Principality of Chernigov. Geographical position
Territory and main cities
· This principality was finally formed in the 11th century, by the will of Yaroslav the Wise, although the lands of the Chernigov region belonged to the oldest cell of the Russian state.
· At the beginning of the 12th century. the territory of the Chernigov principality covered the left bank lands in the Desna and Seim, Sozh and upper Oka basins. Chernihiv region was separated from the Kyiv land by the Dnieper.
· Until the second half of the 12th century. The Chernigov princes owned the city of Tmutarakan - a large port in the Kerch Bay.
· In the era of development, the Chernigov principality broke up into smaller fiefs. The most influential among them was the Novgorod-Seversk principality
· There were many cities in the Chernigov principality. The largest among them - Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl, Bryansk, Kursk, Starodub - are mentioned in sources in connection with many events in Russian history.
· The capital city of Chernigov was second in size only to Kyiv.
o Chernigov was well fortified and had good communications with other cities.
o The Chernigov princes zealously cared about the development of the city.
o during the 12th century. in the city the glorious Boris and Gleb Cathedral was built - one of the best in Rus', Mikhailovskaya, Blagoveshchensk, Pyatnitskaya, Assumption churches, each of which was worthy of being called a pearl of ancient Russian architecture
Chernigov princes
· Chernigov lands, according to the will of Yaroslav the Wise, belonged to Svyatoslav
· His sons Oleg and David became the founders of the dynasties of Chernigov princes - Olegovych (the chronicle calls them Olgovichs) and Davidovich
· It was the representatives of these dynasties who decided the fate of the Chernigov lands.
· Moreover, from Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the Chernigov princes did not give up their dream of getting Kyiv.
· The strength of the Chernigov principality is evidenced by the fact that some of the princes were truly lucky to rule in Kyiv. This was, in particular, Vsevolod Olgovich, who ruled in Kyiv from 1139 to 1146.
· An interesting circumstance of the political life of the Chernigov region is hidden by a certain hostility with which the Kyiv chroniclers report the reign of the Chernigov princes in Kyiv.
· Eastern Chernigov lands directly bordered the world of nomads.
· Chernigov princes, seeking peaceful relations, often resorted to dynastic marriages with Polovtsian princesses.
· Connected with the nomads territorially, and sometimes by blood, they willingly attracted the Polovtsian hordes to carry out their vainglorious plans.
· This policy did not find support among the people of Kiev, so they often stood up, not wanting to recognize the Chernigov princes as their own. And yet, against the general background of ancient Russian history, such events happened infrequently. There are significantly more references to the stubborn defense of the Chernigov residents of their native land from nomadic attackers
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
The event is directly connected with the Chernihiv region, which is immortalized in an outstanding work of ancient Ukrainian literature - a poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
· The main participant in the incident was the Prince of Novgorod-Seversk Igor
· Of the year 1185 he and the wives of his brother Vsevolod, son Vladimir and nephew Svyatoslav set out on a campaign against the Polovtsians.
· But knightly zeal alone was not enough. Igor intended to surprise the Polovtsians.
· However, from the very beginning the battle plan had to be changed, so the nomads were ready for the fight.
· The first day of the battle brought victory to the Russians. The Polovtsians began to retreat to the steppes.
· Igor recklessly ordered to pursue them. Therefore, the Russian squads were forced to spend the night in the Polovtsian steppes.
· This had tragic consequences. The Polovtsians gathered large forces and launched an attack in the morning. The campaign ended in complete defeat - so shameful that the Russian land did not remember anything like it: Almost all of the army died, and four princes were captured
· The consequences of the campaign were so tragic that it opened the way for the Polovtsians to the Chernigov, Pereyaslav and Kyiv lands
· The relative calm on the southern borders of the Russian land, achieved through the joint efforts of many princes, led by the Kyiv princes Svyatoslav and Rurik, was crossed out.
Brilliant poet of the 12th century. took advantage of the unsuccessful campaign of the vain Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor to appeal to the Russians with a call for unity and reservations about the trouble that inter-princely feuds and discord were pushing the Russian land towards him.
Principality of Pereyaslavl
Territory
· The Principality of Pereyaslavl was formed by Yaroslav the Wise.
· Its territory was small compared to other principalities.
· In the east and south, the lands of the Pereyaslav region directly bordered the Steppe.
· This geographical location largely determined the life of the Pereyaslavl residents, because their land served as a shield for Kyiv and other Russian territories.
· That is why powerful defensive fortifications were built in the Pereyaslav Principality by the measures of the Grand Dukes of Kyiv.
· The cities of Pereyaslav region arose mainly as military fortresses.
· Pereyaslavl, in particular, was an impregnable stronghold.
· The city was located near the Dnieper, where the Alta River flowed into the Trubezh River, and had such reliable fortifications that the Polovtsians, who often broke into the Pereyaslavl land, were unable to take the city itself
Ukraine, Chernigov
The city of Chernigov was first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 907 in the text of an agreement between Prince Oleg and Byzantium. However, it is obvious that by this time the city already existed as a settlement of northerners. The Principality of Chernigov was formed in 1023 or 1024, when the Tmutarakan prince Mstislav Vladimirovich occupied Chernigov. Mstislav tried to take possession of Kiev, but preferred to make peace with Yaroslav the Wise. According to the treaty of 1026, the Russian land was actually divided by the Dnieper into two parts: the right bank belonged to the Kyiv prince, and the left bank to the Chernigov prince. Mstislav died childless, and Chernigov was again annexed to Kyiv. However, Yaroslav the Wise, shortly before his death, distributing inheritance to his sons, again separated Chernigov into a separate principality. It went to Svyatoslav, from whom the line of Chernigov princes descended. From the two sons of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - Davyd and Oleg - came two branches of Chernigov princes, the Davydovichs and the Olgovichs. In the XI – XII centuries. their representatives claimed seniority among the Rurikovichs and participated in the internecine struggle for the Kiev Great Table. The eldest branch, the Davydovichi, died out in 1166. The younger, the Olgovichi, split into two more: the descendants of Vsevolod and Svyatoslav.
The Chernigov table was considered the second most “prestigious” princely table of Ancient Rus' after the Kyiv one. The prince usually sat on it, the second in seniority among the Rurikovichs according to the law of the ladder. In size, Chernigov was practically not inferior to Kyiv. A majestic and unusually beautiful view opened up to the eyes of travelers coming to the city: above the low log buildings, the domes of temples, towers of towers and princely courtyards rose, sparkling with gold.
By the beginning of the 13th century. The Principality of Chernigov occupied a vast territory, mainly on the left bank of the Dnieper. His possessions extended to the northeast to Murom and Ryazan and to the southeast to the Great Steppe. In addition to Chernigov, on the territory of the principality there were such large cities as Novgorod-Seversky, Starodub, Bryansk, Putivl, Kursk, Lyubech, Glukhov, Chechersk and Gomel. In 1239 Chernigov was ravaged by the Mongol-Tatars and fell into decay. After the death of Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich in 1246, the Chernigov principality broke up into fiefs: Bryansk, Novosilsky, Karachevsky and Tarussky. Chernigov, devastated by the Tatars, could no longer perform the functions of a capital city, and the princely table was moved to Bryansk: local rulers began to bear the title of Princes of Bryansk and Grand Dukes of Chernigov. In the XIV century. The fragmentation of the Chernigov-Seversky lands into small destinies continued. In 1357, Bryansk was captured by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd. The Principality of Bryansk lost its independence, but for some time retained autonomy within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The last Prince of Bryansk and Grand Duke of Chernigov was Roman Mikhailovich, killed in 1401 during the uprising in Smolensk.
During the XIV century. The remaining appanages of the Chernigov principality were also liquidated, and their rulers became serving princes of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. In the middle of the 15th century. some former Chernigov lands were granted to princes who fled to Lithuania from Moscow, as a result of which such appanage principalities as Rylsk, Novgorod-Seversk, Bryansk, and Pinsk were restored. However, already in the XV - XVI centuries. the descendants of the appanage princes returned to the jurisdiction of the Moscow state, retaining their possessions, but becoming simple serving princes.
Principality of Chernigov
Chernigov. Pyatnitskaya Church of the 12th century
CHERNIGOV, a city in Little Russia on the banks of the Desna, one of the oldest Russian cities. In the 9th century. was the center of the East Slavic tribe of northerners. In the 9th century became part of Kievan Rus. First mentioned in Russian chronicles in 907. In the X-XII centuries. Chernigov was a large craft and trading city. In 1024-36 and 1054-1239 - the capital of the Chernigov principality (in 1037-53 as part of Kievan Rus). In 1239 it was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatars. In the 2nd half. XIV century Chernigov became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the victory of Moscow troops in the war against Lithuania, Chernigov, together with the Chernigov-Seversk land, was returned to Russia. In 1611 it was captured by the Poles, and according to the Deulin Truce of 1618 it went to Poland, within which it was the center of the so-called. Chernigov principality, and from 1635 - Chernigov voivodeship. The city's population took an active part in the liberation war of 1648-54. With the expulsion of the Polish-gentry troops from the city (1648), Chernigov became the location of the Chernigov regiment. After the reunification of Little Russia with Russia (1654), Chernigov became part of the Russian state, in 1782 - the center of the Chernigov governorship, from 1797 - the Little Russian province, and from 1802 - the Chernigov province. In the XIX-XX centuries. large industrial and cultural center. Architectural monuments: Transfiguration Cathedral (ca. 1036), Ilyinskaya Church of a rare pillarless design (2nd half of the 12th century).
Chernigov principality, ancient Russian principality (XI-XIII centuries) with its center in Chernigov. It occupied the territory along both banks of the Dnieper, along the Desna, Seim, Sozh and Upper Oka. Previously, this territory belonged to tribal associations of northerners and glades. The territorial core of the Chernigov principality consisted of the cities: Lyubech, Orgoshch, Moroviysk, Vsevolozh, Unenezh, Belavezha, Bakhmach, as well as the “Snov thousand” with the cities of Snovsk, Novgorod-Seversky and Starodub. Until the 11th century. this area was ruled by local nobles and governors from Kyiv, who collected tribute here. Politically, Chernigov became isolated in 1024, when, by agreement between the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Chernigov and the entire Dnieper left bank were received by Mstislav Vladimirovich. After his death (1036), the Chernigov territory was again annexed to Kyiv. The Chernigov principality itself was allocated in 1054, inherited according to the will of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Svyatoslav Yaroslavich together with Murom and Tmutarakan. From the beginning of the 11th century. The Chernigov principality was finally assigned to the Svyatoslavichs. In the 12th century. its princes played an important role in the political life of Kievan Rus. Many of them (Vsevolod II Olgovich, Izyaslav Davydovich, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Mikhail Vsevolodovich) occupied the Kiev table and defended all-Russian interests. Some Chernigov princes reigned in Novgorod. The territory of the Chernigov principality has grown greatly in the eastern and northern directions, ch. arr. at the expense of the Vyatichi lands. At the same time, within the Chernigov principality itself there were signs of collapse. In 1097, a principality headed by Novgorod-Seversky emerged (see: Seversky Principality); in the 12th century. Putivl, Rylsk, Trubchevsk, Kursk, Vshchizh and others became centers of special possessions. The attempt of the last Chernigov prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich to unite the southern Russian lands and Novgorod under his rule was paralyzed by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In 1239 Chernigov was taken and burned by the Mongol-Tatars. Soon the Principality of Chernigov ceased to exist as a state entity. VC.
Chernigov is one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe and the Slavic world, the largest center of Southern Rus' and modern Ukraine. Having emerged in the early Middle Ages (late 7th century), for many centuries it was the second city of Kievan Rus. In 1992, Chernigov celebrated its 1300th anniversary.
Man first appeared in the Chernihiv region more than one hundred and fifty thousand years ago. In the northeast of the region (Novgorod-Seversky, Chulatov village, etc.), archaeologists have discovered numerous monuments of the Mousterian era of the Old Stone Age. The most interesting monument of this period is the unique site of a primitive man of the Late Paleolithic, discovered by Ukrainian archaeologists in 1908 near the village of Mezin, on the river. Desna, a few kilometers south of the city of Novgorod-Seversky. Some of the first musical instruments in human history, made from sea shells and mammoth bones, were discovered here. Meander images painted on jugs and household utensils were also found here. A similar meander pattern would appear many millennia later among the ancient Greeks and Romans.
A settlement of a primitive man of almost the same time as the Mezinskaya site was discovered not far from the city of Slavutich, where Chernobyl power engineers now live. This site went down in history under the name Pustynki and is located 1.5 km away. from the village of Mnev, on the left bank of the Dnieper. Here the ancient inhabitants exchanged their goods, coming both from the right bank of the Dnieper and from the left, as well as from the upper reaches of the Dnieper and its tributaries. Apparently the name of the village Mnev (exchange, exchange) has been preserved to this day. The settlement itself consisted of several dozen wooden dwellings, installed in two rows, forming a street-canal along which one could drive up to any house by boat and shop. The houses, as if on chicken legs, stood on high wooden stilts, thereby residents could avoid flooding from the deep spring floods of the wild Dnieper.
And in the area of the village of Navozy (formerly Dneprovskoye), which is a few kilometers from the city of Slavutich on the Dnieper, archaeologists discovered the remains of primitive crocodiles:
At the end of the 7th century. on the ancient land of the “north, north” (northerners) tribe of Iranian origin, on the Yeletsky hills, which is next to the Boldin Heights, where now the Eternal Flame is for the soldiers who fell in the war of 1941-45, the city of Chernigov was founded, which later became the capital of the principality.
The Chernigov principality was the largest ancient Russian principality in terms of territory, occupying an area of 400 thousand square meters. km is 14 modern Chernigov regions or the area of modern Great Britain.
The borders of the Chernigov principality covered lands from the Dnieper in the west to Moscow in the east, from southern Belarus to Taman with Tmutarakan principality at the Black Sea.
Chernigovshchina-Severshchyna was one of the most populated territories among the twelve ancient Russian principalities. There were more than five hundred cities and towns, impregnable castles of Medieval Rus', where almost half a million people lived. The Chernihiv region on the southern and eastern side was adjacent to the Wild Field, where numerous steppe peoples (Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Turks) roamed.
The constant danger from such aggressive and restless neighbors fostered a warlike spirit in the Chernigov residents. They knew how to fight wild tribes, so many ancient Russian princes often resorted to the help of northern Chernigovites to seize new lands, and the hired Chernigovites received considerable wealth from the enslaved peoples. This is how foreign princes paid mercenaries:
The Chernigov Orthodox diocese adopted Christianity in 992, four years after the baptism of Kyiv, and was the largest in parishioners, and in the number of Christian churches and monasteries it was not inferior to the Kyiv diocese, where the Patriarch of All Rus' was located.
According to the legends of the city of Chernigov and Polish chronicles, the first prince of Chernigov was supposedly Prince Cherny, who, even before the adoption of Christianity, died in a battle with the Drevlyans under the walls of Chernigov. His daughter Cherna (Tsarna), because of whom, in fact, the battle took place, upon learning of the death of her father, her protector, committed suicide so as not to fall to the Drevlyans. Where Prince Cherny died, a huge mound was built, 15 meters high and almost 40 meters in diameter. When a fire was lit on its top, the fire could be seen for 30 km. in District. Over time, this mound began to be called the “Black Grave”, i.e. Cerna's grave.
It is located in the courtyard of a modern administrative building on the street. Proletarskaya, 4, opposite the Yeletsky Convent. This mound is one of the surviving mounds in the former Soviet Union from the times of pagan Rus'. His excavations at the end of the 19th century. was carried out by archaeologist-enthusiast Samokvasov D.Ya., who came to the conclusion that the method of burial and the structure of the hill completely coincided with Greek burials from the time of the Trojan War.
Prince Cherny, unfortunately, is an unproven beautiful legend, nothing more. Otherwise, we would have a definite source or version of the origin of the name of the city of Chernigov. It is still a historical mystery.
The struggle for Chernigov and the Seversk land continued throughout its history; the Chernigov region with its main river, the beautiful Desna, was a very tasty morsel.
The first prince of Chernigov known in chronicles was the son of Vladimir the Baptist from the famous Polotsk princess Rogneda Mstislav Vladimirovich Tmutarakansky, nicknamed “The Brave”. Hero of the duel with the Kasozh prince Rededey. Unfortunately, we still do not know exactly who Mstislav’s mother is; there is an assumption that she was also the Czech Adele (Adil). In general, there is little historical information about Mstislav of Chernigov, although chroniclers speak of him as a worthy successor to the military glory of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav, Mstislav’s grandfather, father of Vladimir the Baptist. You will not find these words about his older brother Yaroslav the Wise, who, with his temper and ambitions, unleashed the first civil war in Kievan Rus, refusing to pay taxes from his rule in Veliky Novgorod to his father Vladimir the Baptist.
In 1024 Mstislav defeated the army of his brother Yaroslav the Wise near the village of Maly Listven, which is not far from the village of Repki in the Chernigov region, and thereby divided Kievan Rus into two states - Right Bank Rus with its capital in Kyiv and Left Bank Rus with its capital in Chernigov.
In the year 1024 Mstislav founded the Transfiguration Cathedral as the cathedral of the capital of Left Bank Rus' - the city of Chernigov. Nowadays this Spassky Cathedral is the most ancient Orthodox church, both in Ukraine and in Russia. Only Sophia of Constantinople, which is now located in Turkish Istanbul, is ancient. Kiev Sofia is 12 years younger than Chernigov Spas, and Novgorod Sofia is two decades younger.
The Spassky Cathedral of Chernigov, which is now located on the ancient princely courtyard (Val), still evokes admiration to this day. Here one can trace the architectural style of early Rus', distant Byzantium and India. Its two towers, unfortunately, which took on a Catholic pointed form, so strange for Orthodoxy, after a severe fire at the end of the 18th century, served as a clock, but not a quartz clock, but a solar clock.
The priests could use them to determine the start time of the service with an accuracy of five minutes. The window niches on the left bell tower were directly a clock. They are located in such a way that sunlight fills large niches in exactly one hour, and smaller ones in half an hour, 15 and five minutes. Indeed, how did the bell ringer determine when to ring the bell during the morning service, mass and supper. It is difficult to determine the exact time using a sundial in bad weather.
But Chernigov was not the capital of Left Bank Ukraine for long. The mysterious death of first Mstislav's adult son Eustathius, and then the mysterious death of Mstislav himself from an upset stomach after a hunt (burned to death in three days) in 1036, allowed Yaroslav the Wise to seize all the lands of Great Rus' into his own hands.
Only 18 years later, in 1054, the year of the great schism (schism) in the Christian Church, the first official prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise, was installed in Chernigov. He ruled in Chernigov for almost 20 years. During this time, the city became a perfectly fortified fortress. Was built Yeletsky Monastery with the majestic Assumption Cathedral.
Assumption Cathedral of the Yelets Monastery, 11th century
In 1069, in the Boldin Mountains, the great Chernigov resident, a native of Lyubech, the first Russian monk, the father of Russian monasticism, the founder of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Anthony of Pechersk (in the world Antipas) founded the Chernigov Anthony Caves, the secrets and mysteries of which continue to excite many scientists today.
Before the entrance to these caves, which have a length of about four hundred meters underground, at a depth of up to 12 meters, where all year round the constant temperature is +10+12 degrees C and almost 100 percent air humidity, under Svyatoslav the single-pillar Ilyinsky Church was built, which has no time and the architecture of world analogues. The caves and the church, somewhat rebuilt, have survived to this day and are still in use.
For more than thirty years, employees and hundreds of visitors to the Chernigov caves have been observing mysterious phenomena occurring in the depths of the caves, at a depth of almost 12 meters, next to the underground church of St. Nicholas Svyatoshi:
Every year, on February 18, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the day of remembrance of the Yelets Chernigov Icon of the Mother of God. The history of this amazing and first miraculous icon in Russian Orthodoxy is very interesting.
During the reign of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich in Chernigov there was a miraculous appearance of the icon of the Mother of God on one of the fir trees of Yeletskaya Mountain. And this happened in 1060. The prince saw this as a great sign and ordered the foundation of the Assumption Church on this site. But the adventures of the wonderful Yeletsk icon were just beginning.
In the history of the Russian church, the appearance of this icon was the first such miracle, which is why it was called “The Unfading Flower” of the Yelets Mother of God of the Assumption Monastery in the city of Chernigov and is a great treasure and shrine not only of the Chernigov diocese and the entire Chernigov region, but also of the entire world Orthodox Christian Church in in general.
The first Yeletskaya icon allegedly disappeared during the Tatar pogrom in Chernigov in the fall of 1239. Although there is a legend that they managed to wall it up in the stone wall of the Assumption Cathedral. Then it was removed from the wall and again exhibited in its place in the Assumption Cathedral.
In 1579, the direct descendant of the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (Olgovich family), Prince Baryatinsky, took the holy icon into his home. But in 1687, the okolnichy (the second highest boyar rank), Prince Daniil Baryatinsky, being the commander of the Novgorod regiments, took the shrine with him on the Crimean campaign.
Returning home after heavy fighting, Prince Daniil fell mortally ill and, being not far from Kharkov, donated the icon to the Kharkov Assumption Cathedral. During Soviet times, the icon disappeared without a trace.
But our Chernigov was not left without its shrine. Back in 1676, brothers Matvey and Nikita Kozel brought an image of the Holy Mother of God to Chernigov for the Epiphany Fair. It is not known at what price they agreed, but Chernigov resident Konstantin Mezopeta buys this icon from the brothers and on January 11, 1676 donates it to the Yeletsky Monastery.
In 1930, by order of the Soviet government, this icon was transferred to the State Chernigov Historical Museum. V.V. Tarnovsky (from whose collection this museum was mainly created), where it was located until 1941. The abbess of the monastery wanted to make a copy of the icon and give it to the museum, but the museum demanded the original.
In 1941, during the bombing of Chernigov, fires did not escape the museum, where, from the ashes of abandoned historical values, an unknown woman picked up a miraculously surviving wooden icon and transferred it to the Trinity St. Elias Monastery of Chernigov.
After the war, the icon was again taken to the Chernigov Historical Museum. In the museum, I repeatedly saw how Christian believers came to this icon and, prostrating themselves before the shrine, prayed in front of it, not paying attention to the surprised gaze of visitors.
Finally, on April 1, 1999, the city authorities transferred the Yeletsk Icon to the Yeletsk Monastery for temporary use. Metropolitan Anthony of Chernigov and Nizhyn and the abbess of the Eletsk Holy Dormition Convent, Mother Ambrosia (in the world Ivanenko), put a lot of effort and wisdom into obtaining their shrine.
Modern art historians examined the icon and found that it actually dates back to the 90s of the 17th century, i.e. this is the icon that was donated to the Yelets monastery by the Chernigov resident Mesopeta. Glory to you Mesopete!
The icon is painted with tempera and oil paints on two wide boards, fastened with two wooden dowels. The total length of the icon is 135 cm, width 76 cm, thickness of the boards 3 cm.
The composition of the icon is also interesting, having both a theological meaning and the iconography of the very history of the appearance of the shrine back in 1060.
On the Boldin Mountains there are two unique pagan mounds - “Nameless” and “Gulbische”, where the remains of a giant warrior who had an almost one and a half meter steel sword weighing more than ten kilograms were discovered. But they also had to work in battle. So what kind of power did his owner have?
And not far from these mounds you can see many large and small mounds, more than two hundred of them. These are mounds under which Chernigov residents were buried back in pagan times.
Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, son of Vsevolod, grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, ruled in Chernigov for about twenty years, until the people of Kiev called him to their place in 1113 to pacify the uprising of the townspeople against Jewish moneylenders.
It was the Chernigov prince Vladimir Monomakh who initiated the first congress of the Russian six princes in the city of Lyubech in 1097. Here it was accepted that the civil strife had come to an end, everyone held their own patrimony, here everyone swore an oath to go together against the filthy Polovtsians.
Monomakh was buried not in Kyiv, but in his beloved Chernigov, in the Spassky Cathedral.
Chernigov Prince David in the 1120s founded the Orthodox Boris and Gleb Cathedral on the pagan temple, which is on the Val, next to the Spassky Cathedral. The first Ukrainian enlightener and creator of Ukrainian printing, Archbishop Lazar Baranovich of Chernigov, is buried in the Borisoglebsk Church (the burial has been preserved).
Also, during the reign of David, the monastery complex and the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa were founded (nowadays the Chernigov Ukrainian Drama Theater is located on the territory of the monastery, and the square in front of it is called the Red Square of the city). During the war, the Nazis bombed the Church of Friday, this monument of Chernigov architecture. Only through the efforts of the architect Baranovsky, who once saved St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow from destruction by the Bolsheviks, was the Pyatnitskaya Church, the same age as the Tale of Igor's Campaign, restored after the war.
And the hero of this amazing work, Prince Igor, at one time was even the Prince of Chernigov, where he sat quietly like a mouse after the failure with the Polovtsians in 1185, then he was still the Prince of Novgorod-Seversk.
In the fall of 1239, Chernigov fell under the attack of the Tatar hordes.
For almost three centuries, chronicles have been silent about Chernigov. Until the Chernihiv region fell under the rule of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1503, most of the Chernihiv region became part of Muscovite Rus'. Lithuanians and Polish gentry left Chernigov. But horseradish turned out to be no sweeter than radish. In the summer of 1606, from Chernigov Putivl, where Yaroslavna once cried for her prince Igor,
a huge army of rebel Cossacks, Chernigovites, under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov, rushed to Moscow. The uprising was suppressed, but Muscovy began to think about the freedom-loving people of Chernigov.
Soon Moscow gave the Chernigov region back to the Poles, supposedly out of harm’s way. This is where the gentry remembered everything to the Ukrainian people, until Bogdan Khmelnitsky came. Among Bogdan's closest associates was the first Chernigov colonel Martyn Nebaba with his Chernigov regiment of dashing Cossacks.
In 1696, it was the Chernigov Cossack regiment under the command of the assigned hetman Yakov Lizogub that broke into the Turkish fortress of Azov. Peter the Great, out of delight at the heroism of the Chernigovites, awarded them all and especially Yakov Lizogub. Upon returning home to Chernigov, Yakov Lizogub, using funds raised by the participants of the Azov campaign, built the Catherine Church in Chernigov in the Ukrainian Baroque style.
No less famous is the participant in the Battle of Poltava, Colonel of the Chernigov regiment Pavel Polubotok, on whose courage and ability to fight Peter the Great counted so much, and the Chernigov people did not let the tsar down.
In 1679, on the Boldin Mountains, the Trinity Cathedral was founded by Archbishop Leonty Baranovich of Chernigov according to the design of a German from Vilna (now Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania) John Baptist. And in 1775, a magnificent 58-meter bell tower was built according to the design of Rastrelli, the author of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
In 1700, a Collegium was built in Chernigov, where the children of wealthy Chernigov residents studied science. They were prepared for public service. Later, a similar Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum will be opened near St. Petersburg.
Under Empress Elizabeth, Count Potemkin visited the Chernigov region several times. It was in the Chernihiv region, in the village of Lemeshi, near Kozelets, in a local church that he heard the singing of the beautiful young man Alexei Rozum, the son of Razumikha, who tended goats during the day and worked part-time in the choir in the evening. The young man was immediately taken to St. Petersburg before the clear eyes of the empress.
Thus began the lightning-fast career of Elizabeth Petrovna’s favorite from Chernigov, Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky and his brother Kirill, who would be President of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, patron of Lomonosov, and the last hetman of Left-Bank Ukraine, to the field marshal’s baton.
Chernigov residents were active participants in the December uprising of 1825, but not in the north, but in the south of the empire. The uprising of the Chernigov regiment, organized by Muravyov-Apostol S.I. and Bestuzhev-Ryumin M.P., which began on December 29, 1825. in the village of Trilesy. Then more than a thousand soldiers and officers captured the city of Vasilkov, Chernigov province. But near Bila Tserkva they were defeated by government troops on January 3, 1826. In July 1826 The leaders of the Chernigov uprising were executed in the Peter and Paul Fortress of St. Petersburg.
In the village of Voronki, not far from the town of Bobrovitsy in the Chernihiv region, the Decembrist Sergei Grigorievich Volkonsky and his amazing wife, Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, daughter of the general, hero of 1812 Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky, lived in the last years after the amnesty of 1856, and then were buried here. .
It was 20-year-old Maria Volkonskaya who became the heroine of Nekrasov’s poem “Russian Women”; it was Maria Volkonskaya, who left a warm home, a noble title, and a young son, who went to hard labor in Siberia for her husband, where she spent the most difficult years with him in the mines, and This is 30 years in a foreign land, in a half-starved region. Those were glorious times and people!..
Trinity Elias Monastery:
In the right nave of the Trinity Cathedral there is a shrine of the Chernigov Archbishop, the holy wonderworker Theodosius of Uglitsky and Chernigov, the heavenly patron of Chernigov. Near his holy remains, many thousands of sick people were healed and there is a lot of testimony to this. To this day, on the territory of the Yeletsky Monastery, a wooden house has been preserved, which is more than three hundred years old and where the great Theodosius lived.
On the modern territory of the Trinity Monastery is located one of the few theological schools in Ukraine for the training of church choir directors - leaders of church choirs. The Administration of the Chernigov Diocese, headed by Archbishop Anthony of Chernigov and Nizhyn, is also located here. Currently, unfortunately, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church is experiencing another schism.
Also on the territory of the Trinity Monastery is now located the chapel of Grigory Stepanovich Shcherbina,
a native of the Chernihiv region, 1868 - 1903, a Russian diplomat who knew 16 languages, and graduated from the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow. He worked in Turkey, Egypt, Albania, and in 1902 he was appointed consul to Mitrovica (Serbia), where he was killed in 1903 by an Albanian fanatic. Shcherbina G.S. was a member of the Russian Geographical Society, defended his doctoral dissertation in Turkish.
At the Trinity Cathedral there is a bust of Leonid Ivanovich Glebov buried here. In Ukrainian literature he is considered the most talented fabulist (in Ukrainian - baikar).
Also buried next to the Trinity Cathedral was the Major General, Princess Sofya Ivanovna Prozorovskaya,
nee Skoropadskaya, born in 1767. and died in 1833. She was a relative of the wife of Generalissimo Suvorov A.V. Varvara Ivanovna.
Sofya Ivanovna came from an ancient noble family of the Skoropadskys. Her grandfather Ivan Ilyich was the hetman of Left Bank Ukraine and a participant in the Northern War.
In 1820, a descendant of Hetman Skoropadsky, Ivan Mikhailovich Skoropadsky, bought the village of Trostyanets, Ichnyansky district, Chernihiv region, where he created a huge regular park no worse than the Peterhof parks near St. Petersburg. Scientists and nature lovers from almost all over the world came to him and brought with them new seedlings for such an amazing park, which spread over an area of more than two hundred hectares. The Skoropadsky family crypt is also located here. And the last of the Skoropadsky family, adjutant general of the Russian Tsar, Pavel Petrovich Skoropadsky, was declared hetman of Ukraine in 1918. But he never became a “rich Ukrainian”, he failed to cope with the duties of hetman - Ukraine did not become an independent country until 1991.
On the Boldin Mountains, on a steep slope, Markovich Afanasy Vasilyevich, a Ukrainian folklorist and ethnographer, who was married to the no less famous writer M.O., is buried. Vilinskaya (Marko Vovchek). Collects folk songs and sayings. Wrote music for Kotlyarevsky's play "Natalka Poltavka".
There, on Boldinaya Gora, above the Elias Church, the Kotsyubinsky couple are buried - Mikhail and his wife Vera Deisha. Mikhail Kotsyubinsky is an outstanding Ukrainian writer, public figure, founder of modern Ukrainian literature.
I would like to say a few words about Lyubech, a wonderful city, first mentioned by Nestor in the Tale of Bygone Years in the year 882, which is 25 years earlier than Chernigov.
For many years, Lyubech was owned by Count Andrei Miloradovich, the father of Mikhail Miloradovich, Governor-General of St. Petersburg, hero of 1812, mortally wounded by Pyotr Kakhovsky on December 14, 1825 on Senate Square in St. Petersburg during the December uprising. It was in Lyubech that the mother of Vladimir the Baptist Malush was born, and her brother the epic hero Dobrynya became the mentor and father of young Vladimir.
To this day, there is a legend in Chernigov that underground passages were dug from Chernigov and Lyubech to Kyiv, along which city residents escaped the enemy in hard times.
In conclusion, I want to say that Chernigov, being a unique historical city, has never laid claim to primacy in Russian history, much less in modern history, although it has every right to do so. After all, the current President of Ukraine L.D. Kuchma originally from the Chernihiv region, from the village of Chaika, not far from the city of Novgorod-Seversk.
The Chernihiv region became the birthplace of the Russian sculptor Ivan Petrovich Martos, the author of the monument to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky in Moscow. Russian painter Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge, was also born in the Chernigov region and often came here to look for inspiration. Ilya Repin repeatedly visited Chernigov and its suburbs, where he tried to find living prototypes of his heroes in the painting “The Cossacks Write a Letter to the Turkish Sultan.”
The city of Chernigov has some kind of inexplicable aura, because the events of April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant did not affect it in the first days. Indeed, if you look at the map of radioactive fallout for the first five days after April 26, 1986, you can see that the contamination of Chernigov is minimal compared to other regions, especially Kyiv.
Gruzdev Vyacheslav Borisovich
Princes of Chernigov:
Principality of Chernigov
A dynasty of princes descendants of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich was established in the Chernigov principality.
Mstislav Vladimirovich 1024-1036
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich 1054-1073
Vsevolod Yaroslavich 1073-1076
Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh 1076-1077
Boris Vyacheslavich 1077
Vsevolod Yaroslavich 1077-1078
Oleg Svyatoslavich 1078
Vladimir Monomakh (secondary) 1078-1094
Oleg Svyatoslavich (secondary) 1094-1097
Davyd Svyatoslavich 1097-1123
Yaroslav Svyatoslavich 1123-1126
Vsevolod Olgovich 1126-1139
Vladimir Davydovich 1139-1151
Izyaslav Davydovich 1151-1154
Svyatoslav Olgovich 1154-1155
Izyaslav Davydovich (secondary) 1155-1157
Svyatoslav Olgovich (secondary) 1157-1164
Oleg Svyatoslavich 1164
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich 1164-1177
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich 1177-1198
And Gor Yaroslavich (possibly) 1198
Igor Svyatoslavich 1198-1202
Oleg Svyatoslavich 1202-1204
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny 1204-1210/12
Rurik Rostislavich 1210/12-1214
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich (secondary) 1214-1215
Davyd Olgovich 1215
Gleb Svyatoslavich 1215-1219
Mstislav Svyatoslavich 1219-1224
Mikhail Vsevolodovich 1224-1226
Oleg Svyatoslavich 1226
Mikhail Vsevolodovich (secondary) 1226-1235
Mstislav Glebovich 1235-1239
Rostislav Mikhailovich approx. 1240
Mikhail Vsevolodovich (for the third time) approx. 1240
Andrey Mstislavich 1246
Vsevolod Yaropolkovich 1246-1261
Andrey Vsevolodovich 1261-1263
Roman Mikhailovich Old 1263-1288
Oleg Romanovich con. XIII century
Mikhail Dmitrievich con. XIII century - beginning XIV century
Mikhail Alexandrovich first floor. XIV century
Roman Mikhailovich Junior 7-1370
Dmitry-Koribut Olgerdovich approx. 1372-1393
Roman Mikhailovich (secondary) 1393-1401
Liquidation of the appanage by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Destinations of the Chernigov principality
Chernigov Princes.(genealogical table).
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">Chernigov Principality. Geographical location.">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> Geographical location of the Chernigov principality from the Dnieper and along the Oka river. Its borders"> Географическое положение Черниговского княжества от Днепра и вдоль р. Оки. Его границы на юге пересекались с Переяславским княжеством, на востоке - с Муромо-Рязанским, на севере - со Смоленским, а на западе - с Киевским и Турово-Пинским. Также через Черниговское княжество проходил главный торговый путь Руси из Киева в северо-восточную Русь.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-3.jpg" alt=">Chernigov principality, ancient Russian principality (XI-XIII centuries) with center in Chernigov. Occupied the territory of"> Черниговское княжество, древнерусское княжество (XI-XIII вв.) с центром в Чернигове. Занимало территорию по обоим берегам Днепра, по течению Десны, Сейма, Сожа и Верхней Оки. Ранее эта территория принадлежала племенным объединениям северян и полян. Территориальное ядро Черниговского княжества составляли города: Любеч, Оргощ, Моровийск, Всеволож, Уненеж, Белавежа, Бахмач, а также “Сновская тысяча” с г. Сновском, Новгород-Северским и Стародубом. До XI в. эта область управлялась местной знатью и воеводами из Киева, собиравшими здесь дань. Политически Чернигов обособился в 1024, когда по соглашению между сыновьями Владимира Святославича Чернигов и все днепровское левобережье получил Мстислав Владимирович. После его смерти (1036) черниговская территория вновь была присоединена к Киеву. Собственно Черниговское княжество выделилось в 1054, доставшись по завещанию Ярослава Мудрого кн. Святославу Ярославичу вместе с Муромом и Тмутараканью. С к. XI в. Черниговское княжество окончательно закрепилось за Святославичами. В XII в. его князья играли важную роль в политической жизни Киевской Руси. Многие из них (Всеволод II Ольгович, Изяслав Давыдович, Святослав Всеволодович, Михаил Всеволодович) занимали Киевский стол и защищали общерусские интересы. Некоторые черниговские князья княжили в Новгороде. Территория Черниговского княжества сильно выросла в восточном и северном направлениях, гл. обр. за счет земель вятичей. Одновременно внутри самого Черниговского княжества наметились признаки распада. В 1097 выделилось княжество во главе с Новгород- Северским (см. : Северское княжество), в XII в. центрами особых владений стали Путивль, Рыльск, Трубчевск, Курск, Вщиж и др. Попытка последнего черниговского князя Михаила Всеволодовича объединить южнорусские земли и Новгород под своей властью была парализована монголо-татарским нашествием. В 1239 Чернигов был взят и сожжен монголо-татарами. Вскоре Черниговское княжество перестало существовать как государственное целое. В. К.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-4.jpg" alt=">Coat of arms.">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">➲ Princes of Chernigov: ➲ Mstislav Vladimirovich the Brave (1024-1036) ➲ Svyatoslav"> ➲ Князья Черниговские: ➲ Мстислав Владимирович Храбрый (1024- 1036) ➲ Святослав Ярославич (1054- 1073) ➲ Всеволод Ярославич (1073- 1076) ➲ Владимир Всеволодович Мономах (1076- 1077) ➲ Борис Вячеславич (1077) ➲ Всеволод Ярославич (1077- 1078) ➲ Олег Святославич (1078) ➲ Владимир Всеволодович Мономах (повторно) (1078- 1094) ➲ Олег Святославич (повторно) (1094- 1096) ➲ Давыд Святославич (1097- 1123) ➲ Ярослав Святославич (1123- 1127) ➲ Всеволод Ольгович (1127- 1139) ➲ Владимир Давыдович (1139- 1151) ➲ Изяслав Давыдович (1151- 1154) ➲ Святослав Ольгович (1154- 1155) ➲ Изяслав Давыдович (повторно) (1155- 1157) ➲ Святослав Ольгович (повторно) (1157- 1164) ➲ Святослав Всеволодович (1164- 1180) ➲ Ярослав Всеволодович (1180- 1198) ➲ Игорь Святославич (1198- 1202) ➲ Олег Святославич (1202- 1204) ➲ Всеволод Святославич Чермный (1202- 1210/12 с перерывами) ➲ Рюрик Ростиславич (1210/12- 1212). По версии Зотова Р. В. , Рюрик Ольгович (1206- 1215 с перерывами). ➲ Всеволод Святославич Чёрмный (повторно) (1212- 1215) ➲ Глеб Святославич (1215- 1217) ➲ Мстислав Святославич (1217- 1223) ➲ Михаил Всеволодович (1223- 1234). По версии Горского А. А. , в 1223- 1226 Константин Ольгович.) и другие.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-6.jpg" alt="> Chernigov Principality. *Chernigov is one of the largest Russian cities *Powerful boyars, based"> Черниговское княжество. *Чернигов-один из крупнейших русских городов *Мощное боярство, опирающееся на вотчинное земледелие *Свой епископ, величественные храмы, монастыри *Сильные дружины у князей *Торговые связи черниговских купцов простирались по всей Руси и за ее пределами. Они торговали даже на рынках Лондона!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/367839556_456288922.pdf-img/367839556_456288922.pdf-7.jpg" alt="> Foreign policy ➲ *Chernigov principality has long included"> Внешняя политика ➲ *Черниговское княжество издавна включало в свой состав земли вплоть от Таманского полуострова, которые затем стали местом половецких кочевий. ➲ *Особые отношения с половцами. (Олег Святославович дружил с ними, половцы помогали ему в борьбе с В. Мономахом)!}
>> Chernigov-Seversk Principality
On the left bank of the Dnieper (Left Bank) is the Chernigov-Seversky Principality. It was big and powerful. His lands occupied the current territories of northeastern Ukraine, southeastern Belarus and western Russia. The Dnieper was considered the border between the Chernigov and Kyiv principalities. The northeastern possessions of the Chernigov principality reached Moscow. In the southeast, the Chernigov lands bordered the Polovtsian steppe, which forced the local princes to often fight with the Polovtsians. On the other hand, the Chernigov princes repeatedly entered into alliances with them, enlisted their support in internecine clashes and could even become related. So, in 1094 Oleg Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsian horde attacked Chernigov and captured it. The price of such an alliance was the plunder of the Chernigov land by the Polovtsians. The wife of Oleg Svyatoslavich, nicknamed Gorislavich, was the daughter of the Polovtsian khan Osaluka.
The Chernigov appanage principality was formed back in the 11th century, when Yaroslav the Wise planted his son Svyatoslav there. The Novgorod-Seversky Principality was formed by the decision of the Lyubech Congress. Political development of the Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky principalities in the XII - first half of the XIII centuries. was associated with the activities of the sons of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich. Oleg received Novgorod-Severskoye, and David received the Principality of Chernigov.
Formally, the Novgorod-Seversky princes were subordinate to Chernigov, but in fact they often pursued independent policies. If the Chernigov princes of the Davidovich dynasty were oriented towards Kyiv, then the Novgorod-Seversk princes of the Olgovich dynasty wanted separation from Kyiv and therefore entered into alliances with its political opponents. The lands of the principalities often became the scene of internecine clashes and by the middle of the 13th century. broke up into numerous small fiefs.
There were 46 cities in Chernigov land. The largest among them were Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl, Kursk, Rylsk and others. The largest cities stood on the Desna.
Fragment of the mosaic floor in the Church of the Annunciation in Chernigov. 1186 Reconstruction by Yu. Aseev
Silver bowl from the 12th century
Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Chernigov. XI century Contemporary photography
The construction of this cathedral began in the 30s of the 11th century. during the reign of Mstislav the Brave.
In the interior of the cathedral, marble fragments of columns of Byzantine origin have been preserved to this day. Some Chernigov princes are buried in the cathedral, in particular, probably, Prince Igor, one of the main characters of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”
Chernigov was an important political and economic center of Rus'. It is a large city, protected by two lines of defensive ramparts. It was surrounded by villages, feudal castles, boyar and princely estates. Many roads of military and economic importance converged in the city. So, two roads connected Chernigov with Kyiv. The road to the north - to Lyubech and Starodub - was of great importance. There was also a road leading out of the city that led to the steppe beyond the borders of Rus'. All this contributed to the fact that Chernigov became an important center of trade and crafts. The city produced weapons, jewelry, tools, wood products and much more. The economic growth of Chershnov is also evidenced by the intensive construction that was carried out during the 12th - early 13th centuries. One of the best cathedrals of ancient Rus', Borisoglebsky, was built here. St. Michael's and Annunciation churches, decorated with multi-colored glazed tiles, mosaics, and figured plinths, testified to the high skill of local architects. The slender Pyatnitskaya Church, decorated with ornaments made of brick, aroused the admiration of its contemporaries.
Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Chernigov. Contemporary photography
Apse- a semicircular (sometimes polygonal) protrusion in the wall of a church or ancient building.
In the notebook of an erudite
St. George's Goddess is the conventional name for the apse and a fragment of the wall of St. Michael's Church (1098), which has not survived to this day. Bozhnitsa belongs to the Pereyaslav architectural school. This is the only monument of Pereyaslavl monumental architecture that has survived to this day. Named after Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Mentioned in the chronicle around 1151. In 1240 it suffered from Mongol raids.
The structure consists of a plinth interspersed with red local sandstone. Masonry technique using cement mortar (a mixture of crushed brick and lime). The plinth is dark red and yellow; in some places on its edges you can see the characteristic marks of the masters, repeating the marks of the ancient Russian monuments of Chernigov. The shrine is covered with a metal roof. Of significant interest is the mural painting of the apse, which belongs to the school of Kyiv monumental painting of the 12th century. Wall paintings are placed in three tiers. It was made between 1098-1125, the color of the drawings is kept in warm colors with a predominance of red and ocher colors.
1. Why was the church of the Pereyaslav architectural school built on the lands of the Chernigov principality? What does this indicate?
Yuriev's goddess. A monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in the town of Oster, Kozeletsky district, Chernigov region
Svidersky Yu. Yu., Ladychenko T. V., Romanishin N. Yu. History of Ukraine: Textbook for 7th grade. - K.: Certificate, 2007. 272 p.: ill.
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