Where was it erected? Where was the first skyscraper built? Where was the southern border of the city in the 18th century?

The Church of Tataus or in the local language the Church of Garre, as many Christians say, is considered the oldest church in history, which was built with the help of the apostles.

The oldest church in history

Perhaps many Iranians and non-Iranians do not know that the very first Christian church in history is located south of the provincial city of Maku, located in the province of West Azerbaijan and 20 kilometers northeast of the city of Chaldaran.

Gharre Church or Tataous Church is registered with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as the ninth historical monument of Iran in the world classification of historical monuments. Being one of the most beautiful historical monuments located in the West Azerbaijan province, this church attracts the attention of every tourist due to its special architecture and uniqueness.

Garre means black in Turkish, the reason why the church was named this way is because the stone used to build the church was black in color. Perhaps this was done to protect against the injustice that took place against the Christian apostles on the part of the king of Armenia. Nowadays, in some parts of this church, black stones have given way to white stones.

Visual characteristics of the church:

The height of the black dome of the Tataus church is 18 meters, the height of the white dome is 24 meters. The number of chapels located around the church is 44 rooms; the total area of ​​the church complex with chapels along the perimeter is 6,285 square meters.

The decoration of the church can be divided into two parts:

1. Drawings and paintings on the walls of the ancient church were possibly made on mythological themes.

2. The decoration of new sections of the walls of the church consists of images on the themes of ancient fairy tales, arches and convex semi-columns and vaults are decorated with carved figures.

Due to the fact that among Christians, martyrdom has a sacred meaning, in the 3rd - 6th centuries after the Nativity of Christ, construction began on the very church that remains to this day. After the death of the apostles, their bodies were buried near the very first church they built.

Over the course of various historical periods, the church building suffered greatly due to the numerous wars that took place in the region.

As an example, it can be noted that after the Mongol-Tatar invasion of these areas led by Genghis Khan, which took place in 1230 AD, large parts of the church were destroyed, but subsequently, during the reign of Hulaguhan, the church was again erected by the Hajj Nasruddin Tusi.

In 1691 A.D. The church was restored with white stone and in 1810 with black stone by order of Bishop Maku (Simon Boznuni), during the Qajar dynasty the church was again restored by order of Prince Abbas Mirza.

According to the beliefs of Armenian Christians, the Tataus Church is the very first church in the world built by the evangelists of Christ. Every year in the second ten days of July, which corresponds to the anniversary of the death of Tataus, Armenian Christians hold special church services in this church.

The first church in the treasure trove of history:

In 43 AD (according to some estimates in 48), two people named Tataus and Bortegimus came to northwestern Iran to spread the Christian faith.

At that time, the Parthians ruled Iran, many people were Zoroastrians, many professed the religion of the sun.

After the disciples of Jesus accepted the faith of Christ, 3,500 people converted to Christianity, among them were the Armenian king Santruk or Sanaduk and his daughter Sandukht.

After a short time from that moment, the king turned away from faith in Christ, he ordered the destruction of all people who professed Christianity, in this regard, even his daughter Sanaduk was killed.

“Jesus Christ: what you say in a whisper in the dark, one day you will shout in the light.”

Where and when was the Alexandria Pillar erected, and how tall is it? Authors? Are there similar monuments higher than this pillar?

The column is not dug into the ground or supported by a foundation. It is supported only by precise calculation and its weight. This is the tallest triumphal column in the world. Its weight is more than 600 tons, its height is 47.5 meters.

2. The tallest column "Houston". Its height is 173 m, the side of the base at ground level is 14 m, and at the level of the observation tower - 9 m. The column is topped with a star weighing 199.6 tons.

3. Victory Column (Siegessäule, Siegessäule) - a landmark of Berlin.

4. Vendôme Column (French Colonne Vendôme) on Place Vendôme (French Place Vendôme) in the 1st municipal arrondissement of Paris in honor of the victory of Napoleon I at Austerlitz.

The height of the column is 44 m, at the top there is a statue of Napoleon I.

Three Russian writers, Korolenko, Gorky and Mayakovsky, visited New York at different times. And they all described the stunning impression of the approaching shore, built up with giant buildings. True, in the time of Korolenko these buildings were 5-6 floors high, in the time of Gorky - 10-15, but Mayakovsky’s eye was pleased with the skyscrapers in quite the modern sense of the word.

At the end of the 19th century, the construction of high-rise buildings began in Europe and the United States. The reason for this was the rise in price of land in the centers of large cities. Tall buildings allowed the city area to be used to maximum advantage.

It would seem that there is no clear criterion for what is considered just a tall building and what is a skyscraper. However, there is such a criterion. Precise formulas of structural mechanics show: it is possible to build a tower with a height of only 33 meters from brick. The brick cannot withstand greater loads. Consequently, the maximum height of a building with load-bearing brick walls is about 30 meters. And higher... But is it possible to build a building higher?

Can! In the 1880s, an American architect William Le Baron Jenney proposed a new construction technology. With this technology, the weight of the building was carried by an internal steel structure, a load-bearing frame. It is known that steel is 10 times stronger than the strongest concrete. Therefore, thanks to the load-bearing frame, it became possible to build houses with a height of more than 30 meters. Such buildings became known as high-rise buildings or “skyscrapers.” The word "skyscraper" is a direct translation of the American word "skyscraper".

The first building using this technology was built in Chicago in 1885. It was a ten-story insurance company building called The Home Insurance Building. The original height of this building was 42 meters. After 6 years, two more floors were added and the height of the Chicago skyscraper became almost 55 meters. In this form it existed until 1931.

Since the load-bearing frame bears the entire weight of the building, the walls of the skyscraper can be made thinner and new, unusual materials can be used for them, for example, glass or aluminum. A similar idea inspired the constructivists and was the basis of Le Corbusier's crazy beautiful designs. However, Le Baron, according to whose design the first skyscraper was built, still did not dare to make his building “transparent”. The Home Insurance Building had a massive load-bearing wall (though only one, the back one) and granite columns. Both details served mainly decorative functions and made the building more solid.

However, the construction of skyscrapers was associated not only with solving the main problem - to overcome the strength threshold of previous structural materials, brick and concrete. Building a building is half the battle. The other half is to ensure its maintenance. There were many problems here too. For example, climbing even the tenth floor by stairs is an unpleasant task and, strictly speaking, harmful to health. Therefore, during the construction of skyscrapers, the need arose to construct elevators. The first elevators were hydraulic, which made it possible to lift passengers only to the height of the twentieth floor. It was not until 1903 that an electrically driven elevator was developed. This made it possible to remove any restrictions on the height of the building being erected.

Supplying water to the upper floors was also one of the problems that arose during the construction of skyscrapers. To do this, it was necessary to include powerful pumps in the infrastructure of the high-rise building. By the way, it was necessary to create a new sewage system. Can you imagine the destructive power of water falling through a pipe from at least a height of fifty meters! There were problems with ventilation and cleaning windows. And all these problems were resolved by civil engineers, after which skyscrapers began to grow like mushrooms in various cities in Europe, Asia, America and Australia.

By the way, the construction of skyscrapers largely determined the victory of alternating current over direct current in the struggle over which one to use to illuminate streets and homes. The fact is that direct current cannot be transmitted over long distances. When using direct current, a significant voltage drop was detected already on the fourth or fifth floor. At the same time, each house had to have its own house electric generator in the basement. Alternating current, whose voltage could be stepped up and down using transformers and therefore transmitted over long distances, won the competition.

In Moscow, the construction of high-rise buildings began only in the late 1940s. These are seven so-called “Stalinist” high-rise buildings. The purpose of this construction was to raise the average number of floors in Moscow, in the center of which it was planned to build a 400-meter Palace of the Soviets. Although Soviet propaganda claimed that Moscow high-rise buildings were being built according to original, Soviet-made designs, American prototypes are quite clearly visible in many of them. Thus, one of the most beautiful Moscow high-rise buildings - the Moscow State University building on Sparrow Hills - has as its prototype the Manhattan Municipal Building. This forty-story skyscraper, whose height reaches 177 meters, was built in 1909 - 1912.

The construction of skyscrapers not only solved the problems of large cities, but also contributed to economic development. Thus, the construction of skyscrapers in New York and Chicago caused an increased demand for rolled steel for load-bearing frames. As a result, the construction of metallurgical plants began in the state of Pennsylvania, which, in turn, became the basis for the further development of American industry.