Ticket number 11.

Question 1. IA Krylov, "Wagon train". Give the definition of a fable as a genre. Explain what is the historical basis of the fable and to what situations in life can its morality be applied?

Fable- literary genre; a short, poetic or prosaic literary work of a moral character, in an allegorical form, satirically depicting human actions and relationships.

The heroes of fables can be not only people, but also animals, plants, objects endowed with certain human qualities.

The fable is close to the parable and the apologue. It differs from a parable and an apologue by the completeness of plot development, and from other forms of allegorical narration - by the unity of action and concise presentation, which does not allow the introduction of detailed characteristics and other elements of a non-narrative nature that hinder the development of the plot.

A fable usually falls into two parts: a story about an event, specific and single, but easily amenable to generalized interpretation, and a morality that follows or precedes the story.

From the plot side, a fable is often (although not necessarily) characterized by the depiction of logically impossible object relations in it, for example, the transfer of forms of human life and behavior to animals or plants. In this, the fable comes into contact with the animal epic. Another reason that brings the theme of the fable closer to the theme of the animal epic is the simplicity, uniqueness and constancy of the characters found in the animal epic. However, the connection with the animal epic is not obligatory, and already in the most ancient fables that have come down to us, along with animal characters, people and mythical creatures appear.
Fable by I. A. Krylov "Wagon train"
The fable concerns the strategy and tactics of Kutuzov in the Patriotic War of 1812. The commander was constantly subjected to constant attacks from Alexander I and military youth because of the evasion of decisive battles under the walls of Moscow, and after its surrender to Napoleon. Krylov justifies the unhurried, but thoughtful actions of Kutuzov, which, as the fabulist understood, should lead to the complete collapse of Napoleon, and condemned the orders of Alexander I, who hurried Kutuzov and pushed him to blunders and mistakes. No less annoying for Kutuzov were the murmurings and bitter criticism of his young associates. Probably, Krylov did not know about the words spoken by the old field marshal to the Prince of Württemberg: “Our young hotheads are indignant at the old man that I hold back their impulses. They are oblivious to circumstances that do much more than our weapons could. " All the more significant is Krylov's historical, political and military flair, whose fable protected Kutuzov and his plan from attacks by inexperienced young people. Their patriotic feelings were understandable, but did not become then true.
Thus, by the image of a “good horse,” Krylov had in mind Kutuzov with his caution and restraint in repelling the Napoleonic invasion. Paying attention to the words: “And if you get down to business yourself, you’ll do it worse” - we understand a transparent allusion to Alexander I, through whose fault the Battle of Austerlitz was lost.

Question 2. Why Vasily Turkin from the poem of the same name by A. Tvardovsky became a truly national hero?

To understand and appreciate the true scale of the artist's talent, his contribution to literature, one must proceed from what he said new about life and man, how his vision of the world correlates with the moral and aesthetic ideals, ideas and tastes of the people. Tvardovsky never tried to be original. Any pose, any artificiality is alien to him.
The brilliant craftsmanship, the nationality of Alexander Trifonovich's creativity are visible both in the principles of artistic understanding of our life, and in the creation of the national characters of the era, the renewal of poetic genres. V. Soloukhin said very rightly: “Tvardovsky is therefore the largest Russian Soviet poet of the thirties, forties and fifties, because the most important, most decisive events in the life of the country and the people were best reflected in his poetry”.
Throughout the war, being at the front, Tvardovsky worked on the poem "Vasily Terkin" - a work that was both a true chronicle of the war, and an inspiring word of propaganda, and a deep understanding of the heroic deed of the people. The poem reflects the main stages of the Great Patriotic War, from its first days to complete victory over the enemy. This is how the poem develops, and this is how it is constructed.
The depiction of the war presented considerable difficulties for writers. Here one could get lost in embellished reports in the spirit of superficial optimism, or fall into despair and present the war as a continuous hopeless horror. In the introduction to Vasily Terkin, Tvardovsky defined his approach to the theme of war as a desire to show “the existing truth”, “no matter how bitter”. The poet depicts the war without any embellishment. The anguish of retreat, agonizing anxiety for the fate of the Motherland, the pain of separation from loved ones, hard military labors and sacrifices, the ruin of the country, fierce cold - all this is shown in "Terkin" as required by the truth, no matter how hard it hits the soul. But the poem does not leave a depressing impression at all, does not plunge into despondency. The poem is dominated by belief in the victory of good over evil, light over darkness. And in war, as Tvardovsky shows, in the respite between battles, people rejoice and laugh, sing and dream, take a steam bath with pleasure and dance in the cold. The author of the poem and its hero are helped to overcome the difficult trials of war by their boundless love for the Motherland and understanding of the just nature of the struggle against fascism. A refrain runs through the entire poem.
“Vasily Terkin” is a “book about a fighter”. Terkin appears on the first pages of the work as an unassuming soldier-joker, who knows how to amuse and amuse soldiers on a campaign and at a halt, innocently laughing at the mistakes of his comrades. But his joke always contains a deep and serious thought: the hero reflects on cowardice and courage, loyalty and generosity, great love and hatred. However, the poet saw his task not only in truthfully portraying the image of one of the millions of people who took on their shoulders the entire burden of fighting the enemy. Gradually, the image of Terkin more and more acquires generalized, almost symbolic features. The hero personifies the people.
The high skill of the poet was manifested in the fact that he was able, without embellishing, but also without "grounding" the hero, to embody in him the fundamental moral qualities of the Russian people: patriotism, consciousness of responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, readiness for selfless feat, love of work. The image of the national hero Vasily Terkin, created by Tvardovsky, personifies the unyielding character of a soldier, his courage and resilience, humor and resourcefulness.
Tvardovsky's poem is an outstanding, truly innovative work. Both its content and its form are truly national. Therefore, it became the most significant poetic work about the Great Patriotic War, fell in love with millions of readers and, in turn, gave rise to hundreds of imitations and "sequels" among the people.

To understand and appreciate the true scale of the artist's talent, his contribution to literature, one must proceed from what he said new about life and man, how his vision of the world correlates with the moral and aesthetic ideals, ideas and tastes of the people. Tvardovsky never tried to be original. Any pose, any artificiality are alien to him: Here are the verses, but everything is clear. Everything is in Russian. The brilliant craftsmanship, the nationality of Alexander Trifonovich's work are visible both in the principles of artistic understanding of our life, and in the creation of the national characters of the era, the renewal of poetic genres. V. Soloukhin said very rightly: "Tvardovsky is therefore the largest Russian Soviet poet of the thirties, forties and fifties, because the most important, most decisive events in the life of the country and the people were best reflected in his poetry."

Throughout the war, being at the front, Tvardovsky worked on the poem "Vasily Terkin" - a work that was both a true chronicle of the war, and an inspiring word of propaganda, and a deep understanding of the heroic deed of the people. The poem reflects the main stages of the Great Patriotic War, from its first days to complete victory over the enemy. This is how the poem develops, the way it is constructed: These lines and pages are a special account of days and miles, As from the western border To our native capital, And from that native capital Back to the western border, And from the western border Up to the enemy capital We made our own hike. The depiction of the war presented considerable difficulties for writers. Here one could get lost in embellished reports in the spirit of superficial optimism, or fall into despair and present the war as a continuous hopeless horror.

In the introduction to Vasily Terkin, Tvardovsky defined his approach to the theme of war as a desire to show “the existing truth”, “no matter how bitter”. The poet depicts the war without any embellishment. The anguish of retreat, agonizing anxiety for the fate of the Motherland, the pain of separation from loved ones, hard military labors and sacrifices, the ruin of the country, fierce cold - all this is shown in "Terkin" as required by the truth, no matter how hard it hits the soul. But the poem does not leave a depressing impression at all, does not plunge into despondency. The poem is dominated by belief in the victory of good over evil, light over darkness. And in war, as Tvardovsky shows, in the respite between battles, people rejoice and laugh, sing and dream, take a steam bath with pleasure and dance in the cold.

The author of the poem and its hero are helped to overcome the difficult trials of war by their boundless love for the Motherland and understanding of the just nature of the struggle against fascism. A refrain runs through the entire poem: The battle is holy and right, Mortal battle is not for the sake of glory, For the sake of life on earth. “Vasily Terkin” is a “book about a fighter”. Terkin appears on the first pages of the work as an unassuming soldier-joker, who knows how to amuse and amuse soldiers on a campaign and at a halt, innocently laughing at the mistakes of his comrades. But his joke always contains a deep and serious thought: the hero reflects on cowardice and courage, loyalty and generosity, great love and hatred.

However, the poet saw his task not only in truthfully portraying the image of one of the millions of people who took on their shoulders the entire burden of fighting the enemy. Gradually, the image of Terkin more and more acquires generalized, almost symbolic features. The hero personifies the people: Into battle, forward, into the utter fire He goes, holy and sinful, Russian miracle man. The high skill of the poet was manifested in the fact that he was able, without embellishing, but also without "grounding" the hero, to embody in him the fundamental moral qualities of the Russian people: patriotism, consciousness of responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, readiness for selfless feat, love of work. The image of the national hero Vasily Terkin, created by Tvardovsky, personifies the unyielding character of a soldier, his courage and resilience, humor and resourcefulness. Tvardovsky's poem is an outstanding, truly innovative work. Both its content and its form are truly national. Therefore, it became the most significant poetic work about the Great Patriotic War, fell in love with millions of readers and, in turn, gave rise to hundreds of imitations and "sequels" among the people.

> Compositions based on the work of Vasily Terkin

Folk hero

Vasily Terkin - the protagonist of the poem of the same name by A. T. Tvardovsky; an ordinary guy from Smolensk peasants who dreams of bringing victory to his country in the Great Patriotic War. He is the embodiment of the best features of the Russian soldier and the whole people. Terkin's motto: "Cheer up." This guy is so optimistic and life-loving that his positive attitude is transmitted to everyone with whom he communicates. Portraying Terkin, the author wanted to emphasize that this is a collective image - the personification of all the other ordinary soldiers of the country, only with a high level of enthusiasm. As he said, such a person "is always in every company, and in every platoon."

Tvardovsky's poem appeared in 1945. The author himself was a front-line writer and knew what he was writing about firsthand. In this work, he showed a true picture of the era, a picture of the life of his people. Unsurprisingly, the poem was an instant success. Initially, it was called "The Book of the Fighter", then Tvardovsky nevertheless changed the name to emphasize the importance of the protagonist and the role of such daring guys in the war. Vasily Terkin can undoubtedly be ranked among the national heroes. In one of the chapters, he still managed to get the order.

This happened in the spring of 1942, when, under the hum of a bomber, the soldiers lay down prone, and Terkin stood up and shot down an enemy plane with a rifle shot. Lying in the hospital, he met a young man from Tambov, who had already become a hero, and wanted Terkin to bring his native Smolensk region the same pride. Under no circumstances did the hero become discouraged. In the chapter "The Crossing", risking his life, he swam across the icy river to save his comrades. At the same time, he did not boast of his heroism, did not flaunt it, which is why he earned even more respect. In the chapter "Death and the Warrior" he was almost killed, but found the courage to resist death.

Apparently, for the author, the folk hero must have not only courage and courage, but also resourcefulness and ingenuity. Therefore, he endowed his hero with the ability to quickly navigate not only at the front, but also in everyday situations. He could easily fix any breakdown, as, for example, in the chapter "Two Soldiers". In a word, Terkin was a jack of all trades, a shirtless guy and the most ordinary native of the Russian hinterland. He showed due respect for his elders, was humble where necessary and cheerful with friends. At the same time, he could easily take the enemy prisoner, go through shelling, engage in hand-to-hand combat with a German. This is how a real folk hero should be.

March 13 2015

To understand and appreciate the true scale of the artist's talent, his contribution to the writer, one must proceed from what he said new about life and man, how his vision of the world correlates with the moral and aesthetic ideals, ideas and tastes of the people. Tvardovsky never tried to be original. Any pose, any artificiality are alien to him: Here are the verses, but everything is clear. Everything is in Russian. The brilliant craftsmanship, the nationality of Alexander Trifonovich's work are visible both in the principles of artistic understanding of our life, and in the creation of the national characters of the era, the renewal of poetic genres. V. Soloukhin said very rightly: "Tvardovsky is therefore the greatest Russian Soviet poet of the thirties, forties and fifties, because the most important, most decisive events in the life of the country and the people were best reflected in his poetry."

Throughout the whole, being at the front, Tvardovsky worked on the poem "Vasily Terkin" - a work that was both a true chronicle of the war, and an inspiring word of propaganda, and a deep understanding of the heroic deed of the people. The poem reflects the main stages of the Great Patriotic War, from its first days to complete victory over the enemy. This is how the poem develops, the way it is constructed: These lines and pages are a special account of days and miles, As from the western border To our native capital, And from that native capital Back to the western border, And from the western border Up to the enemy capital We made our own hike. The depiction of the war presented considerable difficulties for writers.

Here one could get lost in embellished reports in the spirit of superficial optimism, or fall into despair and be presented as a continuous hopeless horror. In the introduction to Vasily Terkin, Tvardovsky defined his approach to the theme of war as a desire to show "the real truth", "no matter how bitter it may be." drawn by the poet without any embellishment.

Longing for retreat, agonizing anxiety for the fate of the Motherland, pain of separation from loved ones, hard military labors and sacrifices, the ruin of the country, fierce cold - all this is shown in "Terkin" as required by the truth, no matter how hard it hits the soul. But the poem does not leave a depressing impression at all, does not plunge into despondency. The poem is dominated by belief in the victory of good over evil, light over darkness. And in war, as Tvardovsky shows, in the respite between battles, people rejoice and laugh, sing and dream, take a steam bath with pleasure and dance in the cold. The author of the poem and its hero are helped to overcome the difficult trials of war by their boundless love for the Motherland and understanding of the just nature of the struggle against fascism.

A refrain runs through the entire poem: The battle is holy and right, Mortal battle is not for the sake of glory, For the sake of life on earth. "Vasily Terkin" is "about a fighter". Terkin appears on the first pages of the work as an unassuming soldier-joker, who knows how to amuse and amuse soldiers on a campaign and at a halt, innocently laughing at the mistakes of his comrades. But his joke always contains a deep and serious thought: the hero reflects on cowardice and courage, loyalty and generosity, great love and hatred. However, he saw his task not only in truthfully drawing one of the millions of people who took on their shoulders the whole brunt of the fight against the enemy.

Gradually, the image of Terkin more and more acquires generalized, almost symbolic features. The hero personifies the people: Into battle, forward, into the utter fire He goes, holy and sinful, Russian miracle man. The high skill of the poet, all rights reserved 2001-2005 manifested itself in the fact that he was able, without embellishing, but also without "grounding", to embody in him the fundamental moral qualities of the Russian people: patriotism, consciousness of responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, readiness for selfless feat, love to work The image of the national hero Vasily Terkin, created by Tvardovsky, personifies the unyielding character of a soldier, his courage and resilience, humor and resourcefulness. Tvardovsky's poem is outstanding, truly innovative.

The hero of the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" became a favorite folk hero during the war years and continued to be so many years later. This is a simple soldier, a village guy who stood up to defend his homeland. He is a man of the people, close to those soldiers who read a poem somewhere at the front in their rare free moments.

Why is he so close to them?

Of course, first of all, a sense of duty, ardent patriotism, awareness of their responsibility.

The year has struck, the turn has come,

Today we are in charge

For Russia, for the people

And for everything in the world.

He is a reliable comrade, ready, if necessary, to perish himself, but to help out his comrades-in-arms. He accomplishes a feat, having crossed the icy river in order to report on the successful crossing of their platoon and ask for fire support, but for him this is not a feat, but something completely natural. It was necessary.

He dreams of a reward, but not now, but when the war ends ... “I'm not proud,” he says about himself, and he does not need an order, he “agrees to a medal”. Why is she to him? Dreams of a peaceful life, of love, of returning home, of course, are characteristic of the hero. But he does not flaunt this sadness, he does not lose heart and does not let his comrades lose heart. A jack of all trades, accordion player, joker - and for this he is loved and appreciated by his fellow soldiers. He jokes even in the most unexpected moments: he, half-frozen, is rubbed with alcohol, and he suddenly asks to “warm up from the inside”. You can live without food for a while, the author says, but

At one minute's war

Do not live without a joke,

The most unwise jokes.

Vasily Terkin understands this well. He is a cheerful, kind person, he treats life easily and always believes in the best:

I'm a big hunter to live

Up to ninety years old.

A courageous soldier, devoted to the Motherland and the people, a reliable comrade in battle, an optimist, never discouraged and always ready to help - such a hero was loved and appreciated by the readers. This is the embodiment of both national character, and folk humor, and national patriotism. Therefore, such a hero is a great success for the author, and he will remain a favorite folk hero for a long time to come.