Four cubes rank. Military ranks in the red army

The era, which is a couple of decades long, which begins after the Bolsheviks came to power, marked itself with numerous changes in the life of the once former Empire. The reorganization of virtually all structures of peaceful and military activity turned out to be a rather lengthy and controversial process. In addition, we know from the course of history that immediately after the revolution, Russia was engulfed in a bloody civil war, in which it was not without intervention. It is hard to imagine that initially the ranks of the workers 'and peasants' Red Army were volunteers.

The archive of documents can provide information about the formation of the regular armed forces, despite the fact that the USSR, as a republic, was formed much later. It is possible that it is for this reason that the ranks in the USSR army until 1943 were of a kind of haphazard nature. However, in order to answer the question of what military ranks existed in the Red Army during the period of this era, it is enough to trace the chronology of events in the military department.

Introduction of insignia

All servicemen of the newly formed Red Army in 1918 received a badge. He was considered a symbol of the Red Army. In a frame of oak leaves, there was a star, a plow and a hammer. Headdresses were also decorated with a similar emblem. With a single form, everything was much more complicated. Naturally, with such a beginning, there can be no question of any signs of distinction. It turns out that some officer ranks and shoulder straps in the USSR were immediately abolished, and until 1943 were considered a symbol of the overthrown autocracy.

At first, the absence of insignia had practically no effect on the combat capability of the subunits, since in the few units the fighters knew the commanders with their own eyes. The deployment of hostilities led to an increase in the number of personnel and, as a result, led to the formation of confusion in the relations between commanders and subordinates. The general violation of discipline was often justified by the fact that the soldiers referred to the lack of differences between the commanders and the general contingent.

There are cases when the commanders of individual units introduced military ranks and the corresponding insignia of their distinction. It could not last so long, especially in war conditions, therefore, since 1919, uniforms and special signs have been approved for all officers.

• The junior commanders had stars with triangles on their sleeves.
• In the middle, the triangles were replaced by squares.
• The rhombus was considered the sign of the highest command personnel.

Thus, a certain hierarchy begins to build up in the army units. The lowest rank endowed with command authority is the detached commander. A higher rank is the assistant platoon commander. Next in seniority is the foreman, and then the commanders of the subunits. The highest command staff is represented by the head of the division, the commander of the army and the front.

In the same period, a headdress - a helmet - was approved by the Revolutionary Military Council. The overcoats of the Red Army were endowed with transverse straps. We know from many movies that they were monochromatic: red or blue. But in fact, they could determine the type of troops and the rank of the commander.

Similar signs were worn:

• squad leader (branch of the army - cavalry);
• battalion commander (branch of the military - artillery);
• front commander.

Since 1920, the type of troops could be identified by the sleeve insignia. For example, the infantry wore a badge in the form of a crimson diamond with a star and rays, and below were two crossed rifles. The engineering troops were distinguished by a black square, and the cavalrymen by a blue horseshoe. Although ranks in the Red Army before 1943 excluded the word "officer", unit commanders performed all of his functions.

The new order brought the helmet and tunic to the standard. On the sleeve of the greatcoat there was a star and a sign that differed in color for different types of troops. The command staff wore a red badge. Otherwise, the uniform was the same as that of ordinary military men.

New ranks in the Red Army

The next stage, in which the ranks in the Soviet army underwent some changes until 1943, begins in 1924. A buttonhole is used as an insignia, which is attached to a tunic or an overcoat. The pilots had blue buttonholes framed with red edging. The infantry is crimson with black, and the artillery is blue with black edging.

The Council of People's Commissars approved metal signs - rhombuses, rectangles, squares and triangles. In parallel with this, similar transformations are taking place in the structure of the GPU and the NKVD. The secret service officers wore valves and buttonholes that differed only in color from military models.

The entire command staff of the army is represented by junior, middle, senior, and senior echelons. The division of each link into categories according to positions allowed for more flexible management of the entire structure. At this stage, instead of a rank, a category was assigned, which was designated by the letter "K" and supplemented with a numerical index, and in 1935 the ranks of lieutenant, major and colonel were added to the brigade commander, division commander and corps commander.

Everyone knows that the gradual introduction of officer ranks did not allow the military to wear shoulder straps until 1943, when, by Stalin's decree, the army structure began to return to the channel created by the Russian Empire, but for now, shoulder straps are undergoing criticism in every possible way from Soviet soldiers and their commanders.

Political life in the army played an important role, especially considering that Soviet society is based on a high degree of ideology. To conduct work, such positions as political instructor, regimental commissar, divisional commissar, and corps commissar were introduced.

With the beginning of the reform, the ground forces and air forces receive the titles of military technician and military engineer. The AHCh has a quartermaster, a brigintendent and a corintendent. Officials are also assigned to doctors. The most important innovation is the establishment of the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

The changes that took place in 1935 are associated, rather, with the introduction of new elements for the uniform of military personnel than with the introduction of new ranks. The shoulder straps were never introduced, by the way, they were not there until the middle of the war, so the epaulettes of the Second World War can be considered the first after their prolonged denial. The entire military-political composition of the army was obliged to wear buttonholes with black edging. The buttonhole itself was crimson.

The rank of general returned only in 1940. The need for this was the loss of authority among the senior commanders among their subordinates. As you can see, the ranks in the Soviet army until 1943 are gradually being brought to our usual form, which suggests that Stalin's well-known decision was not spontaneous. The army modernization program was being prepared since the pre-war period, and after the first victories in the Second World War, it was decided to adapt the structure to the European one as much as possible. Despite the long upcoming battles, it is becoming clearer and clearer that Soviet troops are marching through European cities.

Probably, like most of the people around me, I was not very interested in the details of what kubars and sleepers on the collar tabs of red commanders in the pre-war and war period mean. Not that it was not at all interesting, but somehow the usual "lieutenant", "captain" or "colonel" sounded in films and books. Of course, there were situations when, while reading a book or a story on a military theme, I came across phrases like "judging by the two sleepers on the collar tabs, it was a major ..." from a question left in the subconscious until better times. Let's assume that these better times have come.

In fact, until 1943, severe asceticism prevailed in the outward appearance of the Soviet serviceman. In any case, from the films about the civil war, it was difficult to understand whether there was any system of external difference in the Red Army, say, a company commander from a platoon commander. As a general fighter of the Red Army, being, suppose on dismissal, he could understand that in front of him was a commander, and not a courier in a leather jacket on a motorcycle. Somehow, such questions did not arise before, but when preparing the article, every now and then I came across articles and colorful tablets describing the soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, so I decided to put it all in a separate article. What was unexpected for me personally was of course such insignia as triangles, squares and rhombuses. I have always personified them with the dashing thirties and forties. About that, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council No. 628 of April 8, 1919, the first samples of uniforms were approved: a headdress in the form of a helmet, an infantry and cavalry overcoat with three stripes on the chest ("conversations") made of colored cloth according to the type of troops, a summer shirt with three stripes of broadcloth on the chest in color according to the type of troops and leather boots was unexpected. Also, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic No. 572 of April 3, 1920, sleeve insignia of the combat arms were introduced. So, the sign of the infantry was a rhombus made of crimson cloth, a circle was embroidered on it - in the upper part of yellow color, with diverging rays, a star was depicted in the center of the circle, the bottom of the sign was a green field, a metal emblem was attached to the field under the star - crossed rifles. The pattern on the badge was the same for all branches of the army, only the emblem of the corresponding branch of the army was attached under the star, the badges differed in shape and color of the field. So, among the servicemen of the engineering troops, the badge had the shape of a square made of black cloth, for the cavalry - horseshoes made of blue cloth, etc. Two years later, on January 31, 1922, by order of the RVSR No. 322, a new uniform was introduced with a single cut of an overcoat, a tunic, a helmet , new insignia: a cloth flap was sewn to the sleeve according to the color of the branch of service, in the upper part of which there was a scarlet entry, under it - insignia, above the flap - a badge of the branch. The command staff had red insignia, the administrative staff - blue ... On the headdresses, a small metal star was attached over a woolen colored star (color according to the type of troops). The uniform of the commanding staff was no different from the uniform of the Red Army soldier. In general, in the figure below, I tried schematically, somehow to reduce all my knowledge in this area to a single whole. how much it turned out, experts will probably say, but in any case, personally, I already understand.

This could have ended. The time period - the Civil War ends at the turn of 1921 - 1922. True, the reader never received an answer to the question of how all these triangles, squares and rhombuses later turned into lieutenants and captains, majors and colonels, where are the "sleepers" and the stars of the command staff. All this will be, but a little later. A series of military reforms will pass and gradually the Red Army will take on the form we are accustomed to with kubars and sleepers. For now, I can only add that two years later, after the official end of hostilities in 1924, the army switched to a new, more simplified uniform. Breast flaps and sleeve insignia were abolished, buttonholes were sewn on an overcoat and tunic; in the infantry - from crimson cloth with black edging, in the cavalry - from blue cloth with black edging, in the artillery - from black cloth with red edging, in the technical troops - from black cloth with blue edging, in the Air Force - from blue cloth with a red edging, for the administrative staff - dark green with a red edging. Metal insignia, covered with red enamel, were attached to the buttonholes: rhombuses for the senior command personnel, rectangles for the senior, squares for the middle, and triangles for the junior. The numbers of the regiments were indicated on the buttonholes of the Red Army men. One of the variants of this form of clothing, we can see in the famous film "Officers". It is very clearly seen here that the hero of the film belongs to such a branch of troops as the cavalry, he has a characteristic color of his buttonholes and "conversations", the emblem of the cavalry is visible in the buttonhole. In another shot, it is very clearly visible that the former cadet already belongs to the command staff with the rank of platoon commander,
judging by the two triangles on the sleeve.

Well, in order to completely draw the line, I would like to remind you once again that the most favorite fragment of the film "Officers" is the awarding of red revolutionary trousers.

After the two previous articles, I consider it necessary to close the circle of reflections on the history of Russian and Soviet military ranks, the period 1912 - 1943, from the moment of the last military reform in the Russian Imperial Army to the return, at least external, to the symbols and traditions of the Russian army during the Great Patriotic War. ...

In 1924, when the military reform was carried out, the entire command staff was subdivided into: junior, middle, senior and senior, and 14 job categories were also defined.

Over the course of a hundred It was clear that the elimination of insignia was too hasty, so they gradually began to be introduced again. The new insignia had nothing to do with the insignia used in the tsarist army. In July 1940, the insignia introduced in 1936 were reformed. The Red Army entered the war using insignia of the 1940 model. Insignia were worn in buttonholes. There were two types of buttonholes: rectangular for most types of uniforms and rhombic for overcoats. Three categories of officers were distinguished: marshals and generals who wore gold-embroidered stars in their buttonholes, senior officers (divisional commanders and brigade commanders) who wore enameled rhombuses with gold edging in their buttonholes, middle officers (colonels and captains) who wore enameled rectangles in their buttonholes and junior officers (lieutenants), who wore in their buttonholes, enameled squares - "kubari". Sergeants and foremen wore enameled triangles in their buttonholes.

The type of troops and service were indicated by the color of the edging and insignia. The color of the buttonhole field indicated belonging to the branch of the army, in addition, a small badge in the buttonhole spoke of belonging to a certain branch of the army.

Commissars occupied a special position in the army. There were commissars in every unit from the battalion and above. In 1937, in each unit (company, platoon), the position of political instructor was introduced - a junior political officer. The insignia of the commissars in general were similar to the insignia of officers, but had their own characteristics. Instead of chevrons on the sleeve, the commissars wore a red star.

In January 1941, another reform of the Red Army uniform was carried out. The changes were supposed to make the uniform more convenient for use in combat conditions. First of all, they abandoned the use of bright chevrons and buttonholes and replaced them with samples of more faded colors. The buttonhole field began to be made of khaki fabric, and the enamel signs were replaced by metal ones. Plans to modernize the uniform extended until October 1941, but were interrupted by the outbreak of the war.

This article is intended to help all interested persons in determining the types of troops (services) of fighters and commanders of the Ground and Air Force of the Red Army, captured in photographs in uniforms with lapel badges, introduced by Orders of the NKO of the USSR No. 33 of 03/10/1936 and No. 165 from 08/31/1936 (The lapel emblem of the scout-observer of the 1st (2nd) class cavalry (introduced by the order of the NCO No. 26 of 02/20/1936, canceled by the order of the NCO USSR No. 162 of 04/09/1939) to this the list was not included, because it indicated the qualifications of a serviceman belonging to a certain branch of the army, namely the cavalry.This topic is discussed in more detail in A. Stepanov's article "Reconnaissance observers of the cavalry of the Red Army and the NKVD troops 1936-1941" ["Zeikhgauz", No. 8, 1995, pp. 44-46]).

In the work of O.V. Kharitonov [Kharitonov O.V. - Illustrated description of uniforms and insignia of the Soviet Army (1918-1958). - Ed. AIM. - Leningrad. - 1960.] It is noted that initially it was planned to wear these lapel metal emblems only by the command, command and junior command personnel of the long-term service, as well as cadets of military schools, while on the buttonholes of ordinary and junior commanding and command personnel of military service they were to be applied paint on a stencil, however, the application of emblems with paint was practically not used due to the poor quality of small parts. All lapel insignia according to the type of troops (service, specialty) had a golden color, with the exception of the emblem of the military veterinary staff, which had a silvery color. During the Great Patriotic War, the emblems of the branch (service), painted with green paint, were used on khaki collar tabs.

In accordance with the Rules for wearing uniforms of the Red Army (December 1936), buttonhole emblems were located along the edges of the tunic buttonholes, touching the edges of their transverse edging and in the upper edges of the overcoat buttonholes, close to their corner edging [A. Kibovsky, A. Stepanov, K. Tsyplenkov. - Uniforms of the Russian military air fleet. - Volume 2. - Part 1 (1935-1955). - 2007.].

This arrangement of lapel emblems remained until 1940, when Order of the NCO of the USSR No. 87 dated 05.04. 1940 g.new buttonholes were introducedfor cadets of military schools and regimental schools of the Red Army and By order of the NKO of the USSR No. 391 of 02.11.1940 - for corporals and junior commanding staff of the Red Army, as well as for the Red Army with higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons).

Since 1940, cadets of military schools of the Red Army wore the lapel insignia of the type of troops (service) on their overcoat collars close to the golden braid, among cadets of regimental schools and Red Army menwith higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons) - below the red cloth triangle located in the upper corner of the buttonhole, for corporal and junior commanding officers - below the golden metal triangle located in the upper corner of the buttonhole. On tunic buttonholes cadets of regimental schools, Red Army menwith higher and completed secondary education, undergoing training in training companies (batteries, squadrons), corporals and junior commanding emblem fastened on a red longitudinal cloth gap, on overcoat buttonholes- above him.

Description of the lapel emblems of the combat arms (services) of the Ground and Air Force of the Red Army (Introduced by orders of the NKO USSR No.

The emblems of ABTV, military medical and military veterinary personnel were paired, i.e. facing gun barrels and snake heads, both to the right and to the left. The normative document that established the correct orientation of paired lapel emblems has not yet been identified. In the photographs, BT tanks can look with gun barrels both at each other and from each other, the same goes for the orientation of the snake heads, although the military medical personnel more often oriented the heads of the snakes to each other, the military veterinary service - from each other. More rarely, the simultaneous use of only left or only right types of paired lapel badges occurs.

When attributing photographs of Red Army servicemen with lapel badges introduced in 1936, it is also useful to take into account the color of the field and the edges of the buttonholes. It should be borne in mind that many photographs of the period of the Great Patriotic War, soldiers and commanders, located in the theater of operations and in marching units, depicted in uniforms with khaki buttonholes, the wearing of which was regulated by the Order of the NKO of the USSR No. 253 of 08/01/1941 "On changing the uniform of the Red Army in wartime."

The absence of emblems on the buttonholes with gold edging and insignia of rank in the form of squares, rectangles and rhombuses, i.e. among persons of the middle, senior and higher command personnel of the Red Army, testifies in favor of the fact that the photo captures the face of the command personnel of rifle (infantry) or cavalry units that did not have in the period from 1936 to July 1940. emblems according to the type of troops. (The buttonholes of the command staff of the Red Army had a cloth field of the same color as the buttonholes of the commanding staff of the same kind of troops (service), but they were edged not with colored cloth, but with a galloon or thread of gold color. sheathing with gold thread, similar to the commander's. The field of buttonholes of the command staff of ABTV, railway troops and VOSO was made of black velvet. It should be noted that the situation changed in 1940 after the Order of the NKO USSR No. 05/07/1940 "On the establishment of military ranks of the highest command personnel of the Red Army" general ranks. - blue, artillery and ABTV - black (velvet), signal troops, engineering troops, technical troops, quartermaster service - crimson. Emblems according to the type of troops (service) were worn on the collar tabs of generals of artillery, ABTV, signal troops, engineering troops, technical troops, the Air Force, the quartermaster service (the emblem on the collar tabs of the latter differed from the emblem of the senior and middle command personnel of the service and was a pair (left and right ) emblems in the form of a golden sickle and hammer with a red enamel star superimposed on them).

The absence of emblems on buttonholes with colored cloth edging and insignia of rank in the form of triangles or without insignia at all testifies to the fact that the photo captures the face of a junior commanding officer or rank-and-file rifle (infantry) or To avalery units in the period 1936 - July 1940.

The absence of emblems of the type of troops in rifle (infantry) and cavalry units in the period under review was probably due to the historically established practice in the Russian army of distinguishing relatively small numbers of emblems in comparison with such types of troops as infantry and cavalry, technical types of troops and various military service.

The absence of lapel emblems in the photo on buttonholes with cloth color edging and rank insignia in the form of four triangles, as well as a different number of squares, rectangles and rhombuses, testifies to what is captured in the photo military-political figure any kind of troops (service), which in the period 1936 - July 1940. it was not supposed to wear lapel emblems and which was introduced by the Order of the NKO of the USSR No. 226 dated 26.07. 1940 year.

The general principles of wearing buttonholes of a certain color and placing on them the corresponding lapel badges were regulated by the Rules for wearing uniforms by the personnel of the Red Army, introduced by Order of the NKO of the USSR No. 229 of 12/17/1936:

"The command, military-political, military-technical, military-legal commanding officers and rank and file of the ground and air forces of the Red Army wear uniforms and buttonholes of the type of troops in which they serve.

Command, military-political, military-technical, military-legal commanding staff of logistic institutions and headquarters (up to district headquarters, directorates and departments, inclusive)- wears uniforms and buttonholes of the type of troops in which they served before being assigned to a logistic establishment or headquarters.

The military-economic and administrative, military-medical and military-veterinary personnel of the ground and air forces of the Red Army wear uniforms and buttonholes established for these trains, regardless of the type of troops in which they serve.

NOTE:
1. Special units that are part of individual military units (regimental artillery, communications, etc.) wear uniforms and buttonholes of these units
2. Reconnaissance battalions of rifle divisions carry:
a) cave squadrons- cavalry uniform and buttonholes
b) all other units, including the headquarters - uniform and buttonholes ABTV
3.Automotive parts wear uniforms and ABTV buttonholes
4. Local air defense units wear uniforms and buttonholes of technical troops. "

Command and rank-and-file personnel, including special units of individual military units, wear lapel insignia of a kind of troops.

Military-technical, military-economic and administrative, military-legal, military-medical and military-veterinary commanding staff (except for those who are students in academies, military faculties and military schools), wear their lapel emblems, regardless of the type of troops in which they serve.

The military-political composition (except for those who are students in academies, military faculties and military schools), do not wear lapel emblems. "

< Увеличить> Unknown assistant or deputy political instructor. There are no emblems of the branch (service) on the buttonholes.	< Увеличить> Junior political instructor V. N. Kuznetsov	< Увеличить> Senior political instructor V.P. Kuznetsov On the buttonholes there are no emblems of the type of troops.	< Увеличить> Ensign A.I. Kuznetsov, 24th Reserve Rifle Regiment, s. There are no emblems of the type of troops on the collar tabs.
< Увеличить> Captain K.P. Panasyuk, Chief of Staff of the 29th Rifle Regiment	< Увеличить> Unknown Red Army cavalrymen. On the buttonholes there are no emblems according to the type of troops	< Увеличить> Unknown Red Army cavalryman. On the buttonholes there are no emblems of the type of troops.	< Enlarge> Junior political instructor A.K. Kuznetsov. On the buttonholes of the emblem of the engineering troops.
< Enlarge> TO commander of the 8th service category ON. Radetsky. On the buttonholes of the emblem of the engineering troops.	< Увеличить> < Увеличить> Brothers, the junior commander of the ABTV platoon (left) and the Red Army engineer troops (right), with his grandmother.		< Увеличить> Lieutenant colonel Shevlyakov B.A. Artillery emblems on the collar tabs.
< Увеличить> 2nd rank military engineer Tsarev... On the collar tabs there are emblems of the military-technical staff.	< Увеличить> Unidentified Air Force Lieutenant On the buttonholes of the Air Force emblem.	< Увеличить> Senior military assistant Mikheeva E.A. Lapel badges of military medical personnel	< Увеличить> Unknown military veterinary assistant Lapel badges of the military veterinary staff
< Увеличить> Lieutenant Tikhonov N.A..On the buttonholes of the emblem of the signal troops	< Увеличить> chemical troops.	< Увеличить> Unidentified junior lieutenant of the chemical forces	< Увеличить> Red Army chauffeur.
< Увеличить> Unknown junior platoon commander ABTV	< Увеличить> Unknown sergeant of ABTV.	< Увеличить> Unknown rank 2 military officer. On the collar tabs of the emblem of the military-legal composition	< Увеличить> Lieutenant Serukin(?). On the collar tabs there are emblems of electrical parts.
< Увеличить> Two lieutenants of electrical engineering. On the collar tabs there are emblems of electrical parts.		< Увеличить> Unknown Rank 2 Quartermaster Technician. On the collar tabs of the emblem of the military-economic and administrative staff	< Увеличить> Unknown detached commander of the railway troops with his wife.
< Увеличить> Lieutenant of the Railroad Troops Kolomiychenko A.A.	< Увеличить> Quartermaster 3rd rank H. Batrshi(?) On the collar tabs of the bandmasters' emblems	< Увеличить> Hero of the Soviet Union, detached commander V.K. Artyukh... On the lapels of the emblem of the pontoon parts	< Увеличить> A.F.Radetsky, commander of the 5th service category of sapper units Photo of the late 1920s
< Увеличить> N.A. Radetsky, commander of the 3rd service category of sapper units Photo of the late 1920s	< Увеличить> Unknown commander of the 8th service category of sapper units. Photo of the early 1930s	< Увеличить> Warlord 1st rank A.A. Suvorov with his wife. .....
< Enlarge> Major engineering troops HELL. Kuznetsov	< Увеличить> Unidentified nurses		< Увеличить> Lieutenant A.E. Kuznetsov. Infantry. There are no emblems on the buttonholes.
	< Увеличить> Unknown senior lieutenant of chemical troops

Periodization of the use of emblems arr. 1936 in the USSR Armed Forces (taking into account the use of emblems in different periods as both lapel and running emblems)

In conclusion, it should be noted that the appearance of the emblems considered in this article was not new either for the Red Army, or for Russian uniformology in general: 12 of them had already been used in various years preceding 1936 as the red army's lapel emblems (No. 2 , 3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,14,17,18), 7 - were used until 1917 in the Imperial Russian Army to designate types of weapons, certain types of technical troops, special teams, etc. .d. (Nos. 3,4,6,7,9,13, 14, 17), 3 - as fittings for civilian specialists of the Russian Empire (Nos. 2,4,18)

The laconicism and functionality of the visual solution of these emblems led to their long-term use as symbols of the arms of the troops and services of the Soviet Armed Forces.

At the time of the termination of the existence of the Soviet Army (1991), 8 emblems of the combat arms (services) were used in its Ground and Air Force, similar in appearance to the emblems of the 1936 model. Currently, 8 emblems are also used as emblems of the combat arms (services) in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, similar in appearance to the lapel emblems of the 1936 model.

Sources of illustrations

1. Photos of lapel emblems (except for the ABTV emblem) are provided by Alexander Zubkin, who specializes in the manufacture and sale of commercial copies of the RKKA metal fittings (contact email address for orders and purchases [email protected] ) .

2. Photographs of pre-war ABTV lapel badges courtesy of Evgeny Drig.

3. All photographs of servicemen of the Red Army, which are illustrations to the text of this article, are the property of the author.

Over the 19 years of existence of lapel insignia, changes in Insignia and buttonholes Red Army small ones were introduced.

The appearance of the emblems of the branches of the armed forces and services changed, the colors of the edges and buttonholes, the number of signs in the buttonholes and the technology of production of signs underwent changes.

In various years, as an additional element to the buttonholes, sleeve stripes .

Many get confused about military ranks, it's all about changes in 391 orders.

For example, before the age of 40, the foreman had three triangles in his buttonhole and three stripes on the sleeve, and since 40, four.

The squares and rectangles defining the military rank were colloquially called "kubari" or "cubes", respectively, the "sleepers" rectangles.

Rhombuses and triangles had no slang names, the exception was foreman, its four triangles were called "saw".

The gunners and armored forces used black buttonholes, but the tank commanders buttonholes were velvety. The emblem of gunners and motorists was introduced in the First World War, crossed cannons and winged wheels with a steering wheel at the drivers. Both those and others with minimal changes are used today. Tankers have emblems in the form of miniature BT tanks. The chemists had two cylinders and a gas mask on the emblem. Changed to hammer and wrench in March 1943.

Regarding military ranks "sample 1935" the rank of "lieutenant colonel" is introduced for the command personnel, and the rank of "senior battalion commissar" for the military-political personnel.

On the collar tabs of the General of the Army, there were five gilded stars, colonel general- had four, the lieutenant general had three stars, the major general was supposed to wear two in his buttonholes. Komkor G.K. Zhukov was the first to be awarded the rank of army general.

The title of Marshal of the Soviet Union was established on September 22, 1935 by a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The marshal was dressed in a general's uniform, the differences were red buttonholes, a gold embroidered star, laurel branches and on their crosshairs a sickle and a hammer, sleeve squares with laurel branches embroidered in gold and large sleeve stars. Until the fortieth year, there was no ornament of laurel branches with a hammer and sickle on the marshal's buttonholes.

The difference between the Marshal's collar tabs is clearly visible on the uniforms of Budyonny. Voroshilov in a 1940 model uniform

The first to be awarded the title Marshal of the Soviet Union were Tukhachevsky, Voroshilov, Egorov, Budyonny and Blucher.

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Afganka is a slang term used by some military personnel to name a set of field summer winter uniforms for servicemen of the Armed Forces of the USSR, and later the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries. The field was later used as a daily routine due to poor supply of military uniforms of the Soviet Army and the USSR Navy, the marines, coastal missile and artillery troops and the Navy Air Force, in the initial period used in SAVO and OKSVA

The name From the hero to the frunzevka In publicism there is a version that the Budenovka was developed back in the First World War in such helmets, the Russians supposedly had to go through a victory parade in Berlin. However, no confirmed evidence of this has been found. But according to the documents, the history of the competition for the development of uniforms for the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army is well traced. The competition was announced on May 7, 1918, and on December 18, the Revolutionary Military Council of the republic approved a sample of a winter headdress - a helmet,

Military uniforms of the Soviet army - items of uniform and equipment of the Soviet army servicemen formerly called the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and the Red Army, as well as the Rules for their wearing in the period from 1918 to 1991, established by the highest government bodies for the personnel of the Soviet Army. Article 1. The right to wear military uniforms have military personnel who are on active military service in the Soviet Army and the Navy, Suvorov,

Front-line soldier Lance-corporal 1 in uniform of the 1943 model. The insignia from the buttonholes were transferred to the shoulder straps. The SSh-40 helmet became widespread since 1942. Around the same time, submachine guns began to arrive in the troops in massive quantities. This corporal is armed with a 7.62 mm Shpagin submachine gun - PPSh-41 - with a 71-round drum magazine. Spare magazines in pouches on a waist belt next to a pouch for three hand grenades. In 1944, along with the drum

Metal helmets, widely used in the armies of the world long before our era, lost their protective value by the 18th century due to the massive proliferation of firearms. By the period of the Napoleonic Wars in European armies, they were used mainly in heavy cavalry as protective equipment. Throughout the 19th century, military hats protected their wearers from cold, heat, or rain at best. Returning steel helmets to service, or

As a result of the adoption of two decrees on December 15, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars abolished all ranks and military ranks in the Russian army that remained from the previous regime. The period of the formation of the Red Army. First insignia. Thus, all the soldiers of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, organized as a result of the order of January 15, 1918, no longer had any uniform military uniform, as well as special insignia. Nevertheless, in the same year, a badge was introduced for the soldiers of the Red Army.

In the last century, during the Soviet Union, there was the highest rank of Generalissimo. However, during the entire existence of the Soviet Union, this title was not awarded to a single person, except for Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. The proletarian people themselves asked for this person to be awarded the highest military rank for all their services to the Motherland. This happened after the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in the 45th year. Soon that the working people asked for such an honor

PILOT Introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 176 of December 3, 1935. A pilot's cap is made of woolen fabric, which is similar to a jacket's jacket. The color of the cap for the command personnel of the air forces is blue, for the command personnel of the auto-armored forces it is steel, for all the others it is khaki. The cap consists of a cap and two sides. The cap is made on a cotton lining, and the sides are made of two layers of the main fabric. In front

Oleg Volkov, senior lieutenant in reserve, former commander of the T-55 tank, gunner of the 1st class gun. We have been waiting for her for so long. Three long years. They waited from the very minute when they changed their civilian clothes for soldiers' uniforms. All this time, she came to us in dreams, in between exercises, shooting at ranges, studying materiel, outfits, drill and other numerous army duties. We are Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Ukrainians,

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FITTING, ASSEMBLING AND MAINTAINING A UNIFORM COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT OF THE RKKA PRIVATE STAFF, Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR 183 1932 1. General Provisions 1. The uniform equipment of the command staff of the ground and air forces of the RKKA is supplied to supply a single size, designed for the greatest growth of command personnel and overcoats and warm overalls leather uniforms, fur clothes with waist and shoulder belts of three sizes 1

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FITTING, ASSEMBLING AND MAINTAINING A UNIFORM COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT OF THE RKKA CHOICE OF THE RKKA RVS Order 183 1932 1. General provisions 1. The uniform equipment of the command personnel of the ground and air forces of the RKKA arrives for supply of one size, designed for the greatest growth of command personnel and overcoats and warm overalls leather uniforms, fur clothes with waist and shoulder belts of three sizes 1 heights, namely 1 Equipment

The entire period of the existence of the USSR can be divided into several stages according to various epochal events. As a rule, changes in the political life of the state lead to a number of cardinal changes, including in the army. The pre-war period, which is limited to 1935-1940, went down in history as the birth of the Soviet Union, and special attention should be paid not only to the state of the material part of the armed forces, but also to the organization of the hierarchy in management. Before the beginning of this period, there was

The era, which is a couple of decades long, which begins after the Bolsheviks came to power, marked itself with numerous changes in the life of the once former Empire. The reorganization of virtually all structures of peaceful and military activity turned out to be a rather lengthy and controversial process. In addition, we know from the course of history that immediately after the revolution, Russia was engulfed in a bloody civil war, in which it was not without intervention. It is hard to imagine that the original ranks

Winter uniforms of the Red Army 1940-1945 Overcoat Introduced by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR 733 dated December 18, 1926. Single-breasted overcoat made of gray overcoat cloth. Turn-down collar. Hidden clasp with five hooks. Split welt pockets without flaps. Sleeves with stitched straight cuffs. The fold ends in a slot at the back. The strap fastens to the posts with two buttons. The overcoat for the command and command staff was introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR

The Soviet system of insignia is unique. Such a practice cannot be found in the armies of other countries of the world, and it was, perhaps, the only innovation of the communist government, otherwise the order was copied from the rules of the army insignia of tsarist Russia. The insignia of the first two decades of the existence of the Red Army were buttonholes, which were later replaced by shoulder straps. The rank was determined by the shape of the figures triangles, squares, rhombuses under the star,

Insignia of servicemen of the Red Army according to the ranks of 1935-40. The period under consideration covers the time from September 1935 to November 1940. By a decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, personal military ranks are established for all military personnel, which are strictly correlated with the positions they hold. Each position corresponds to a certain title. A soldier may have a rank lower than that defined for this position, or appropriate. But he cannot receive

Official insignia of servicemen of the Red Army 1919-1921 With the coming of the RCP b to power in November 1917, the new leaders of the country, relying on Karl Marx's thesis about replacing the regular army with general armament of the working people, took an active part in eliminating the imperial army of Russia. In particular, on December 16, 1917, by decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars On the Elective Beginning and Organization of Power in the Army and On Equalization in the Rights of All Servicemen, all military ranks were abolished.

The clothing of military personnel is established by decrees, orders, rules or special regulations. Wearing a naval uniform of a naval uniform is mandatory for servicemen of the armed forces of the state and other formations where military service is provided. In the Russian armed forces, there are a number of accessories that were in the naval uniform of the times of the Russian Empire. These include shoulder straps, boots, long overcoats with buttonholes

In 1985, by Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 145-84, a new field uniform was introduced, the same for all categories of military personnel, which received the everyday name of an Afghan woman was the first to receive parts and units located in the territory of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In 1988, in 1988, Order 250 of the USSR Ministry of Defense of 03/04/88 introduced the wearing of full dress uniforms by soldiers, sergeants and cadets without a tunic in a green shirt. From left to right

THE MAIN INTENDANT DEPARTMENT OF THE RKKA INSTRUCTIONS FOR LAYING, FITTING, ASSEMBLING AND WEARING OUTDOOR ACCESSORIES OF THE RED ARMY INFANTRY FIGHTER WARRIORS NKO USSR - 1941 CONTENTS I. General provisions II. Equipment types and composition set III. Fitting the Rig IV. Laying equipment V. Making a greatcoat roll VI. Assembling Equipment VII. The procedure for putting on equipment VIII. Instructions for using the equipment IX.

Continuity and innovation in modern military heraldry The first official military heraldic sign is the emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, established on January 27, 1997 by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation, in the form of a golden two-headed eagle with outstretched wings, holding a sword in its paws, as the most common symbol of the armed defense of the Fatherland. and a wreath is a symbol of special importance, significance and honor of military labor. This emblem was created to indicate ownership

Considering all the stages of the creation of the armed forces of Russia, it is necessary to deeply immerse oneself in history, and although during the times of the principalities there is no talk of the Russian empire, and even more so of the regular army, the emergence of such a concept as defense capability begins precisely from this era. In the XIII century, Russia was represented by separate principalities. Although their military squads were armed with swords, axes, spears, sabers and bows, they could not serve as reliable protection from outside encroachments. Unified army

The emblem of the Airborne Forces - in the form of a parachute surrounded by two planes - is known to everyone. It became the basis for the subsequent development of all the symbols of units and formations of the Airborne Forces. This sign is not only an expression of a soldier's belonging to the winged infantry, but also a kind of symbol of the spiritual unity of all paratroopers. But few people know the name of the author of the emblem. And this was the work of Zinaida Ivanovna Bocharova, a beautiful, intelligent, hardworking girl who worked as a leading draftsman at the headquarters of the Airborne

This attribute of military equipment has earned a worthy place among others, due to its simplicity, unpretentiousness and, most importantly, complete irreplaceability. The very name of the helmet comes from the French casque or from the Spanish casco skull, helmet. If you believe the encyclopedias, then this term means a leather or metal headdress used to protect the head by the military and other categories of persons operating in dangerous conditions by miners,

Until the end of the 70s, the field uniform of the KGB PV was not much different from that of the Soviet land Army. If only not green shoulder straps and buttonholes, and the more frequent and widespread use of KLMK camouflage summer camouflage suit. At the end of the 70s, in terms of the development and implementation of special field uniforms, some shifts took place, which resulted in the appearance of summer and winter field suits of a hitherto unusual cut. 1.

Summer uniforms of the Red Army for the period 1940-1943. SUMMER GYMNASTER FOR THE TEAM AND LEADERSHIP OF THE RED ARMY Introduced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR 005 of February 1, 1941. Summer tunic is made of khaki cotton fabric with a turn-down collar fastened with one hook. At the ends of the collar, buttonholes are sewn in a khaki color with insignia. The gymnast has a chest strap with a clasp

Camouflage clothing appeared in the Red Army back in 1936, although experiments began 10 years earlier, but it became widespread only during the war. Initially, these were camouflage coats and capes of spotted color spots in the form of amoebas and received the unspoken name amoeba of four colors for summer, spring-autumn, desert and for mountainous regions. In a separate row are white camouflage coats for winter camouflage. Much more massively produced.

Back in World War II, German soldiers were terrified by marines. Since then, the latter have been assigned a second name, black death or black devils, indicating the inevitable reprisal against those who encroach on the integrity of the state. Perhaps this nickname has something to do with the fact that the infantryman wore a black pea jacket. Only one thing is known for certain if the enemy is afraid, then this is already the lion's share of victory, and, as you know, the motto is considered the symbol of the Marine Corps

Patches of the USSR Navy states Information presented on this page, order numbers, etc. , based on materials from the book by Alexander Borisovich Stepanov Patch of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 1920-91 I Patch of anti-tank artillery units ORDER OF THE PEOPLE'S DEFENSE COMMISSIONER OF THE USSR dated July 1, 1942 0528

Order for the Naval Forces Rab.-Cross. Red Army 52 of April 16, 1934 Specialists of private and junior command personnel, in addition to sleeve insignia, also wear specialty insignia embroidered on black cloth. The diameter of the round signs is 10.5 cm. The circumference of the signs is embroidered with gold thread or yellow silk for conscripts in specialties for conscripts, and red thread for conscripts. The design of the sign is embroidered with red thread.

June 3, 1946 In accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, signed by J.V. Stalin, the Airborne Forces were withdrawn from the Air Force and subordinated directly to the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Paratroopers at the November 1951 parade in Moscow. The sleeve insignia is visible on the right sleeve of those walking in the first rank. The decree instructed the chief of Logistics of the USSR Armed Forces, together with the commander of the Airborne Forces, to prepare proposals

By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic 572 of April 3, 1920, the sleeve insignia of the Red Army were introduced. Detailed analysis of the history of stripes and chevrons of the Red Army of all periods in the material Voenpro. The introduction of the RKKA sleeve insignia stages, features, symbols Distinctive insignia of the sleeve type are used to identify servicemen of certain branches of the armed forces. To better understand the specifics of the sleeve insignia of the Red Army and the chevrons of the Red Army, we recommend

Soviet mountain rifle gunners in ambush. Caucasus. 1943 Relying on the significant combat experience gained during the Great Patriotic War, the Main Directorate of Combat Training of the Main Directorate of Combat Training of the Main Directorate for Combat Training of the Ground Forces of the Red Army took up a radical solution to the issues of providing the Soviet infantry with the latest weapons and equipment. In the summer of 1945, a meeting was held in Moscow to discuss all the problems facing the combined arms commanders. At this meeting, presentations were made by

In the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army, in the summer, they wore half boots, they were also boots and boots, in the cold winter, felt boots were issued. The highest command staff in the winter could wear burka winter boots. The choice of footwear depended on the rank of the serviceman; the officers always relied on boots and on the position they held. Before the war, there were many improvements and changes in the field

From buttonholes to shoulder straps P. Lipatov Uniform and insignia of the ground forces of the Red Army, internal troops of the NKVD and border troops during the Great Patriotic War The Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army of the Red Army entered the Second World War in a uniform of the 1935 model. to us the appearance of the soldiers of the Wehrmacht. In 1935, by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense of December 3, new uniforms and insignia were introduced for all personnel of the Red Army.

They do not emit a warlike roar, they do not sparkle with a polished surface, are not decorated with embossed coats of arms and plumes, and quite often are generally hidden under jackets. However, today it is simply unthinkable to send soldiers into battle or ensure the safety of VIPs without these unpretentious-looking armor. Body armor is clothing that prevents bullets from entering the body and, therefore, protects a person from shots. It is made from materials that dissipate

Various types of small arms and edged weapons in service with partisans Trophy weapons of partisans Various independent alterations of copies of Soviet and captured weapons Partisans' actions behind enemy lines damage power lines, posting propaganda leaflets, reconnaissance, destruction of traitors. Ambushes behind enemy lines, destruction of enemy columns and manpower Undermining of bridges and railways, methods

PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF MILITARY SERVANTS 1935-1945 PERSONAL MILITARY RANKS OF LAND AND MARINE FORCES OF THE RKKA 1935-1940 Introduced by resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars 2590 for the land and air forces of the Red Army and 2591 for the naval forces of the Red Army and 2591 for the naval forces of the RKKA from September 1919. Announced by order of the People's Commissar of Defense 144 of September 26, 1935. Private and command personnel Political composition

In the Red Army, two types of collar tabs were used, everyday colored and field protective. There were also differences in the collar tabs of the command and command personnel, so that it was possible to distinguish the commander from the chief. Field buttonholes were introduced by order of the NKO of the USSR 253 of August 1, 1941, which canceled the wearing of colored insignia for all categories of military personnel. It was ordered to switch to buttonholes, emblems and insignia of a completely green khaki

Uniforms of the Red Army Red Army headwear Patches of insignia Patches of distinction Patches of distinction Patches of insignia Patches of insignia Patches of insignia Insignia

The story about the introduction of insignia in the Soviet army will have to start with some general questions. In addition, a small excursion into the history of the Russian state will be useful, so as not to formulate empty references to the past. By themselves, shoulder straps represent a kind of product that is worn on the shoulders in order to indicate the position or rank, as well as the type of troops and service affiliation. This is done in several ways, fastening strips, asterisks, making gaps, chevrons.

On January 6, 1943, shoulder straps were introduced in the USSR for the personnel of the Soviet Army. Initially, shoulder straps had a practical meaning. With their help, the belt of the cartridge bag was held. Therefore, at first there was only one shoulder strap, on the left shoulder, since the cartridge bag was worn on the right side. In most fleets of the world, shoulder straps were not used, and the rank was indicated by stripes on the sleeve, the sailors did not wear a cartridge bag. In Russia shoulder straps

Commanders IVAN KONEV 1897-1973, commanded the Steppe Front during the Battle of Kursk. He graduated from school at the age of 12, then became a lumberjack. Was mobilized into the tsarist army. In the civil war, he joined the Red Army and fought as a commissar in the Far East. In 1934 he graduated from the Frunze Academy and became a corps commander. In 1938, Konev commanded the Separate Red Banner Army as part of the Far Eastern Front. But lead military action against

Commanders Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov Born on February 12, 1900 in Serebryanye Prudy, near Venev, Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov was the son of a peasant. From the age of 12, he worked as a saddler's apprentice, and when he turned 18, he joined the Red Army. In 1918, during the civil war, he participated in the defense of Tsaritsyn later - Stalingrad, and in 1919 he joined the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and was appointed regiment commander. In 1925, Chuikov graduated from the Military Academy. M.V. Frunze, then participated

Even before the First World War, a uniform appeared in the Russian army, consisting of a khaki trousers, a tunic shirt, an overcoat and boots. We have seen her more than once in films about the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. Soviet uniform during the Second World War. Since then, several uniform reforms have been carried out, but they mainly affected only the dress uniform. Edging, shoulder straps, buttonholes changed in uniforms, and the field uniform remained practically unchanged.

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR RULES FOR WEARING MILITARY UNIFORMS OF CLOTHING BY SERGEANTS, ELDERS, SOLDIERS, MATRESSES, COURSANTS AND TRAINERS OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND THE NAVAL FORCE FOR PEACE OF MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR. General Provisions. The uniform of sergeants of the long-term service. The uniform of sergeants of compulsory service and soldiers of extra-urgent and urgent service. The uniform of cadets of military schools. The uniform of the pupils of the Suvorovs

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF THE SSR RULES OF WEARING MILITARY UNITS OF CLOTHING BY SOVIET ARMY AND NAVY SERVICES IN PEACE I. GENERAL PROVISIONS II. MILITARY FORM OF CLOTHING Uniform of marshals of the Soviet Union, marshals of military branches and generals of the Soviet Army Uniform of admirals and generals of the Navy Uniform of officers of the Soviet Army Uniform of women officers of the Soviet Army

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF SSR RULES FOR WEARING MILITARY UNITS OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND THE NAVY ORDER OF THE MINISTER OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR 191 Section I. GENERAL PROVISIONS Section II. MILITARY UNIFORM OF CLOTHING Chapter 1. Uniform of the Marshals of the Soviet Union, marshals of the branches of service and generals of the Soviet Army Chapter 2. Uniform of the officers and sergeants of the long-term service of the Soviet Army Chapter 3. Uniform of women officers

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF THE SSR RULES OF WEARING MILITARY UNITS OF CLOTHING BY MILITARY SERVICES OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND THE NAVY Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 250 Section I. BASIC PROVISIONS Section II. UNIFORM OF CLOTHING OF SOVIET ARMY SERVANTS. Chapter 1. Uniforms of Marshals of the Soviet Union, generals of the army, marshals of combat arms and generals of the Soviet Army Chapter 2. Uniforms of officers, warrant officers and servicemen of extra-urgent service

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE UNION OF SSR RULES OF WEARING MILITARY UNITS OF CLOTHING BY MILITARY SERVICES OF THE SOVIET ARMY AND THE NAVY Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR 250 Section I. BASIC PROVISIONS Section II. UNIFORM OF CLOTHING OF SOVIET ARMY SERVANTS. Chapter 1. Uniforms of marshals and generals of the Soviet Army Chapter 2. Uniforms of officers, warrant officers and servicemen of the long-term service of the Soviet Army Chapter 3. Uniforms of clothing

We continue to talk about the uniform of the Red Army. This publication will focus on the period 1943-1945, that is, the very height of the Great Patriotic War, attention is paid to the changes in the uniform of the Soviet soldier that occurred in 1943. A senior sergeant in the Air Force with his father who is a major. Winter and summer uniforms, 1943 and later. The winter tunic looks neat and clean, the summer one is dirty

The military uniform, which includes all items of uniform, equipment, insignia established by the highest government bodies for the personnel of the armed forces of the state, not only allows one to determine the belonging of military personnel to the types and branches of the military, but also to distinguish them by military ranks. The uniform disciplines servicemen, rallies them into a single military collective, helps to improve their organization and strict fulfillment of military duties.

The period under consideration covers the time from September 1935 to May (November) 1940.

Despite the introduction in 1924 of a disguised system of military ranks, the need to introduce a full-fledged system of personal ranks was obvious. The country's leader, JV Stalin, understood that the introduction of ranks would increase not only the responsibility of command personnel, but also authority and self-esteem; will increase the authority of the army among the population, raise the prestige of military service. In addition, the system of personal ranks facilitated the work of the cadre bodies of the army, made it possible to develop a clear set of requirements and criteria for the assignment of each rank, systematize official correspondence, and would be a significant incentive for service zeal. However, part of the senior command staff (Budyonny, Voroshilov, Timoshenko, Mekhlis, Kulik) resisted the introduction of new titles. They hated the very word "general". This resistance was reflected in the ranks of the highest command personnel.

The decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935 abolished the division of servicemen into categories (K1, ..., K14) and established personal military ranks for all servicemen. The process of transition to personal ranks took the entire fall until December 1935. In addition, rank insignia were introduced only in December 1935. This gave rise to the general opinion of historians that ranks in the Red Army were introduced in December 1935.

Private and junior command personnel also received personal titles in 1935, which, however, sounded like job titles. This feature of the naming of ranks has given rise to a widespread mistake of many historians, who argue that in 1935 the rank and file and junior command personnel did not receive ranks. However, the Charter of the Internal Service of the Red Army in 1937 in Art. 14 p. 10 lists the ranks of private and junior command and command personnel.

However, a negative aspect should be noted in the new rank system. The servicemen were divided into:

• 1) Command staff.
• 2) Commanding staff:
• a) military-political composition;
• b) military-technical staff;
• c) military-economic and administrative staff;
• d) military medical personnel;
• e) military veterinary staff;
• f) military-legal composition.
• 3) Junior command and command staff.
• 4) Ordinary personnel.

Each squad had its own ranks, which complicated the system. It was possible to get rid of several rank scales only partially in 1943, and the remnants were eliminated in the mid-eighties.

P.S. All titles and names, terminology and spelling (!) Are verified according to the original - "Charter of the Internal Service of the Red Army (UVS-37)" Edition 1938, Military Publishing.

Private, junior command and command personnel of the ground and air forces

Command personnel of the ground and air forces

* The rank "Junior Lieutenant" was introduced on 08/05/1937.

The military-political composition of all branches of the military

The rank "Junior political instructor" was introduced on 08/05/1937. It was equated to the rank of "lieutenant" (specifically to a lieutenant, but not to a junior lieutenant!).

The military-technical composition of the ground and air forces

* The rank "Junior military technician" was introduced on 05.08.1937, it corresponded to the rank of "junior lieutenant". Persons with a higher technical education, upon entering the army in the technical staff, were immediately awarded the title of "Military Engineer of the 3rd Rank."

Military-economic and administrative, military-medical, military-veterinary and military-legal composition of all branches of the armed forces

Persons with higher education upon admission or conscription into the army were immediately assigned the title of "Intendant of the 3rd rank"; higher medical education upon admission or conscription into the army was immediately awarded the title of "Military doctor of the 3rd rank" (equal to the title of "captain"); higher veterinary education upon admission or conscription into the army was immediately awarded the title of "Military Veterinary Doctor of the 3rd Rank"; higher legal education upon admission or conscription into the army was immediately awarded the title of "Military lawyer of the 3rd rank"

The appearance of the general ranks of the Red Army in 1940

In 1940, general ranks appeared in the Red Army, which was a continuation of the process of returning to the system of personal military ranks, openly begun in 1935, and in a disguised form since May 1924 (the introduction of the so-called "service categories").

After long disputes and deliberations, the system of general ranks of the Red Army was introduced by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 7, 1940. However, they were introduced only for the command staff. The commanding staff (military-political, military-technical, military-medical, military-veterinary, legal, administrative and commissary) remained with the previous ranks, which will be changed only in 1943. However, the commissars will receive the rank of general in the fall of 1942, when the institution of military commissars will be abolished.