Culture and life in the first half of the 19th century. Life and customs in the first half of the 19th century Life and customs of the second half of the 19th century

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Life and customs of Russia in the first half of the 19th century Malkova N.E. teacher of history and social studies Elizaveta Sergeeva 8 “B” MBOU “Gymnasium” No. 13 2015-2016

Housing The life and housing of the main part of the Russian population in the first half of the 19th century retained the features of past times.

The basement is the lower floor of a wooden house, used for housing, storage of valuable tools and many things. The basis of the rural dwelling of the peasants was the basement. The main part of the house was located above the basement, “on the mountain,” and was called the upper room.

Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. Wealthy peasants now have mica windows. Glass remained expensive and was available only to nobles, merchants and the wealthiest peasants.

Working people lived in factory barracks. Kuva plant. Station barracks. 19th century Kuva plant. Type of mine barracks. 19th century

The fashion for country houses has continued since the 18th century. Following the example of the landowners, who had such buildings before, representatives of the bureaucracy and the intelligentsia now began to build them. Such houses were usually built of wood. The front wall was decorated with two to four columns.

The interior decoration of the home was also different. In the houses of peasants and townspeople, the most important place was considered to be the place near the sword. Diagonally from it there was a red corner where the most valuable icons hung.

In the houses and palaces of the nobility, the central position was occupied by the state hall, where balls and receptions were held. The rooms were located sequentially one after another - an enfilade. By the middle of the century, the “corridor” system was developed in new buildings - all the main rooms opened onto the corridor. Oriental furniture, decorating the halls with carpets and weapons came into fashion.

Peasant in a shirt-shirt Peasant clothes Bast shoes Sinner Heavy leather galoshes “cats” Clothes

Food The main product was rye bread. We ate a lot of vegetables. The most popular dish, cabbage soup, was made from cabbage. The second dish was porridge. In the first half of the 19th century, Chinese tea became widespread. At the same time, samovars and teaware became popular. Metal pots - “cast iron”.

Leisure and customs Christmas trees for rich children with gifts and performances. Caroling

Masquerade, ball for the nobility, officials. Maslenitsa Easter Ivan Kupala Holiday

Family and family rituals The family usually represented a large group. Often there were 7–9 children in a family. Basic family rituals: Baptism Wedding Funeral Marriage must have received an official blessing at a church wedding. Only such a marriage was considered legal. The baptism of every child in the first months of life was also mandatory. The funeral of the deceased in church or at home was one of the main rites.

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How did people live when there was no Internet, television, microwave oven or refrigerator? What kind of housing did they have, how was it arranged and decorated? What clothes did peasants and nobles wear? And what did people of the lower and upper classes prepare for breakfast, lunch and dinner? And finally, what was it like, the family of the first half of the 19th century? What family traditions were observed then? You will learn the answers to these and other questions when you study the lesson “Life and customs of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century.”

Rice. 2. Window with a bull bubble instead of glass ()

Rice. 3. Mica window ()

The city houses of the nobility were more like palaces(Fig. 4). Such houses were built of stone, were most often multi-story and decorated with bas-reliefs, columns, statues, and cornices. Russian nobles even tried to copy stone houses on their country estates, covering their wooden buildings with a special layer of plaster.

Rice. 4. Noble house of the first half of the 19th century. ()

The interior decoration also varied greatly. In peasant and bourgeois houses, the most important place was near the stove (Fig. 5). Food was prepared there, and there was also a place to warm up by the stove on cold days. For nobles, one room was not enough, and the main role in their houses was played by the second floor, where receptions and balls were held (Fig. 6).

Rice. 5. Russian stove ()

Rice. 6. The nobleman’s living room, where balls were held ()

In clothing, the Russian population followed traditions that had developed back inXVIIIV. Working people, burghers, commoners wore common European clothes, but with features of Russian folk costume. Thus, blouse shirts were in use, worn untucked, belted with a belt or a wide belt (Fig. 7). In winter they wore sheepskin coats and sheepskin coats. Winter hats consisted mainly of dried wool: the so-called. sinners, which had a cylindrical shape (Fig. 8). Instead of boots and bast shoes, traditional Russian felt boots were worn in winter.

Rice. 7. Peasant in a shirt-shirt ()

Rice. 8. Sinner - peasant’s hat ()

The attire of the aristocracy and high society has changed more. If for the second half of the 18th century. The clothing of the nobles was characterized by lush outfits, then in the first half of the 19th century. they became more modest (Fig. 9). Increasingly, people in military uniforms began to appear at court. Nicholas I introduced a special suit for officials.

Rice. 9. Noble clothing of the first half of the 19th century ()

The main food item in the first halfXIXV. the peasants still had bread. People often cooked jelly and porridge from millet, peas, and buckwheat. We ate a lot of vegetables: beets, cabbage, carrots, turnips, radishes and other vegetables. Finally, potato dishes were held in high esteem by the peasants. The poor consumed meat very rarely. This was explained not only by the poor income of the peasant population, but also by the abundance of church posts. But people ate fish in abundance. You could also find eggs and dairy products on the tables. The main drinks were bread and beet kvass, beer, and sbiten (a hot drink made with honey and spices). The culture of tea drinking gradually developed. Thus, the presence of a samovar or tea utensils in the house was considered a sign of the wealth of the owners (Fig. 10). For dessert, or “snacks,” they ate berries and fruits, and less often jam.

Rice. 10. Painting “At the samovar” (V.F. Stozharov) ()

The upper strata of the population preferred not traditional Russian cuisine, but European(especially French). In the diet of the Russian nobility of the first half of the 19th century. included products such as chocolate, biscuits, and oriental sweets. A self-respecting nobleman tried to start a wine cellar in his house.

The family at this time was a fairly large group. It was considered normal to have at least five children (Fig. 11). And if more than half of the children were male, then the family was rich, since it had more workers. Among the main family rituals, weddings, baptisms and funerals stood out. Young people usually got married between the ages of 20 and 25, and girls got married between the ages of 18 and 22. The blessing of the church was mandatory; without this, the marriage was considered invalid.

Rice. 11. Painting “Peasant Family” ()

In general, the first half of the 19th century. in Russia, this is a time when Western European traditions and customs are increasingly penetrating the life of society. At the same time, Russian traditions and customs are preserved. All this led to the creation of a new, distinctive tradition of the Russian Empire.

Bibliography

1. Anisimov E.V., Kamensky A.B. Russia in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries: History. Document. - M., 1994.

2. Lazukova N.N., Zhuravleva O.N. Russian history. 8th grade. - M.: “Ventana-Graf”, 2013.

3. Lotman Yu. Conversations about Russian culture. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility (XVIII - early XIX centuries). - St. Petersburg: 1994.

4. Lyashenko L.M. Russian history. 8th grade. - M.: “Drofa”, 2012.

Homework

1. Tell us about peasant and noble architecture of the first half of the 19th century. How did the external and internal decoration of the lower and upper classes differ?

2. Why do you think the clothing style of the aristocracy changed more during this period than that of the poor?

3. Why were weddings, baptisms and funerals so important for peasants?

Slide 2

Housing As in the countryside, in most cities the main building material was wood. Not only peasant huts were built from wood, but also the dwellings of artisans and middle-class nobles. Depending on the wealth of the owners, houses could be decorated with carvings, have drainpipes, and shutters.

Slide 3

The city houses of the nobility and rich merchants looked more like palaces - they were built of stone, decorated with columns and sculptures, stucco bas-reliefs. The fashion for country houses remained; they were plastered on the inside and outside, and they looked like stone buildings.

Slide 4

The interior decoration of the home was also different. In the houses of peasants and townspeople, the most important place was considered to be the one near the stove; near it there was a “red corner” with icons and a table at which the family ate. In the palaces of the nobility, the central place was occupied by the state hall, where balls and receptions were held. The main floor was the second floor with high ceilings and good lighting.

Slide 5

Clothing Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. PEASANTS - MERCHANTS -

Slide 6

In the 19th century The bright colors and rich decor of the costume, characteristic of the men's outfits of the nobility of the 18th century, were lost. The men's suit in this century has become more rational, businesslike and practical. Along with the simplification of the cut, the suit became more monochrome and darker in color.

Slide 7

Women's clothing Merchants Maid Peasant women

Slide 9

During the period of romanticism, the ideal of a woman was an elegant and fragile person who carried a small volume of works by J. Sand, V. Hugo, and V. Scott in a special pocket of her skirt. She was distinguished by her pale complexion and extraordinary sparkle in her eyes, and stood well in the saddle. The materials of dresses and outerwear were extremely varied. They wore plain, patterned, striped and checkered fabrics.

Slide 10

Slide 11

Leisure and customs of the 19th century. is considered the heyday of Russian theater. The theater actively responded to events in the country, so the war of 1812 could not pass by the servants of Melpomene. The patriotic repertoire of those years consisted of heroic operas, tragedies, and funny comedies ridiculing Frenchmania. Patriotic divertissements on folk themes included Russian dances. Russian composers wrote music for them.

Slide 12

Slide 13

In the first half of the 19th century. The costumes of the performers have changed. The dancers performed in short chitons, and the dancers in tunics. Heeled shoes were replaced by light shoes with smooth and flexible soles and simple hairstyles.

Slide 14

Slide 15

Following the kings, hunting spread to the entire noble society. It was the lifestyle of the nobles when they received the right to retire and moved to their estates.

Slide 16

It was entertainment, a game of chance, a sport that was suitable only for a wealthy nobleman: hunting required the acquisition and breeding of expensive breeds of dogs, specially trained servants, a retinue and participants in the event, all of whom had to be well received and kept in his home. A huge amount of work was put into hunting by serfs - inventive and talented craftsmen in their field.

LIFE AND CUSTOMS OF RUSSIA 19TH CENTURY

PREPARED BY AN 8TH CLASS STUDENT:

BARINOV ALEXEY

• The house consisted of several rooms: an upper room, a light room (usually in the houses of wealthy peasants and townspeople) - with many windows.
• Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. Since glass was very expensive, instead of glass windows in the huts of the peasants, they stretched a bull bladder.

• Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. True, Catherine’s times with the precious clothes of the courtiers protruding into the past were becoming a thing of the past.

• Since ancient times, our ancestors have used a rich range of plant and animal foods: rye bread, porridge and jelly made from millet, buckwheat, and oats. They ate cabbage, beets, onions, and garlic, and potatoes became increasingly common. They made cabbage soup and made jacket potatoes.
• The upper strata of society preferred European cuisine. Coffee, cocoa, oriental sweets, biscuits, French, German, and Spanish wines became integral food products.

LEISURE AND CUSTOMS

• The only things common to the entire population are church holidays with their rituals and traditions that are common to everyone. But here, too, the differences were obvious. At Christmas, Christmas trees with gifts, masquerades, and balls were obligatory. For the poor, folk festivals and caroling were a common thing these days - singing songs and poems, followed by refreshments or gifts to the participants in the carols.

FAMILY AND FAMILY RITES

• The family united, as a rule, representatives of two generations - parents and children. Such a family usually represented a large group. Often there were 7-9 children in a family. If more than half of the children were boys, then such families were considered prosperous - they had many workers.
• Among the new rituals is a wedding. Boys usually got married at the age of 24 - 25 years, and girls at the age of 18 - 22 years. A marriage must receive a blessing during a church wedding.

costume, jewelry, everyday life, customs, life

Russia 19th century In terms of social composition, it presents a motley picture. The capital's bourgeoisie, large factory owners, financiers, whose way of life and customs were subject to reformation back in the days of Peter I and Catherine II, join the noble aristocracy. Provincial merchants and townspeople differ from the aristocracy in their taste and costume.

Article text:

The daily life of Russians at the beginning and first half of the 19th century was very different. Residents of cities and industrialized areas of the country could talk about serious and noticeable changes. Life in the remote province, in the village in particular, went on basically as before. Much depended on the class and property status of people, their place of residence, religion, habits and traditions.

At the end of the 18th century, romanticism arose, and, especially after the works of J.-J. Rousseau, it becomes accepted to strive for nature, for the “naturalness” of morals and behavior. “Unnatural” fashions begin to evoke a negative attitude, and “naturalness” becomes the ideal, examples of which were sought in the female figures of antiquity or in the “theatricalized” peasant life. The clothes are now simple: there are no more luxurious skirts with hoops, no corsets, no heavy brocade. Women's clothing is made from lightweight fabric. A shirt with a very high waist seems “natural” to defenders of the cult of Nature.

The first gesture of rebellion, as often happened in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, was made by a woman. In the portraits of this time we see how a new style of dressing was combined with naturalness, simplicity of movements, and a lively facial expression. Thus, in V. Borovikovsky’s portrait of M.I. Lopukhina, it is by no means accidental that the background, instead of the then usual bust of the empress or a magnificent architectural structure, became ears of rye and cornflowers. The girl and nature are correlated in their naturalness. Dresses appeared that later became known as Onegin dresses, although they came into fashion long before the publication of Eugene Onegin.

Along with the change in clothing style, hairstyles also change: women (like men) refuse wigs - here, too, “naturalness” wins. The change in tastes also affected cosmetics (as well as everything in general that changed a woman’s appearance). The Enlightenment ideal of simplicity sharply reduces the use of paints. Paleness (if not natural, then created with great skill!) has become an obligatory element of female attractiveness.

The beauty of the 18th century is full of health and is valued for her corpulence. People of that time thought that a plump woman was a beautiful woman. It is a large, plump woman who is considered the ideal of beauty - and portrait painters, often sinning against the truth, bring those being treated closer to the ideal. Giving preference to curvaceous shapes, one treats appetite accordingly. A woman of that time eats a lot and is not ashamed of it. With the approach of the era of romanticism, the fashion for health ends. Now she seems beautiful and begins to like her pallor - a sign of the depth of her heartfelt feelings. Health seems to be something vulgar... A woman of the era of romanticism should be pale, dreamy, sadness suits her. The romantic combination of the “angelic” and the “devilish” is also part of the norm of female behavior.

In Russia since the 19th century. Fashion magazines (Moscow Mercury, Modny Vestnik, General Fashion Magazine, Fashion Store) begin to be published regularly, as well as art and literary magazines Library for Reading, Sovremennik featuring French models. Luxurious toilets of the Russian aristocracy are still brought from Paris or sewn according to European fashion patterns. The famous St. Petersburg and Moscow sewing workshops “Lomanov”, “Mrs. Olga”, “Brizak”, “Ivanova”, “Shanso” were operating successfully during this period. The paintings of Russian artists of the 19th century and fashion magazines indicate that the costume of the Russian aristocracy strictly followed the general European development in time and form.

In the 30s further pomp and pomp of Russian court etiquette and costume is established. It is a kind of echo of the brutal reaction in the public life of Russia after the massacre of the Decembrists in 1825. Tsar Nicholas I, by decree of February 27, 1834, established a special form of Russian court costume. Fashionable French forms are mechanically combined with Russian ornaments of gold and silver embroidery and decoration with jewelry. The purpose of this pseudo-Russian style is to present the tsarist autocracy as an exponent of popular interests. Gold embroidery workshops were opened in Moscow and St. Petersburg, where ceremonial palace toilets were embroidered, the cost of which exceeded 20-25 thousand gold rubles.

Never has any fashion been as sophisticated in terms of jewelry as the fashion of the 19th century: tiaras, combs, ferronnieres, earrings, necklaces, brooches, bracelets, rings - all this is not a complete list of items necessary when creating a costume. The costume is designed to create a certain figurative impression, and jewelry plays a significant role in this. Like the entire costume, jewelry changed depending on fashion, and the manner of its use was consistent with the purpose of the costume. Their number and shape are always clearly visible in portraits, for jewelry was the class, family, and personal pride of rich people and the subject of careful reproduction by artists.

Jewelry was divided into ceremonial, which always had more stones (hair parures, combs, earrings, necklaces, tiaras, chokers, bracelets, rings, buckles), ordinary ones - for visits and small receptions at home (earrings, brooches, bracelets, chains, rings), and, finally, such everyday jewelry as brooches with Florentine mosaics, earrings with semi-precious stones, and other inexpensive items were worn every day.

Eclecticism, a mixture of different artistic styles, which begins in the 40-60s, especially emphasizes the return to Rococo. Blue, white, lemon satin fabrics, woven with bouquets of flowers and embroidered with rocaille patterns, fluffy crinoline skirts, headdresses and hairstyles are reminiscent of the brilliant marquises of the times of Louis XV. The Art Nouveau style in Russian costume is reflected in the female portraits of Repin and V. Serov. The costumes, curved with rigid corsets and bustles, create a mysterious female appearance, detached from real life.

Russia 19th century In terms of social composition, it presents a motley picture. The capital's bourgeoisie, large factory owners, financiers, whose way of life and customs were subject to reformation back in the days of Peter I and Catherine II, join the noble aristocracy. Provincial merchants and townspeople differ from the aristocracy in their taste and costume. The main feature of the costume of merchants and townspeople is the combination of the forms of Russian folk dress with elements of European fashion, but, as a rule, far behind in time.

The class character of Russian costume of the 19th century. perfectly conveyed in Fedotov’s famous film “The Major’s Matchmaking.” Here is a matchmaker in a bright jacket of a bourgeois woman from the 40s, and a father - a merchant in a long frock coat, and a mother - a merchant in a rich bright silk dress with an invariable shawl on her shoulders, and a maid in the clothes of a city commoner, and the bride herself in a crinoline dress made of French silk, also with a lace shawl.

Nobility. In the first half of the 19th century, the theme of the wealth of the nobles turned out to be closely connected with the theme of their ruin. The debts of the capital's nobility reached astronomical figures. One of the reasons was the idea that had taken root since the time of Catherine II: true noble behavior presupposes a willingness to live beyond one’s means. The desire to “reduce income with expenses” became characteristic only in the mid-30s. But even then, many remembered with sadness about the fun times of the past.

The debts of the nobility grew for another reason. It had a strong need for free money. The income of the landowners consisted mainly of the products of peasant labor. Life in the capital required hard cash. Landowners for the most part did not know how to sell agricultural products, and were often simply ashamed to do so. It was much easier to go to a bank or lender to borrow or mortgage an estate. It was assumed that for the money received, the nobleman would acquire new estates or increase the profitability of old ones. However, as a rule, the money was spent on building houses, balls, and expensive outfits.

In the first half of the century, noble children received home education. Usually it consisted of studying two or three foreign languages ​​and the initial mastery of basic sciences. Teachers most often hired foreigners, who in their homeland served as coachmen, drummers, actors, and hairdressers.

Private boarding schools and state schools contrasted home education. Most Russian nobles traditionally prepared their children for the military field. From the age of 7-8, children were enrolled in military schools, and upon completion they entered the higher cadet corps in St. Petersburg. The government considered evasion of service reprehensible. In addition, service was a component of noble honor and was associated with the concept of patriotism.

The home of the average nobleman in the city was decorated at the beginning of the 19th century with Persian carpets, paintings, mirrors in gilded frames, and expensive mahogany furniture. In the summer, the nobles who retained their estates left the stuffy cities. Village manor houses were of the same type and consisted of a wooden building with three or four columns at the front porch and a pediment triangle above them. In winter, usually before Christmas, the landowners returned to the city. Convoys of 15-20 carts were sent to the cities in advance and carried supplies: geese, chickens, pork hams, dried fish, corned beef, flour, cereals, butter.

The first half of the 19th century was a time of searching for “European” alternatives to ancient morals. They were not always successful. The interweaving of “Europeanism” and customary ideas gave the life of the nobility features of bright originality and attractiveness.

The clothing of the nobility acquired features of austerity and was freed from the obsessive complexity of details. At the beginning of the 19th century, light ball gowns and “Danque” hairstyles came into fashion. Dresses were worn over a cambric shirt or pink tights so that the figure was visible through the fabric.

In Russia, such dresses were in use until the War of 1812. Fashionistas wore anklets with translucent dresses, one on the ankle and the other above the knee. “Moscow Mercury” wrote in 1803 that the main thing in a suit is the outline of the body. If a woman’s legs are not clearly shaped from her shoes to her torso, then we can assume that she doesn’t know how to dress or wants to be distinguished by her strangeness. The most typical and integral accessory of a woman's toilet of that time was a shawl, which was sometimes pinned with a brooch. The brooch, which came into fashion in Russia back in the 18th century, became the most common decoration in the 19th century. The desire to give a woman the appearance of an antique statue that served as the ideal of beauty did not allow for a large amount of decoration. In the very first years of the 19th century, it was considered bad form to wear a lot of jewelry even to balls. At this time, diamond-cut steel jewelry came into fashion - buckles, buttons, brooches, bracelets.

From 1806 to 1809, women of the world were especially fond of jewelry. They wore rings on all fingers, for several hours at a time, with colorful enamel caps. Heavy pendants of earrings weighed down the ears, and a mass of bracelets of various shapes covered the hands. Hairstyles, as required by the style of the dresses, were decorated with tiaras, gold hoops, wreaths of artificial flowers and gold ears, and gold and silver oak or laurel leaves. But the neck and bare shoulders remained unadorned. One of the most striking manifestations of fashion of this time was the fascination with carved gemstones. It passed through many European countries and captured Russia, where artistic stone carving became an independent type of applied art. Miniature sculpture in stone conquered Russian society. Cameos—relief gems—were created by the capital's best jewelers; many cameos were brought from abroad. Among the imported items were not only works by modern masters, but also unique antique finds. Cameos for some time eclipsed diamonds and expensive gems. They were collected and used to decorate tiaras, necklaces, pins, buckles, and brooches. Cameos were used to make bracelets and entire sets of jewelry. To create cameos, stones of different colors and transparency were used. Layered agates and onyxes were very popular, in which the artist combined sculptural and pictorial means of representation. In small jewelry such as tie pins, cameos were the main and only detail of the artistic design. A thin gold or silver frame served an essentially utilitarian function, helping to secure the stone and connect it to the hairpin.

Since the middle of the 19th century. In Russia, a critical attitude of a certain part of society towards blind imitation of Western customs and fashion appears. It covered wide circles of the nobility and intelligentsia.

Slavophiles, who rejected everything European, widely promoted a return to pre-Petrine Russian clothing. Many of them are in the 40s and 50s. They put on Russian kosovorotka shirts, undershirts, and tucked their trousers into their boots. This thoughtless imitation of the external forms of antiquity gave birth to the fashion for the “Russian style” in clothing.

Officers and bureaucracy. The problem of material support became the most important one for officers in the first half of the 19th century. Officer salaries generally grew, but at a slower rate than for food and services.

At the beginning of the 19th century, most of the officers owned land and other property. His salary was therefore not his only source of income. By the middle of the century the situation had changed. Elements of social protection appeared: pensions, provision for fallen officers, etc.

The officers satisfied cultural needs without incurring additional expenses. The officers' meeting occupied the most important place in his daily life. Here the officers spent most of their free time, got to know each other, and celebrated holidays. The regiment commander regularly gave balls and dinner parties. On other days, officers stationed in a town or city were invited to balls at the local noble assembly.

Camping life, service in conditions unsuitable for normal life, in remote areas, frequent moving from city to city were not conducive to starting a family. Having decided to get married, the officer most often retired “due to domestic circumstances.”

The financial situation of the bureaucrats was even more difficult.

The Institute of Clerical Servants was the initial stage of the official service, through which the bulk of future officials had to pass. At the same time, the length of stay in it was determined by origin and education.

Entry into service in a civil department was determined by three conditions: class origin, age, and level of knowledge.

By “right of origin” the following were allowed to enter the civil service: children of hereditary and personal nobles, children of priests and deacons of both Orthodox and Uniate faiths, as well as children of Protestant pastors and merchants of the first guild. In addition to these categories, children of clerks who did not have a rank were allowed to enter the service, as well as children of court servants, postmen and other lower postal servants, foremen and apprentices of factories and factories.

The situation of people on salaries was aggravated by the continuous fall in the exchange rate of banknotes: less and less paper money in silver was given for the ruble. The working day of a clerical employee exceeded ten or more hours. The work was usually purely mechanical. They had to rewrite papers in the mornings and evenings by candlelight, on which the authorities mercilessly skimped. Loss of vision was a common illness for most employees. Malnutrition, stuffy offices, fear of superiors led to tuberculosis (consumption) and nervous diseases.

The bureaucrats tried in their own way to make up for the lack of funds, robbing petitioners, extorting bribes, committing forgery and other crimes. The entertainment of the overwhelming majority of officials was very unpretentious.

At the beginning of the 19th century, civil service among the nobles was not considered honorable. Thus, the author of a book dedicated to the centenary of the state chancellery wrote about this: “In the concepts of that time, the civil service did not enjoy much sympathy at all, the nicknames “prikazny”, “ink soul”, “nettle seed”, etc., were in common use since the times of Sumarokov and Fonvizin, clearly evidenced a disdainful attitude towards people, who, however, were entrusted with important state affairs. For a nobleman, joining the ranks of officials was considered inappropriate, and this view was sometimes supported by instructions from senior government officials.”

Merchants. Merchants were slower than other segments of the urban population to embrace innovations in everyday life, partly due to the traditional hostility of the “aristocracy of blood.”

The bulk of the merchants still observed the traditional way of life and methods of doing business. In the houses, strict subordination was maintained, similar to the requirements of Domostroy. In order to increase and preserve capital, merchants preferred to personally control the progress of affairs, not trusting assistants and clerks too much. They sat in their barns and shops for 8-10 hours a day. An ordinary merchant family lived on a common household, purchasing material for clothing “in pieces,” for everyone. For a long time, the cash register of an enterprise or establishment was also general, and at the end of the year the total amount of cash was withdrawn. In his private life, the merchant gravitated towards peace and comfort, surrounding himself not so much with European novelties, but with durable and conveniently crafted items of traditional everyday life.

The picture of the life of the privileged classes of Russia clearly reflects both the changes that have occurred and the inconsistency and slowness of these changes. The everyday demands and living conditions of the nobility, officers, bureaucrats, and merchants gradually became closer. But the borders, erected and artificially maintained, remained inviolable.

Peasantry and workers. Contemporary about changes in the peasant environment in the 40s. wrote this: “... rural huts are being made cleaner and tidier, peasants are no longer keeping pets in their living quarters.” These observations relate primarily to the houses of wealthy peasants. There were significant differences in clothing: the rich peasants exchanged bast shoes for boots, an army coat and rough trousers for a caftan, and corduroy pants, a felted hat for a cap.

The peasants ate mainly vegetables grown in their own gardens. In the first half of the 19th century, a peasant consumed three pounds of bread a day. Potatoes had not yet become one of the most important crops; only 1.5% of the sown area was allocated to it. Not many of the peasants could enjoy pies, jellies or noodles. Kalach was considered a delicacy, gingerbread was considered a real gift.

Under the influence of the townspeople among the villagers he received in the first half of the 19th century. widespread tea drinking. In cities at this time, tea drinking developed in various forms: drinking tea in taverns, homemade treats for guests, and, finally, a favorite family meal, without which they did not start the day or go to bed. The tea drinking procedure itself developed in Russia according to the Western European, and not according to the Eastern model. They drank tea from samovars and cups at an ordinary dinner table, mostly black, not green, without various kinds of additives so characteristic of eastern peoples. Coffee is also gaining popularity in some places.

Widespread consumption of potatoes has become a new phenomenon in the everyday life of Russians. By the middle of the 19th century. it has taken a prominent place among other everyday foods.

The development of otkhodnichestvo influenced the life of the village. The otkhodniks, albeit in a distorted form at times, introduced their fellow villagers to urban customs and way of life. Rural youth were especially quick to pick up on innovations. Interest in dancing increased; On holidays, simple carousels were installed in villages and booths were erected for puppet shows.

The lifestyle of the factory people of Russia was just taking shape. It was a homeless, camp life, unsettled, creepy. The workers were subject to strict instructions from their bosses, who tried to regulate not only their working hours, but also their daily lives. The workers lived in multi-story barracks, in small rooms on the sides of a through corridor.

The workers' table was poor; porridge and bread helped out. The mortality rate was twice the national average. The literate were as rare among them as among the peasants; of all the entertainments, only the tavern and the tavern were available to them. There was no factory labor legislation. The manufacturer and local authorities were all-powerful in dealing with the working people.

In the last third of the 19th century. The costume of factory workers is also formed. For men - dark blouses, surrounded by a belt or sash, vests, jackets, trousers tucked into boots. For women, pairs: a sundress and a jacket made of the same fabric, a head scarf, a shoulder scarf, and an apron. Festive clothing followed generally accepted fashion, but without bustles or drapes on the skirt.

Chintz and other factory-made cotton fabrics were used for everyday clothing, and inexpensive silk, half-silk and half-woolen fabrics were used for festive clothing.

European-style utensils, in particular porcelain and earthenware, are increasingly penetrating the everyday life of the ordinary population of towns and villages. Wooden spoons in cities are being largely replaced by metal ones, and in everyday life there were spoons of different sizes and purposes: tea spoons, dessert spoons, table spoons. Special table knives and forks appeared. True, the fork even in the middle of the 19th century. was not a very familiar and somewhat aristocratic subject. All noted innovations were a consequence of the socio-economic and cultural processes that took place during the period under review.

Life in cities. Noticeable changes took place in the first half of the 19th century. in the everyday life of the Russian population, especially city dwellers. City streets quickly began to be lined with large stone houses. According to F.F. Vigel, in the center of St. Petersburg, “philistine three- and four-story houses on all the streets grew by leaps and bounds.” The vast Zaryadye area in the central part of Moscow, which burned to the ground in 1812, was quickly built up with two- and three-story stone houses. The formerly wooden merchant Zamoskvorechye began to be dressed in stone. By the middle of the 19th century. There were stone residential buildings in most cities. A new type of housing is becoming widespread (mainly in large cities) - an apartment building, which usually included many similar apartments in several rooms with separate entrances; they were rented out. The number of individual outbuildings in cities is decreasing: stables, sheds, bathhouses, drying sheds, etc., which was associated with the development of trade, transport, and urban management.

City streets became busier. The nature of folk festivals and mass entertainment changed. Crowded celebrations in gardens and parks, squares and boulevards became more frequent. In Moscow, for example, in the 20s. XIX century Neskuchny Garden and Petrovsky Park became popular vacation spots. In Neskuchny Garden, in the “air theatre”, the predecessor of the later “green theatres”, performances were staged. Petrovsky Park was famous for its “voxal”, where concerts were given. Noisy Easter festivities brought together representatives of different classes in a vast wasteland, where Novinsky Boulevard was later laid out. The residents of St. Petersburg also loved the noisy “gulbischas”. Here they were usually held on Sennaya Square, on Tsaritsyn Meadow or in Yekateringof. The festive crowd amazed observers with the pomp and diversity of their outfits. This diversity “was generated in particular by the mixture of traditional and new clothes.

LITERATURE

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