise above the idea of ​​replacing the bad advisers of the tsar with the Starodums, the bad officials with the Pravdins, the careerists of the military with the Milons, and the bad landowners with the good ones.

Generalization.

What covenant of his father does Starodum consider to be the main one for himself? What aphorisms do you find interesting and important today?

Lesson 4. Lesson-workshop “Traditions and innovations of comedy by D.I. Fonvizina "Minor" "

1. Traditions of classicism in comedy. Features of the plays of the 18th century (individual communication)

• Submission of the composition of a stage work to the rule of three unities: place, time, action.

Are these three unities observed in Fonvizin's comedy? Events take place over the course of one day and in one place (in a provincial manor house, in the house of the landowner Prostakova).

• Satire must correct morals, teach... Does comedy correct morals what it teaches?
• Vice and virtue must be visualized, and virtue must, of course, triumph.

The main characters of the comedy are sharply divided into two camps. In one - representatives of vice, "evil" - Prostakova, Skotinin, Mitrofan. In another camp, the bearers of virtue are Starodum, Milon, Pravdin, Sophia.

Does virtue prevail? Virtue really wins.

• According to the traditions of classicism, each hero should have some one characteristic feature.

Determine what are the main quality heroes, bearers of what vices or virtues they are.

Prostakova is “malicious”, Prostakov is downtrodden, Skotinin is bestial, Mitrofan is ignorant, Starodum is straightforward, Pravdin is honest, Sophia is noble ...

• In the plays of that time, there is always a hero who directly expresses the author's ideas, his most cherished and dear thoughts.

In "Nedorosl" this is Starodum. Its main task is to express what the author wants to impress on the audience.

2. The innovation of Fonvizin the playwright

• The heroes of the comedy turned out to be much more complicated than tradition required. They are not only walking masks of the bearers of virtue or vice.

Are Kuteikin, Vralman, Tsyfirkin, Eremeevna bad or good? You cannot answer unequivocally.

Fonvizin follows the classic tradition of portraying goodies. Portraying negative heroes departs from this tradition.

Prove that Prostakova is not only malevolent, find her positive qualities.

Prostakova cruel and rude, but she madly in love with his son... In the finale of the comedy in front of us suffering mother losing the last consolation - the consolation of her son. She no longer evokes laughter, but sympathy.

Determine the character traits of Mitrofan that go beyond the definition of an ignoramus and “mama's son”.

Mitrofan not only an ignoramus and a "mama's boy". He cunning, knows how to flatter his mother (story about a dream). Smart(answer to Starodum's question). Heartlessness- this is his most terrible feature. “An ignoramus without a soul is a beast,” says Fonvizin. Mitrofanushka the ignoramus is ridiculous, but the repulsive mother is terrible.

• Fonvizin's innovation lies in his ability to structure the speech of his heroes in such a way that the reader represents the characters of the characters.

Individual tasks for the compilation of speech characteristics

Prostakova's speech is illiterate, but very changeable. From timid, obsequious to domineering and rude. Confirm with examples.

Skotinin's speech is not only rude, but also fully corresponds to the surname. He speaks of himself and others as animals. Confirm with examples.

Starodum's speech is the speech of an educated, cultured person. She is aphoristic, sublime.

What is the originality of the speech of Kuteikin, Vralman, Tsyfirkin?

• Everything in the play is national: theme, plot, social conflict and characters of the characters. And in the works of classicism in the depiction of characters, they tried to reveal not the individual, but the general, eternal, inherent in people of all countries and times.
• Virtue wins.

But why do the goodies win?

They win accidentally... Not because there is a just law. He turned out to be an honest man Pravdin. The governor here is a good man. Uncle Starodum arrived on time. Accidentally I saw Milon's detachment through the village. A confluence of happy circumstances, not the triumph of a just law.

Innovation is the idea of ​​the author. The idea of ​​enlightenment is not new. Fonvizin asserts that education alone is not enough. “Science in a depraved person is a fierce weapon to do evil,” says Starodum. "Enlightenment elevates one virtuous soul." First you need to cultivate virtue, take care of the soul, and then - about the mind.

The playwright believes that such a law is needed so that virtue is beneficial, so that everyone understands that “without good behavior, no one can go out to people. Then everyone finds his own advantage to be well-behaved and everyone becomes good. "

Thus, it turns out that the landlords are not to blame for their ill-will, the officials and the sovereign are to blame, who do not establish a good law.

A truly statesman in comedy is Starodum (thinks in terms of the era of Peter I). Unfortunately, in the modern era, the author does not need honesty, courage, or concern for the benefits of the state.

Beginning with the comedy "The Minor", Russian literature entered into a noble struggle against state power, a struggle for justice and for man.

4. Aphorism

A short expressive statement containing a generalizing inference.

Individual task: find and list the expressions of Fonvizin, which enriched Russian speech with catchphrases, became aphorisms.

Homework. Retelling an article from a textbook; prepare answers to questions (by options).

Speech characteristics - Fonvizin's great achievement.

Prostakova is an imperious landowner, speaks abruptly, imperatively, often turning to shouting, distorting words, using rude expressions and insulting others. Affectionately addresses only Mitrofan.

Starodum- an educated and humane person. His judgments are label and witty ("Small souls are found in the big world", "Cash is not dignity").

Vivid imagination and heartfelt responsiveness early manifested in Fonvizin's relations with others. He was able to feel the state of another person as his own and, in his words, “he was not so afraid of anything how to do injustice to someone, and for that he was not so afraid of anyone as before those who depended on me and who would answer they were not able to me ”.

However, this did not mean that he was timid and compliant.

“My addiction to satire showed up very early. My sharp words rushed around Moscow. As they were sarcastic for many, the offended announced me as an evil and dangerous boy. They soon began to fear me, then hate me ... My works were sharp curses: there was a lot of satirical salt in them, but not a drop of reason, so to speak, ”the writer admitted.

For example: “Oh, Klim, your deeds are great! But who praised you? Relatives and two stutterers ”.

From his youth, Fonvizin mastered the art of "mimicking", acting as an actor. He was characterized by the ability to "take on the face" of a familiar person and speak "not only with his voice, but also with his mind."

In all his first experiments, the gift of speech is manifested.

Practicing the theme "Speech characteristics of heroes"

Target: show high dramatic skill in the creation of speech characteristics.

1. Individual tasks:

1) the life of Kuteikin; biography of Tsyfirkin; Vralman's life;

2) vocabulary inherent only to Kuteikin; Tsyfirkin; Vralman.

2. Working with the class. What is the originality of Kuteikin's speech?

Speech dropout seminarian. Built on Church Slavonic vocabulary and phraseology, saturated with forms of Church Slavonic: pitch darkness, the talk of the town; woe to me, a sinner; local diocese, hungry, called byh and come; God willing, if Vladyka did not make me wise too etc.

What is the originality of Tsyfirkin's speech?

Speech based on being in the past was a soldier and now teaches arithmetic. Hence, in his speech, constant calculations, as well as military terms and phraseological turns. Give examples to prove this.

What is the originality of Vralman's speech?

Make a brief description of the speech. Give examples.

3. Assignments for work in groups:

Compile the speech characteristics of Skotinin(only one group works in this lesson).

• speak, characterizing Skotinin.
• Prove with the materials of the comedy that the entire lexical structure of Skotinin's speech characterizes his bestial character. For proofs, use not only lexical material, but also syntactic constructions.

Work on the text of the comedy(continuation)

Phenomenon 3

Reading by Role(Prostakova, Milon, Skotinin, Starodum, author's remarks)

How does the relationship of Starodum, Pravdin, Milon and Sophia differ from the relationship of the Prostakovs, Skotinin? What is amazing about the relationship between brother and sister?

Lack of related feelings. ("Let go! Let go, father! Give me to the face, to the face ...")

Phenomenon 7

Reading by Role(Prostakova, Mitrofan, Tsyfirkin, Kuteikin, author's remarks)

How is Mitrofanushka learning?

How does Prostakov explain the need for his teachings?

How is the teaching going?

Who are Mitrofanushka's teachers?

How does Mitrofan himself relate to teachers and teaching?

Important: the theme of the upbringing and education of young nobles runs through the whole comedy. “A nobleman, for example, would consider it a first dishonor not to do anything when he has so many things to do: there are people to help; there is a fatherland to serve ”(app. 1. d. 4).

The upbringing that Prostakov gives to his son kills his soul. Mitrofan loves no one but himself, does not think about anything, treats the teachings with disgust and waits only for an hour when he becomes the owner of the estate and, like his mother, will push around his loved ones and uncontrollably dispose of the fate of the serfs.

Analysis of the fourth action. Reading the roles of the advice of Starodum (yavl. 2).

Homework

Assignment for everyone: compare Prostakova in the lesson of Mitrophon and Starodum in a conversation with Sophia. What do they teach, what do they consider to be the main thing - ideals of heroes in whom? How do they want their children to be?(It is advisable to perform in the form of a plan, a comparative table.)

Individual tasks:

• the life of Kuteikin; biography of Tsyfirkin; Vralman's life;
• vocabulary inherent only in Kuteikin's speech; Tsyfirkin; Vralman (prepare orally);
• prepare an analytical retelling of the fifth act;
• answer the questions:

What does Starodum say about upbringing and enlightenment? What, in his opinion, is more important? What ways does Starodum see to make people kind?

What "merit" award does each of the comedy characters receive? How did Prostakova's malice turn against her in the last act?

Lesson 5. Continuation of the workshop lesson

Group assignments(continuation):

Draw up the speech characteristics of Prostakova.

• Analysis of the author's remarks. Find synonyms for the verb speak, characterizing Prostakova.
• Analysis of references in Prostakova's speech: how they change depending on the situation.
• Prove with comedy materials that the character of a person is rude, unrestrained, tyrannical. For proofs, use not only lexical material, but also syntactic constructions.

Make up the speech characteristics of Starodum.

• Analysis of the author's remarks. Find synonyms for the verb speak, characterizing Starodum.
• Prove with the materials of the comedy that Starodum's speech is saturated with book vocabulary, testifies to his education and high morality. For proofs, use not only lexical material, but also syntactic constructions.

Checking work in groups.

Summarizing: with the help of speech features (characteristics), the author managed to create unforgettable images of the heroes of the comedy. Let us recall that speech characteristics are the main means of creating an image in a dramatic work.

Continuation of the analysis of the fourth action.

Prostakova adapts to Starodum's requirements and changes her tactics. She pretends to be a hospitable mistress of the house, tries to please the honorable guest. He never misses an opportunity to praise himself and Mitrofan. Sharp transitions in behavior - from rudeness to exaggerated courtesy - reveal the cunning and hypocrisy of Prostakova.

Scene "Mitrofan Exam" (yavl. 9), reading (possibly with elements of dramatization) and brief explanations.

What can be said about the knowledge of Mitrofan?

Does a nobleman need science? How do Prostakova and Skotinin answer the question? What was Prostakova up to when she learned about the upcoming departure of Sophia and Starodum?

Checking individual assignments.

Retelling-analysis of the fifth act of the comedy.

What does Starodum say about upbringing and enlightenment? What, in his opinion, is more important? What ways does Starodum see to make people kind?

What "merit" award does each of the comedy characters receive? How did Prostakova's malice turn against her herself in the last act?

Outcome: The goals of the Prostakovs and Skotinin are insignificant and base (enrichment at the expense of the suffering of other people). The positive characters in the play strive for the triumph of justice and truly human feelings.

Analysis of the final scene

What led Prostakov to the disaster? Who is more right in explaining the cause of Prostakova's misfortune: Pravdin (“mad love” for Mitrofan “brought her most of all”) or Starodum (“had the power to do others badly”)?

How does Prostakov's son see and what is he really like? Prostakova turns to her son for sympathy. But he rudely pushes her away: “Yes, get off, mother! How imposed ... "To the woeful cry:" I have no son! " - Starodum answers with words full of deep meaning: "Here are worthy fruits of evil!"

Homework

Choose the topic of the essay (topics are suggested in the textbook) or come up with your own wording. Pick up material for it.

Lesson 6. Creative workshop: work on an essay on the comedy by D.I. Fonvizina "Minor"

Proposed essay topics for analysis:

• "Merry" family.
• Funny and sad in Mitrofan.
• The life of Starodum.
• Teachers Mitrofan.

Three main laws(Imagine that you have the opportunity to establish three laws. What laws will they be? How to formulate them? How to explain their meaning to people?)

• Education and upbringing.(What is the difference between education and upbringing? An educated person and an educated person are the same thing? What, in your opinion, should be the main goal of upbringing? And what is the goal of education?)

Preparation for the essay

Self-selection of episodes of a literary work. Their analysis is determined by this topic. What is a characteristic?

Characteristic- This is a description of a living person and character, that is, stable human characteristics that depend on the lifestyle and are manifested in actions, deeds and statements.

How is the composition structured - characterization of the character?

1. Thesis - a thought is expressed.

2. Arguments - proved by examples from the text.

3. Conclusion - a logical generalization.

Characteristic of Mitrofanushka

(Composition; main theses)

What determines a person's character?

From the environment, everyday life, the conditions for the formation of a young person as a person. This is how D.I. Fonvizin in the comedy "Minor". Its importance is underlined by the title itself.

General notes about the character

Mitrofanushka, "an ignoramus", is one of the main characters of the comedy. Mitrofan is a Greek name and translated into Russian means “like a mother”. He is a fifteen-year-old young man, the son of provincial landowners, despotic and ignorant serf-nobility.

Logical transition. New thought

"Like a mother" ... This already says a lot. But no, in some ways he went beyond his mother.

Generalization, transition and new thought

His mother loves him (albeit in her own way), and Mitrofan only pretends to be loving. In fact, he is heartless, extremely selfish and rude.

Proof

At the end of the comedy, when Prostakova is looking for sympathy from him, the “ignoramus” rudely pushes her away: “Let go, mother! How imposed ”.

Intermediate thesis

His rudeness and cruelty are manifested in everything.

Proof of

“Teachers” came to him - he grumbles: “Shoot them, take them!” Tsyfirkin, who really wants to teach him something, he calls the "garrison rat." The old serf nanny Eremeevna hears only abuse in her address for all her worries. And after they failed to kidnap Sophia, he and his mother intend to “take for people,” that is, flog the servants.

Logical generalization

Thus, teachers for him are enemies, and servants ... he does not consider servants to be people either.

Moving on to a new thought

But, speaking about the character traits of Mitrofanushka, one cannot fail to mention his extreme ignorance ...

Job assignments:

Come up with your introduction to work.

Divide the text into paragraphs.

Style tips:

You don't need to use many quotes, especially large ones.

Avoid repeating words, use synonyms.

Use only those words and phrases that you understand.

Pay attention to the correct word order in the sentence.

Do not write fragmentary, unfinished sentences, subordinate clauses without the main one.

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Mistakes that are often made:

• unclear or erroneous formulation of thought;
• lack of evidence or insufficient evidence;
• inconsistency of evidence of the expressed thought;
• lack of logical generalizations;
• the lack of a logical connection between the individual parts of the essay.

Why is "The Minor" called a comedy? Do you agree with this definition of the genre of the play? Give reasons for your opinion.
Undoubtedly, "Minor" is a classic comedy. It contains a comedy intrigue associated with the failed matchmaking of Mitrofan and Skotinin to Sophia and the failed attempt to kidnap her. There are many comedic situations in the play, for example, scenes from the teachings and examinations of Mitrofan, Skotinin's talks about pigs. The comic depiction of the characters is combined with accusatory satire.

Can "The Minor" be called a high comedy, and if so, why?

In "Nedorosl" serious socio-political and moral problems are posed: despotism of serfdom, education and upbringing of the personality of a citizen of the fatherland and state. This makes the play a high comedy.

What are the plot lines of the play?

Outwardly, the comedy is built on the traditional motive of matchmaking and the emerging struggle of suitors for the heroine. All three unities are observed in it - time, place, action. By the beginning of the events, the fates of the heroes on the Prostakova estate were determined as follows. Sophia and Milon, acquaintances from St. Petersburg, love each other. Uncle Milona, ​​Count Cheston, favors their love. On business, Milon leaves for one of the provinces. At this time, Sophia's mother dies, and the girl is taken to her estate by a distant relative of Prostakov. This is an exposition, after which, after a while, events take place that we learn about from the comedy. The main action fits into one day and constitutes the final stage of the plot. Prostakova decides to marry Sophia for her brother Taras Skotinin, believing that due to poverty she is not of interest as a bride for her son. The plot begins with the receipt of a letter from Starodum, in which Sophia is declared a rich heiress. This changes Prostakova's plans, which leads to a conflict between her and her brother.

Sophia prefers Milo. And then Prostakova decides to organize the abduction of Sophia and her wedding with Mitrofan. Sophia is saved from a very dramatic end of the “matchmaking” by the intervention of Milon, who is beating the bride away from the people of Prostakova. This climactic scene prepares the comedy's denouement. Comic heroes are put to shame. Prostakova was deprived of the rights to the peasants for abuse of her power, her estate was taken into custody.

Thus, Skotinin's matchmaking, the receipt of Starodum's Letter, the decision to marry Sophia Mitrofan, the attempt to kidnap Sophia, the intention of Prostakova to deal with the courtyards, "sort out" them "one by one" and try to find out "who let her out of the hands", finally, the announcement of the decree by Pravdin about the taking of Prostakova's house and villages into custody - the key scenes of the comedy's storyline.

Literary critic G.V. Mokvicheva sees two outcomes in comedy. One concerned the relationship between Mitrofan, Skotinin, Milon and Sophia, whose fate was determined by Starodum and Prostakova; the second related to the fate of Prostakova as a malevolent landowner and mother. In the events of this denouement, the social and moral ideals of the author were revealed, the ideological and moral direction of the comedy as a whole was determined.

Where do you see the conflict in the comedy "The Minor"?

The main conflict of the comedy lies in the confrontation between the enlightened nobility and the cruel feudal landlords on the problems of attitudes towards the peasants, public service, the upbringing and education of a citizen of the fatherland.

Do you think there is a reasoner in comedy (a hero who expresses the thoughts of the author)? If so, who is acting in this role?

Starodum and Pravdin reflect Fonvizin's position on these issues. At the same time, they also perform certain plot functions.

What scenes and faces are not directly related to the development of the plot, but are related to the problem of comedy? What is their role?

Comic scenes: Mitrofan trying on a new dress and a discussion of Trishka's work, Mitrofan's lessons, a quarrel between a sister and a brother, a quarrel between teachers, a comic dialogue during an exam. All of them create an idea of ​​the everyday life of an uncultured landlord family, the level of its needs, and intra-family relations. They convince the viewer of the believability and vitality of what is happening on the stage.

The dialogues of the goodies about the enlightened monarch, about the dignity of the nobleman, marriage and family, about the education of young nobles, about the fact that “it is illegal to oppress your own kind with slavery” are an exposition of Fonvizin's positive program.

Write out proverbs, sayings and aphorisms from the text of the comedy, reveal their role in characterizing the characters in the comedy, as well as the views of the playwright. What are the ways to incorporate apt expressions into characters' speech?

Live and learn (Do not learn) (Prostakova).

The hour of God's will will come (The hour of my will has come) (Prostakova, Mitrofan).

Found money, did not share with anyone (Prostakova).

I don't want to study - I want to get married (Mitrofan).