40 000
250-400

Archaeological culture Language Religion

Finno-Ugrian peoples (finno-ugry) - the linguistic community of peoples speaking the Finno-Ugric languages ​​living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Classification and numbers

Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric.

The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 14 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about 1 million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 637 thousand Udmurts, 614 thousand Mari.

Finno-Perm group

Baltic-Finnish subgroup

• Finns (Suomi) - 6,000,000: 4,800,000 - in Finland, 300,000 - in Sweden, 300,000 people - in the USA, 50 people - in Kazakhstan.
  • Ingermanlanders - 32 231: 20 300 - in Russia, 10 639 - in Estonia.
  • Quens - 10,000 - 60,000 - in Norway.
• Estonians - 1,050,000: 920,000 - in Estonia (), 39,763 - in Finland (), 28,113 - in Russia (2002), 25,509 - in Sweden (), 25,000 - in the USA ().
  • Võru - 74,000 in Estonia.
  • Setu - 10,000: 10,000 - in Estonia, 214 - in Russia (2010).
• Karelians - 120,000: 93,344 - in Russia (2002), 20,000 - in Finland.
• Vepsians - 8,240 people in Russia (2002).
• Izhors - 700 people: 327 people - in Russia (2002).
• Livy - 250-400 people (in Latvia).
• Vod - 100 people: 73 - in Russia (2002).

Sami subgroup

• Sami - 30,000-70,000: 40,000 - in Norway, 20,000 - in Sweden, 6,500 - in Finland, 1.8 thousand people - in Russia (2010).

Volga-Finnish subgroup

• Mordva - 744 237 in Russia (2010)
  • Mokshan - 49 624 in Russia (2002)
  • Erzyans - 84,407 in Russia (2002)
• Mari - 547 605 in Russia (2010)

Perm subgroup

• Udmurts - 636,906 in Russia (2002).
  • Besermyans - 3,122 in Russia (2002).
• Komi-Zyryans - 293 406 in Russia (2002).
  • Komi-Izhemtsy - 15 607 in Russia (2002).
• Komi-Perm - 125,235 in Russia (2002).
  • Komi-Yazvinians - 5,000 in Russia.

Ugric group

Danube subgroup

• Hungarians - 14,500,000: 9,416,015 - in Hungary (), 1,563,081 - in the USA (), 1,433,073 - in Romania (), 520,528 - in Slovakia (), 315,510 - in Canada (), 293 299 - in Serbia (), 156 600 - in Ukraine ().
  • Yasi (medieval Alanian people assimilated by Hungarians)

Ob subgroup

• Khanty - 28,678 people in Russia (2002).
• Mansi - 11,432 people in Russia (2002).

Classification of state-territorial entities

Modern independent Finno-Ugric states

Modern Finno-Ugric national autonomies

Romania Russia

Archeology

• Cherkaskul culture - the culture of the Bronze Age in the south of the Urals and Western Siberia

• Mezhovskaya culture - the culture of the Bronze Age in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia

• Ananyin culture - the culture of the Iron Age in the Middle Volga region

• Pianoborskaya culture - the culture of the Iron Age in the Volga and Ural regions

• Bakhmutinskaya culture and Kama region

• Dyakovskaya culture - the culture of the Iron Age in Central Russia

• Gorodets culture - the culture of the Iron Age in southern Russia and the Volga region

• Karayakupov culture - the culture of the Iron Age in the Southern Urals

• Kushnarenkovskaya culture - the culture of the Iron Age in the South Urals

• Mazuninskaya culture - the culture of the Iron Age in the Kama region and on the lower reaches of the Belaya River

• Sargat culture - the culture of the Iron Age in Western Siberia

History

Linguistic analysis shows the presence of direct contacts between the population of the Indo-Iranian group and the population of the Finno-Ugric language group. VN Chernetsov point to the presence of many Iranian features in the language, folklore and rituals of the later Ugric population of Western Siberia (Khanty and Mansi).

Genetics

According to the latest genetic data, the tribes that spread the haplogroup N migrated from southern Siberia.

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Notes (edit)

Literature

• Bongard-Levin G.M., Grantovsky E.A. From Scythia to India. M., 2000.
• Bernshtam T.A. Christianization in the ethnocultural processes of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the European North and the Volga region (comparative generalization) // Modern Finno-Ugric Studies. Experience and problems. Collection of scientific works of the State. Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. - L., 1990 .-- S. 133-140.
• Worldview of the Finno-Ugric peoples. M., 1990.
• V.V. Napolskikh Introduction to Historical Uralistics. Izhevsk: UdmIIYaL, 1997.
• Peoples of the Volga and Ural regions. Komi Zyryans. Komi-Perm. Mari. Mordva. Udmurts. M., 2000.
• Ryabinin E.A. Finno-Ugric tribes in Ancient Rus. SPb. : Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 1997.
• E. A. Khelimsky Comparative studies, uralistics: Lectures and articles. M .: Languages ​​of Russian culture, 2000.
• Fedyanovich T.L. Family customs and rituals of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region. M., 1997.

Links

Finno-Ugric tribes and peoples Volzhsky Perm Baltic Sami Severnofinskie 3 Ugrians

An excerpt characterizing the Finno-Ugric peoples

Chernyshev was sitting with a book of a French novel at the window of the first room. This room was probably formerly a hall; there was still an organ in it, on which some carpets were piled, and in one corner stood the folding bed of Bennigsen's adjutant. This adjutant was here. He, evidently tormented by a feast or business, sat on a rolled-up bed and dozed. Two doors led from the hall: one directly into the former living room, the other to the right into the study. From the first door, voices were heard speaking in German and occasionally in French. There, in the former drawing-room, at the request of the sovereign, were gathered not a council of war (the sovereign loved uncertainty), but some persons whose opinion about the impending difficulties he wished to know. It was not a council of war, but like a council of the elect to clarify certain issues for the sovereign personally. To this half-council were invited: Swedish General Armfeld, Adjutant General Wolzogen, Wintzingerode, whom Napoleon called a fugitive French subject, Michaud, Toll, not a military man at all - Count Stein and, finally, Pful himself, who, as Prince Andrew heard, was la cheville ouvriere [the basis] of the whole matter. Prince Andrey had the opportunity to examine him well, since Pful arrived shortly after him and walked into the drawing-room, stopping for a minute to talk to Chernyshev.
At first glance, Pfuel, in his Russian general's badly sewn uniform, which was sitting on it awkwardly, as if dressed, seemed to Prince Andrey familiar, although he had never seen it. It included Weyrother, Mack, and Schmidt, and many other German theoreticians of generals whom Prince Andrew managed to see in 1805; but he was more typical of all of them. Prince Andrew had never seen such a German theoretician, who united in himself everything that was in those Germans.
Pful was short, very thin, but broad-boned, of a rough, healthy build, with a wide pelvis and bony shoulder blades. His face was very wrinkled, with deeply inserted eyes. His hair in the front at the temples, obviously, was hastily smoothed out with a brush, and naively protruded from the back with tassels. He, restlessly and angrily looking around, entered the room, as if he was afraid of everything in the big room where he entered. Holding his sword with an awkward movement, he turned to Chernyshev, asking in German where the sovereign was. He evidently wanted to go through the rooms as soon as possible, finish the bows and greetings and sit down to work in front of the map, where he felt at home. He hastily nodded his head at the words of Chernyshev and smiled ironically, listening to his words that the sovereign was examining the fortifications that he, Pful himself, had laid according to his theory. He's something bassist and cool, as self-confident Germans say, grumbled to himself: Dummkopf ... or: zu Grunde die ganze Geschichte ... or: s "wird was gescheites d" raus werden ... [nonsense ... to hell with the whole thing ... (German) ] Prince Andrey did not hear and wanted to go through, but Chernyshev introduced Prince Andrey to Pful, noting that Prince Andrey had come from Turkey, where the war had ended so happily. Pful slightly glanced not so much at Prince Andrew as through him, and said laughing: "Da muss ein schoner taktischcr Krieg gewesen sein." ["That must have been the right tactical war." (German)] - And, laughing contemptuously, went into the room, from which voices were heard.
Apparently, Pful, already always ready for ironic irritation, was especially excited today that they dared to inspect his camp without him and judge him. From this short meeting with Pful, Prince Andrew, thanks to his Austerlitz memoirs, compiled a clear description of this man. Pful was one of those hopelessly, unchanging, before the martyrdom of self-confident people that only Germans are, and precisely because only Germans are self-confident on the basis of an abstract idea - science, that is, an imaginary knowledge of perfect truth. The Frenchman is self-confident because he reveres himself personally, both in mind and in body, irresistibly charming for both men and women. The Englishman is self-confident on the grounds that he is a citizen of the most prosperous state in the world, and therefore, as an Englishman, he always knows what he needs to do, and knows that everything he does as an Englishman is undoubtedly good. The Italian is self-confident because he is agitated and easily forgets himself and others. The Russian is self-confident precisely because he does not know anything and does not want to know, because he does not believe that one could fully know anything. The German is the most self-confident of all, and the hardest of all, and the most disgusting of all, because he imagines that he knows the truth, a science that he himself invented, but which for him is absolute truth. Such, obviously, was Pful. He had a science - the theory of the oblique movement, deduced by him from the history of the wars of Frederick the Great, and everything that he encountered in the modern history of the wars of Frederick the Great, and everything that he encountered in modern military history, seemed to him to be nonsense, barbarism, an ugly clash. in which so many mistakes were made on both sides that these wars could not be called wars: they did not fit the theory and could not serve as the subject of science.
In 1806, Pful was one of the drafters of the plan for the war that ended with Jena and Auerstet; but in the outcome of this war he did not see the slightest proof of the incorrectness of his theory. On the contrary, the deviations from his theory, in his opinion, were the only reason for all the failure, and he said with his characteristic joyful irony: “Ich sagte ja, daji die ganze Geschichte zum Teufel gehen wird”. [After all, I said that the whole thing would go to hell (German)] Pful was one of those theoreticians who love their theory so much that they forget the goal of theory - its application to practice; in love with theory, he hated all practice and did not want to know it. He even rejoiced at the failure, because the failure that resulted from deviating from theory in practice proved to him only the validity of his theory.
He said a few words with Prince Andrey and Chernyshev about a real war with the expression of a man who knows ahead of time that everything will be bad and that he is not even dissatisfied with it. The unkempt tassels of hair sticking out at the back of the head and hastily slicked down temples especially eloquently confirmed this.
He went into another room, and from there the bass and grumbling sounds of his voice were immediately heard.

Before Prince Andrey had time to see Pful with his eyes, Count Bennigsen hurriedly entered the room and, nodding his head to Bolkonsky, without stopping, walked into the office, giving some orders to his adjutant. The emperor followed him, and Bennigsen hurried forward to prepare something and have time to meet the emperor. Chernyshev and Prince Andrey went out onto the porch. The Emperor dismounted from his horse with a tired look. The Marquis Paulucci said something to the Emperor. The Emperor, bowing his head to the left, listened with an air of displeasure to Paulucci, who spoke with particular fervor. The Emperor moved forward, apparently wanting to end the conversation, but the flushed, agitated Italian, forgetting propriety, followed him, continuing to speak:
- Quant a celui qui a conseille ce camp, le camp de Drissa, [As for the one who advised the Drissa camp,] - Pauluchi said, while the sovereign, entering the steps and noticing Prince Andrew, peered into an unfamiliar face ...

,), Mordov-skaya (Mord-va - er-zya and mok-sha), Mary-skaya (ma-ri-tsy), Perm-skaya (ud-mur-you, ko-mi, ko -mi-per-me-ki), Ugrian (ug-ry - Hungarians, khan-you and man-si). Number approx. 24 million people (2016, estimate).

Pra-ro-di-na F.-u., in-vi-di-mo-mu, na-ho-di-las in the zone of forests Zap. Si-bi-ri, Ura-la and Pre-du-ra-lya (from the Middle Ob to the Lower Ka-we) in the 4th - mid. 3rd millennium BC NS. Their ancient-she-shi-mi for-nya-tia-mi were hunt, speech-fish-bo-fishing-st-in and co-bi-ra-tel-st-in. According to lin-gvis-ti, F.-u. Do you have a connection with sa-mo-di-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi and tun-gu-so-man-chzhur-ski-mi na-ro-da-mi, in the south as min-ni-mum from the beginning. 3rd thousand - from in-to-Iran. na-ro-da-mi (ariya-mi), na-pa-de - with pa-leo-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi (from their languages, there were sub-strata traces in the Western Finno-Ugric languages), from the 2nd floor. 3rd thousand - with na-ro-da-mi, close-ki-mi to the ancestors of the ger-man-ts, bal-tov and slavyan (pre-st-vi-te-la-mi cord-ro-voy ke-ra-mi-ki culture-tur-no-is-to-ric-che-no-sti). From the 1st floor. 2nd thousand in ho-de con-tak-tov with arias in the south and from the center-ev-rop. in-do-ev-ro-pei-tsa-mi on za-pas de F.-u. zn-ko-myat-sya with sko-to-water-st-vom and then with the earth-le-de-li-em. In the 2nd - 1st thousand, the pro-is-ho-di-lo races-pro-propagation of the Fin-no-Ugric languages ​​to the west - to the North-East. Pri-bal-tee-ki, North. and Center. Scan-di-na-wii (see. Set-cha-toi ke-ra-mi-ki kul-tu-ra , Anan-in-skaya culture) and you-de-le-nie pri-bal-tii-sko-finnish languages and sa-am languages... From the 2nd floor. 1st millennium BC NS. in C-bi-ri and from the 2nd floor. 1st millennium AD NS. in Vol-go-Ural-lee na-chi-na-yut-sya con-tak-you with the Turk-ka-mi. To the ancient letters. opo-mi-na-ni-yam F.-u. from-no-sit Fenni in "Ger-mania" Ta-tsi-ta (98 AD). From the end. Of the 1st thousand on the development of a number of Fin-Ugric peoples of the eye-for-lo super-strong influence of their inclusion in composition of the middle-century. go-su-darstv ( Bul-ga-riya Volzh-kam-kamskaya, Ancient Russia, Sweden). According to the data of the Middle-century. letter. from-to-no-kov and to-by-mi-mi, F.-u. back in the beginning. 2nd millennium AD NS. composition-la-li osn. on-se-le-nie se-ve-ra forest and tun-d-ro-voy zone East. Ev-ro-py and Scan-di-na-vii, but it was after that in the sign-cheat. me-re as-si-mi-li-ro-va-ny ger-man-tsa-mi, sla-vya-na-mi mu-ro-ma, me-shche-ra, za-voloch-sky, etc.) and tur-ka-mi.

For the spiritual culture F.-u. were-whether ha-rak-ter-us cults of du-hov-ho-zya-ev pri-ro-dy. Possibly, the representations of the highest non-devil god-st-ve have been made. A question about the presence of ele-men-tov sha-ma-niz-ma dis-kus-sio-nen. From the beginning. 2nd thousand na-chi-na-is-sya ob-ration F.-u. Euro-ro-py in christi-an-st-vo (Hungarians in 1001, ka-re-ly and Finns in the 12-14 centuries, some at the end of the 14th century) and times -type of writing-men-no-sti in Fin-no-Ugric languages. At the same time, a number of Fin-no-Ugric groups (especially ben-no among-di-ma-ri-tsev and ud-mur-tov of Bash-ki-rii and Ta-tar-stan) up to the 21st century. so-keeps-nya-ets its communal religion, although it is subject to Christ's influence. Pri-nya-ty is-la-ma F.-u. in Po-Vol-zhye and Si-bi-ri by-st-ro pri-vo-di-lo to their as-si-mi-la-tsi-ta-ra-mi, in-this-mu- sulm. community among-di F.-u. Hardly ever.

In the 19th century. for-mi-ru-em-Xia me-w-do-nar. Fin-no-Ugric movement, in which-rum pro-yav-la-sy-you pan-fin-no-ug-riz-ma.

Lit .: Os-but-you of the Fin-no-Ugric language-knowledge: In-pro-s of pro-is-ho-f-de-nia and development of fin-no -Ugrian languages. M., 1974; Hai-du P. Ural languages-ki and na-ro-dy. M., 1985; Na-pol-skikh V.V. Introduction to the is-to-ri-che-ura-li-sti-ku. Izhevsk, 1997.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Finno-Ugrian peoples (finno-ugry) - the linguistic community of peoples speaking the Finno-Ugric languages ​​living in Western Siberia, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.

Abundance and area
Total: 25,000,000 people 9 416 000 4 849 000 3 146 000—3 712 000 1 888 000 1 433 000 930 000 520 500 345 500 315 500 293 300 156 600 40 000 250—400
Archaeological culture	Ananyinskaya culture, Dyakovskaya culture, Sargat culture, Cherkaskul culture
Language	Finno-Ugric languages
Religion	Culture of the Leningrad region... Encyclopedia FINNO-UGORSKY PEOPLES, ethnic communities speaking the lang. the Finno-Ugric group, the edges are (along with the Samoyed and Yukagir groups) a part of the Ural (Ural-Yukagir) language family. Ugh. n. ist. live on the territory. RF, Finland (Finns, Sami), Latvia (Livs), Estonia (Estonians), Hungary (Hungarians), Norway (Sami), Sweden (Sami). According to linguists, the Proto-Uralic linguistic community is recorded in the Mesolithic era (IX-VI millennium BC). According to anthropological data, F.-u. n. formed on the territory located between the areas of the Caucasian and Mongoloid races. Subsequently resettlement in dec. geogr. zones of the North-East. Europe and West. Siberia, contacts with foreign ethnic neighbors (carriers of Indo-European, Türkic) led to significant differences in the anthropological type, x-ve, culture, and languages ​​of F.-u. n. All R. III millennium BC NS. there was a separation of the Ugric branch (ancestors of the Khanty, Mansi, Hungarians). In the 1st millennium BC. NS. stand out branches: Volga (ancestors of the Mordovians, Mari), Perm (ancestors of the Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permians, Udmurts), Baltic-Fin. (ancestors of the Vepsians, Vods, Izhora, Ingermanland Finns, Karelians, Livs, Setos, Finns, Estonians). The Sami constituted a special branch. To Europe. Russia with F.-u. n. link archeol. culture: Dyakovskaya (second half of the 1st millennium BC - the first half of the 1st millennium AD, basin of the Upper Volga, Oka, Valdai Upland), Gorodets (VII century BC - V century AD, middle and lower course of the Oka, Middle Volga region, basin of Moksha, Tsna rivers), Ananyinskaya (VIII-III centuries BC, basin of Kama, partly Middle Volga , Vyatka, Belaya), Pyanoborskaya (II century BC - V century AD, Kama basin). On the territory. Linen. region ist. there are peoples speaking Baltic-Fin. lang. (Vepsians, Vod, Izhora, Ingrian Finns, Karelians, Finns, Estonians). They belong to the White Sea-Baltic type (race) of the Caucasian race. See also: Veps, Vod, Izhora (Izhora), Ingermanland Finns, Karelians, Estonians. NOTES HUNGARIAN(self-named - Magyars), nation, DOS. population of the Hungarian People's Republic. They also live in Romania, Yugoslavia and other states. Population - approx. 10 million hours, including St. 9 million in Hungary (1949). Language - the Ugric branch of the Finno-Ugric group of languages. MANSY(Manxi; former name. Voguls), nationality. They live in the Khanty-Mansiysk nat. env. Tyumen region RSFSR. The number is St. 6 tons (1927). Language - Ugric group of Finno-Ugric languages. M. - hunters and fishermen, united in collective farms. The nat is growing. culture M., created cadres nat. intelligentsia. MARIANS(m and; former name - cheremisy), people, DOS. population of the Mari ASSR. In addition, they live in the Kirov, Gorky and Sverdlovsk regions. RSFSR, in the Tatar, Bashkir and Udmurt ASSR. Population - 481 tons (1939). Language - Mari of the Volga group of Finno-Ugric languages. MORDVA, people, DOS. population of the Mordovian ASSR. They also live in the republics and regions of the Volga region (Tatar ASSR, Gorky, Penza, Saratov regions of the RSFSR, etc.). The number is approx. 1.5 million hours (1939). Mordovian languages ​​belong to the Volga group of the Finno-Ugric family and are subdivided into Moksha and Erzyan languages. The Soviet government created all the necessary conditions for the formation of the Mordovian nation. SAAMI(Lapps, Lop, Lapps), nationality. They live in the USSR (about 1700 people, 1926) in the center, southeast. and app. parts of the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Norway, Sweden and Finland (about 33 tons). Language - Finnish group of Finno-Ugric languages. Main occupations - reindeer husbandry and fishing, secondary - sea fishing, hunting. In the USSR, S. are united into collective farms; moved to a sedentary lifestyle. UDMURTS(formerly called Votyaks), a people that developed into a socialist nation under Soviet rule. Make up the majority of the population of the Udmurt ASSR; a small number of U. live in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The total number is 606 tons (1939). Language - Permian group of Finno-Ugric languages. Main classes: work in the village. x-ve (gl. arr. agriculture), in the industry, at logging. HUNTS(the old name is the Ostyaks), a nationality, together with the Mansi make up the main. the population of the Khanty-Mansiysk nat. district of the Tyumen region; language - of the Finno-Ugric group. Main occupations: fishing, hunting, in some places reindeer husbandry and logging. Livestock and especially agriculture began to develop under Soviet rule.

4 849 000
3 146 000—3 712 000
1 888 000
1 433 000
930 000
520 500
345 500
315 500
293 300
156 600
40 000
250—400

Finno- ugric peoples -

After slavic and Turkic, this group of peoples is the third largest among of all peoples Of Russia ... Out of 25 million Finno-Ugric planets more than 3 million live now on territory Of Russia. We have them represented by 16 peoples, five of which have their own national-state, and two - national-territorial formations. The rest are dispersed throughout the country.

According to the 1989 census, in Of Russia there were 3,184,317 representatives Finno-Ugric peoples. Of these, the number of Mordovians was 1,072,939 people, Udmurts - 714,833, Mari- 643698, Komi - 336309, Komi - Perm - 147269, Karelians - 124921, Khanty - 22283, Vepsians - 12142, mansi- 8279, Izhorians - 449. In addition, 46390 Estonians, 47102 Finns, 1835 Sami, 5742 Hungarians, other representatives of small numbers lived here Finno-Ugric peoples and ethnic groups such as Setos, Livs, vod and etc.

significant portion Finno-Ugric lives in "titular" subjects Federation : republics Karelia, Komi, Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurt Republic, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Khanty Mansiysk autonomous region. There are diasporas in the Vologda, Kirovskaya , Leningrad , Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, Pskov, Samara, Saratov , Sverdlovsk, Tverskoy, Tomsk , Ulyanovsk regions, as well as in the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions, republics Bashkortostan , Tatarstan , Chuvashia .

Russian finno ugric peoples apart from the Permian Komi, they have one thing in common: living in a nationally mixed environment, where they constitute a minority. For their ethnocultural, linguistic and social development is also important factors such as the compactness of settlement and the proportion in the national-administrative formations.

Subjects of the Federation in which finno ugric peoples, federal organs authorities, pay a lot of attention to the development of cultures and languages ​​of these peoples. Laws have been developed and adopted on culture, in a number of republics - about languages ​​(the Komi republics, Mari El), in other republics, language bills are in preparation. Regional programs for the national and cultural development of peoples have been prepared and are operating, in which a significant place is occupied by specific measures on issues of national culture, education, languages.

The history of the Finno-Ugric peoples and languages ​​goes back many millennia. The formation process of the modern Finnish, Ugric and Samoyed peoples was very complicated. The real name of the Finno-Ugric or Finno-Ugric family of languages ​​was replaced by the Uralic, since it was discovered and proven belonging to this family of Samoyed languages.

The Uralic language family is divided into the Ugric branch, which includes the Hungarian, Khanty and Mansi languages ​​(the latter two are united under the general name “Ob-Ugric languages”), into the Finno-Permian branch, which unites the Perm languages ​​(Komi, Komi- Permian and Udmurt), the Volga languages ​​(Mari and Mordovian), the Baltic-Finnish language group (Karelian, Finnish, Estonian, as well as the languages ​​of Veps, Vodi, Izhora, Livs), Sami and Samoyedic languages, within which the northern branch (Nganasan , Nenets, Enets languages) and the southern branch (Selkup).

The number of peoples speaking the Uralic languages ​​is about 23 - 24 million people. The Uralic peoples occupy a vast territory that stretches from Scandinavia to the Taimyr Peninsula, with the exception of the Hungarians, who, by the will of fate, found themselves aloof from other Uralic peoples - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

Most of the Uralic peoples live in Russia, with the exception of the Hungarians, Finns and Estonians. The most numerous are Hungarians (over 15 million). The Finns are the second largest nation (about 5 million people). There are about a million Estonians. On the territory of Russia (according to the 2002 census) live Mordovians (843,350 people), Udmurts (636,906 people), Mari (604,298 people), Komi-Zyryans (293,406 people), Perm Komi (125,235 people), Karelians (93344 people) , Vepsians (8240 people), Khanty (28678 people), Mansi (11,432 people), Izhora (327 people), Vod (73 people), as well as Finns, Hungarians, Estonians, Sami. Currently, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Karelians have their own national-state formations, which are republics within the Russian Federation.

Komi-Permians live on the territory of the Komi-Permyak District of the Perm Territory, the Khanty and Mansi - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District-Yugra of the Tyumen Region. Vepsians live in Karelia, in the north-east of the Leningrad region and in the north-western part of the Vologda region, the Sami - in the Murmansk region, in the city of St. Petersburg, the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia, Izhora - in the Leningrad region, the city of St. Petersburg, the Republic of Karelia ... Vod - in the Leningrad region, in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia

Finno-Ugric peoples

Documents of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament:

The situation of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. Report. Committee for Culture, Science and Education. Speaker: Katrin Saks, Estonia, Socialist Group (Doc. 11087, 26 October 2006):

The Institute's Statement, signed by the Institute for Human Rights Institute employee, linguist, Professor Mart Rannut, says that the diversity of nationalities and cultures is a world wealth, and therefore it is necessary to stop the forced assimilation of the Finno-Ugric language-speaking national minorities carried out by officials and the educational and administrative system of Russia.

"Until now, the participation of Finno-Ugric peoples in public life is limited to folk art, the state funding of which is made according to not entirely clear criteria, which allows Russian officials to do everything on their own, without taking into account the needs of the national minorities themselves," the institute said.

The Institute draws attention to the fact that in 2009 the opportunity to take the state exam in the Finno-Ugric languages ​​was eliminated; in addition, minorities do not have the opportunity to take part in decision-making concerning themselves; there is also no legislative basis for the study of languages ​​of national minorities and their use in public life.

“Very rarely local place names are used in the Finno-Ugric territories, in addition, the conditions for the development and vitality of the linguistic environment of national minorities have not been created in the cities. The share of television and radio broadcasts in the languages ​​of national minorities is decreasing, which leads to a forced change of language in many areas of life.

The Russian Federation has so far consistently prevented national minorities from using alphabets other than the Cyrillic alphabet, although this is one of the fundamental rights of national minorities, ”the statement says.

The Institute emphasizes that over the past ten years, the Finno-Ugric population of Russia has decreased by almost a third. Discrimination of national minorities and their languages ​​continues, interethnic strife and intolerance are incited.

“The aforementioned direct violations of human rights have been documented by many international human rights organizations, including in the report of the Council of Europe,” the statement says.

The Institute for Human Rights calls on the Russian Federation to respect the rights of national minorities, including the rights of the Finno-Ugric peoples, and to comply with its obligations under international treaties in this area.

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I told you 3 fantastic stories, and this is not science fiction, but fantasy (from the English. fantasy- "fantasy"), science fiction[eng. science fiction< science - наука, fiction>- fiction; fiction, fantasy]... None of the aforementioned countries not only brought their troops into the territory of the Russian Federation, but did not even plan to do so, although they have exactly the same reasons for this, as Russia has for the introduction of troops into the territory of sovereign Ukraine.

I would like to ask questions to the Russian-speaking readers of "7x7 Komi", who, like myself, do not belong to the indigenous nationality of our Republic for a long time, but many have lived in it all their lives: How many of us know the Komi language? Do we want to know the language of the people on whose land we live, their customs and culture? Why? Why in any of the national republics of the Russian Federation, knowledge of the Russian language is mandatory for all residents of this republic, including the indigenous population, and knowledge of the language of the indigenous population is not mandatory for non-indigenous people? Isn't this a manifestation of Russian imperial thinking? Why does any "guest worker" who comes to any place in the Russian Federation try to master the Russian (but not the local) language? Why does the Russian-speaking population of Crimea, which has been a part of Ukraine for 60 years, consider the duty to know its state language a violation of their rights, and the population of Western Ukraine after its entry into the USSR (recall that this "entry" took place when the USSR was an ally of Hitler's Germany) was obliged learn and know Russian? Why does any Russian who has moved to any country in the non-post-Soviet space for permanent residence consider it natural to master the language of this country in the first place, but does not think so while living in the former Soviet republics? Why does Russia still consider them, including Ukraine, its fiefdom, which can dictate its terms from a position of strength?

RUSSIA IS FOR RUSSIANS

SPLIT.

1. Title

The Finno-Ugric were the autochthonous population of the interfluve of the Oka and the Volga, their tribes were Estonian, all, Merya, Mordovians, Cheremis were part of the Gothic kingdom of Germanarich in the IV century. The chronicler Nestor in the Ipatiev Chronicle indicates about twenty tribes of the Ural group (ugrofiniv): chud, livs, waters, holes (Ӕm), all (also Sѣvero ѿ them on Bѣlѣ ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt Vѣs), Karelians, Yugra, caves, Samoyeds, ), cheremis, casting, zimѣgola, kors, nerom, Mordovians, merya (and to Rostov ѡzerѣ Merѧ and to Kleshchinѣ and ѡzerѣ sѣdѧt mѣrѧ same), muroma (and Ѡtsѣ rѣtsѣ where flow into the Volga ӕzyk zyk veshchera of Murom.) and Muscovites all local tribes named Chud from the native Chud, and accompanied this name with irony, explaining it through the Moscow weird, weird, weird. Now these peoples have been completely assimilated by the Russians, they have disappeared from the ethnic map of modern Russia forever, adding to the number of Russians and leaving only a wide range of their ethnic geographical names.

These are all the names of rivers with ending-va: Moscow, Protva, Kosva, Silva, Sosva, Izva, etc. The Kama River has about 20 tributaries, the names of which end na-va, in Finnish means "water". The Muscovite tribes from the very beginning felt their superiority over the local Finno-Ugric peoples. However, Finno-Ugric place names are found not only where these peoples now constitute a significant part of the population, form autonomous republics and national districts. The area of ​​their distribution is much larger, for example, Moscow.

According to archaeological data, the area of ​​settlement of the Chud tribes in Eastern Europe remained unchanged for 2 thousand years. Starting from the 9th century, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the European part of present-day Russia were gradually assimilated by Slavic colonists who came from Kievan Rus. This process formed the basis for the formation of modern Russian nation.

The Finno-Ugric tribes belong to the Ural-Altai group and a thousand years ago they were close to the Pechenegs, Polovtsians and Khazars, but were at a much lower level of social development than the rest, in fact, the ancestors of the Russians were the same Pechenegs, only forest ones. At that time, these were the primitive and most culturally backward tribes of Europe. Not only in the distant past, but even at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia, they were cannibals. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) called them androphages (eaters of people), and Nestor the chronicler, already during the period of the Russian state, called them the Samoyeds. (Of course) .

The Finno-Ugric tribes of the primitive collective hunting culture were the ancestors of the Russians. Scientists argue that the Muscovite people received the greatest admixture of the Mongoloid race through the assimilation of the Finno-Ugric who came to Europe from Asia and partially absorbed the Caucasian admixture even before the arrival of the Slavs. A mixture of Finno-Ugric, Mongolian and Tatar ethnic components led to the ethnogenesis of Russians, which was formed with the participation of the Slavic tribes of the Radimichi and Vyatichi. Due to ethnic mixing with the Ugrofinams, and later with the Tatars and partly with the Mongols, the Russians have an anthropological type that differs from the Kiev-Russian (Ukrainian). The Ukrainian diaspora jokes about this: "The eye is narrow, the nose to the plunge is completely Russian." Under the influence of the Finno-Ugric language environment, the formation of the phonetic system of Russians (akanya, gekanya, ticking) took place. Today, "Ural" features are inherent to one degree or another in all the peoples of Russia: average height, broad face, nose called "snub-nosed", thin beard. The Mari and Udmurts often have eyes with the so-called Mongol fold - epicanthus, they have very wide cheekbones, a thin beard. But at the same time, blonde and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians and Karelians. Komi are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with growing up, they are dark-haired and braced, others are more like Scandinavians, but with a slightly wider face.

According to the research of the Merianist Orest Tkachenko, "In the Russian people, on the maternal side associated with the Slavic ancestral home, the father was a Finn. On the paternal side, the Russians descended from the Finno-Ugrians." It should be noted that according to modern studies of the halotype of the Y chromosome, in fact, the situation was the opposite - Slavic men married women of the local Finno-Ugric population. According to Mikhail Pokrovsky, Russians are an ethnic mixture, in which the Finns own 4/5, and the Slavs -1/5. Remnants of the Finno-Ugric culture in the Russian culture can be traced in such features that are not found among other Slavic peoples: female kokoshnik and sarafan , men's shirt-shirt, bast shoes (bast shoes) in a national costume, dumplings in dishes, the style of folk architecture (tent buildings, porch), Russian bath, a sacred animal - a bear, a 5-tone scale of singing, a-touch and vowel reduction, paired words like track stitches, arms and legs, alive and well, so and so, turnover I have(instead of I am, typical for other Slavs) the fabulous beginning of "lived-was", the absence of a rusal cycle, carols, the cult of Perun, the presence of a cult of birch, not oak.

Not everyone knows that there is nothing Slavic in the surnames of Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyashev, and they come from the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Vedeno Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. So a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Slavs, and some, having adopted Islam, mixed with the Turks. Therefore, today the Ugrofins do not constitute the majority of the population, even in the republics to which they gave their name. But, dissolving into the mass of Russians (rus. Russians), The Ugrofins retained their anthropological type, which is now perceived as typically Russian (Rus. Russian ) .

According to the overwhelming majority of historians, the Finnish tribes had an extremely peaceful and meek disposition. This is how the Muscovites themselves explain the peaceful nature of colonization, stating that there were no military clashes, because written sources do not remember anything like that. However, as noted by the same V.O.Klyuchevsky, "some vague memories of the struggle that flared up in some places have survived in the legends of Great Russia."

3. Toponymy

Place names of Merian-erzyan origin in Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vologda, Tver, Vladimir, Moscow regions account for 70-80% (Vexa, Voxenga, Yelenga, Kovonga, Koloksa, Kukoboy, leht, Meleksa, Nadoksa, Nero (Inero), Nux, Nuksh, Palenga, Peleng, Pelenda, Peksoma, Puzhbol, Pulokhta, Sara, Seleksha, Sonokhta, Tolgobol, otherwise, Sheksheboy, Shekhroma, Shileksha, Shoksha, Shopsha, Yahrenga, Yakhrobol(Yaroslavl region, 70-80%), Andoba, Vandoga, Vokhma, Vokhtoga, Voroksa, Lynger, Mezenda, Meremsha, Monza, Nerekhta (flickering), Neya, Notelga, Onga, Pechegda, Picherga, Poksha, Pong, Simonga, Sudolga, Toekhta, Urma, Shunga,(Kostroma region, 90-100%), Vazopol, Vichuga, Kineshma, Kistega, Kokhma, Ksty, Landekh, Nodoga, Paksh, Palekh, Parsha, Pokshenga, Reshma, Sarohta, Ukhtoma, Ukhtokhma, Shacha, Shizhegda, Shileksa, Shuya, Yukhma and others. (Ivanovo region), Vokhtoga, Selma, Senga, Solokhta, Sot, Tolshmy, Shuya and others. (Vologda region), "" Valdai, Koy, Koksha, Koivushka, Lama, Maksatiha, Palenga, Palenka, Raida, Seliger, Siksha, Syshko, Talalga, Udomlya, Urdoma, Shomushka, Shosha, Yakhroma etc. (Tver region), Arsemaks, Velga, Voyinga, Vorsha, Ineksha, Kirzhach, Klyazma, Koloksha, Mstera, Moloksha, Motra, Nerl, Peksha, Pichegino, Soima, Sudogda, Suzdal, Tumonga, Undol etc. (Vladimir region), Vereya, Vorya, Volgusha, Lama,

Finno-Ugric peoples are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. In Russia alone, there are 17 peoples of Finno-Ugric origin. Finnish "Kalevala" inspired Tolkien, and Izhora tales - Alexander Pushkin.

Who are the Finno-Ugric peoples?

Finno-Ugric peoples are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. It includes 24 peoples, 17 of which live in Russia. Sami, Ingrian Finns and Setos live both in Russia and abroad.
Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric. Their total number today is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, about 19 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about a million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 647 thousand Udmurts and 604 thousand Mari.

Where do Finno-Ugrians live in Russia?

Considering the current labor migration, we can say that everywhere, however, the most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics in Russia. These are peoples such as the Mordovians, Udmurts, Karelians and Mari. There are also autonomous regions of Khanty, Mansi and Nenets.

The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, where the Perm Komi were in the majority, was united with the Perm Region into the Perm Territory. The Finno-Ugric Vepsians in Karelia have their own national volost. Ingermanland Finns, Izhora and Selkups do not have an autonomous territory.

Is Moscow a Finno-Ugric name?

According to one of the hypotheses, the oikonyms Moscow is of Finno-Ugric origin. From the Komi language “mosk”, “moska” is translated into Russian as “cow, heifer”, and “va” is translated as “water”, “river”. Moscow in this case is translated as "cow river". The popularity of this hypothesis was brought about by its support by Klyuchevsky.

Russian historian of the XIX-XX centuries Stefan Kuznetsov also believed that the word "Moscow" is of Finno-Ugric origin, but assumed that it comes from the Meryan words "mask" (bear) and "ava" (mother, female). According to this version, the word "Moscow" is translated as "bear".
Today, however, these versions are refuted, since they do not take into account the most ancient form of the oikonym "Moskv". Stefan Kuznetsov used the data of the Erzya and Mari languages, in the Mari language the word "mask" appeared only in the XIV-XV centuries.

Such different Finno-Ugric peoples

The Finno-Ugric peoples are far from homogeneous either linguistically or anthropologically. By language, they are divided into several subgroups. The Perm-Finnish subgroup includes the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. The Volga-Finnish group is the Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and the Mari. The Baltic-Finns include: Finns, Ingerman Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, Vods, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and the descendants of Mary. Also, the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Muroma most likely belong to the Volga Finns.

The peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. The rest of these traits are either equally, or the Caucasian component dominates.

What haplogroups are talking about

Genetic studies show that every second Russian Y-chromosome belongs to the R1a haplogroup. It is characteristic of all Baltic and Slavic peoples (except for the southern Slavs and northern Russians).

However, among the inhabitants of the North of Russia, haplogroup N3, characteristic of the Finnish group of peoples, is clearly represented. In the very north of Russia, its percentage reaches 35 (the Finns have an average of 40 percent), but the further south, the lower this percentage. The related N3 haplogroup N2 is also widespread in Western Siberia. This suggests that in the Russian North there was no mixing of peoples, but the transition of the local Finno-Ugric population to the Russian language and Orthodox culture.

What fairy tales have been read to us

The famous Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin's nanny, is known to have had a strong influence on the poet. It is noteworthy that she was of Finno-Ugric origin. She was born in the village of Lampovo in Ingermanlandia.
This explains a lot in the understanding of Pushkin's tales. We know them from childhood and believe that they are primordially Russian, but their analysis suggests that the storylines of some of Pushkin's tales go back to Finno-Ugric folklore. So, for example, "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" is based on the tale "Wonderful Children" from the Vepsian tradition (Vepsians are a small Finno-Ugric people).

The first great work of Pushkin, the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". One of its main characters is the old man Finn, a wizard and sorcerer. Name, as they say, speaking. Philologist Tatiana Tikhmeneva, compiler of the book "The Finnish Album" also noted that the connection of the Finns with a witchcraft and clairvoyance was recognized by all peoples. By the Finns themselves, the ability to magic was recognized above strength and courage and was revered as wisdom. It is no coincidence that the main character of "Kalevala" Väinemeinen is not a warrior, but a prophet and poet.

Naina, another character in the poem, also bears traces of Finno-Ugric influence. In Finnish, woman is "nainen".
Another interesting fact. Pushkin in a letter to Delvig in 1828 wrote: "By the new year, I will probably return to you in Chukhlandia." That is how Pushkin called Petersburg, obviously recognizing the primacy of the Finno-Ugric peoples on this land.