History of the Moscow Region: from the Moscow Principality to the province. Ten of the oldest cities near Moscow

Assumption Cathedral of Trinity Sergius Lavra

History Moscow region It is inseparable from the history of the formation of the Russian state, and then the Russian Empire. The territory of the modern area was settled in Slavic tribes at the end of the I millennium of AD, but some historical data allow us to assume an earlier period. The first mention of Moscow belongs to 1147, and from the end of the XIII century. It becomes the center of a separate principality. During the reign of Dmitry Donskoy, Moscow occupies a primary role in Russian lands.

In 1708, by Decree Peter I, the province was established, called Moscow. Then, in the course of the consolidation of the objects of administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR, at first this region was determined as a centrally industrial, and 03.06.1929 it was renamed the Moscow region.

According to the law "On the administrative-territorial device of the Moscow region" there are 36 districts, 31 city of regional subordination, as well as 5 closed administrative and territorial entities.

The Moscow region received its name from the name of the city of Moscow. However, the capital of Russia has a separate status and is an independent subject of the Russian Federation and is not part of the region of the same name. Public authorities are located on the territory of the capital and the region.

To date, there are 77 cities in the Moscow region, in 19 of which population exceeds 100,000 people.

According to the census of the population in 2002, the following results were obtained on the national composition of the region (data are given in a percentage of the total population).

Russians accounted for 91%, Ukrainians - 2.23%, Tatars - 0.8%, Belarusians - 0.64%, Armenians - 0.6%, Jews - 0.15%, and 2.6% - persons who are not Indicated their nationality.

Kolomna district, Moscow region. Boblev Monastery

In the Moscow region there are many Scientific Centers for Defense Profile: Zhukovsky (aircraft), Reutov (Rocket Engineering), Klimovsk (Rowing Arms Development), Korolev (Space Technology). And also there are centers of fundamental sciences - Chernogolovka and Troitsk (chemistry and physics), Protvino and Dubna (nuclear physics). The city of Pushchino is the most important center that is engaged in biological research. Here are the centers of flight management of military satellites (Krasnoznamensk) and spacecraft (queens).

A centuries-old history, left a huge number of different attractions that cannot be visited in one visit. There are 22 vintage unique cities in the region, with their history, architectural buildings and cultural heritage. Sergiev Posad, Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod, Dmitrov and Serpukhov are considered the most popular among tourists.

Mastering Land Masters

The territory of the modern Moscow region is located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain in the Basins of the Volga rivers, Oka, Klyazma and Moscow River - according to archeology, it was populated by a man 20 thousand years ago. The primitive society lived here hunting, collecting and fishing.

The ancient and most important archaeological monument of the era of the Upper Paleolithic (early Stone Age) on the territory of the Moscow region is Zaraway Parking, located in the center of Zaraysk. It refers to the Kostenkovo-Avdeevsky archaeological culture dating from 22-19 thousand BC. e. The culture left a lot of richly ornamented bone products, among other things, famous anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures - "Kostenkovsky Venus". Parking of Neolithic (late Stone Century) found in the village of Fishermen Dmitrovsky District, Sele Zhabki Yegoryevsky District, Village Belivo Orekhovo-Zuevsky District, village of Nikolskoye Ruz district and other places.

In the III-I millennium BC. e. The described region comes the era of bronze. The man learned to make workers from copper alloys with other non-ferrous metals. This period is represented here by the Fatyan culture of the Volzhsky-Oksky interfluid, migrating from the southeastern steppes in the middle of the II millennium BC. e.

The Iron Age came to shift bronze at the end of the II - early I millennium BC. e. People made iron from marsh ore, whose field is often found in the suburbs. The archaeological monument of the early Iron Age was found in Domodedovo, so on. Sherbinsk city fortune is located on the right bank of the Pahra River. In I thousand n. e. The territory of the Moscow Region inhabited mainly Finno-Ugric peoples of Meshchera and Meriana. And the Slavic tribes of Vyatichi and Krivichi penetrated here since the IV century.

History of the Moscow region in the I millennium AD. rich and diverse. A monument of the federal value of the Lukovnya is found on the territory of Patolsk in the umbrella of the Pahra River. There were settlements from the V century to N. e. by the XVII century n. e. Not far from Domodedov, on the left bank of the Pahra River, the Starosjianovskoye settlement of the VI-XV centuries is located. The cultural layer of the settlement contains ceramics of the Dyakovsky culture - the ancestors of the tribes Mary and Weigh. It is worth noting the mounded necropolis of venical XII-XIII centuries. Near the estate "Gorki Leninsky"; Monument of the archeology of the federal value Akatovskaya Kurgan Group of the XII-XIII centuries. near Balashikha associated with the population of the Pekhork Valley; Curvich's population disappeared by the city of the XI-XII centuries of Island, who was standing on the same river in the territory of the modern Mozhaisk district.

The period of the formation and development of statehood

The history of the formation of the state in Russia is inextricably linked with the lands of the modern Moscow region. So, from the middle of the XIII century, they were part of the great Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. In 1236, the Grand Duke Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich allocated the Moscow Principality in Son Vladimir's lot. The center of the principality was the city of Moscow formed by Yuri Dolgorukin allegedly in 1147.

During the period of fragmentation, rivalry with neighboring principles occurs against the background of resistance to the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In 1238, Northeast Russia was broken by the invasion of Khan Batya, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly subjected to a plunder. Later, Kolomna, Mozhaysk, Serpukhov, Zaraysk and other cities of the current Moscow region became cities-fasteners in the fight against Horde, Lithuania and the Crimean Tatars. In addition to cities, near Moscow Monasteries - Iosifo-Voloqsky near Volokolamsk, Savvino-Storozhevsky in Zvenigorod and Trinity-Sergiev, played a significant defensive role.

It was Moscow from the specific principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land that was at the head of the fight against the Mongol-Tatar Igi and the Center for the Union of Russian Land and received the greatest development. At the beginning of the XIV century, the Moscow Principality expanded, Kolomna, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Mozhaisk, entered the staff. In Dmitry Donskoy, in 1376, the principality approved its influence in the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. And in 1380, the troops of the already united Russian lands led by the Moscow Prince advocated the army of Maymia, who came to Russia. The Kulikovsky battle ended with the defeat of the Horde, which became a turning point in the invasion of Mongol-Tatars.

The pronounced internecine war in the principality in the second quarter of the XV century ended with the victory of the Grand Duke Vasily Dark. Then the territory of the Moscow principality was 430 thousand square kilometers with a population of 3 million people.

In the XV-XVI centuries under Ivan III and Vasili III on the lands of Russia, with the exception of the Polish Lithuanian and King, the Russian State, including Yaroslavl, Rostov, Tver Principles and the Novgorod and Pskov Republic, were formed. At this time, agriculture continues to develop on the Moscow lands, especially three-poly crop rotation. The value of feudal, landlord land in land increased, the reservoir economy was developed. Unnemedial classes also undergo positive changes, trading flourishes. Moscow Region Cities are known since the crafts, for example, Serpukhov - leather production and metalworking, Kolomna - brick production.

The events of the troubled time, the first and second folk militia also unfolded on the territory of the modern Moscow region. It is worth noting the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery for the troops of Falsmitria II, which lasted 16 months - from September 1608 to January 1610. At that time, the monastery was already an influential religious center and a powerful military fortress from 12 towers.

Another famous abode, originating in the XVII century: Novojerusalem Monastery - based on the territory of the current Istra in 1656 by Patriarch Nikon. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe monastery was to recreate the Palestine Saints Saints. In the XIX and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the monastery became a popular pilgrimage center. In 1920, a museum was created in the monastery. In 1991, he was named "Historical and Architectural and Art Museum" New Jerusalem ". Today the museum is one of the largest in the Moscow region. The stock assembly includes archaeological, historical, ethnographic and artistic collections and has more than 180 thousand storage units.

During the empire

The new period in the history of the Moscow region comes under Peter I Alekseevich. Decree of the Tsar All Russia in 1708, all Russia is divided into eight provinces, including Moscow. In addition to Moscow region, the province included the territories of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tula, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Kostroma regions, only 50 counties. Since 1719, Moscow Province is divided into nine provinces. The land of the suburbs entered the Moscow province managed by the governor. The head of the rest of the provinces stood governors.

The first Moscow governor was appointed in 1708 by Boyarin Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev, a relative of the royal family, the teacher of Peter I. In his hands, an administrative, police and military authorities focused. In 1711, Streshnev became a senator, and the vice-governor V. S. Ershov was appointed by the User Governor. The following governors became MG. Romodanovsky and K. A. Naryshkin. After the Moscow province was headed by Sanovniki as a Governor General. Among them are S.A. Saltykov, who played a prominent role in the top of Anna Ioannovna, Z.G. Chernyshev, Hero of Smolensk War, Vicer of Belarus.

In the XVIII century, with the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the economic significance of the Moscow region decreased. Now the light industry came to the fore in the economy. In the cities of the Moscow region, manufactory develops, and later the factory. Silk and cotton production work, finishing, spinning factories are erected. Handicrafts are also gaining great importance, for example, Ceramics Gzheli. Schelkovo's village and Zuyevo become centers of fishing. Waterways, among them the Oka River, contributed to the development of trade, significant trade turnover had the ports of Serpukhov and Kolomna.

In order to establish the exact boundaries of land tenurements in the Moscow province in 1766, the general survey was launched; The first general plans appeared near the towns of Moscow region in the second half of the XVIII century. In Catherine II, the country was divided into 50 provinces and governments and one area. In 1781, Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma vicarity were allocated from the former territory of the Moscow province, and the remaining territory, a little less than modern Moscow region, was divided into 15 counties: Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky, Veresky, Voskresensky, Volokolamsky, Dmitrovsky, Zvenigorodsky, Kolomensky, Klin, Mozhaisky, Moscow, Nikitsky, Podolsky, Ruzsky and Serpukhovsky. Subsequently, Nikitsky and Voskresensky counties were abolished. Therefore, in the XIX and at the beginning of the 20th century, the Moscow province had only 13 counties. Kashirsky County is formed in the territory of the Tula province, Zaraysh and Yegoryevsky - as part of Ryazan, they later entered the limits of today's Moscow region.

Before the reform of 1775, there were only ten cities in the suburbs. Later on the Vladimir road from the village of Rogodhov, the city of Bogorodsk, the city became the village of Bronnitsy. Two more cities appeared on the polar river: Podolsk (earlier the village of Podol), and Nikitsk (previously village Kolychevo). In addition to them, a large village Voskresensky near the Novojerusalem Monastery became the city of Voskresensky.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad and Orekhovo-Zuyevo became important centers. From the first half of the XIX century, a large porcelain-faience production was formed in Gzheli on the basis of local ceramic fishery; In the 1830s, another porcelain factory opened in the Moscow province - in Dulely.

On the Moscow region, the Earth occurred the most important events of the Patriotic War of 1812. It is enough just to remember the Borodino field under Mozhaisk, where on September 7, one of the largest battles of that war took place.

A strong economic rise in the Moscow province survived in the second half of the XIX century, especially after the peasant reform of 1861. The formation of the railway network is occurring, in 1850-1860, it was already possible to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Sergiev Posad, Ryazan, Kursk and Next. And before the First World War, the 11th beam of the Moscow node "Lyubertsy - Arzamas" was completed. Accordingly, the presence or absence of railways near the settlements affected their economic development.

Although in the second half of the XIX century, mechanical engineering develops a textile industry in the leading industry of the province. At this time, a large Kolomna Machine-Building Plant and Carriage Plant in Mytishchi opened. Then the Klimovskoye Factory of Weaving Machines, the production of agricultural machinery in Lyubertsy. In the same period, gardery, suburban gardening, dairy animal husbandry rose. The population of the Moscow region grew, if in 1847 1.13 million people lived in the province, then in 1905 there are already 2.65 million

From that time in the Moscow region, many estates associated with the names of writers, artists, scientists and statesmen are preserved. Among the most famous - Abramtsevo in Sergiev-Posad district, Murano in Pushkinsky district, Ostafiavo in Podolsky district, Arkhangelsk in Krasnogorsk. Today estates turned into museums and reserves. So the manor of Melikhovo near the city of Chekhov was turned into a literary and memorial Museum-Writer Reserve. And the wedge founded a house-museum of composer P. I. Tchaikovsky. Manor Zakharovo and Large Vyazami in the Odintsovo district are included in the historical and literary Museum-Reserve named after A.S. Pushkin.

Under Soviet power

The economic lifting of the province was facilitated by the transfer of the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow in 1918. Over time, the enterprises of the heavy industry appear. Electric power industry develops, in the 1920s, Kashirskaya GRES and a large plant "Elektrostal" took place.

In the 1920s and 1930s, administrative conversion of the region occur. In 1929, the Moscow province was abolished, instead of it was formed by the Central Industrial Region with the Center in Moscow, the Moscow, Tverskaya, Tula and Ryazan province entered the region, after a few months the region was renamed Moscow. She shared for ten districts: industrial - Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Kolomensky, Kimrsky, Serpukhov, Tula, Tver; Agricultural - Ryazan, Bezhetsky and Kaluga. In 1931, Moscow received the status of an independent administrative and economic unit. In 1935, 26 districts from Moscow were transferred to the newly formed Kalinin region. In 1937, 77 districts of the Tula and Ryazan regions were allocated from the Moscow region. Many settlements assigned urban status, the category of urban-type settlements was introduced. New cities, for example, Krasnogorsk, Fryazino, Elektrostal, Dolgoprudny formed near industrial enterprises.

In the 1931 year, there were 143 districts, consisting of 6,238 village councils, 67 cities, including seven separate administrative and economic units (Moscow, Tula, Tver, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Serpukhov, Bobikov, Zvenigorod), 60 workers settlements and 37.1 thousand rural settlements. The population of the region was 11,359,300 people.

This decade has changed the sectoral structure of the economy of the region. Heavy industry - mechanical engineering - got the greatest development. The chemical industry acquires, for example, a large plant for the production of mineral fertilizers and a giant cement plant is built in Voskresensk. In the East, the area was carried out peat mining. In the 1930s, with an increase in air transportation volumes, construction and equipment began on new airports in Bykov, Tushina (then as part of the Moscow region) and grandchildren.

The time of the Great Patriotic War left a large mark in the history of the Moscow region, in 1941-1942 the battle of Moscow took place - one of the most significant battles of that war. Then industrial enterprises were evacuated to the East. Tens of thousands of residents went to the militia. In October and November 1941, the army of the invaders entered Mozhaisk. Fights were accompanied by large losses on both sides. Solnechnogorsk, Wedge, Istra, Volokolamsk and other cities of the Moscow region were liberated in December.

Administrative changes occurred in the military period. In 1944, Borovsky, Hydnynichsky, Maloyaroslavetsky and the Labor districts were transferred to Kaluga region from Moscow. The Petushinsky district was departed to the Vladimir region. And the areas translated in 1942 regions returned to Ryazan and Tula regions. In 1960, a number of territories of the Moscow region went to Moscow.

Post-war recovery has passed into the development of new industries. Sciences are based in Dubna, Pushchina, Trinity, Chernogolovka. Now at the head of the industry chemistry, mechanical engineering, accurate instrument making and electric power industry. The population of the Moscow region is growing. Livestock complexes and poultry farms are built to provide its food products. In 1969, Moscow in 1969 was organized one of the largest greenhouse factory in the country. The corresponding level of development has also reached a transport system: gas pipelines and high-voltage power lines, electrification of main railway areas, Moscow Ring Road. The rapid development of the air transport demanded an increase in the capacity of the Moscow aircraft: in 1959, Sheremetyevo Airport was opened, and in 1964 - Domodedovo. In the 1980s, the Sector of the Sector of Services in Moscow is becoming a significant component of the regional economy. As a result, pendulum migration from the region to the capital appears.

the Russian Federation

The crisis of the 1990s mostly affected the manufacturing industry of industry, science. The state of the food industry, the construction industry and mechanical engineering has positively assessed. By 1997, only 32% of industrial production from the 1990 level was preserved in the Moscow region.

Since 1997, the growth of the regional economy has been suspended by the 1998 default, but then it became sustainable, and after the industry of the region and the entire economy as a whole develop accelerated pace. The volume of industrial production of the Moscow region in 2004 amounted to only 77% of the 1990 level (on average in Russia - 71%). But by 2005, the process of reinductrialization of the Moscow region allowed to restore the pre-crisis indicators, and by 2007 the region surpassed them by a third.

A new stage of recovery of the economy fell on the first half of the 2000s. The number of unemployed significantly decreased. The level of common unemployment decreased from 7.9% in 2000 to 2% in 2007. According to this indicator, the region rose to second place in the Central Federal District after Moscow (0.8%, respectively).

Development received investment projects in the field of high technology. The realization of them occurred in Dubna, Krasnoznamensk, Khotkov. Fryazin is based on a scientific and production cluster "Photonics". For the period from 2001 to 2010, the Moscow region became one of the most attractive regions of Russia and retains these positions to the present. At this time, there is an intensive construction of residential buildings in the towns nearest to Moscow. Currently, the area ranks first in Russia in the entry of housing. In parallel with high pace there is a relocation of residents from dilapidated and emergency housing.

As a result of administrative transformations in the 2000s, Moscow, Golitsyno, Kubinka and others formed from the townships of urban type and villages. In 2012, part of the territory of the Moscow region, among them, the Three-Titzk, Moscow and Shcherbinka cities were transferred to Moscow, as a result of which the territory of the region decreased by 144 thousand hectares, and the population was 230 thousand people.

Over the past three years, 122 new enterprises have been built, more than 200 thousand new jobs have been created. The volume of investments also increased and amounts to 59 billion rubles. Of the current 28 industrial parks 12 was created in 2015. At the same time, two special economic zones (SEZ) were created in the region: industrial-production type "Stupino", where five companies invested 5.5 billion rubles at once and created 550 new jobs, as well as the technical and innovative type "source" in the urban district Fryazino. Here, ten companies implement their projects with a total investment of at least 48.5 billion rubles.

Moscow region during the time of Kievan Rus

Already in the middle of the XI century, signs of crushing for independent principalities and land began to be discovered in ancient Russia. New and new principalities appeared. The significant feudal states of this period were Rostov-Suzdal, Galico-Volynskoye, Town-Pin Principality, Novgorod and Pskov Feudal Republic.
The influx of the population contributed to the rise of the Rostov-Suzdal Earth. Local princes began a stubborn struggle for mastering the great reign. Prince, new cities, Dmitrov, Kostroma, and others were founded by Yuri Dolgorukkoye, and Dmitry and Vse. Andrei Bogolyubsk and Vsevoloda, a large nest occurred by new feudal centers, the crushing of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, inside which the principles of Pereyaslav, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, appeared in the XIII century Tver, Moscow, etc.
Another information gives Karamzin: on the command of Khan Mengu-Timur, the Moscow graveyard is forcibly populated in the forests in the forests with a raggy Mordovo-Finnish people and notable tatars.
The first specific prince in Moscow was the son of Alexander Nevsky Daniel Alexandrovich, who received a label in 1277. From the 1330s of Moscow Princes, with rare exceptions - holders of the Khan cereal label. With the further expansion of the land of the Moscow Princes and the centralization of the authorities by the end of the 15th century, became the center of the United Russian Kingdom.

Moscow region in the XIII-XV centuries.

In 1247, the Moscow Princess went to the CN. Mikhail Yaroslavich Khorb. From 1267 in Moscow, Daniel was rejected, the son of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. At the beginning of the XIV century. The Moscow Principality has significantly expanded due to the accession of Kolomna (1301), Pereslavl-Zalessky (1302), Mozhaisk (1303). Relying on growing material forces, Moscow princes led a stubborn struggle for political primacy in Russian lands. Prince Yuri Danilovich, based on the support of Novgorod the Great, as well as using the Golden Town Khanov, in 1318 he became the Grand Duke Vladimir, but from 1325 the Grand Diction was transferred to the Tver Prince. Ivan Danilovich Kalita acquired great trust of Khan and in 1328 became the Grand Duke Vladimir. The skillful policy of Ivan Kalita provided the Moscow Principality a long-lasting respite from Mongolian invasions, which contributed to the rise of its farm and culture. Heir to Kalita Grand Prince Semyon Ivanovich Proud (1340 - 1353) called himself "Grand Duke of All Russia." In the 1360s, after the struggle against the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Prince, the Grand Diction was established for Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1359 - 89). Moscow has become the center of collecting forces against the Mongol-Tatar conquerors; Moscow troops beat off the attacks of Mongol-Tatars in the Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan Principles, and in 1380 Dmitry Ivanovich headed the communal forces who moved towards the troops of Mamia. The victory in the Kulikov Battle of 1380 secured the leading position of the Great Moskovsky Principality in Russian lands. Dmitry Ivanovich handed over the first time for the first time to his son Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425) as his "perception", without the sanction of the Goldenopa Han. The territory of the Grand District of Moscow at the end of the XIV - early XV century. It was consistently expanded, in 1392 Nizhny Novgorod was annexed, the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the possession of the Novgorod Faudal Republic was significantly increased. Inside the Grand District of Moscow, in the 1st half of the XIV century. The lots were formed, but in the hands of the senior heir, the advantage of the material forces in relation to other Moscow princes was always focused. A long war in the Grand Duch of Moscow, which happened in the 2nd quarter of the XV century, ended with the victory of the Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark (1425 - 1462). By this time, the territory of the Grand District of Moscow was 430 thousand square meters. km with a population of about 3 million people. In the 2nd half of the XV century. The Great Principality of Moscow has become the main core of the folded Russian centralized state. Attaching the territory of the Novgorod Republic (1478), the Grand Duchy of Tver (1485), and other land, Moscow princes became the great princes of "All Russia."

Moscow region during Peter I

On December 29, 1708, Peter I issued a decree on which all Russia was divided into eight provinces (Moscow, Ingermanland (Petersburg), Smolensk, Kiev, Arkhangelogo, Kazan, Azov and Siberian). So for the first time the Moscow province was created. It turned out to be very extensive. Along with the actual suburban lands of the provincial, the territory of modern Vladimir, Ivanovo Ryazan, Tula, almost all Yaroslavl, partly Kaluga and Kostroma regions, only about 50 counties. It was difficult to manage such a territory, so according to the following reform of 1719, an intermediate territorial unit was introduced - the province. As part of the Moscow province turned nine provinces. Moscow region launched in the Moscow province. The rest of the provinces were beyond the modern Moscow region. The Moscow Province, as the central in his province, was under the control of the governor. The rest of the provinces were managed by the governor. The governor carried out an administrative, police and military power on the territory entrusted to him. The first Moscow governor was appointed in 1708 by the boyar Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev. The relative of the royal family, he was an educator ("uncle") Peter I, invariably entered his closest environment. In 1711, the so-called. Streshnev became a senator, and Vice-Governor Vasily Semenovich Ershov, who came from the courtyards of the princes of Cherkasy, was appointed by the "ruler of the Moscow province. Then the governors were MG. Romodanovsky, K.A. Naryshkin. In the following years, the Moscow province was headed by the Sanovnik as a Governor General. Sometimes he was named Commander-in-Chief of Moscow. Among Moscow Governors General are the most famous S.A. Saltykov, who played a prominent role in the top of Anna Ioannovna, Z.G. Chernyshev, Hero of Smolensk War, Vicer of Belarus, S.A. Golitsyn, M.N. Volkonsky and others.

Moscow region in the XVIII-XIX centuries.

The new page in the history of the Moscow province is opened during the reign of Catherine II. In 1775, a "institution for the Office of the provincial All-Russian Empire" was published. Extensive provisions arising in the Petrovsk era were abolished. On the basis of previous provinces, about 50 new provinces with about the same population was established. The province was directly shared by the counties. Thus, the foundations of a two-bred local government system were laid, which existed until 1917. The new Moscow province in accordance with this reform was established in 1781. On the territory she was somewhat less than the modern Moscow region.
Before the reform on the territory of the Moscow region there were only 10 cities. Therefore, a few more cities as new county centers should be created. For this reason, the city of Bogorodsk appeared on the Vladimir Road (the former village of Rogodh). The city became the palace village of Bronnitsy. To the south of Moscow on the Pakhra River there were 2 more cities: Podolsk - on the site of the former sat down, and Nikitsk, converted from the village of Kolychev. At the same time, the large village of Voskresenskoye near the Novojerusalem Monastery became the city of Voskresensky.
The Moscow province, according to Ekaterina II reform, consisted of 15 counties: Moscow, Zvenigorodsky, Ruza, Mozhaisk, Voskolovsky, Volokolamsky, Klinsky, Dmitrovsky, Bogorodsky, Bronnitsky, Kolomensky, Nikitsky, Podolsky, Serpukhovsky, Varea. Subsequently, Nikitsky and Voskresensky counties were abolished. And therefore, in the XIX and at the beginning of the 20th century, the Moscow province had only 13 counties. At the same time, a Kashirsky County was formed on the territory of the neighboring Tula province, and as part of the Ryazan - Zaraysh and Yegoryevsky, which became later at the limits of the modern Moscow region.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries, the light industry (especially Textile) was developed in the Moscow province; Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Orekhovo-Zuyevo became important centers. In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the territory of the province, which connects Moscow and St. Petersburg; In 1862, a movement on the line to Nizhny Novgorod was opened.

Moscow region during civil war

In the fight against foreign invaders and White Guards, the Moscow province occupied one of the first places. The Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Moscow Council paid a lot of strengthening of the Soviet authorities, the fight against sabotage, the establishment of urban economy.
The summer of 1918 was heavy for the Soviet country. The fiery ring of fronts washing the Soviet republic.
In the difficult days of the intervention of German imperialists in Moscow, shelves were hastily formed, battalions and immediately went to the front. By February 24, 1918, about 60 thousand people were recorded in the Governoral of the Red Army. The Moscow Union of Working Youth "III International" called on the youth of the city and provinces to create detachments to protect the revolution. Moscow youth amounted to a strong core of the revolutionary army.
The Moscow Council of Professional Unions turned to the working with the appeal: "All in the ranks of the Red Army." To prepare the commanders of the Red Army various types of accelerated courses were opened. In April 1918, a week of the Red Army was held in all counties of the Moscow province. In May 1918, a mandatory military service was introduced in the country.
On November 7, 1918, Moscow Province solemnly celebrated the first anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
One of the wonderful manifestations of genuine labor heroism, firmly included in the life of Soviet people, was born in Moscow Governors in 1919. These are communist Saturdays. Destroy - the result of the imperialist war - heavily undermined the national economy. Poor worked railway transport. In the locomotive and carriage depot hundreds were "patients" the locomotives and cars in which the country was very needed. Lacked workers hands for their repair.
On April 6, 1919, the Communist Cell Station Sorting the Moscow-Kazan Railway listened to the message of the chairman of the depot of locksmith Ivan Efimovich Burakova about the current moment in connection with the approach of Kolchak to the Volga and the work of railway transport. At the suggestion of I. E. Burakova, a decision was made: April 12, on Saturday, after work, from 8 o'clock in the evening until 6 o'clock in the morning Sunday, additionally work on the repair of steam locomotives.
April 12 at 8 o'clock in the evening 15 people (of which 13 of the Communists) have begun to work. Worked continuously for 10 hours and the three steam locomotive was repaired. These locomotives were used to send military echelons to the Eastern Front. The Communist Cell Station Sorting decided to continue weekly night work from Saturday to Sunday to complete victory over Kolchak. Bolsheviks of the Moscow-Kazan Railway, having learned about this wonderful workers, decided to organize a massive subbotnik. The Communists believed that they should not spare their health and life to conquer the revolution, so they made all the work for free.
On May 10, 1919, the first mass subbotnik was held. 205 people participated in it. The work took place with a big lift. 4 locomotives, 16 wagons were repaired, unloaded and loaded 9300 pounds of various cargo. Labor productivity reached 270%.
The message about Saturdays lightning spread throughout the province. Communist cells picked up the initiative of the Communists of the Moscow-Kazan Railway. The Moscow Committee of the Party correctly appreciated the significance of the Saturdays, obliged all members of the party to take part in them and created the department of Saturdays at the Committee.
In the second half of 1919, the interventions and the White Guards moved the center of gravity of the struggle against Soviet Russia to the south. The main blow should now apply the Denikin army. Yudenich came to Petrograd. Poland moved his troops to Soviet Belarus. The enemy threw all his strength to defeat the Red Army and capture Moscow. The offensive of the Denikin army revived the forces of internal counter-revolution in Moscow. The conspiracy headed by the National Center was revealed. The head of the National Center N. N. Shchepkin was arrested at that moment when he took the Denikin Messenger. He has found records with plans for the onset of the Red Army, Denikin's report on the location of our troops and other spyware. The conspirators had at their disposal a large number of weapons and even artillery. The speech was supposed to start in Vyshnyaki, Volokolamsk and Kuntseva, then capture radio and telegraph in Moscow. The arrest of conspirators ripped the Denikina plan to rely on the armed performance of his supporters in Moscow.
In October 1919, Denikin's troops took the eagle and approached Tula. Never still approached the Moscow province so close. All the Communists were mobilized and divided into groups. The location of each group and its task (security, patrol, etc.) were accurately defined. District Councils began recording wishing to take part in the protection of the city from the White Guard performances.
Communists were sent from Moscow to the South Front. The first detachment was departed in early October. Then left the second group, the third. And so almost every day. Moscow accompanied to the front of his best sons. In October 1919, 3628 Communists were sent.
By November 7, 1919 - the second anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution - a fracture at the front was already perfect, and the Red Army drove Denikintsev south. People, meeting the holiday, celebrated the elimination of the Denikin threat.
In November 1917, the Soviet government was established in the province. As an administrative-territorial unit in the RSFSR, the Moscow region appeared on January 14, 1929 (until June 3, 1929 was the name of the Central Industrial Region) from the abolished Moscow, Ryazan, Tverskaya, Tula, part of the Vladimir and part of the Kaluga province, as part of: Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevsky , Kolomna, Serpukhov, Tula, Tver, Ryazan, Bezhetsky and Kaluga districts. The center of the region became Moscow. In September 1937, the Tula and Ryazan regions were allocated during disagreement from Moscow.

Moscow region during the Great Patriotic War

At dawn on June 22, 1941, fascist Germany, treacherously attacking the USSR, interrupted the peaceful labor of the Russian people. The Great Patriotic War began. The forces of socialism entered into a fatal battle with the forces of fascism. The entire Soviet people arose to defend the freedom and independence of their homeland.
On July 2, at the meeting of the first secretaries of Moscow district schools, it was to decide on the formation of the divisions of the national militia. On the same day, in the evening there were numerous rallies in all parts of Moscow, in which people were recorded in the division of the national militia. In the detachments walked all who could wear weapons. July 4th state
The Defense Committee adopted a special decree "On voluntary mobilization of workers in Moscow and the Moscow region in the folk militia division."
In accordance with the Decree of the USSR SCC dated July 2, 1941, "on the general mandatory preparation of the population for air defense" under the leadership of the Moscow party organization was reorganized and expanded the system of formations of local air defense. All district police station teams have now represented individual personnel battalions created in each district of Moscow and in the twelve largest cities of the region. In addition, by decision of July 9, the regiment was organized
Restoration of roads and bridges, energy recovery regiment and a separate battalion for the restoration of urban economy.
From Moscow and the Moscow region, mass evacuation began after October 10, the State Defense Committee decided to relocate from the capital to the deep rear of metallurgical plants and all major enterprises that produced military equipment, weapons and ammunition. For a month and a half was evacuated east about 500
The largest factories and plants, more than a million skilled workers, engineering and scientists, many institutions, theaters, museums. The city remained utility enterprises, workers of urban economy, transport, trade, bakery, medical institutions.
As a result of the evacuation of the factories for some time, the production of ammunition and weapons decreased dramatically, and the need for them was exceptional. It was especially necessary for the army new types of weapons: automata, reactive installations and shells to them, the newest systems of anti-tank guns.
The Moscow Council adopted the most urgent measures to restructure enterprises of the local industry and urban economy for the production of ammunition and weapons. During the time I had to abandon the repair of urban transport and the production of consumption items. But the production of machine guns, mortars, garnet, mines and shells has been established even on dish and haberdashery factories. Toy factories began to produce bottles with a combustible mixture.
On November 15-16, 1941, the onset of the German-fascist troops on Moscow strikes the 3rd and 4th tank groups, on November 18, the 2nd tank army resumed the offensive southeast Tula. The blow of a huge strength, engaged in the first days of the offensive, brought the enemy success. Soviet troops were forced to move away on a wide front to the Volga southeast of G. Kalinin (Tver) and from the turn of the Lama River of the South Sea. As a result, the enemy got the opportunity to develop success in the Klin direction. The Germans hoped to break through the defense, break out on the Volokolamsk highway and move to Moscow. The group of tank fighters of the 1077th Rifle Regiment of the 316th Division made its immortal feat of the Dubosekovo road. 28 people took on a blow of 50 enemy tanks. Their rifle-machine-gun fire attack was repulsed. Abandoned tanks abandoned in battle and a new group of automatic gunners were also stopped. Grenades, bottles with a combustible mixture and fire from anti-tank guns, brave Panfilovtsy beat 14 tanks, the rest turned back. After that, two more attempts were made to overcome this line, but it was not possible to break through the defense. This battle lasted 4 hours, the enemy lost 18tants here and dozens of soldiers. Subsequently, the street was named after the heroes of Panfilov. The Germans were also stopped in many turns near Moscow and, even considering that the advantage in guns and shells was on the side of the fascists, by the beginning of December, the offensive of the Nazis near Moscow was stopped. The enemy's hopes to seize Moscow did not come true. Exhausting and exhausting the enemy, the Soviet troops switched to counteroffensive and, defeating the Army Center, forced him to go to defense. The victory near Moscow had a huge strategic and political importance. The front was emptied to the West by 100-250 kilometers. The battle near Moscow had a great influence on the change in the situation on the other fronts of the Great Patriotic War and on the entire course of World War II.
Hundreds of thousands of patriots participated in the unfolded partisan and underground struggle in the occupied by the enemy areas. Only in the suburbs in 1941 operated 41 partisan detachment and 377 sabotage groups.

Moscow region in the postwar years

After the defeat of the fascist invaders, near Moscow, the rapid restoration of the affected areas of the Moscow region began. Great help in this was the plants and factory in Moscow. New plants are built in the area, older are reborn. Heavy industry products increase significantly. With the rapid development of the heavy industry, much attention is also paid to the growth of light industry.
The main branches of mechanical engineering in the Moscow region are transport, machine-tooling and agricultural engineering. This includes: Kolomna Plant named after V. V. Kuibyshev, producing diesel locomotive, Mytishchinsky Machine-building plant, Machine-planning plant "Komsomolets" in the city of Yegoryevsk and others.
Machine-planning plants are in Kolomna, Dmitrov. A large enterprise is a Lyuberetsky plant of agricultural machine names of Ukhtomsky. In Elektrostal, there is a heavy engineering plant that produces equipment for metallurgy and coal industry.
The enterprises of the Moscow region produces equipment for various industries: road vehicles in Dmitrov - Dmitrovsky excavator plant, equipment for the food industry in Bolshev, and others.
A textile engineering base has been created: in Podolsky district - the Klimovskoye plant of weaving machines, in textile areas - plants for the manufacture of textile equipment parts. Podolsk also has a plant for the production of sewing machines.
In the region, a high-quality steel "Elektrostal" plant was built, a powerful chemical industry was created using phosphoritis deposit in the Voskresensk-Egoryevsk area. Thus, a chemical plant producing mineral fertilizers is working in the city of Voskresensk.
Due to the huge construction in Moscow and in the field, building materials from local raw materials are of particular importance. Cement plants (Podolsky, Novo-Shchurovsky), limestone (Podolsky, Shchurovsky, Gzhelsky), refractory brick (Podolsky, Lobnensky, Kudinovsky), silicate bricks (Lyuberensky, Korenevsky, Mytishchinsky), gypsum products (Pavshinsky), Novomoskovsky plant ceramic products.
After the expulsion of the invaders from the Moscow Region, the Moscow Regional Committee of the Party and the Executive Committee of the regional council made a decision - in a short time to restore agriculture. In the difficult conditions of the post-war period, the collective farmers and employees of state farms overcame numerous difficulties.
The collective farms of Kolomna, Lukhovitsky, Ramensky and other areas that were not exposed to occupation, actively helped the victim collective farms. So, for example, Kolomna collective farms were transferred to the collective farms of the Virusky district several thousand heads of cattle, hundreds of new homes in the villages of Mozhaysky district. Moscow took the patronage of the ruined areas of the region, work factories and the factories of the capital helped to restore collective farms. The Moscow Energy Institute forces by teachers and students rebuilt the power plant in the Lotshinsky district.
Already by the end of the war, the collective farms and state farms of the Moscow region sowed almost the entire pre-war Pashny Square, and in 1948 the sowing area exceeded the pre-war level. The population of cattle and pigs increased in the region, the productivity of public animal husbandry increased. However, the achieved level of agriculture is far from consistent with the growing needs of the population.
In 1960, the collective farms occurred in our country. This has created conditions for better use of technology, more successful development of public economy.
It is also important to strengthen collective farms by senior personnel. The Moscow Committee of the Party recommended the chairmen of the collective farms of 710 specialists and practitioners from the plants and buildings of Moscow.
The September Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU 1953 and the subsequent decisions of the party and government on agricultural issues contributed to the steep rise of collective farms and state farms of the Moscow region. Only in 1954-1955 the collective farms and state farms of the region received 1892 tractors, 545 grain and 582 silage combines, a significant number of other agricultural machines.
In early 1956, on the eve of the XX Coupss Congress, agricultural workers of the Moscow region entered into a socialist competition with the Kiev region of the Ukrainian SSR, assumed high commitments to increase the production of milk, meat and vegetables. Under the leadership of party organizations, the workers of the Moscow region have achieved a significant increase in agricultural products in 1956. For the high level of production of livestock products and an increase in the sale of their state, the Moscow region was awarded in 1956 by the highest award - the Order of Lenin. At the same time, 2383 employees of agriculture of the region were awarded with orders and medals.
In response to a high award of the workers of the collective farms and state farms of the Moscow region, they had a commitment to achieve even more lifting of all branches of agriculture. One of the events for rapid increase in grain production was the development of virgin and landscale lands.
The Soviet people perceived the development of virgin and landlord lands as their native, blood business. Thousands of Soviet patriots responded to the conscription of the party and governments, who left for new places to take part in solving the most important state problem.

This kind of one of the surrounding hills can be admired for a very long time, without breaking.
Laurea is a real museum of history of Russian church architecture, here you can find most of the famous styles, and their brightest samples.

Outside the laurel there are also picturesque places, although I, confess, while I studied the neighborhood very poorly:

Second place - Kolomna, a large historic city at a distance of about 100 km. From Moscow, which is unofficially called the "capital of the Moscow region". In the 16th century, it was the main outpost against regular invasions of the Crimean Tatars, so there was built here before Ivan the Terrible, a huge brick Kremlin, only a little conceded by Moscow. During raids, tens of thousands of residents from surrounding volosts were hidden in it.
Now only a few towers and small fragments of the walls remained from the Kolomna Kremlin, but they also produce an indelible impression:


Inside the former Kremlin preserved the magnificent ensemble of the old city, which was given the status of the reserve. It is rarely seen in Russia in Russia - everything is licked, cleaned, painted, people continue to live in small old houses. But there is also the opposite effect - the feeling of some sterility, the voids and the unnaturalness of the situation. There is not enough that makes up the soul of a museified historical center in any country of the world - filled with people with thousands of cafes, restaurants, lavages, workshops, street musicians, artists, etc.
But still great, beautiful:


The other day came to Kolomna for the third time since 2005 and I hope to come back.

Third place - Dmitrov 65 km. north of Moscow. I visited this city since childhood and saw it again, he changed in the last 20 years. It seems that there is a real economic boom and right in front of the new infrastructure - shopping and sports centers, extensive residential arrays, landscaped central streets. I do not remember that somewhere else in Russia for several years was completely reconstructed the historic center, the main street was blocked and turned into a pedestrian zone, decorative trading rows were built, a lot of street sculptures were established. More precisely, the example is only one - the above-mentioned Kolomna.
The same landscaped and indentured, as in Kolomna, the historic center of Dmitrov is still very different in itself. Its core make up the high earthen shafts of the former Wooden Kremlin, inside which the impressive Assumption Cathedral of the 16th century was concluded:


Outside the shafts, the area of \u200b\u200bprivate development has been preserved, and behind it is one more attraction in the ensemble of the historic center, Borisoglebsky Monastery:


This monastery is striking with its fantastic well-kept, not to say, backed. Temples and walls are shining in white, the whole area will rise in colors and represents a monument of modern landscape-park art, there are even peacocks. In general, the visit causes a sense of complete delight and respect for Dmitrovskam.

Fourth place - Zaraysk, the city's most remote from Moscow. He is almost not mastered by tourists and impresses some reserve, a real Russian province with chickens on the streets and mass wooden buildings in the center, which is not threatened by the demolition in the coming years, despite the lather.
The main attraction is the fully preserved stone Kremlin of the 16th century correct rectangular shape:


The city gradually restore the surviving temples.
I would say that throughout the spirit Zaraysk - Antipode of the Musified Historical Center Kolomna.

Fifth place - Serpukhov.
I only had only once in 2007 and was fascinated by an atmosphere. It was the impression that this pretty big city is not located in a hundred, and a thousand kilometers from Moscow and the yard there are still the 90s. A huge contrast with Kolomna and Dmitrov, although, perhaps, my impressions in this case are very subjective.
The compact historical center in Serpukhov is not observed. Ancient Kremlin Hill stands somewhere on the knocker. There is a rather modest species of the cathedral on it and a quiet rustic life flows around it:


A very tragic story happened to the stone Serpukhov Kremlin. In the 1930s. Local authorities either in their idiotic initiative, or on demand from the center decided to disassemble the ancient walls to the foundation and the resulting stone to send to the decoration of the Moscow metro under construction.
For memory, descendants were left only a small fragment:


Well, where else in Russia today, you can see grazing horses at the Kremlin wall?

Sixth place - Podolsk. This large city is worth visiting at least in order for his outskirts in the estate of Dubrovitsy to see one of the wonders of Russia - the Znamensky Church:

In its architecture, this temple has no analogues in Russia. It was built during the reign of Peter I invited from Switzerland Masters, so the decoration corresponds to more of the Catholic tradition:

Seventh place - Zvenigorod. A small town with a tempting is 30 km away. To the west of Moscow. The main attractions are outside his modern center. On the old town of the town (town) costs one of the most ancient temples of the Moscow Earth - the White Assumption Cathedral of 1399


2 km. From Zvenigorod is the famous Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery with the Christmas Cathedral of the 15th century.

The eighth place is the town of Vereya, 95 km south-west of Moscow, the once of the capital of the independent Belief Principality.
I was conquered me with my painter if it descends from a high hill where urban life boils, and go through a pedestrian bridge, then you get to some fabulous world of the village childhood at once:


Right on the banks of the river hostess are fed by cows, on the surrounding streets - almost no soul.
View of the district from the citysrevsky Hill:


There are several fairly interesting temples in the city, including the Christmas Cathedral of the mid-16th century (very rebuilt), but still the main thing is for which it costs to come here - a picturesque landscape.

The top ten most interesting cities of the Moscow region, of course, includes Mozhaisk, 110 km west of the capital. Once it was the outpost of Moscow from the invasion from the West, the border fortress (hence the expression "drive for Mozhai"). Mozhaisky Kremlin existed since the 12th century, at the beginning of the 17th century he got stone walls, which, unfortunately, were disassembled long before the revolution.
Now the historic center, the Kremlin Hill is the most outskirts of Mozhaisk. At the entrance to the city from the West over the entire terrain, the new Nikolsky Cathedral of the early 19th century in the style of gothic romanticism is dominated:


To the left of him, the old Nikolsky Cathedral is visible, much more modest sizes.
In the city there is an interesting poezhetsky Ferapontov Monastery with the Cathedral of the time of Ivan Grozny.
Of course, in the Moscow region there are still many interesting and beautiful historical cities, I hope that over time I will tell you about them.

Finally, in the top ten I would include the city of Bogorodsk (better known under the Soviet name Noginsk), which leads its origin from the village of Rogodh from 1389:


Although this city does not shine architectural masterpieces and such a rich history as the previous ones, and did not save the most part of the old center environment, there are many interesting and picturesque corners. The efforts of local authorities for the improvement of the most attractive places, the creation of local areas, where the townspeople would have been nice to rest for recreation.

The Moscow region in 2014 celebrates the 85th anniversary. Meanwhile, many near Moscow cities are much older - they were founded in the Middle Ages, in 12-14 centuries. The most ancient cities of the region can be found in the preserved walls of the Kremlin, temples and monasteries, ancient "settlements" and earthworks. The correspondents of the portal "in the Moscow region" chose the ten most ancient cities in the Moscow region, learned what they were wonderful, and found out what Moscow city is older than Moscow.

Volokolamsk

The most ancient city of the Moscow region isVolokolamsk , or Wolf Lamb, as it was called in antiquity. In Russian chronicles, this city is mentioned back in 1135. It is believed that he is older than Moscow for 12 years. It was an important trading path from Novgorod to Moscow and Ryazan lands. Novgorod Wolf remembered the trial with a commodity from the Lama River in Volosher - from here and the name went. The oldest construction of the Volokolamsky Kremlin, preserved to the present day, is the Resurrection Blonde Cathedral, erected in the 15th century. The Kremlin himself, like most buildings of that time, was wooden, so the tower and walls were not preserved to our days.

Under Volokolamsky there is an Iosifo-Volochsky monastery, founded in the 15th century. Here, the walls with the seven tower buildings of the 17th century are preserved. The oldest part of the monastery ensemble is preserved - the Epiphany Church, built in 1504, the ruins of a unique bell tower, Petropavlovsk Church, Assumption Cathedral.

Kolomna

For the first time about Kolomna Mentioned in the annals in 1177 as the border fortress of the Ryazan and Moscow Principality, and it was founded for another a few decades earlier. This city was a traditional place of collecting Russian troops before the campaigns against Tatar-Mongol and the richest city after Moscow, and during the time of feudal wars in the middle of the 15th century - and the capital of Muscovy. No wonder for him was the struggle of the prince of fragmented Russia - Kolomna occupied a profitable commercial position between the three rivers - Moscow-River, Okoy and Kolomenka.

The monument of the Old Russian defensive architecture is partially preserved here - the Kolomna Kremlin, built in the 16th century. Today it accommodated a large museum complex. Thanks to the Kremlin, the enemies could not take the city to the attack. The most famous tower is Marinkin. It is believed that the name comes on behalf of the Great Uznage - Marina Mnishek, who, according to the legend in 1614, was sharpened to the tower and died here. Guides are called Kolomna by Suzdalem near Moscow. Now it is one of the most attractive tourist centers, with many fashion projects.

Zvenigorod

Zvenigorod It was founded in the middle of the 12th century, presumably in 1152. According to one of the versions, Moscow and Zvenigorod have one founder - Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. At the same time, the cities with the same name in Russia were several. Historians argue about the origin of the poetic name of the "ringing" city. Versions are different - from the word "ringing", which was notified by the population of danger, to Savenygorod, that is, the "city of Savva" - in honor of the St. Savva of Storozhevsky, the founder of the monastery. The city also glorified the famous Soviet actress Lyubov Orlov, born here.

Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery is the main attraction of Zvenigorodsky seats. The abode was founded at the very end of the 14th century on the mountain of worse than the Holy Savoy, the student of the famous Russian St. Sergius of Radonezh, and in the 17th century, at the first king from the dynasty of Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich was actually rebuilt again. On the territory of the monastery, one of the oldest temples in the Moscow land is preserved - the Nativity Cathedral of the Virgin of the early 15th century. The ancient fortress walls with the towers, the Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the Chamber of His wife of the queen Mary Miloslavskaya, brotherly corps with celias have reached this day.

Dmitrov

Dmitrov - Another city on the Moscow Earth, founded by Yuri Dolgoruk in the middle of the 12th century. In the village on the Yakhroma River, along the way from Kiev, the son of Olga was born a son - Vsevolod is a big nest, and in baptism - Dmitry, in honor of which it was decided to name the new city - Dmitrov.

The Kremlin in Dmitrov was wooden and not survived to this day. About the ancient fortress fortifications are evidenced by high, up to 15 meters, earth shafts surrounding the ancient Posad. They are a monument of history and culture of federal significance. The Dmitrovsky Kremlin Museum-Reserve has been opened on the Kremlin.

From the ancient buildings in the city, the Borisoglebsky Monastery of the 15th century has been preserved, with a stone fence and turrets. The oldest temple of the monastery is the Cathedral of Saints Boris and Gleb, erected in the 16th century. In the Soviet years, the construction of the construction of the famous Canal of Moscow Volga was placed in the monastery.

Ruza

This small town in the west of the Moscow region was founded in the first third of the 14th century, about 1328. Only earthy shafts remained from the city fortress, which still have to explore archaeologists, now there is a park "Town" - a place of rest of the citizens.

Of the architectural monuments in the city, several churches are preserved: the Resurrection Cathedral of the early 18th century, the Pokrovskaya and Dmitrievskaya Church (end of the 18th century), the Borisoglebsky temple of the early 19th century. By the way, in the oldest local lore Museum of the Moscow Region, open inRouze In 1906, they created a rich exposition on the ancient residents of the Moscow region land - Eastern Slavs.

Mozhaisk

The first mention of the city on the riverMozhaisk It is found in the chronicles of 1231. In the 14th century, Mozhaisk was one of Russia's religious centers thanks to the miraculous icon of Nikola Mozhaysky, there were about 20 monasteries. Of these, only one is preserved - the Mozhaisy Pubhitsky Monastery in honor of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, founded by the student of Sergius Radonezhsky - Feraponte Belozersky in 1408. A number of architectural monuments of the 16-19 centuries have been preserved in the monastery, including the chief Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the 16th century, the bell tower with the tomb of the 17th century, the garment church and the fence with the tower of the 17th century.

The city is also famous thanks to the Borodino battle of 1812. Mozhaisky Historical Museum - branch of the Borodino Military Historical Museum-Reserve.

Sergiev Posad.

The main "tourist magnet" of the Moscow region, the only city of the region included in the Golden Ring of Russia, grew around the wooden church in the name of the Trinity on Mount Macoves, where in the 14th century, founded the monastic monastery of Sergius Radonezhsky. The year of the foundation of the city is considered to be the 1337th. Holy Trinity Sergiyev Lavra, where the icons of the great icon painters of Andrei Rublev and Daniel Black, where in the legend came for the blessing in front of the Kulikovsky battle of Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy, where the king Ivan Grozny be bonded and where the Moscow Spiritual Academy was now placed on the security list UNESCO World Heritage Site Monuments.

The oldest building of the Lavra is a blonded Trinity Cathedral, built over the tomb of Rev. Sergius Radonezh in 1422-1423. According to the archives of the monastery, from 1575, the world-famous icon of Andrei Rublev "Trinity", written in memory of the Great Holy and Wonderworker, held the main place of the iconostasis of the Trinity Temple - to the right of the royal gates. And the Assumption Cathedral of the Lavra (1585), with bright blue domes in the golden stars, was created on the command of Ivan the Terrible and on the sample of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The laurel bell tower is the highest in Russia - 88 meters.

In the Sergiev Posad Historical and Art Museum, the Equestrian Dvor (former monastic stables) is kept unique and one of the largest meetings of the 19th and 2nd centuries in Russia.

Serpukhov

Serpukhov On the Nare River, it is presumably from 1339 - it was a fortress at the borders of the Moscow Principality during the period of long-term struggle with Mongol-Tatars and Lithuanian-Polish conquerors. The chief architectural monument of the city is the Vysotsky Male Monastery, one of the oldest in the Moscow region, founded in 1347 by Serpukhov Prince Vladimir Brave. This is the center of pilgrimage to the miraculous icon of the Blessed Virgin "Inspromandable Bowl", which is considered to save away from the ailments of drunkenness and drug addiction.

Among other antiquities of the city - the Lord Women's Monastery of the 14th century, fragments of the Serpukhov Kremlin of the 16th century at the Cathedral Mountain, the Troitsky Cathedral of the 17th century at the Cathedral Mountain. From later attractions - trading rows of the 19th century and a number of churches and temples.

Wedge

Wedge First mentioned in the annals in 1317. The fortress was destroyed at the very beginning of the 15th century with a raid of Tatar-Mongol. Klin Kremlin did not have stone structures and fortifications. Earth trees are not preserved, but a deep ravine is visible, which defended the approach to the city.
The oldest monument of the Klin Kremlin is the Resurrection Church of the early 18th century.

Kashira

One of the oldest cities in the Moscow region is first mentioned in the spiritual letter of Moscow Prince Ivan Red in 1356. The unique monument of archeology speaks about the antiquity of these places - the Kashirskim settlement related to 7-4 centuries to our era. Traces of an ancient settlement can be seen on the banks of the Oka River. According to research, the settlement inKashire it was strengthened with a shaft, a moat and oak tys. Archaeologists have discovered more than 20 dumplings with stone lesions in the center, clay products, dishes, bone arrows, harpuna, iron tools and bronze ornaments.

Based on: InmosReg.Ru