It begins with the transition to the neighbor community and continues until the beginning of the period. Neighboring community: One of the initial forms of the social organization of mankind for the neighboring community is characteristic
The first form of a public organization of people in the era of primitive building was the association of blood relatives who lived on one territory and all together were engaged in the overall economy. It was characterized by cohesion and unity of all its representatives. People worked for the common blessing, the collective was also the property. But in parallel, the process of separation of labor and the departments of agriculture from cattle breeding, it appeared served as the cause of the division of the generic community on the family. Collective property began redistributed between families of parts. This led to the appearance that he accelerated the decomposition of the generic and folding of a neighbor community, in which related ties ceased to be the main.
A neighbor community (also called rural, territorial or peasant) is a settlement of people who do not associate blood bonds, but they occupy a certain limited territory, which is treated collectively. Each family included in the community has the right to part of community property.
People worked no longer together. Each family had its own plot of land, arable land, tools, cattle. However, in the land (forest, pastures, rivers, lakes, etc.) existed continued community property.
The neighboring community has become an organization included in society as a subordinate element, which performs only a part of social functions: the accumulation of production experience, regulation of land tenure, organization of self-government, the preservation of traditions, the departure of cults, etc. People cease to be generic creatures for whom belonging to the community had a comprehensive value; They become free.
Depending on the characteristics of the combination of private and collective, the Asian, antique and German neighboring community is allocated.
Considering the primitive society, social management (power) and regulatory regulation in it, different researchers adhere to various concepts on this issue.
Power in primitive society was not homogeneous. At the head of the family-clan group stood father-Patriarch, senior among the younger relatives of his generation and the following generations. The head of the family group is not yet the owner, not the owner of all its property, which is still considered common, collective. But thanks to his position of the elder and responsible head of the economy and the life of the group, he acquires the right of the manager. It is from his authoritarian solution that it depends on who and how much to highlight for consumption and what to leave as stock for accumulation, etc. It also determines how the surplus is ordered, the use of which is closely related to the relationship in the community as a whole. The fact is that the family cell, being part of the community, occupies a certain place in it, and this place, in turn, depends on a number of factors, objective and subjective.
The problem of resources in the community at an early stage of its existence is usually not worthless - the Earth is enough for everyone like other land. True, something depends on the distribution of areas, but this distribution is made taking into account social justice, not rarely by lot. Another thing is that the factors are subjective, so significantly manifested themselves in the local group and, perhaps, even more visible in the community, albeit in several other terms. Some groups are numerous and workable others; Some patriarchs are smarter and more experienced others. All this affects the results: some groups turn out to be larger, wealthy, others - weaker. Less successful pays to the fact that their groups become even small, since their share does not go or get less women - therefore, fewer children. In a word, inevitably emerges inequality between groups and households. It is not that some are full, other hungry, for in the community, the reciprocal exchange mechanism is reliably functioning, which plays the role of insurance.
There are always several senior prestigious posts in the community (Elder, Council members), the possession of which will not only increase the rank and status of their applicant, mainly from the heads of family groups, should either acquire a considerable prestige about the same way as it was done in local groups, i.e. Through generous distributions of excess foods. But if in the local group, the applicant gave the mined themselves, now the head of the group could distribute what was produced by the work of the whole group, the property of which he had the right to dispose. Thus, the Elder had the right to dispose of the community resources at his own discretion, and this in turn speaks of the major authority of the elder, and this is already an indicator of the manifestation of power.
Speaking about the social structure, power and management in primitive society, it is necessary to keep in mind mostly the period of mature primitive society, because during the decay period, the primitive system and the inherent power and management are subjected to certain changes.
For the social structure of a mature primitive society, two main forms of unification of people are characterized by a tribe. Through these forms, almost all the peoples of the world were held, in connection with which the primitive purchase system is often called the Russian Organization.
Rod (generic community) is a historically first form of public association of people. It was a family-production union based on the blood or alleged relationship, collective labor, joint consumption, common property and social equality. Sometimes they are identified with family. However, this is not quite true. The genus was not a family in the modern sense. The genus is the union, the union of people related to the relatives, although in a certain sense, the genus may be called the family.
Another major form of the public association of primitive people was a tribe. The tribe is a larger and later public education, which arises with the development of primitive society and an increase in the number of generic communities. The tribe is based again on the related links the Union of Generic Communities, which has its territory, name, language, general religious and household rites. The union of the generic communities in the tribes was caused by various circumstances, including those such as joint hunting for large animals, reflection of the attacks of enemies, attack on other tribes, etc. .
In addition to childbirth and tribes in primitive society, there are also such forms of association of people like phratries and tribal unions. Fratery (fraternity) is either artificial associations of several child-related childbirth, or initial branched childbirth. They were an intermediate form between the origin and the tribe and took place not at all, but only in some nations (for example, in the Greeks). The unions of the tribes are the associations that have arisen from many nations, but during the period of decomposition of the primitive community. They were created either for wars or to protect against external enemies. According to some modern researchers, the events of the tribes developed early states.
Birth, phratria, tribes, tribal unions, being various forms of public association of primitive people, at the same time little differed from each other. Each of them is only a larger, and therefore a more complex form compared to the previous one. But all of them were the same type of associations of people based on the blood or alleged relationship.
Consider how Marx K. and Engels F. represented power and management during the period of mature primitive society.
Power as the ability and opportunity to have a certain impact on the activities and behavior of people with any means (authority, will, coercion, violence, etc.) inherent in any society. She arises with him and is his indispensable attribute. The government gives the society organization, handling and order. Public power is public power, although often under public power implies only state power, which is not entirely correct. With the public authority, the management, which is a way to implement the authorities, implementing it in life is closely related. Manage - means to lead, dispose of anyone, or anything.
The public authority of the primitive society, which, unlike government, is often referred to as the fading (from Lat. "Potestas" - power, power), inherent in the following features. First, she was not torn off from society and did not stand above him. It was carried out either by the Society itself or those chosen by him who did not possess any privileges and at any time could be revoked and replaced by others. A special management apparatus, any special category of managers, which is in any state, this power did not exist. Secondly, the public power of primitive society relied, as a rule, to public opinion and the authority of those who carried it. Coercion, if it took place, proceeded from the whole society - kind, tribe, etc., - and any special organs of coercion in the form of an army, police, ships, etc., which are again in any state , here either was not.
In the generic community as the primary form of combining people power, and with it and control looked as follows. The main body and power, and management was, as it is considered, the generic meeting, which consisted of all adult members of the genus. It solved all the most important questions of the life of the generic community. To solve current, everyday issues, it chose an elder or leader. Elder or leader was elected from among the most authoritative and respected members of the genus. No privileges in comparison with other members of the genus he did not possess. Like everyone, he took part in production activities and, like everything, received his share. His government kept solely on his authority and respect for him from other members of the family. At the same time, he could at any time be suspended by the Generic Meeting from his post and replaced by another. In addition to the elder or leader, the generic meeting elected a military leader (military man holder) for the time of military campaigns and some other "official" persons - priests, shamans, sorcerers, etc., who also did not possess any privileges.
In the tribe, the organization of power and management was about the same as in the generic community. The main body and management here, as a rule, was the Council of Elders (leaders), although the People's Assembly could exist along with him (a collection of a tribe). The Council of Elders entered the elders, leaders, warlords and other representatives of the birth, which make up the tribe. The Council of Elders decided all the main questions of the life of the tribe with the wide participation of the people. To solve current issues, and at the time of military trips, the leader of the tribe was elected, whose position was practically different from the position of the elder or the leader of the genus. Like the elder, the leader of the tribe did not possess any privileges and was considered only the first among equal.
Similar was the organization of power and management in the phratria and alliances of the tribes. Just like in childbirth and tribes, people's assemblies are found here, the advice of elders, the leaders of the leaders, military leaders and other bodies that are the personification of the so-called primitive democracy. No special control apparatus or coercion, as well as the authorities, cut off from society, does not yet exist here. All this begins to appear only with the decomposition of the primitive community.
Thus, from the point of view of its device, the primitive society was a fairly simple organization of vital activity of people based on related links, collective labor, public property and social equality of all its members. Power in this society was truly popular and was built on the basis of self-government. No special management apparatus, which is available in any state, did not exist here, since all issues of social life were solved by the Society. There was no special apparatus of coercion in the form of ships, army, police, etc., which is also the affiliation of any state. Forcing, if there was a need (for example, exile from the kind), only from society (genus, tribe, etc.) and not from anyone more. I am expressed by the modern language, the society itself was both parliament and the government, and the court.
The features of the power of the generic community are as follows:
- 1. The government was public in nature, proceeded from the whole society as a whole (this was manifested that all important cases were solved by the general meeting of the genus);
- 2. The government was built on a bloodworgled principle, i.e. it spread on all members of the genus, regardless of their location;
- 3. There was no special apparatus of control and coercion (power functions were carried out as an honorary duty, elders and leaders were not exempted from productive work, and carried out in parallel and managerial, and production functions - therefore, the power structures were not separated from society);
- 4. Neither the social nor the economic situation of the applicant did not affect any positions (leader, elders), their power was based exclusively on personal qualities: authority, wisdom, courage, experience, respect for tribesmen;
- 5. The execution of management functions did not give any privileges;
- 6. Social regulation was carried out using special funds, so on. Mononorms.
The era of primitive system is characterized by several forms of public organization. The period began with the generic community, in which blood relatives were united, leading in the future the overall farming.
The generic community not only paid people relative to each other, but also helped him to survive with joint activities.
In contact with
Odnoklassniki.
Since the processes of production began to share among themselves, a division into families began in the community, between which community commitments were distributed. This led to the fact that private property appeared, which accelerated the decomposition of the generic community, which had threw distant relationships. With the end of this form of the social system, a neighboring community appeared, the definition of which was already built on other principles.
The concept of the neighborhood of the organization of the population
The meaning of the word "neighbor community" implies a group from individual families living on a certain territory and leading the overall economy. Such a form is called peasant, rural or territorial.
Among the main signs of the neighbor community should be allocated:
- general territory;
- general use of land;
- separate families;
- submission to community management bodies of the social group.
The territory of the rural community was strictly limited, but the territories with forests, pastures, lakes and rivers were enough to maintain individual cattle breeding and agriculture. Each family of such a form The social system owned by its land, arable land, instruments and livestock, and also had the right to a certain share of community ownership.
The organization included in society as a subordinate element performed only partially public functions:
- accumulated production experience;
- organized self-government;
- regulated land tenure;
- retained traditions and cults.
The man has ceased to be a tribal being for which communication with the community was of great importance. People now became free.
Comparison of the generic and neighbor communities
Neighborhood and generic communities are two consistent stages in the formation of society. The transformation of the form from the generic to the neighbor is the inevitable and legitarious stage in the existence of ancient peoples.
One of the main reasons for the transition from one type of organization of the Company to another was the change in the nomadic lifestyle for a settled. The lit-fired agriculture has become fat. The labor tools needed to process land were improved, and this led to an increase in labor productivity. There was a social bundle and inequality among people.
Gradually disintegrated by generic relations, which were replaced by family. Public property turned out to be in the second plan, and in the first place in importance was the private. The tools of labor, cattle, housing and a separate area belonged to a specific family. Rivers, lakes and forests remained belonging to the whole community . But every family could have their own businessWith which she earned funds to exist. Therefore, for the development of the peasant community, the maximum association of people was required, since the person had lost a great support with the acquired freedom, which turned out to be in the generic organization of society.
From the table comparison table with rural, the main differences from each other can be distinguished:
The neighboring form of society had more advantages than generic, since it served as a powerful impetus for the development of private property and the folding of economic relations.
East Slavic neighbor community
Neusal relations in the Eastern Slavs were formed in the VII century. Called such a form of the organization "Vervy". The name of the East Slavic rural neighbor community is mentioned in the collection of the laws of "Russian True", which was created by Yaroslav Wise.
VERVE was an ancient community organization that existed in Kievan Rus and in the territory of modern Croatia.
The neighboring organization was characterized by a circular order, that is, for the misdemeanor committed by its member should have been answered. When committing a murder of someone from the community organization, the entire community group was supposed to pay the princess.
The convenience of such a social system It was that there was no social inequality in it, since the rich had to help the poor, if those had a lack of products. But, as the future shows, the social bundle was inevitable.
During its development, Vervi was no longer rural organizations. Each of them was the Union of several settlements, which included several villages. The early stage of the development of the community organization was still characterized by blood relations, but over time it ceased to play a major role in the life of society.
Relver has a common military service. Each family had a native land with all downtown buildings, labor tools, various inventory, livestock, land for agriculture. As with any neighboring organization, in public possessions, Vervi has forest areas, land, lakes, rivers and fishers.
Features of the Old Russian Neighborhood Community
From the chronicle it is known that the Old Russian community was called "Peace". She was the lowest link of the social organization of ancient Russia. Sometimes there was an union of worlds in the tribes, which during the periods of a military threat were collected in alliances. The tribes often fought among themselves. Wars led to the appearance of a squad - professional equestrian warriors. Dublows led princesEach of which owned a separate world. Each squadrine was a personal guard of her leader.
Earth turned into victobs. Peasants, or community workers who enjoyed such land were required to pay tribute to their princes. The fixed lands were transmitted by inheritance by the men's line. The peasants living in rural neighboring organizations were called "black peasants", and their territory is "black". The National Assembly, in which only adult men participated, solved all the questions in the peasant settlements. In such a social organization, the form of management was a military democracy.
In Russia, neighboring relations existed until the twentieth century, in which they were eliminated. With an increase in the importance of private property and the emergence of redundant products, the Company's share was divided into classes, and community lands passed into private ownership. In Europe, the same changes took place. But neighborhood forms of the organization of the population exist today, for example, in the tribes of Oceania.
Specialization of people in certain classes, the development of exchange was cited to the fact that people from other births were settled in the village of ^ x In addition to relatives. The population of the villages increased.
In Malaya Asia, scientists discovered the most ancient settlement of Caltal-Goyuk, relating to the 7th millennium BC. e. It lived about B thousand people. All the buildings were made of clay, brick and wood. They were close to each other, so that the streets were absent. In the house fell through holes on flat roofs, rising through wooden stairs. In the event of an attack of enemies
_ Titted was removed, and the village turned
Settlement Chatal-Guyuk. Reconstruction
k in the fortress.
Generic community Neighborhood
What are the difference between the community scheme? What is in common with them? 
\\ \\ Pasture
Pashnya
Pasture
The need for collective farm and collective property was becoming less and less. Gradually, every family begins to process its land plot and receive its own harvest. The land seeks to pass into the inheritance to children, primarily sons. The neighboring community came to replace the generic community.
People lived in the neighbor community, not necessarily with blood bonds. Family led the farm individually, but combined for joint work, requiring the effort of a large number of people. These were a forest cover, strengthening or creating a reservoir and other works.
The offensive of the century metals
The primarbishlshshs l ^ di was often found gold and copper nuggets. They could be flattened, cut with a stone ax. At first, only decorations were made of metal, tips for arrows, fishing hooks. People noticed that when heated gold and copper melted. Soft metal could be given any form. Approximately 7 thousand years ago, people began to use copper for the manufacture of tools of labor. Gradually, copper began to defeat the stone, and a copper eyelid came to change the stone century. Metal deposits emerging on the surface of the Earth was a bit, so people learned how to produce ore - a rock containing metals. When heated from ore was removed with a pure metal, which was then added and processed.
The next step in the use of metals was the invention of bronze - copper and tin alloy. Bronze is significantly harder copper, in addition, it is beautiful. It began to do the tools of labor, weapons, dishes, decorations. Copper and tin became the most important subjects of exchange. The bronze age has come.
The emergence of a new society
In the neighboring community, where each family led their own economy, the situation of people has changed. The equality of all members of the community comes inequality. Some thanks to the diligent work, the abilities for the craft, successful trade began to live better than their tribesmen. Other wealth has been associated with their position in the tribe.
Elders, leaders, sorcerers on the right of their position had more products, products. In addition, they were the custodians of the values \u200b\u200bbelonging to the community. However, they gradually began to dispose of these values \u200b\u200bas their property. In the community, groups of people occupying higher posts in the community hierarchy are allocated. Their main occupation was the disposal of community affairs. They used special worship. Validity is inherited from parents to children.
Leaders, relying on their warriors, began to make raids with the goal of robbery neighboring tribes. A successful military hike enriched all his participants and strengthened the situation of the leaders who became permanent commander. Often, as a result of such a campaign, the winners captured prisoners. They were turned into slaves, which were used on heavy work in the household.
So there was a new society, where there were poor and rich, noble and simple communities, free and slaves.
- Primitive man from gathering and hunting moved to farming and cattle breeding. Becoming an agriculture, he began to lead a settling lifestyle.
- The generic community was replaced by a neighbor community.
- There was a new society in which the inequality between people arose.
1. How did agriculture and cattle breeding arise? 2. What changes occurred in everyday life when ceramics and weaving appeared? 3. Why were copper and gold were the first metals that the primitive man began to process? 4. Why did the generic community become destroyed? 5. Who called you know? 6 *. Is it possible with the disappearance of the generic community to avoid the emergence of inequality? Give examples confirming your point of view.
- Select a rushing answer.
- The main difference between primitive man from the monkey
b) long hands hanging to knees
B. Basic Methods of Food Methods Ancientary
a) gathering, hunting
b) agriculture
c) cattle breeding
- Main material in the ancient people for making tools of labor
b) tree d) iron
G. To change the generic community comes
a) tribe c) neighborhood community
b) Human herds d) state
- Continue a number.
- What is superfluous in a row?
manual rubie, scraper, stone ax, sword, stick-spell.
- Set match.
- craft A) binding
- myth b) actions and words, allegedly possessing a miracle
- rod c) Manual making various products
- magic d) legends about the gods, heroes, about the origin of the Jav
- tribe e) group of people leading their origin from
5 Select the correct answer.
Characteristic features of the generic community
- all work together
- all property is general
- availability of rich and poor families
- each family has its own put on, processes it and gets a crop
- people come from one ancestor
- mining food is distributed equally
- settlements in which neighbors lived
| lGT; A.I; TLT; VI II | |
| The Ancient East | |
The ancient east is called extensive space in North Africa and Asia in the era of the appearance and development of the oldest states there.
The warm climate, a varied vegetable and animal world contributed to the population of the coast of large rivers: Nila (in Africa), Euphrate and Tigger (in Western Asia), Inde (in South Asia), Huanghe (in East Asia). There were fertile soils, which allowed collecting abundant yields. These rivers were periodically poured. The floods turned nearby areas in the mold and swamps. And those places where the water did not reach, turned into a desert scorched by the sun. People learned to dry and irrigate these lands. Agriculture became the main type of classes, but along with him a cattle breeding developed, crafts. Small settlements turned into well fortified cities, leaders tribes became rulers of cities and peoples.
States in the valleys of great rivers
This interweaving of generic and neighboring ties, extremely diverse in specific societies, makes it possible to raise the question of criteria to distinguish between the generic community at the later stage of its development from the neighborhood and on the nature of transitional forms between them.
The main signs characterizing any neighbor community are the presence of separate family teams, independently leading the economy and the product managed by the manufactured product, so that each of its own forces makes the processing of the fields allocated to him and the harvest is assigned to them alone, and collective ownership of the main means of production. The families presented in the community may be related and unrelated - as soon as they are in economic attitude, it does not have a fundamental importance.
At the initial stages of the formation of a neighbor community, community ownership coexists with a generic, sometimes even occupying a subordinate position. On some islands of the new-hebrid archipelago of the village, although consist of divisions of several clans, but do not form communities and do not have land ownership. On the islands of the Torn, Shortland, Florida, San Cristobal, Santa Anna, Wao, Fate and other neighboring communities already originated and the community ownership of Earth coexists with the generic and individual undergoing land use, and on Amrim's Island, the land belongs to the whole community as a whole, but It is distributed between different generic groups.
In stadially, such a community is transitional from generic to pure neighbor. It can be considered an early stage of a neighbor community or transitional type; Between these two points of view, we do not see large differences. The main criterion that allows it to be allocated is not so much the coexistence of community ownership with a private (this is of course for any neighboring community), how much is weaveting of generic ties with neighborhood.
The transition from such a community to the neighborhood itself largely depends on the fate of the late kind, from the time it finally ceases to exist. Since the type most often lives to a class society, it is obvious that it is this early stage of the neighboring community that is the most characteristic of its existence in a decomposing primitive society, and the term "primitive neighborhood community" seems to be quite acceptable for its designation.
Such a community is neighboring, because it has its main feature - a combination of private property with collective. The fact that it is inherent in the era of the decomposition of primitive society, the archaeological material also testifies. In Denmark, in the settlements of the Bronze Age, within each village, the boundaries of individual sites and community pastures are clearly visible. Something similar is still observed on Neolithic Cyprus.
However, such a community is not just a neighboring, namely primitive-neighbor, as collective ownership in it is represented by two forms: community and generic. A similar combination of two forms of collective ownership can be maintained for a very long time, and not only in decaying primitive societies, but even in early-grade, as can be seen on numerous African examples.
Although the genus and community as a form of a social organization and complement each other, creating a double defense line for an individual, there is a certain struggle for the sphere of influence. The ultimate victory of the neighbor community over the family is already determined by the fact that it is not only a social organization, which almost became a latence, but the organization of socio-economic, in which social ties are intertwined and are determined by production.
You can also find the information you are interested in in Otvety.Online scientific search engine. Use the search form: