Throwing pearls before swine is the origin of a phraseological unit. "Casting Pearls Before Swine": Biblical Origins, Meaning and Moral

(Excerpt from the book “Life Lessons in Words”)

Throwing pearls before swine... What is this? How to understand? Where did this strange expression come from in modern language?
This phrase comes from the Biblical phrase: “Do not give what is holy to dogs, and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.” But here we are talking about precious pearls, and not about simple and cheap small beads. Everything becomes clear if you know that small river pearls, which were mined in northern rivers, were first called beads in Rus'. Much later, beads began to be called any small beads (glass, bone, metal, and plastic) intended for embroidery.
What is the meaning of the phraseological unit: “Do not throw pearls before swine”? These words are a warning for people who waste themselves, wasting precious energy on those who are unable to appreciate the good. Why this pointless waste of time? The treasure will still be trampled, and only pain will remain in the heart, which will turn into the emptiness of disappointment.
Does donkey tenacity need to prove that GOOD is better than BAD? What is GOOD for one person may seem BAD for another. Say it the first time, warn the second time about the possible danger, and then just step aside, allowing the person to face the consequences of his choice. After all, people learn from mistakes. What if the consequences turn out to be tragic? But the man was warned, and therefore armed. What else can be done here? Is it necessary, day after day, week after week, month after month, year after year, to waste the golden time of life on useless attempts to tell something to a deaf mind or show something to a blind heart? Is there any point in sowing good seed in barren soil?
It is sometimes easier for a stubborn egoist to fall to the very bottom of life, and, on occasion, to commit suicide, than to admit his mistakes...
Whatever a person’s choice, even if we disagree with someone, we will respect his inner freedom, given to everyone from birth. Everyone decides for himself to live or die, to fuss or to realize his abilities, to love or to hate, to learn from the mistakes of others or to count the bumps on his own stubbornness.
Should we give bread to those who are mad about fat? Let's go to the hungry. Why splash the living water in vain if there are thirsty people waiting for us somewhere?
Let’s not knock and knock endlessly on tightly closed doors, but simply write on them:
1. Selfishness is a space closed in on itself, stagnant, stinking waters.
2. Hatred is hell for the soul.
3. Alcohol, drugs and any other addiction are an attempt to get away from problems that become even worse.
4. Suicide is a pathetic desertion or a stupid attempt to attract attention to oneself.
5. Buried talent is happiness buried alive.
6. Blaming others is, first of all, recognizing oneself as incapable of influencing one’s own life, avoiding one’s responsibility, and not understanding that each person is given personal strength that can overcome a wide variety of life obstacles.
7. The search for idols-patrons around oneself is the lot of irresponsible people who do not realize that salvation lies within the person himself, and this is the Divine - Love, which must be allowed to awaken, while opening the heart closed by fear and doubts. Positive consciousness is heaven for a person who loves and is capable of accepting love.
8. Righteous anger is a force that tears off masks, exposes, incinerates evil, and vain anger is the beginning of self-destruction.

Having written all this behind closed doors, leave without regret, heading towards those who are waiting for you. Shake off the ashes of dislike, mistrust, hopelessness, go, without looking back, rush to the call of the hungry and thirsty.
But what about those who remain in the bonds of egocentrism? If you want, cry, regretting the perishing, pray, if you believe in the power of prayer. What else can be done here? The door is closed.
What about the sign on the door? How will it be read? No way...unless they open their hearts. In this case, these words may be useful not for the one who hid from life, but for the passerby who prefers to learn from the mistakes of others.

The dung beetle will find its pile.
He feels comfortable and warm in shit.
Don't torment yourself with doubt.
Why does ingratitude need love?
Everyone has what they are looking for in life.
Some people need the stink. Your scent
Among the marvelous roses, let him breathe eternal caress.
Forward! Forward! Why look back?
Why feed the fed up with honey?
Why give water to those who are not thirsty? Keep
For those seeking and waiting for your miracle.
Let the lights flash in the morning sky!
The light of the sun is not born for moles.
For those who have plugged their ears with cotton, the song is not a song.
Touch a living nerve with sounds.
Why the soullessness of extinct planets?
Pig in the mud. Beads are not a reward for her.
Don't sow grain in the desert. Harvest
For the hungry there is only true joy.
Do not believe the deception of false mirages.

Illustration by Boyko Alla.

When a person sprays himself in front of someone to no avail, we, in order to save his strength and nervous system, can say: “You shouldn’t throw pearls before swine.” What exactly the latter means, we will analyze today.

Bible

The expression in question goes back to the Bible, namely to the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ. Let us quote the saying in full: “Do not give what is holy to dogs, and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.”

Someone will ask, what does beads have to do with it? The beads here are despite the fact that there is also another translation of the Bible - Church Slavonic. We will not present it in full here, because it is difficult for modern people to understand. Let's just say that pearls there are beads. Accordingly, the expression “throwing pearls before swine” is a kind of hybrid of two translations of the Bible: on the one hand, the Synodal, and on the other, Church Slavonic.

Meaning

The interpretation of Christ's instruction is multifaceted, but this is usually said when a person does not measure the strength of his eloquence with the capabilities of the audience. Moreover, of course, the form of the saying is quite harsh, but the person using it does not always want to offend people.

For example, there is an opinion that a teenager is able to perceive philosophy only from the age of 14–15; earlier it makes no sense to pump him up with wisdom, because he will not absorb it. Thus, if a teacher speaks to schoolchildren who have not reached the designated age, then he will be doing exactly what can be defined as “throwing beads.”

Thus, we understand that when they say “don’t throw pearls before swine,” they just want to emphasize, albeit in an overly harsh form, the difference between the speaker and the recipients of his speech. In a more general form, we can say that this is how a person is advised not to waste energy on those who do not appreciate it.

The cult film of E. Ryazanov and the saying about beads

Despite the fact that the film “Office Romance” was released in Soviet times, when, in general, references to the Bible were not welcomed at all, two very interesting quotes still “crept” into E. Ryazanov’s masterpiece. One refers us to the topic of our conversation today, and the other, although not biblical, is also very interesting.

Everyone knows well that when a new deputy director, Yuri Grigorievich Samokhvalov, came to the institution where the heroes work, he organized an evening of getting to know his subordinates and employees. On it, a former classmate of Novoseltsev encouraged Anatoly Efremovich to hit on Lyudmila Prokofievna Kalugina so that he could take the vacant position of head of the light industry department.

Anatoly Efremovich, as a gentle man, for a long time did not dare to implement the plan of his institute friend, but now he plucks up courage and with the words: “Now I’ll refresh myself and start throwing beads,” he boldly rushes towards, as it turned out, his fate. True, the audience knows that all this was not at all easy, because the plot of Ryazanov’s entire film is built around the hate-love of Kalugina and Novoseltsev.

An incomplete quotation from the Bible was covered by an incomplete quotation from a Spanish communist?

Besides the reference to Jesus Christ and the saying “casting pearls before swine,” the film contains what may have been biblical wisdom.

When Novoseltsev came the next day to apologize to his boss for his “concert” yesterday, the following dialogue took place between them:

Sit down, Comrade Novoseltsev...

No, thanks…

Anatoly Efremovich, sit down, don’t be shy.

It's better to die standing.

The last phrase is attributed to many people, but it was absolutely accurately said in 1936 at a rally in Paris by the Spanish communist Dolores Ibarruri: “The Spanish people prefer to die on their feet rather than live on their knees.”

It’s amazing, but two truncated, almost hidden quotes in Soviet film classics are connected by one theme - a person’s preservation of his dignity. The difference is that “throwing pearls before swine” is a phraseology that calls for not getting involved in arguments and debates with people who are not worth it, but the saying of the Spanish communist implies active resistance to evil through violence. Moreover, the rally at which the woman spoke was anti-fascist. After a rather fascinating, as it seems to us, linguistic journey into the world of cinema, we move on to the morality of expression.

Morality of phraseology

At this point God himself ordered us to engage in interpretation. The moral is simple and wise, like much of what is written in the most printed book in the world. If you are told “you should not throw pearls before swine” (the Bible gave us this expression), then this can mean in different variations that you should not pay attention to those who do not deserve it. In other words, it is better to save your energy and eloquence for another place, perhaps for another time.

There is a more general moral here, it sounds like this: don’t waste yourself. And here it doesn’t matter whether a person has an audience in the form of “pigs” or not. It is a pity that a person begins to understand such a simple morality only when the heat of youth subsides and the reasonable coolness of maturity replaces youthful ardor.

In youth, people usually scatter their pearls around themselves without regret. Youth has a lot of energy and time, so everything is spent recklessly, but when resources become scarce, a person begins to think.

Surprisingly, according to the history of the phraseology “throwing pearls before swine” (its origin clearly indicates this to us), such wisdom was achieved by a still young man by modern standards.

Conclusions from Wisdom

There are many benefits to using your time wisely. Firstly, if a person does not get angry with many, then he pays more attention to those who deserve it. Secondly, he retains his nerves. Thirdly, as a consequence of the second, he lives longer and enjoys life.

One thing is bad: the ability not to throw pearls before swine (the meaning of the expression was discussed a little earlier from many sides) comes to a person, as a rule, too late. Therefore, readers can be advised to quickly become familiar with biblical wisdom and draw from it extremely useful and practical conclusions for themselves.

Pearls are not thrown before swine: the meaning of phraseology

“Pearls are not thrown before swine,” said Jesus Christ in his Sermon on the Mount. Time flies, forgetting about the brakes, and the meaning of some ancient sayings is lost. Therefore, today we will analyze the meaning of the phraseological unit, its synonyms and consider (just a little) cultural influence.

Story

Let's start, as always, with the origin. The reader is primarily interested in what the source of the expression is. We are happy to explain: this stable phrase comes from the Bible - the most printed book so far. The Gospel of Matthew gave us the phrase “Do not throw pearls before swine.” After all, it contains the famous Sermon on the Mount of the Savior, in which the core of Christian doctrine finds its refuge.

Let's explain the terms “beads” and “pig”. In general, pigs are quite cute creatures, especially if they are decorative, of course, boars that blissfully in the dirt can hardly be called cute, but still. For Jews, as is well known, pigs are dirty, vile animals, so in this sense, calling the audience pigs is a very harsh assessment. Now we can understand how much Christ “highly” valued the ignorant crowd.

Lost in translation

Nowadays the expression “beads are not thrown before swine” may cause confusion, because baubles are firmly associated with the word “beads”. And here the puzzle is solved simply: it’s all about the difficulties of translation. But first, let's give the full text of the saying. “Do not give what is holy to dogs, and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.” Now is the time to talk about linguistic subtleties: in the Church Slavonic translation, pearls are beads. And we have given the full classical, synodal version of the expression in full just above. It’s hard to resist making a remark here: it’s not surprising that the Bible is the most printed book in the world - what energy there is in the expressions!

Meaning

When the source of the aphorism “pearls are not thrown before swine” (see the history of the origin of the expression above) has been established, you can move on to the meaning. This is what they say about unsuccessful attempts to convince someone of something. Typically, a speech pattern comes to mind when the speaker and the audience do not match in intellectual capabilities, sometimes such a contradiction is imaginary.

For example, remember the case of A.E. Novoseltsev and L.P. Kalugina from E. Ryazanov’s comedy “Office Romance.” This biblical phrase is heard there in the episode where Yu. G. Samokhvalov celebrates his appointment to a new position.

“Simp” Novoseltsev is sure that his boss cannot speak on high topics and appreciate the beauty of subtle matters. But it turns out that she understands poetry no worse than the “speaker.”

Do you understand now what “don’t throw your pearls before swine” means?

Synonyms

There is only one thing to understand about the words and expressions that are intended to replace the biblical aphorism: they must convey the meaninglessness of the action. For example:

• Pound water in a mortar.
• Sisyphus' work.
• At least there's a stake on your head.
• Everything is in vain / in vain.
• Everything is decay.

In fact, there can be as many replacements as there are contexts. Most of the changes are justified stylistically. For example, with foreigners who may know the Bible well, but Russian poorly, you need to express yourself more simply so that there is no confusion. In other words, the phrase “beads are not thrown before swine,” the meaning of which we are analyzing, needs to be completely replaced. Although a full-fledged synonym can hardly be found, the expression is too beautiful.

Hermann Hesse and his "Game of Glass Beads"

You don’t need to be a recognized literary critic to understand: the title of the novel and the phraseological unit are connected. Only throwing beads turns into a game. You can re-read the novel several times, but still not understand exactly what the Masters of the Game are doing. It is clear that they created a synthesis of art, religion and philosophy. The goal of the game is an endless interpretation of cultural meanings, closed on itself.

It is characteristic that the Masters of the Game have lost the public: no one understands their studies. They do this in their narrow community in a closed state within a state - Castalia. The latter arose as a response and response to the vulgarity that swept the world. Modern, right? Castalia is a citadel of spirituality.

Game competitions are broadcast on the radio, but there is a suspicion that no one listens to them, no one needs them. Why delve into something you won’t understand anyway?

And so it happened: the speakers and the audience in Hesse’s utopia (or dystopia, or parable) were separated.

The German writer drew certain conclusions from the biblical saying and turned the throwing of beads into an aesthetic gesture. But if the reader thought at this point that the classic of world literature was at one with the Castalians, then he was mistaken. To clarify the Master’s position, we recommend reading the novel.

“Civil defense” and phraseology

Yegor Letov has a song called “The Glass Bead Game.” The reader, if desired, can listen to it quite easily, because it lasts a little more than two minutes. So, for the Russian musician the phrase “bead game” takes on new colors, even in comparison with Hesse, and not just with Christ. Throwing pearls in front of a “pack of pigs” is a clear provocative act. Moreover, it is difficult to say who the poet meant by pigs, either his own audience, which does not understand the deep or profound (as you like) meaning of the song, or party functionaries who at one time tried to fight rock music without sparing their bellies .

And yes, if Hesse (let’s reveal a secret) balances play with life, then E. Letov revels in intellectualism and opposes himself to the “low” crowd of pigs.

“Strange connections happen.” Who would have thought that Christ, Hesse and Letov would gather under one flag.

Not modesty, but rationality

We have already realized that practicing eloquence in front of an unprepared public is pointless. Let's leave that side alone for now and finally talk about the personality of the speaker. What does phraseology teach him?

Pride is the most terrible sin. And in order not to succumb to it, you need to watch yourself vigilantly. After all, sometimes a person knows in advance that the audience is so-so, but still he is drawn to speak out, why? It's simple: he wants to show off, to build a bridge between himself and people. It seems that if we interpret the expression “Do not cast pearls before swine” from the Gospel, we can extract the same meaning.

Who needs guidance the most? Of course, young people. Youth still believes that it can fundamentally change something in the world, ignite the hearts of people. Ideological guys and girls believe, just like Socrates: people live this way and not otherwise, only because they wander in the dark and do not know the truth.

But Christ, with his saying, calls not to waste time on those who do not want to follow the path of light, but prefer to wander in darkness. As practice shows, strength may be needed for something else, for something more important and intimate.

There is such a program on Russian television as “The Glass Bead Game”. Its host, Igor Volgin, ends each episode with the same phrase: “Read and re-read the classics.” Good advice, especially since the Bible is an eternal book, regardless of denominational preferences. Moreover, even atheists can read it - there will be no harm.

What does the proverb “You shouldn’t throw pearls before swine” mean?

Rostovite

Don't throw pearls before swine

Gelya Nathan

This is not a proverb, it is an inaccurate quote from the Gospel of Matthew. I won’t quote Christ’s words verbatim, since I don’t remember, but the point is that you shouldn’t prove something to people who cannot and do not want to understand and accept your point of view due to their beliefs, upbringing, etc. The mention of pigs here is not offensive, but is given as an example - pigs are deeply indifferent to beads, no matter how beautiful and valuable they are, give them acorns, so there’s no point in throwing them.

What does the expression “throwing pearls before swine” mean?

User deleted

Sometimes it means the highest degree of arrogance :-))

In general, here is a Dictionary of popular expressions.
From the Bible (Church Slavonic text). The Gospel of Matthew (chapter 7, art. 6) contains words from the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ (Russian translation): “Do not give what is holy to dogs and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn , they didn’t tear you to pieces.”

The word “beads” (as pearls were previously called in Rus') entered modern Russian speech from the Church Slavonic text of the Bible.

Often quoted in Latin: Margaritas ante porcos [Margaritas ante porcos]. Translation: Pearls before swine.

Allegorically: you shouldn’t talk about something that your interlocutors can neither understand nor appreciate properly. A. S. Pushkin (letter to A. A. Bestuzhev, end of January 1825): “The first sign of an intelligent person is to know at first glance who you are dealing with, and not to throw pearls in front of the Repetilovs and the like.”

Who are the pigs that, according to the Bible, you shouldn’t throw pearls at?

Alexander lxxv

No such name

Etymology of the word beads: In Russian. came from Church Slav. Corresponds to folk pearl. Borrowing through Turk. *bu:sr from Arabic. busra "fake pearls, bugles." Pigs here are just animals. And the meaning of the expression is “do not waste the light of your wisdom on those who will not heed it, for you were not born to heed (initially by the fact of birth).

The expression “throwing pearls before swine” came to us from the Gospel and has an allegorical meaning. It is used if they want to talk about wasted efforts to explain or prove something to someone who does not understand or DOES NOT WANT to understand. In the original it sounds like this: “Do not give what is holy to dogs and do not throw your pearls (beads) before swine, lest they trample it under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.”

007 S Sergey

This Biblical expression: Throwing pearls before swine, has a deep allegorical meaning. Beads, if I’m not mistaken, are those pearls of innermost thoughts and high feelings, the word of God. Pigs are a type of people who cannot accept, understand, or appreciate - THE WISDOM OF THE WORD.

Cast pearls before swine(iron.) - to talk about something that exceeds the understanding of the listener (the expression is taken from the Gospel, where the word beads means pearls). (Explanatory Dictionary, 1935-1940, for the word “beads”).

“Don’t throw your pearls before swine” also applies – you shouldn’t talk to those who won’t understand you anyway.

Bible expression, from the Gospel of Matthew (words from the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ), chapter 7, line 6:

"Matthew 7:6 Do not give what is holy to dogs, and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces."

This Bible phrase uses "beads" to mean "pearls." This means that there is no point in throwing pearls in front of pigs, since they still will not distinguish precious pearls from garbage.

The phrase is also used in Latin - Margaritas ante porcos (Pearls before swine).

In English, the same expression is used - cast pearls before swine (scatter pearls in front of pigs). The expression is listed in the American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer, 1992. It also points to the same source (the Gospel of Matthew), and also reports that in this form the expression is recorded in English in the Tyndale translation of the Bible (1526).

Examples

Taleb Nassim Nicholas (born 1960)

"Black Swan. Under the sign of unpredictability" (2012):

“Four decades ago, Mandelbrot handed economists and résumé-conscious philistines a pearl that they rejected because his ideas were too good for them. This is what they call margaritas ante porcos – pearls before swine."

“One foreign state offers Professor Persikov completely disinterestedly assistance in his laboratory work. Why here? throw beads, as the scriptures say. The state knows how hard it was for the professor in the 19th and 20th years during this hee hee ... revolution."

(1860-1904)

"Nightmare" (1886):

"Kunin decided not to start talking about school, don't throw beads."

(1826 - 1889)

"Neighbors" (1885):

"He spoke at length, loosely and intelligibly, as if pearls before swine metal; proved with examples that only those societies represent the guarantee of prosperity and vitality that know how to provide for themselves; those who allow events to take place without public participation, doom themselves in advance to gradual extinction and ultimate destruction. In a word, everything that I read in ABC-Kopeyka, I laid it all out before the listeners."

(1828 - 1910)

"Anna Karenina" (1873 - 1877), part II, chapter I - About the doctor:

“He understood that there was no point in talking to the old man and that the head of this house was his mother. Before her, he intended scatter your beads."

Throwing beads Show off in front of someone, show off. Don't throw pearls in front of her, Shura. Conversational vocabulary

Dictionary of modern vocabulary, jargon and slang. 2014 .

See what “throwing beads” is in other dictionaries:

THROWING BEADS

Throw beads- Zharg. they say To be afraid, to feel a sense of fear. Maksimov, 34 ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings

Cast pearls before swine- see Do not throw pearls before swine Encyclopedic Dictionary of popular words and expressions. M.: Locked Press. Vadim Serov. 2003 ... Dictionary of popular words and expressions

Cast pearls before swine- BEADS, a (y), m., collected. Small glass colored beads, grains with through holes. Embroider with beads. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

CAST PEARLS BEFORE SWINE- who [to whom] Express thoughts and feelings to someone who is unable or unwilling to understand and appreciate them. This means that the person or group of persons (X) does not intend that the person or group of persons (Y) to whom the speech is addressed will not understand them and... ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language

cast pearls before swine- an expression from the Gospel: “Do not give holy things to dogs and do not throw your pearls (glory beads) before swine, lest they trample them under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.” This phraseological unit is used in the meaning of “to speak, ... ... Phraseology Guide

Cast pearls before swine- Express. Iron. It is in vain to talk about anything or prove something to someone who is not able or does not want to understand it. Michel, you forgot the Savior’s commandment: do not throw pearls before swine, you forgot that everything sacred in life should be a secret for... ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

cast pearls before swine- It’s in vain to talk about anything. or prove something. to those who are unable or unwilling to understand this... Dictionary of many expressions

THROW Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

THROW- 1. THROW1, sword, throw, imperfect. 1. what. Throw, throw. Throw a spear. Throw bombs. Cast lots. “The boys from the ravine started throwing stones at me.” Maksim Gorky. 2. who what. About some animals and fish: giving birth, producing offspring... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

• Biblicalisms in modern Russian speech, Mokienko Valery Mikhailovich. We offer readers another book by Doctor of Philology V. M. Mokienko. It is addressed to those who want to express their thoughts clearly, speak colorfully and competently. This book is dedicated... Buy for 359 RUR
• Biblicalisms in modern Russian speech How to understand and use them correctly, V. Mokienko. We offer readers another book by Doctor of Philology V. M. Mokienko. It is addressed to those who want to express their thoughts clearly, speak colorfully and competently. This book is dedicated...

In pairs climb - climb, see - see, hear - hear, lift - lift the second option is colloquial.

8. It is necessary to distinguish between the meanings of paired verbs of motion:

run - run
fly - fly
drive – drive
carry – carry
carry - carry
float – float
drive - drive
crawl – crawl
ride - go
drag - drag
roll - roll
walk – go
climb – climb

The first verbs in each pair denote an action without indicating a direction or an action that is not performed in one step (verbs of indefinite movement), and the second - actions that flow in one direction, or an action that occurs continuously and at a certain moment (verbs of definite movement). Wed: a truck carries a brick - a truck carries a brick; the plane flies over the forest - the plane flies over the forest; ducks swim in the reeds - ducks swim to the shore, etc.

In some cases, both forms are acceptable, for example: A bus on this line runs every five minutes. – A bus runs along this line every five minutes. The difference between both options is the following: walks means “there and back”, i.e. indicates movement in more than one direction, but goes only means “there”, i.e. indicates movement in one direction.

Wed. also: go to the post office (movement in one direction) – don’t go to the post office (“movement there and back” and prefix formations: my brother came to see me (“arrived and is here” – my brother came to see me (“was and left”).

The meaning of the forms under consideration also depends on the context: when specifying an action, verbs of a certain movement are used. Wed:

This morning he took us to the station. “This morning he drove us to the station very quickly;

I went to work yesterday. – I was a little late when I went to work yesterday;

That day we went to the city. “We weren’t tired that day because we drove to the city slowly.

9. The names of means of land, mechanical and air transport are usually combined with the verb to go, for example: The bus goes along a new route; The train travels at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour; The tram goes to the park; Planes go (also fly) one after another, but: Trams run poorly. The word motorcycle is combined with the verb to go, for example: The motorcycle was driving straight towards us.

The names of means of transportation on water are combined with both the verb to go and the verb to swim, for example: Loaded barges go (float) down the river; A boat was walking (swimming) near the shore; Destroyers sail in a wake column; Ships are sailing at sea.
10. Parallel forms of the masculine past tense of verbs with the suffix -nuvyal - withered, lip - stuck, blind - went blind, rejected - rejected, perished - perished, resorted - resorted, dissolved - dissolved, refuted - refuted, fluff - fluffed are equal ; the forms dried, froze, got wet, went out, chilled, in the presence of the normative dry, froze, got wet, went out, and chilled are acceptable.