Do you know what a necklace, carp, cage or muscle is? After reading the dictionary of obsolete words, you will understand that you do not know everything about these and other words that are now used in a different sense ...

Almanakhs- astrological books for divination by the movement of the stars and the signs of the zodiac.

Argamak- an oriental thoroughbred horse, a racehorse: at a wedding - a horse under a saddle, and not in a harness.

Arshin- a measure of length equal to approximately 71 cm.

Belle mozhaiskaya- an old Russian variety of bulk apples.

Pancake(pie) - several pancakes, layered in a pile one on top of the other and interlaced with various fillings, greased on the sides with a mixture of eggs, flour and milk so that the filling does not fall out, and lightly fried in the oven.

To fight- a hollow tree in which bees are found, our ancestors collected and used honey from wild bees.

Hogweed- a perennial plant of the umbrella family (Heraclium), young leaves and shoots were eaten.

Bratina- a large bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, was used for drinking in a circular manner.

Brashna- food.

Vekoshniki- pies seasoned with meat and fish food leftovers.

Vershok- a measure of length equal to approximately 4.5 cm.

Spun- fried over an open fire.

Vespers- a daily church service before the evening.

Brew- vegetable, onion or berry seasoning, sauce, gravy with spices for meat and fish dishes, also called drinks from fruits and berries, boiled in honey, beer or kvass.

Volosnik- a woman's headdress, a net of gold or silver thread with trimming (more often not a festive one, like a kika, but an everyday one).

Voronohrai- fortune telling by the cries and flight of birds; a book describing such signs will.

Sackcloth f - hair shirt, coarse fabric, rags, thin torn dress.

Bran- what remains from sifting flour.

Gorlatnaya(hat) - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of the animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown expanding upward.

Upper room- living quarters in the upper part of the house (cf. mountain - up).

Hot wine- vodka.

Hryvnia- a measure of weight equal to a pound, or approximately 400 g.

Garden bed- a pole from wall to wall, on which clothes were hung.

Guji- Scars or intestines cut into strips, cooked with garlic and spices.

Right hand- right hand.

Dora- antidor, a large prosphora, from which the Lamb was taken out to perform the Sacrament of Communion, parts of it are distributed to those who received the Communion at the end of the Liturgy.

Roads- very fine oriental silk fabric.

Epancha- wide cape, long sleeveless top dress.

Penance- church punishment for sins in the form of refusal of any blessings in life, an increase in the prayer rule or the number of bows to the ground, etc.

Zhitnaya(porridge) - barley, from unmilled barley groats.

Zaspa- any cereal that is poured into various liquid dishes.

Stargazer- astrology.

Zendeni

Gold- gold-woven or embroidered with gold (especially valuable).

Izvary, zvars - special vessels such as tubs for preparing drinks.

Bondage- any urgent written commitment, loan bondage - loan letter with forfeit.

Kalya- a liquid first course with the addition of pickles and cucumber pickle.

Damask- patterned silk oriental fabric.

Canon- a church song in praise of a saint or a holiday, read or sung at Matins and Vespers; the establishment of the apostles, Ecumenical and Local Councils on faith and church rites.

Eve- food for the commemoration of the dead.

Captan- winter covered carriage.

Kaptur- fur winter dress for married women, especially for widows; covered his head and on the sides of his face and shoulders (cf. later - hood).

Loaf- a large round hearth bread made from wheat flour.

Karasiki- pies made of unleavened dough in a triangular shape, reminiscent of crucian carp, with various fillings, were fried in oil.

Caftan- top long-brimmed men's dress of various cut.

Kebenyak- an overcoat for men made of cloth with a hood and long sleeves.

Kika- female headdress of a rounded shape (symbolic designation of a married woman); the kika was complemented by an embroidered scarf (cuff) and a warrior (underbelly), which covered the hair, dropping to the shoulders and chest.

Kindyaki- imported cotton fabric.

Cage- cold half of the hut, often served as a pantry, closet.

Cartel- a warm summer coat lined with fur and covered with a light silk fabric (without lace and buttons).

Koretsy- buckets, hollowed out of wood, served as a measure of life.

Korchaga- a large clay pot or cast iron.

Kosyachnaya(sturgeon) - salted red fish.

Boilers- cakes made of dough sandwiched with lamb fat, fried in oil.

Xeni- caviar in the shell, as well as sturgeon liver and dishes from them: pike xeni with saffron - boiled caviar with saffron, non-white sturgeon xeni - sturgeon liver boiled with poppy milk or hemp oil.

Kumgan- a metal narrow-necked vessel with a lid and a handle.

Kundum- a product made from unleavened wheat dough such as dumplings stuffed with mushrooms or rice with mushrooms.

Kurnik- butter round pie with chicken and eggs.

Kutia- boiled wheat with honey, brought to the church at the commemoration of the dead.

Levashi- butter pies with berries.

Levashniki- oval-shaped pies made of unleavened butter dough (in vegetable oil fasting) stuffed with pureed fruit mass.

Letnik- lightweight women's outerwear with long wide sleeves.

Liar- a sacred vessel with a cross on the handle, used as a spoon for Communion.

Lodoga- fish of the whitefish family, found in Ladoga; lodozhina - the meat of this fish.

Loubier- linden underbore, used on the roof (under the tes), on the bast, on the bast.

Bald head- horse forehead in harness.

Mazuni- a sweet radish dish with spiced molasses.

Malakia- masturbation, masturbation.

Manty(curves) - products made from unleavened dough with a crescent-shaped meat filling.

Honey, honeys - the main sweet product in the diet of the Eastern Slavs; gravity honey, or molasses - liquid honey flowing by gravity from a honeycomb suspended in the sun; barnyard honey - the lowest grade, obtained by melting from a honeycomb on a fire. Drinks prepared on the basis of honey were also called honey. Unleavened honey - pure, not diluted and without additives.

Medvedna- dressed bearskins, served as a cavity in a sleigh.

Mernik- a vessel of a known measure, volume, for example, a bucket.

Minderi- a woolen blanket, usually spread over a warm blanket by young people.

Monisto- necklace, beads.

Moshn a - purse, bag.

Msheloimost o - a passion for acquiring and collecting unnecessary and unnecessary things.

Muscle- shoulder, strength.

Nagolnaya(fur coat) - not covered with fabric, with fur inside.

Naltsevsk(sleigh) - high elegant sleigh, which was used on special occasions: on holidays, at weddings.

Crest- log house, building above the cellar.

Nasp- usury on grain bread.

Nogavitsy- clothing or footwear that covers the shins.

The nights- a shallow wooden trough for sifting flour, rolling bread.

Turn- halter, horse bridle without a bit and with one rein, for a leash.

Navar- liquid boiled during cooking, broth.

Of one order- long-brimmed caftan without collar with a straight wrap and buttons, single-breasted.

Necklace- fastened embroidered stand-up collar of a shirt or zipun.

Salary- decorative coating on the icon of thin sheets of gold, silver, gilded copper, often adorned with precious stones.

Barking- shanks, cartilage of the legs of cattle.

Unleavened bread- thin dry cakes made of unleavened dough, which Judaism prescribes for believers to eat on the days of the Passover.

Oserdie- a piece of giblet, consisting of the throat, lungs and heart.

Ostrog- a pointed stick, a fishing tool; spurs.

Osmina- an eighth part of something, a measure of the volume of free-flowing bodies, especially grain, an eighth of an old cadi, by weight about 16 kg.

Ohaben- swing dress made of silk or light cloth with a necklace and an odd number of buttons; Ohabnem was also called a heavy cloak stitched on a feryaz.

Ogolop- to make him a serf, a serf.

Panagia- an icon worn by bishops on the chest; Maybe.

Paste- Russian delicacy, berry pulp, boiled with honey, laid out in layers and dried.

Syrup(white) - "honey tear" flowing down from honeycombs by gravity, pure fresh honey is its best sort.

Pakhva- a harness, a belt with a point from the saddle, the horse's tail is threaded into it so that the saddle does not slide off the horse's neck.

Plasti- fish cut into thin slices and dried, plastic fish is the same.

Cook- kitchen.

Compline- everyday church service, leading from the custom of monks to send Compline in their cells; you can also sing at home.

Povoloka- silk or paper fabric, used as lining for fur coats.

Under- smooth brick lining inside the Russian stove.

Podklet- a room in the foundation of the house, which served for various household needs.

Hearth(pies) - sour dough, highly viable, baked on the hearth.

Stands, - table, little table, cupboard.

A train(wedding) - a solemn, ceremonial ride, a procession, as well as all the participants in the rite - they are also travelers.

Overweight- nets for catching birds; places for catching birds.

Feed- sweeten, add honey.

Pozem- apply for land under buildings.

Linen- processed, cut along the carcass of poultry, salted in barrels. Polotkovaya (fish) - flattened lengthwise and salted.

Poltev meat- carcass of beef, pork, poultry cut lengthwise into two parts, salted or dried.

Midnight Office- a church service that takes place at midnight and at any hour of the night.

Fimble- the best canvas, peasant shirt.

Postav- a whole piece, a roll of fabric; as well as a weaving mill.

Supplier- a vessel in which kvass and beer are served at the table.

Prutovaya(fish) - cleaned, slightly salted and then dried, stored in bundles (rods).

Navels- the middle part of the fish between the head and tail (tesha); a part carved from the belly of an animal; poultry stomachs.

Brine- salt solution or liquid part of salted and fermented foods, used as seasonings and drinks: plum, lemon, cabbage, beetroot, cucumber, etc.

Rafli- a book that interprets dreams and riddles.

Cavity- a carpet or fur blanket used in a sleigh.

Polt- half of carcasses, poultry, etc.

Lattice- a device for frying food over coals in a Russian oven or on an open hearth.

Rosolny- cooked in brine.

Romaneya- sweet liqueur based on French wine.

Scar- the stomach of the animal.

Saadak- embroidered cover for bow and arrows.

Fathom- a measure of length equal to 1.76 m.

Sandrik- the kidney part of the lamb carcass, the saddle.

Saint, hierarchical rank - the highest degree of the priesthood, bishops, bishops, archbishops, metropolitans.

Juice- thin flat cakes made of unleavened dough, which could be smeared on top with cottage cheese on short days, and porridge on lean days.

Disputes- ripped things, pieces of clothing.

Strada- summer agricultural work: harvesting, mowing, harvesting grain, etc.

Thunder arrows and axes- lightning-fused sand or stone of meteorite origin; served for the healing "draining of waters" for magical rituals.

Acquisition- property, wealth, everything acquired and obtained.

Essence, essence, essence- dried small fish, not necessarily smelt.

Glass-maker- a flask, a small vial, sometimes this was the name of any glassware.

Cheese- so called both cottage cheese and cheese. Spongy cheeses are rennet cheeses obtained by fermenting milk with rennet. Sour cheeses - molded, strongly pressed cottage cheese.

Feed- sweeten with honey.

Abomasum- one of the four stomachs of ruminants.

Tavranchuk- a liquid fish dish in which the fish is cut into pieces.

Trivet- a round iron hoop with legs, under which a fire is made, putting dishes with a brew on it.

Taffeta- smooth and fine silk fabric of oriental origin.

Created- round vessels in which they made (created) and molded cottage cheese, marshmallow, etc.

Telogrey- women's warm jacket, with or without sleeves, long or short, was worn over a sundress.

Body- fish without bones, fish fillets, often chopped (chopped) with onions and spices, laid out in wooden forms in the form of any animals and birds (for example, piglets and ducks, hence piglets, ducks), or simply round (loaf) , or wrapped in cloth and baked or boiled.

Terlik- a kind of caftan up to the toes, with short sleeves and with an interception at the waist, with a fastener on the chest.

Tolchaniks- koloboks, veal dumplings, ate with fish soup.

Tropari- church chants, follow the irmos and canon. They are addressed to the irmos, lead from it a series of thoughts and are subordinate to it in rhythm and tone; in their content, they represent prayers in honor of the holiday of a given day or the saint who is honored on that day.

Trumpets- dried fruit or berry marshmallows or levashi, rolled up in a tube, dried in thin layers.

Pipes(beluga) - a non-laminated headless carcass of a medium-sized fish without a tail.

Tukmachi- a kind of noodles made from wheat or pea flour.

Tyn- solid wooden fence.

Tysyatsky- one of the participants in the Russian wedding, the main manager.

Tax- direct filing, filing from a peasant family allotted with land.

Heavy a (cart) - support, from the end of the cart axis to the beds.

Ubrus- thin linen, boards, scarf.

Oud- any outwardly separate part of the body: hand, leg, finger, etc.

Vinegar - Vinegar was called beer kvass.

Chime- cutting out the inner surface of a wooden vessel at the edge where the bottom is inserted with an edge.

Ear- a large group of old Russian soups, almost a broth with the addition of onions and spices: fish, chicken, crayfish, beef; white - from pike perch, perch, ruff, whitefish with onions, black - from asp, carp, chub, crucian carp, carp, red - from sturgeon and salmon fish, nazyazh - frozen very strong broth, jelly, ordinary - cooked in the simplest way, patronized - from pre-baked fish, layer - from layer dried fish.

Ear- a liquid dish of lamb brisket, chopped into pieces.

Veil- a cover of light transparent fabric, a large quadrangular shawl, a bedspread.

Feryazi- outerwear without a belt and collar, with long sleeves, swing open, with a row of buttons.

Fryazhskie(wine) - Italian, i.e. all sorts of overseas grape wines.

Brushwood- butter-fried pastry biscuits in strips.

Reshetny bread- from flour sifted through a sieve.

Sieve bread- from premium flour, sifted through a sieve.

Crests- popular names for a small ruff, usually dried: in general, any fish that was sold not by weight, but by yardsticks.

Khryapa- top cabbage leaves.

Worms(hat) - sewn from fur taken from the belly of an animal.

Quarter- the fourth part of something; a measure of the volume of loose bodies, especially bread, the fourth part of an old cadi, by weight about 32 kg.

Chetygi- soft leather (morocco) or cloth stockings with leather soles, on which shoes were then put on.

Chin- the correct order of service, action or ceremony: the person performing it.

Loins- the lower back, or the circumference of the body above the pelvis, waist.

Sixth beef- that is, dried on poles in a Russian oven.

Sixwing- tables for divination by the signs of the zodiac and by the stars.

Shekhonskaya(sturgeon) - caught in Sheksna.

Fly- any panel, piece of solid fabric; a towel, the bride gives away the fly of her work, either embroidered or with lace; they were girded with a fly instead of a sash, the fly was hung with a tent over the images; the large dress used to cover the bride was also called a fly.

Cones- a kind of round biscuits, baked at Butter Week; the same young people presented to the guests invited to the wedding.

Sti sour- a kind of kvass, differed from kvass in a more sour taste; used as a drink and for marinating meat before frying and for cold soups.

Shuiya- left.

Liquor- a decoction of ash or an infusion of boiling water on ash, was used as a detergent.

Two cabbage soup- generally soup, any soup with spices, but without meat, game or fish.

Yurma- types of sausages with lamb, bacon, etc.

Yalovaya(heifer) - has not yet given birth.

Old Russian words in the modern language are encountered quite often, but sometimes they seem strange and incomprehensible to us. Fragments of ancient dialects spread throughout the territory of distant Kievan Rus, they can mean the same words and concepts as thousands of years ago, they can slightly change their meaning, or they can be revived, accepting new, modern interpretations.

Old Russian or Old Slavic?

A journey into the ancient world can be started with which are still found in modern speech. Mom, homeland, uncle, land, wolf, work, regiment, forest, oak - these are Old Russian words. But with the same success they can be called both Old Belarusian and Old Ukrainian. Until now, they are found in these languages ​​in almost the same form as thousands of years ago. Old Russian words and their meanings can be found in many monuments of Slavic literature. For example, the textbook "Tale of Igor's Campaign" is a real treasure trove for collectors of various ancient words.

Probably, Russian and common Slavic words should be separated, but there is no way to do this in this article. We can only observe the development of the old word - from its original meaning to the modern one. And an excellent visual aid for the study of such development can be the old Russian word "catch".

History of the word

The Primary Chronicle tells how in 1071 on the lands of the city of Vyshgorod he “fished for animals”. This word was known in the days of Monomakh. In his "Teachings" Prince Vladimir says that he himself "kept a hunting party", that is, he kept stables, packs of dogs, tame falcons and hawks in order. The term "fishing" was already a common word at that time and meant hunting, capturing an animal.

Later, already in the 13-14 centuries, the word "fishing" began to be found in testamentary documents. The legal lists mention "fishing", "beaver fishing". Here the word "fishing" is used as a nature reserve, a nature reserve - land in private ownership with great opportunities for hunting and fishing. But both in the old and in the new meaning "fishing" means hunting by catching an animal or fish. remained the same.

Modern "fishing"

In modern speech, the word "catch" is also often found. Only it, like many other Old Russian words, is used in a truncated, different sense - one can say “herring fishing” or “autumn cod fishing”. But we will never say “wolf fishing” or “beaver fishing”. For this, there is a convenient and understandable word "hunting". But in the composition of complex words "fishing" is found everywhere.

Children and grandchildren

Let's remember the words "mousetrap", "trapper", "trap" and others. After all, all these are children and grandchildren of the old word "catch". Some "children" of the "catch" did not survive the time and now they are found only in ancient chronicles. For example, the word "lovitva" arose much later than "catch", but it did not take root in the Russian language. Lovitva was known in the 15-17th centuries and was widely used in the meaning of "hunting". But already in the time of Pushkin, this concept was not used.

For the contemporaries of the great poet, "catch" and "catch" are outdated, lifeless words. Old Russian "catches" do not exist in modern speech either, but having seen them in an old book, one can understand the meaning of this word without much difficulty.

"Nadolba" and "goalkeeper"

Old Russian words with translation can be found in many explanatory dictionaries. But what if the old word is used in a new, modern meaning? Old Russian words and their meanings seem to change over time. A good example is the well-known Old Russian literary words "nadolba" and "goalkeeper".

The word "nadolba" was known in the general Russian military terminology many thousands of years ago. This was the name for hammered thick branches and logs - an impassable obstacle for infantry and cavalry in ancient, distant times. The appearance of guns and cannons made both the construction and the words themselves unnecessary. invented new effective methods for defense and attack, and the "nadolby" had to be scrapped.

A thousand years later, at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the nadolbs returned from the past. Now they were built from reinforcement blocks, logs, construction waste. Such designs were designed to stop the offensive of fascist tanks and thwart the attack of enemy troops. After the war, the nadolbs were dismantled, but the word remained. Now it is found in many literary military works, in eyewitness accounts, in stories and novels about the war.

The word "goalkeeper" also returned to modern language. True, his story is far from being as heroic as that of the previous word. Goalkeepers used to be the name of modest monks-gatekeepers, who opened the gates of monasteries and temples in the morning and closed them at sunset, fearing dashing people. Goalkeepers have practically disappeared from our lives, but up to a certain point. The development of collective sports, the success of our teams in hockey and football competitions have led to the emergence of modern "goalkeepers" - athletes who protect the gates of their own team from the attacks of the opponent. Moreover, the word not only spread widely, but also put a foreign "goalkeeper" on both shoulder blades.

Antique "plane"

What do you think, during the time of Peter the Great, was the word "plane" known? And not as a fabulous flying object (flying carpet), but a very real engineering structure? It turns out that airplanes in those days were called self-propelled ferries, which made it possible to transport large carts with weapons and food to the other side of the river. Later, the word passed into a highly specialized jargon and began to be used in weaving.

A similar story happened with the word "bicycle". It turns out that it was used with might and main in medieval Russia - in Muscovy. So then the runners were called. The surname of Bicycles may be translated as "Swift" rather than "owned by a bicycle." Therefore, both a bicycle and an airplane can also be attributed with great reason to the old, Old Russian words. In contrast to catching, these terms have outlived several of their meanings, have become relevant in modern speech, however, having completely changed their interpretations.

Pieces of the past

Oddly enough, many modern dialects have become remarkable monuments of ancient usage. Old Russian words, examples of which can no longer be found in the initial form, feel great in a fixed, unchangeable form. For example, everyone knows such words as "evil", "luck". The derivatives of these concepts are not difficult to understand - "out of spite", "at random." They have become clear and simple parts of speech long ago.

Other words are known, composed according to a similar principle. For example "hastily". "Obliquely", "sideways". But "sideways", "bekren" or "haste" are Old Russian, their initial meanings are a headache for lexicographers and linguists.

Outcomes

As you can see, Old Russian words and their meanings leave a wide field for research. Many of them were understood. And now, meeting in old books the words "vevelyay", "vedenets" or "fret", we can safely look in dictionaries for their meanings. But many of them are still waiting for their researchers. Only painstaking work with old words will help explain their meanings and enrich the modern Russian language.

Monetary units:

Altyn
From Tatarsk. Alty - six - an old Russian monetary unit.
Altyn - from the 17th century. - a coin consisting of six Moscow money.
Altyn - 3 kopecks (6 money).
Pyatialtynnik - 15 kopecks (30 money).

Dime
- Russian ten-kopeck coin, issued since 1701.
Two-corner - 20 kopecks

Penny
- a small copper coin in denomination of 2 kopecks, minted in Russia in the 17th century.
4 kopecks - two pennies.

Money (denga)
- a small copper coin of 1/2 kopeck, minted in Russia from 1849 to 1867.

Gold ruble
- the monetary unit of Russia from 1897 to 1914. The gold content of the ruble was 0.774 g of pure gold.

Kopeck money
Penny
- Russian monetary unit, from the 16th century. minted from silver, gold, copper. The name "kopeck" comes from the image on the reverse of the coin of a horseman with a spear.

Penny
- since 1704 Russian copper bargaining chip, 1/100 of a ruble.

Poltina
Half a ruble
- Russian coin, 1/2 share of a ruble (50 kopecks). Since 1654, fifty kopecks have been minted from copper, since 1701 - from silver.

Polushka - 1/4 penny
Half polushka - 1/8 kopeck.
Half polushka (half polushka) was minted only in 1700.
Ruble
- the monetary unit of Russia. The regular minting of the silver ruble began in 1704. Copper and gold rubles were also minted. Since 1843, the ruble began to be issued in the form of a paper treasury bill.

"Old Russian Measures".
Monetary units:

Ruble = 2 fifty
half a dollar = 50 kopecks
five dollars = 15 kopecks
dime = 10 kopecks
altyn = 3 kopecks
penny = 2 kopecks
2 money = 1/2 penny
half a half = 1/4 penny
In Ancient Russia, foreign silver coins and silver bars - hryvnia - were used.
If the goods cost less than the hryvnia, it was cut in half - these halves were called TIN or Ruble.
Over time, the words TIN were not used, they used the word Ruble, but half of the ruble was called half-ooze, a quarter - half-half-ooze.
On the silver coins of 50 kopecks, the COIN PAUL TINA was written.
ANCIENT NAME OF RUBLES - TIN.

Auxiliary measures of weight:

Pounds = 40 lbs = 16.3804815 kg.
Bezmen is an old Russian unit of mass measurement that was part of the Russian system of measures and was used in the north of the Russian Empire and in Siberia. 1 steelyard = 1/16 pood or 1.022 kg.
Pound = 32 lots = 96 spools = 0.45359237 kg.
(1kg = 2.2046lb.)
Lot = 3 spools = 12.797 grams.
Spool = 96 beats = 4.26575417 g.
Fraction is the smallest Old Russian mass unit
= 44.43 mg. = 0.04443 grams.

The auxiliary measures are long:

Mile - 7 miles or 7.4676 km.

Verst - 500 fathoms or 1,066,781 meters

Fathom = 1/500 versts = 3 arshins = 12 spans = 48 vershoks

Top = 1/48 fathoms = 1/16 yard = 1/4 inch = 1.75 inches = 4.445 cm = 44.45 mm. (Originally equal to the length of the main phalanx of the index finger).

Arshin = 1/3 fathoms = 4 spans = 16 vershoks = 28 inches = 0.7112 m. On June 4, 1899, by the "Regulations on Weights and Measures", the arshin was legalized in Russia as the main measure of length.

A span = 1/12 sazhens = 1/4 arshin = 4 vershoks = 7 inches = exactly 17.78 cm. (From the old Russian word "pastern" - palm, hand).

The elbow is a unit of measure for length that does not have a specific meaning and roughly corresponds to the distance from the elbow joint to the end of the extended middle finger of the hand.

Inch - in Russian and English systems of measures 1 inch = 10 lines ("big line"). The word inch was introduced into Russian by Peter I at the very beginning of the 18th century. Today, an inch is most often understood as an English inch equal to 2.54 cm.

Feet - 12 inches = 304.8 mm.

Stable expressions

Heard a mile away.
A mad dog is not a hook for seven miles.
To my dear friend, seven miles is not a outskirts.
Versta Kolomenskaya.
Slanting fathom in the shoulders.
Measure everyone at your own yardstick.
Swallow an arshin.
Two inches from the pot.

One hundred poods.
Seven spans in the forehead.
Small spool but precious.
Go by leaps and bounds.
Find out how much a pound is dashing.
Not an inch of land (not to give up).
A scrupulous person.
Eat a pound of salt (with someone else).

Standard SI prefixes
(SI - "System International" - the international system of metric units of measurement)

Multiple SI prefixes

101 m decameter dam
102 m hectometer hm
103 m kilometer km
106 m megameter mm
109 m gigameter hm
1012 m terameter Tm
1015 m petameter PM
1018 m exameter Em
1021 m zettameter Zm
1024 m yottameter im
Long SI prefixes
value name designation
10-1 g decigrams dg
10-2 g centigram cg
10-3 g milligrams mg
10-6 g micrograms mcg
10-9 g nanograms ng
10-12 g picograms pg
10-15 g femtograms fg
10-18 g attogram ag
10-21 g zeptograms zg
10-24 g yoktogram ig

Archaisms

Archaisms are outdated names of objects and phenomena that have different, modern names

Armyak - type of clothing
vigilance - vigilance
timelessness is a hard time
voiceless - timid
benevolence - benevolence
prosper - prosper
perishable - transitory
eloquent - pompous
outrage - mutiny
in vain - in vain
strong - big
coming - coming
beef - livestock
messenger - sent
verb - word
herd - a herd of cattle.
threshing floor - a fenced plot of land in a peasant farm intended for storage, threshing and other processing of grain grains
so that
down - down, down
drogi (yeast) - light four-wheeled open spring crew for 1-2 people
if - if
belly - life
to imprison - to conclude
mirror - mirror
zipun (semi-caftan) - in the old days - the outerwear of the peasants. It is a collarless caftan made of rough homemade cloth in bright colors with seams trimmed with contrasting cords.
since ancient times - for a long time
eminent - tall
which - which, which
katsaveika - Russian women's folk clothing in the form of a short swinging jacket, padded or trimmed with fur.
horse tram - a type of urban transport
sedition - treason
kuna - monetary unit
Lanita - cheeks
covetousness - bribery
kiss - kiss
hunter - hunter
Lyudin is a man
honey flowing - flattering
reward - reward, fee
libel - denunciation
to name - to name
abode - monastery
bed - bed
barn (ovn - oven) - an outbuilding in which sheaves were dried before threshing.
this is the one above
revenge is revenge
finger - finger
pyroscaf - steamer
pishchal - a type of firearm
doom is doom
doom - doom
obstacle - obstacle
open - open
military - combat
this - this
pull off - shoot
poet - poet
smerd - peasant
battering ram - an ancient weapon for destroying fortress walls
thief is a thief
dungeon - prison
bargaining - market, bazaar
cook - cook
hope - hope
mouth - lips
child - child
expect - expect
food - food
yahont - ruby
yarilo - sun
yara - spring
bright - a young lamb born in the spring
spring bread - spring bread is sown in spring

Archaisms as part of proverbs and sayings:

Beat the thumbs up
To beat the thumbs - initially cut the log lengthwise into several pieces - the block, round them out and gouge them out from the inside. Spoons and other wooden utensils were made from such blocks - baklush. Procurement of baklush, in contrast to the manufacture of products from them, was considered an easy, simple matter that did not require special skills.
Hence the meaning - to do nothing, to sit back, to spend time idly.

Here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day!
The expression came from the time of medieval Russia, when the peasants had the right, having settled with the previous landowner, to move on to a new one.
According to the law issued by Ivan the Terrible, such a transition could take place only after the end of agricultural work, and specifically a week before St. George's Day (November 25, according to the old style, when the day of the Great Martyr George was celebrated - the patron saint of farmers) or a week later.
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, such a transition was prohibited and the peasants were consolidated to the land.
Then the expression "Here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day" was born as an expression of grief because of the changed circumstances, about unexpectedly unfulfilled hopes, sudden changes for the worse.
Saint George was popularly called Egoriy, therefore at the same time the word "to cheat" arose, that is, to deceive, to cheat.

Upside down
1) somersault, over the head, upside down;
2) upside down, in complete disarray.
The word tormashki can go back to the verb to shake, that is, "pull, turn over". It is also believed that tormashki comes from the dialect torma - "legs".
According to another hypothesis, the word tormashki is associated with the word brake (old tormas). Tormas used to be called iron strips under the sled runner, which were used to make the sled roll less.
The expression upside down could refer to a sled overturned on ice or in the snow.

There is no truth at the feet - an invitation to sit down.
There are several options for the origin of this saying:
1) according to the first version, the combination is due to the fact that in the XV-XVIII centuries. in Russia, debtors were severely punished, beaten with iron rods on their bare feet, seeking to repay the debt, that is, "truth", but such a punishment could not force those who did not have money to repay the debt;
2) according to the second version, the combination arose due to the fact that the landowner, having discovered the loss of something, gathered the peasants and forced them to stand until the culprit was named;
3) the third version reveals a connection between expression and law (severe punishment for non-payment of debts). If the debtor was fleeing from the law, they said that there was no truth at the feet, that is, it was impossible to beat out the debt; With the abolition of the rule of law, the meaning of the saying changed.

The reins (harness) fell under the tail - about who is in an unbalanced state, shows erratic, incomprehensible perseverance.
The reins are belts for driving a harnessed horse. Under the tail of the horse, part of the croup is not covered with hair. If the reins get there, the horse, fearing tickling, may suffer, break the cart, etc.
A man is compared with such behavior of a horse.

Wolf Ticket (Wolf Passport)
In the 19th century, the name of a document that blocks access to public service, an educational institution, etc. Today, phraseological units are used in the meaning of a sharply negative characterization of someone's work.
The origin of this circulation is usually explained by the fact that a person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and he had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means "abnormal, inhuman, bestial", which strengthens the opposition between the owner of a wolf ticket and other "normal" people.
Lies like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments horse siv, gelding siv are very typical, the adjective gray "light gray, gray" indicates the old age of the animal. In the past, the verb to lie had a different meaning - "to speak nonsense, to gossip; to talk." The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding - stallion, gray - old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people of their own strength, as if they were still preserved, like among the young.
3. The turnover is associated with the attitude to the gray horse as a stupid creature. The Russian peasants avoided, for example, paving the first furrow on the gray gelding, because he "lied" - he was mistaken, paving it incorrectly.
Give oak - die
The turnover is associated with the verb zadubet - "cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard." The oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor to the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins - as a luxury item.
Alive, smoking room!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying "Alive, alive, Smoking room, not dead, legs are thin, soul is short ...". The one who lost the torch was extinguished, began to smoke, smoke. Later this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly, so as not to go out".
Nick down
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To account for the bread handed over to the landowner, the work done, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to fathoms (2 meters) long, on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the notches were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression "hack to death", which means: remember well, take into account the future.
Play spill
In the old days in Russia the game of "spillikins" was widespread. It consisted in using a small hook to pull out, without touching the rest, one of the other heaps of all the spillots - all kinds of little toy things: hatchets, wine glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent their time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression "playing with spillikins" began to mean an empty pastime.
Sip cabbage soup
Bast shoes - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcrustal layer of lindens), covering only the soles of the feet - in Russia were the only available footwear for poor peasants, and cabbage soup, a kind of cabbage soup, was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the income of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - from sauerkraut, with meat, or lean - without meat, which were eaten during fasting or in case of extreme poverty.
About a man who could not earn himself for boots and more refined food, they said that he "slurps soup with bast shoes", that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
Fawn
The word "fawning" comes from the German phrase "Iсh liebe sie" (ich lebe zi - I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this "lebe zi", the Russian people ingeniously formed from these German words the Russian word "fawning" - that means to curry favor, to flatter someone, by flattery to seek someone's favor, favor.
Fishing in troubled waters
It has long been one of the prohibited ways of fishing, especially during spawning, to stun fish. There is a famous fable by the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around the nets, driving a blinded fish there. Then the expression went beyond fishing and took on a broader meaning - to benefit from an unclear environment.
There is also a well-known proverb: "Before you catch fish, [you need] to muddy the water", that is, "deliberately create confusion for profit."
Small fry
The expression came from peasant use. In the Russian northern lands, the plow is a peasant community from 3 to 60 households. And a very poor community was called a small fry, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials who occupy a low position in the state structure began to be called a small fry.
The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old anecdote about how a thief was found in the market.
After vain attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: "Look! The thief's hat is on fire!" And suddenly everyone saw a man grab his hat. So the thief was discovered and caught.
Lather your head
In the old days, the tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or until complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year term of military service was introduced. The landowner had the right to give up his serfs as soldiers for offense. Since the recruits (recruits) were shaved off their hair and said about them: “shaved,” “shaved their foreheads,” “soaped their heads,” the expression “soaped my head” became synonymous with threats in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative meaning, “to lather your head” means: to make a severe reprimand, to scold strongly.
Neither fish nor fowl
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new trend appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (Latin "to protest, to object"). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels, monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their ceremonies were simple and inexpensive. A bitter struggle was going on between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest - meat, others preferred lean - fish. If a person did not adhere to any movement, then he was contemptuously called "neither fish nor meat." Over time, they began to talk about a person who did not have a clearly expressed position in life, who was not capable of active, independent actions.
There is no place to try - disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded to check the product with a jeweler and put a sample. When the product was in many hands, there was no more room for a sample.
Do not wash, so by rolling
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, linen was ironed with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often "rolled". For this, the washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood like the one that is currently being rolled out to the dough. Then, with the help of a ruber - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin was rolled along with the linen wrapped around it over a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled laundry had a fresher look, even if the wash was not very successful.
This is how the expression "not by washing, by rolling" appeared, that is, to achieve results not in one way, but in another way.
Not a feather, not a feather - a wish of good luck in anything.
The expression was originally used as a "spell" designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was admonished to go hunting; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could "jinx" the prey).
The answer is "To hell!" should have made the hunter even more secure. To hell - this is not a curse like "Go to hell!" Then the unclean person will do the opposite, and it will be what is needed: the hunter will return “with down and feather,” that is, with the prey.
Let's beat swords into plowshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, which says that "the time will come when the nations will hammer plowshares and spears into sickles: the people will not raise a sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight."
In the Old Church Slavonic language "shouted" is a tool for cultivating the land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith, forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
Goof
Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with which wool was combed. To fall into a hole meant to be crippled, to lose an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, in an awkward position.
Knock off the pantalyk
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalyk is a distorted Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes where it was easy to get lost.
Straw widow
A bundle of straw among Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples served as a symbol of the concluded agreement: marriage or sale and purchase. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to disperse. There was also a custom to make the bed for newlyweds on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. The wreath (from the Sanskrit word "vene" - "bundle", meaning a bundle of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, then they said that the woman was left with only straw, so the expression "straw widow" appeared.
Dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the Russian writer of the 19th century V.A. Sleptsova "A Good Man". The protagonist of the novel, "an unserviceable nobleman" Sergei Terebenev, returns to Russia after long wanderings in Europe. He recalls how he was taught to dance as a child. Serezha started all his movements from the stove, and if he was wrong, the teacher told him: "Well, go to the stove, start over." Terebenev realized that his life circle was closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
Grated roll
In Russia, kalach is wheat bread in the form of a lock with a bow. Grated roll was baked from a steep roll dough, which was kneaded and grated for a long time. Hence the proverb "Do not rub, do not mint, there will be no rolls" appeared, which in a figurative sense means: "the troubles of a person are taught." And the words "grated kalach" became winged - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who "rubbed himself between people" a lot.
Pull the gimp
Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making a gimp consists in pulling it out. This manual work is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression "pull the gimp" (or "breed gimp") in a figurative sense began to mean: do something monotonous, boring, causing an annoying loss of time.
At the devil's place
In ancient times, glades in dense forests were called kuligami. The pagans considered them enchanted. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for bands, settled there with the whole family. This is where the expression came from: the devil is in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away.
Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is an ancestor, ancestor, the god of the hearth - a brownie.
Originally "chur" meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: "chur", meaning the prohibition to touch anything, go beyond any line, beyond any limit (in spells against "evil spirits", in games, etc.), the requirement to comply with some condition , agreement.
From the word “chur” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go over “chur”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
Little Sherochka with Little Masher
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. Daughters of nobles from 6 to 18 years old studied there. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dance, music, various types of home economics, as well as subjects of "secular treatment". The usual address of school girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words "sherchka" and "masherochka", which are now used to name a couple consisting of two women.
Trump
In ancient Russia, boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls to the collar of a ceremonial caftan, which was called a trump card. The trump card stuck up impressively, imparting a proud bearing to the boyars. To be a trump card is important to walk, and to be a trump card is to show off something.

Have old words, as well as dialectal, can be divided into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the appearance of new words, have gone out of use. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.

For instance:

right hand- right hand, Lanites- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- loin and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences can be in the morpheme composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- a life, guest- merchant,), in grammatical form ( at the ball- at the ball, execute- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, gishpan- Spanish). Many words are completely outdated, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: ruin- death or harm, hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of fiction, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

Histories- these are words that designate such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words have become historicisms that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed. Many historicisms are found among words that, in one way or another, are related to military topics.

For instance:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeak etc.

Most of the obsolete words refer to clothing and household items: prosak, light, endova, camisole, armyak.

Also, the words that denote titles, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Russia can be attributed to historicisms: tsar, lackey, boyar, steward, equestrian, barge haule,tinker etc. Production activities such as horse tram and manufacture. Phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, rent, corvee and others. Disappeared technologies such as honey brewing and tinning.

The words that arose in the Soviet era have also become historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovite and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is due both to the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and to the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. These words include words denoting measures of length or measurement of weight, calling Christian and religious holidays and others and others.

A dictionary of obsolete words spelled out alphabetically:

Explanatory Dictionary of Old Russian Words A Alatyr - Center of the Cosmos. Center of the Microcosm (Human). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snowy), tyr<тур>- a top, a staff or a pillar with a pommel, a sacred tree, a mountain, "ascending" Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Permanent epithet - "white combustible (hot, sparkling)" - (white - "shiny"). In Russian texts, there is a gold, gold, smooth, iron stone. The armor-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and where it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and meaning of the words are conveyed in epics ... Alkonost - from the Old Russian saying "alkyon is (a bird)", from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher (the Greek myth about Alcyone, turned by the gods into a kingfisher). Depicted in popular prints as a half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl's head, shaded by a crown and a halo. In his hands he holds flowers of paradise and an unfolded scroll with the saying about reward in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the Sirin bird, she was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with his singing. The legends say about the days of alcoholic - seven days, when Alkonost lays eggs in the depths of the sea and incubates them, sitting on the surface of the water and calming the storms. Alkonost is perceived as a "manifestation of divine providence" and serves as a designation of the divine word. B Bass - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog is a stick. Bayat, punch - talk, say. Taking - a burden, an armful, as much as you can grasp with your hands. Boyars are rich and noble people close to the king. Swearing is a battle; The abusive field is a battlefield. Brothers - brothers. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from blows of a sword, a spear. Britous - Old Believers called so shaved, without a beard Bulat - steel of a special manufacture. Weapons made of this steel were also called damask. Bustle - to get rich, to increase prosperity. The epic is a true story. Epic - Russian folk epic (full of greatness and heroism) song - a legend about heroes In Vatazhitsya - to know, communicate, make friends, make acquaintance. To be known is to know. Vereya is a pillar on which the gate was hung. Nativity scene - a cave, a dungeon. Vzgoltsit - make noises. Golt (golt) = make noise. "Don't be goldie!" = do not make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frenzied - having lost all sense of proportion. Vityaz is a brave warrior, a hero. At ease - easy, free, without much difficulty, safe. To endure - to endure, endure, transfer. G Garnets - an ancient measure of loose bodies, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy you (from the word goit - to heal, live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - greatness, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today's: "Be healthy! Hello!" Goy you = be healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish of health, good luck and prosperity, a kind word. Variants: "Goy naturally" - be healthy, in the sense of a greeting, a wish for the interlocutor of health, kindness. "Oh, you" is a greeting, with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Gorazd - he knows how, the skillful Upper Room - this is how, in the old fashion, the upper room with large windows was called. The threshing floor, humentse - the place where they thresh, and also - the barn for storing the sheaves. D Recently - recently (before the moment of the conversation) Dushegreika - a warm short jacket or a quilted shirt without sleeves, with gathers in the back. Dereza is a thorny bush, "chepyzhnik". In an ancient way - in an old way Dense - "dense forest" - dark, dense, impassable; an illiterate person Ye Elan, Elanka - a grassy meadow in the Endova forest - a wide vessel with a spout. Food - food, food. Zhaleika is a willow bark pipe. Jug - a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Bellies - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. Take the word - start fasting, fasting. Outpost - a fence made of logs, a control point at the entrance And the Eminent - a rich, noble Monk - in the church. “Tonsured a monk, then ordained a deacon ...” Izba is a house, a warm room. The name "hut" comes from the word "to heat" (the original version - "source" / from a birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations /). House = "smoke" from the chimney. Kalinovy ​​(about fire) - bright, hot. Hag is a crow. A tub is a cylindrical container (barrel), assembled from wooden rivets (planks), tied with metal hoops. Killer Whale / Killer Whale - affectionate treatment. The original meaning is "having beautiful braids" Kichka, kika - an old female headdress that adorns the appearance and gives to the become. A cage is a closet, a separate room A cage in an ancient Russian house was called a cold room, and a hut was called a warm one. Podklet - the lower cold floor of Kluk's house - a stick with a bent upper end. Knysh is bread baked from wheat flour and eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. The rattletrap is an old decorated carriage, in which noble people drove. Kolyada - Christmas dignity in honor of the owners of the house; for the carol, they were given a gift. Kolyadka is a Christmas song performed on Christmas Eve and on the first day of Christmas time by rural youth. For ancient carols, elements are characteristic - chants and conclusions from the end - without preparing. Origin (variant): the original word - Kondak (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (diminutive for "spear"), on which a scroll of parchment was wound. The parchment sheet or scroll itself, written on both sides, was also called a kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church chants, in the middle of the first millennium - long (hymns, poems), modern - small (one or two stanzas, as part of the canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they kept miscellaneous good. Cochet, cochet is a rooster. To be baptized is to be baptized, to sign oneself with a cross. "Oxtis!" - come to your senses! Kurgan is a high earthen hill, which was poured by the ancient Slavs over the grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in a hut, a counter, a chest in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutia - a steep sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins, the Circle-amulet, developed from a circular detour of the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a detour was necessary to make sure that there was no den of predators, or snakes. The idea of ​​a circle served as an image<своего> the world. Lada! - expression of consent, approval. Good! dr.-rus. Okay - the word has many meanings depending on the intonation. Plate - iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - crown. Matitsa - middle ceiling beam. The world is a peasant community. N Nadezha-warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, the other day. The charge is interest. "It will be unaccountable" - inexpensive, profitable Nameste - instead of. Naryoksya - named himself; to name - to give a name, to name. A week is a day when "not doing" is a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Russia, Saturday and Sunday were called pre-Monday and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - Nicoli's unpaid tax or quitrent - never. About Ruffle - a tie at a bast shoe. Abundance is a lot of something. This is how bread was called in Novgorod Obrok - a tribute to Oklematsya - to regain consciousness, to recover. Oprich, okromya - except. Shout - to plow. The rest - the last Osmushka - the eighth (eighth) part = 1/8 - "octopus for tea" (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except ("okromya") P Club - a club with a bound head. Parun is a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor clothing. Brocade is a silk fabric woven with gold or silver. The more - "more", "the more that ... = all the more so ..." The veil is that which covers from all sides (cloth, fog, etc.) The finger is the finger. Polati - a boardwalk for sleeping, arranged under the ceiling. Spelled is a special kind of wheat. To be happy - to be zealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village in which merchants and artisans lived. The throne is a throne, a special chair on a dais, on which the king sat on solemn occasions. It is an old, high-style word meaning - always, forever and ever. Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka is a pound measure of weight. Pushcha is a reserved, impenetrable forest. It is necessary to ponder - to think, to realize, to ponder this matter, to discuss something with someone; kumekat - to understand, to think, to judge about something. Genital (color) - light yellow Midday - southern P Ratnye - military. Rat is an army. Thoughtful - diligent, diligent Rushnik - embroidered towel. Row - to agree, agree. To get loose - to walk without a belt, to lose any shame. Scythian = skete (initial) - from the words "wander", "wandering", therefore, "Scythians-sketes" - "wanderers" ("nomads"? ). A new meaning - a monastic skete "Like a tablecloth" - the original meaning ... Yablochny saved Sloboda - a village near the city, a suburb. Solovye - horses of yellowish-white color. Forty is a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arabian rider. The clothes are good - that is, not bad. Staritsa is an old (or dry) river bed. Pillar noblewoman is a noblewoman of an old and noble family. The adversary is the enemy, the enemy. with pribabakh - at times, inadequate. Antimony - colored black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Susek, bins<а>- a place where flour and grain are stored. Satiety - food, food. Week T Terem - high, with a turret at the top, houses. Tims are goatskin shoes. They were highly valued, sold in yuftas, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called "morocco" (Persian-e word) Either here<тута>, and roofing felts there ... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Allure three crosses - super-fast execution of any order: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km / h, two - up to 12 km / h, three - the maximum possible. Tolokno - crushed (not ground) oat flour. To thin - to spend U Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval ... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic.) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, is Siberia ... Fita's products themselves are a letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words "Fedot", "incense") Foot - an ancient measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually without sleeves. On the shoulders it is fastened with special fasteners or strings, at the waist it is tied with a belt. The chiton was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder Ts Tsatra (chatra, chaator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. Chelo - forehead, according to the modern. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. A child is a son or daughter up to 12 years old. Chasing - expecting, hoping. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего> bush. Chebotar is a shoemaker, shoemaker. Chebots - high, closed footwear, male and female, boots or shoes with sharp toes curved upward. A roan horse - motley, with white splashes on gray (and other, basic) wool or other color mane and tail. Chelyad is a servant in the house. Scarlet - red Chelo - a person's forehead, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, the entrance to a den by Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. A couple - a couple, two objects or faces Quarter - the fourth part of something Black (clothes) - rough, everyday, working. Chick - hitting Chugunka - the railway. Sh Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword blows. Shlyk - a buffoon's hat, cap, cap. Damask - a glass bottle of 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) A person with a big heart, showing the noble breadth of the soul E Yu Yushka - an ear or a liquid soup. St. George's Day (November 26) is a statutory period when a peasant who settled on the master's land and concluded a "decent" one with the owner had the right to leave the owner in Moscow Russia, having fulfilled all his obligations in relation to him. This was the only time of the year, after the end of the autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could change from one owner to another. I am Egg-raitso - egg-happiness, magic egg. Food - food, food, food. Yarilo - the ancient name of the Sun. Yasen stump - meaning: "Naturally! Of course!" In this form, the expression - appeared, relatively recently, Yakhont - Old Russian. name of certain precious stones, more often ruby ​​(corundum of a dark red color), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Old Slavic names of the peoples of Svei - Swedes, Lyakhs - Poles, Ugric group - Ostyaks, Voguls, Magyars Volga-Bulgarian - Cheremis, Mordva Perm - Perm, Zyryans, midday Votyaks - southern Fryazh - Italian. "fryazhskoe" writing - a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to nature painting, at the end of the 17th century. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (dumb). the Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. sorochinin - Arab languages ​​- peoples (common name) Man Brow - forehead Right hand - on the right hand or side of Oshuyu - on the left hand or side. Shuiy is left. Shuytsa is the left hand. Right hand and Shuitsa - right and left hand, right and left sides ("standing at the right hand and at the entrance ...") Colors "red sun", "red maiden" - beautiful, bright "red corner" - the main red color - amulet The connection of weaving with cosmological motives. Vitier and weaving in weaving appears as a form of modeling the world. If the thread is fate, the path of life; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing ("Russian letters", before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and "Knot writing" In folk tales, there is often a knotted ball-guide indicating the Way. Unwinding and reading it, the person recognized the clues - where to go and what to do, read the words, images and numbers. The knotted (nodular) Elm was rolled up, for storage, in books-balls (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - "Wrap yourself on your mustache") and put away in a box-box (from where the concept of "Speak with three box "). Attaching the thread to the mouth (center of the ball) was considered the beginning of the recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized display of a two-dimensional projection on paper of Knotted Elm. Drop caps (capital letters of old texts in Cyrillic) - usually depicted in the form of a Knot Knot ornament. Loop techniques were also used to transfer and store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair in braids). Examples of words and phrases that mention the notions: "tie a knot for memory", "friendship / marriage", "plot intricacy", "tie" (stop), union (from sous<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alyu) through the whole story." "Traits and Rezes" - "birch bark letter" (a simplified version of the Slavic runes), widely used for household records and short messages between people. Slavic Runes - sacred symbols, each of which conveyed a phonetic meaning (the sound of the sign of the runic alphabet), a meaning-image (for example, the letter "D" meant "good", "prosperity"< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical matching. To encrypt or shorten the record, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, built into a picturesque ornament). Monogram, letter monogram is a combination into one image of the initial letters of the name and / or surname, usually intertwined and forming a patterned ligature. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one that supports the hut. Community Everyday objects are common (that is, no one's; belonging to everyone and to nobody separately) things that are equally important to everyone, in the course of common rituals. Belief in the purity (whole, healthy) and holiness of common ritual meals, brotherhoods, joint prayers, folds. An ordinary object is pure, new, it possesses the tremendous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology Latyr-stone, Alatyr - the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (the initial singular Growth Point and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost infinite ball). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics ... Alatyr - Centers of Cosmos (Universe) and Microcosm (Man). Fractal Growth Point, three-dimensional< / многомерная >line of singularity ("Ladder" connecting the worlds), fabulous "magic wand" / wand / staff with a pommel or stationary Magic Altar. That from which the Existence begins and where it returns, around which the cycle of Life takes place (axial point). Russian letter A, Greek - "Alpha". The symbol of the Ladder is prayer beads ("ladder" = ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / "ladder"). In the temple - Analoy (high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- a top, a pillar or a staff with a triple top, a fabulous "magic wand", a scepter, a sacred tree or mountain, the trunk of the World Tree, "ascending" Variants - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatir, Zlatar, Alva Permanent epithet - "white combustible (burning = glowing, hot, sparkling) "- (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts, there is a gold, gold (amber?), Smooth (polished by the hands of worshipers), iron (if a meteorite or a fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a star tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-informational crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and Human body. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. "The navel of the Earth" - the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal ("unearthly Jewel"), the magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >... Folk legends place it at various points on the Earth, usually in real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these lands, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the local lakes. In the open press there is information that Helena and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, passing Russia, carried with them a certain old box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Sacred Stone of the Grail / Wisdom, in the casket-ark), sent to them by the Mahatma. This box is not accidentally shown in the famous painting "Portrait of Nicholas Roerich", painted by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the "Treasure of the World" - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energetic rhythm of its Life) is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the Himalayan mountains). The story is amazing, almost incredible. More information is available on other sites on the Internet. Holy Grail (Bowl of Buddha) - a symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastically UFO legends, from the times of the middle of the last century, which are now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (numbered 211) in Antarctica (located where- then near the present South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Queen Maud Land, on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after World War II, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German military men lived and hid, specialists and civilians who sailed there on submarines). Most likely, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there by ships a few years earlier), the Nazis concealed some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, obtained by them all over the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is there safely and carefully hidden, with numerous traps, to neutralize and pass which, perhaps, in the not very distant future, people< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >will be able to with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (enlightenment of a person, immortality (eternal youth) of his<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) - "Mount Meru", with a top in the head (pineal gland (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and radiance - on the next, higher planes). The ancient name of the Baltic Sea - "Alatyrskoe" Rus - an indigenous inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr-stone in fairy tales and epics is found in the form of the phrase: "On the sea on the Okyan, on the island on Buyan is the Stone-Alatyr". Spaces of the microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of a concentrically arranged "world" (history, event) is most often the sea or the river. A pure field is a transitional area between the worlds. The second area following the sea is an island (or just a stone) or a mountain (or a mountain). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by a multitude of various objects, of which stones or trees may have proper names. All of them are usually found on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology is that body of water (in the southern regions, as well - vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to another world ... the old Slavic "ocean", as well as - Okiyan, Okean, Okean, Okeyan. Kiyan-more More-okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It is impossible to get around it. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynskoe Sea - Caspian or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezm - Aral Sea. Antilocus The Currant River is a mythical prototype of all rivers. It acts as the water line of the “other world”. There is a viburnum bridge on it. Buyan Island - In folklore, Buyan is associated with the other world, the path to which, as you know, lies through the water. The island can serve as an arena for fabulous action.