In which case is the dividing b b written. Hard and soft spelling
Class) is difficult to understand and is not assimilated by all students firmly and for a long time. This article provides an accessible and detailed description of the order of learning the rules for spelling words with the separating "b", as well as examples of tasks to consolidate the acquired skills.
It is advisable to divide the study of the topic into stages:
- Problem statement. The words are written on the board: monkey, drink, sparrow, flapping, blizzard. Students are encouraged to read the words, detect inconsistencies. As a result of the reasoning, the students conclude that the proposed words lack a soft sign. Further, attention is focused on the role of the soft sign in these words, in other words, why it is needed here. The students' answer follows that in these words a soft sign separates a vowel and a consonant. In such cases, "b" was called dividing.
- It is no less important for students to be able to find the separating "b" in words and to understand what function it performs in the word. In a practical way, we reveal the difference in the pronunciation of the syllables pya - drunk, nu - new, le - lio, bi - bei. In the second case, our lips "smile" a little wider. The conclusion is drawn: syllables containing a dividing soft sign are pronounced more difficult, with overcoming a certain obstacle. And what is this barrier? Pupils indicate the presence of the sound [y '] between the consonant and vowel sound. Next, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge using motor memory. With the help of a hand, let the students show the road along which it is necessary to drive someone. Syllables, in which there is a soft dividing sign, will indicate bumps. The route might look something like this: ti - nelya - pya - syo - vya. Next, you can arrange a competition among the students to determine the most experienced rider.
- Observing the suggested words (at night, sewing, sons, sunday, streams) will allow students to identify where the soft separator is needed.
Rule: "Separating" ь "should be written inside words after consonants before vowels i, e, yu, e, and".
For a lasting memorization, the rule must be drawn up in the form of a reference table.
To consolidate what we have learned, we use the following exercises:
1.Write syllables with and without a dictation dictation.
Nu, nye, pya, rye ...
2. We practice to pronounce words with a separating soft sign. Pure phrases:
A weaver weaves fabrics for Tatyana's dress.
On the road Daria saw Marya. Daria Rada Marya. Marya Rada Daria.
Proverbs:
Let's reduce the cities take.
Himself with a sparrow, and a heart with a cat.
[l'is'ty'a] - leaves
[night'y'u] - at night
I whitewash the walls. - Buttons were sewn to the new linen.
A hungry beast is always fierce. - It often rains in the fall.
We are glad to our dear guest. - Invite our guest here.
5. We form adjectives:
bull - bullish;
dog - canine;
crow - crow;
fox - fox.
6. Exercise in the formation of words with a separating soft sign according to the sample:
friend - friends;
sparrow - sparrows;
chair - chairs.
7. We form patronymics from our own names according to the sample:
Yura - Yurievich, Yurievna;
Ilya - Ilch, Ilyinichna;
Valera - Valerievich, Valerievna.
8. Find and underline words with a dividing soft sign in the texts.
9. We distribute words with a soft sign in 2 columns. In the first, we write down words with a separating soft sign, in which "ь" will denote the softness of a consonant, in the second - to separate a consonant and a vowel.
10. We write down with commenting and solve riddles:
There is water all around, but drinking is in trouble. (Sea).
Who gets up in the fall and in the spring? (Bear.)
11. Self-compilation by students of small vocabulary dictations, which will contain words for the learned rule.
Example: he was sitting by a fire, sparrows twisting, over branches of trees, playing by a stream, crumbled with flakes, covered with ice, nightingale singing, bird cries, drinking water.
12. We read the text and write it down from memory:
A bird friendly family carries branches for shelter. The sun will warm up - will celebrate the housewarming.
13. We read, write down and explain the meaning of phrases:
at a snail's pace
our little brothers
Performing the proposed exercises, children will consolidate the knowledge they have gained and will forever remember how words with a dividing soft sign are written.
Russian lesson on the topic: « Separating solid sign Kommersant ".
Goals:
1. To teach children the spelling of the dividing solid sign Ъ.
2. To form the spelling vigilance of students.
3. To develop in children such mental operations as analysis, synthesis and comparison.
4. Teach children to independently acquire knowledge.
6. To educate children in communication skills.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
A minute of harmony. Welcome guests.
2) Psychological attitude.
Look at each other. Smile. I am glad to see your smiles. May this day bring you the joy of communication.
II. Emotional attitude of students.
I would like to start a Russian lesson with the words of A.S. Pushkin.Slide.
"Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have
The spirit prepares enlightenment. " A.S. Pushkin
How do you understand these words of the poet?
This means that in each lesson you make a small discovery - a miracle. Every year there are more and more of these discoveries. Today, I hope you will share with me your new, interesting and useful discoveries.
Sit up straight with your backs straight. Open the notebook, lay it down with a tilt, the left elbow holding the corner of the notebook. Take a pen, write down the date of the lesson, class work.
III ... Formulation of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
- Today in the lesson we will work on the release of the newspaper "Bukovka". The newspaper is dedicated to a letter that does not denote sound and is present in one of the words:Slide.
Sat down, ate
- What is this letter? In what word is it present?
It was "sat down", it became "ate".
You managed to guess
Why did this happen?
Who is the culprit?
- A solid sign. Slide.
We need a solid sign too
We won't be able to write without it.
What letter will the newspaper say?
What is the topic of the lesson.
- So, the topic of the lesson and the topic of the newspaper"Separating solid mark"
Who will we dedicate our newspaper to and who will be its readers?
- What do you think we and our readers should learn about the letter ъ? (Answers of children).
The purpose of the lesson: Find out when it is spelled ъ.
Issue a newspaper.
IV ... Work on the topic.
We received a letter. And what is written there? Nastya, read it!
(Dear editors of the newspaper "Bukovka"! Tell us the story of the origin of the dividing solid mark. With respect to you, students of the 3rd grade of school No. 11.)
Savatneeva Vika prepared a response to this letter.Slide.
The solid mark is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet.
Until 1917, it was the 27th in a row and was called "er".Slide.
Previously, this letter was silent and was written at the end of words after solid consonants, for example:HOUSE, DOUB, CITY. Slide.
This letter wasted more paper and ink. And it cost money. Therefore, the letter “er” was called “a bum”, “a bum”, “a robber”, “a parasite”, “a bloodsucker” and other similar words. The letter "er" at the end of words consumed more than 8% of the time and paper. This letter - a bum was the most expensive letter in the world.
Now this letter is not written at the end of words.
- We will place the answer to the question in our newspaper under the heading "From history".
IV ... Acquaintance with new material.
Open the tutorial on page 148, runexercise 349 and find out where b is now spelled.
- What can you say about these words? (They are one root).
- What line is there in the words of Kommersant? (In the words of the second line).
- After what part of the word is the dividing b written? (After the prefix, before the root).
- Why isn't b written in the first line after the prefix, but in the second? (?)
What is the sound of the first line prefixes? (To a vowel).
What sound do the prefixes of the second line end in? (On a consonant).
What letter does the root start with? (With a vowel).
Group work.
Rules for working in groups.
Open envelope # 1. Make up the writing supportb in words.
Support on the slide.
Comment on the prop.
- To find out which vowels the separator b is written in front of, runtask on cards. You will work in pairs.
Read the words, insert the missing letters. Highlight the prefix, underline the hard sign and the vowel after it.
C. edible,under. yubik, vol. manifest, from. rides, s. hesitated, vol. clarification.
- Let's make a conclusion. Before what vowels is the dividing b written? (e, e, y, i).
Group work.
Open envelope # 2 and add support.
Check it out.
Support on the slide.
Try to formulate a rule. (The dividing b is written after the prefixes that end in a consonant sound before the vowels e, e, yu, i).
- Let's read this rule in the tutorial on page 149.
- Why is Kommersant called dividing? (Because it divides a consonant from a vowel in a word).
We will place the support and the rule in the newspaper under the headings "The basis of knowledge" and "The rule of writing b"
Let's executeexercise # 351 .
What is the main idea of the text?
How many of you enjoy skiing in the winter forest?
What else besides the pleasure a person gets from skiing? (Breathes fresh air, heals his body, develops muscles).
Love, do not be lazy to ski! This will help you become resilient, insure against cardiovascular diseases and colds.
V ... Control and self-control of knowledge.
- In the newspaper for readers we will place a test on the studied topic under the heading "Check yourself",
but first let's check our knowledge.
1. After what part of the word is b written?
a) after the prefixes,
b) after the root.
2. After what prefixes is b written?
a) after prefixes that end in a consonant,
b) after prefixes that end in a vowel sound.
3. Before what letters is b written?
a) a, i, e, e,
b) y, i, f, e,
c) oh, yo, yu, y.
4. Find a word with a solid separator mark.
a) in ... I was driving
b) this ... i
c) in ... south
5. How many sounds are in the word "congress"?
a) 3
b) 5
at 4
Put your work on the edge of your desk, I will check it today, and tomorrow I will report the results.
VI ... Lesson summary.
Now let's summarize.
What is the name of the topic of the lesson on which we worked?Dividing solid mark.
What goal did we set at the beginning of the lesson?Learn to when it is written ъ and publish a newspaper.
What have we learned? (Separating b is written after the prefixes that
end in a consonant sound before the vowels e, yo, yu, i).
Look at the newspaper. What do you think our readers will learn about after reading it?
Guys, what did you like about yourself today? What can you praise yourself for?
Who, in your opinion, was the most active in the lesson today?Rate participation.
VI I . Homework
VI II ... Reflection.
And I also want to know about the impressions of the lesson from each of you. Take a letter on the desk in a color that suits your mood.Slide.
For me, the topic was important and interesting -red letter b
I learned a lot -yellow letter b
I was not interested -green letter ъ
Pick up the letter of your choice and show me. Now turn to the guests, let them watch.
I am very glad to see in your hands the letters of a solid sign in red and yellow, which means that the lesson was important, interesting and informative for you.
Let's design our newspaper with letters. Apply glue to the letter and stick it “in a chain” on the edge of the newspaper so that you get a frame.
- Now our newspaper has become not only informative, but also beautifully designed.
Today I saw in your eyes a spark of inquisitiveness, curiosity. I want to wish you that this light does not fade over the years, and the discoveries that you make day after day would help you overcome all difficulties on your life path.
The letter b - "hard sign" - is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet. In modern language, a solid sign does not denote sound and serves as a kind of guideline for the correct pronunciation of a number of words. Nevertheless, a solid sign is one of the symbols that formed the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet and to this day have come a long and difficult path along with the development of the language.
Strongly Signed Words: A Little History
The solid sign has been known in Cyrillic graphics for a long time. In the Old Russian language, the letter had a different name - "er" and in some roots it could be pronounced as "o", and was also written at the end of words ending in a consonant, and after a consonant prefix before a root beginning with a vowel. This use was practiced until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1918, during the reform of Russian spelling, the writing of a solid sign at the end of words ending in a consonant was abolished. Today, words with a solid sign in the Russian language are characterized by a total of more than 140, and the use of this letter is clearly regulated. Let's talk about this in more detail.
The main groups of words with a solid sign and norms of their spelling
The modern Russian language uses the symbol "b" as a dividing one. The solid sign is used after consonants before the iotated vowels e, e, yu, I, mainly at the junction of morphemes.
Solid sign between prefix and root
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a vowel, and in words with primordially Russian prefixes ( eat, leave, go around, shrink, sniff), and in words with borrowed prefixes ( counter-tier, sub-core, trans-European).
2. A separate group is made up of borrowed words with a solid sign, starting with combinations of ob-, sub-, ad-, ab-, dis-, inter-, con- and others, which were originally prefixes, but in modern Russian are identified as part root: object, subject, adjutant, abjuration, disjunction, interjection, conjuncture.
Hard mark between parts of compound words
1) before the second root after parts two-, three-, four- ( two-tier, three-anchor, four-capacity);
2) such words with a separating solid sign, such as courier and pan-European;
3) if we are talking about the spelling of abbreviated words with a similar structure, then the solid sign is not used in them: spetsada, business unit, military lawyer, state language other.
Solid sign in proper names and their derivatives
There are a number of nouns and their derivatives (names of people and place names), where a solid sign is also used: city Kizilyurt, village Toryal, Lake Juvyasjärvi, painter Guo Hengyu.
Thus, words with a solid sign in modern Russian are a separate group with their own spelling patterns. Unlike a soft sign, which can be used several times in the same word, there can be only one hard sign in one word. The above use cases for the hard mark are clear rules that must always be followed. In situations not discussed in this article, under similar conditions, a separating soft sign is used.
Shooting, entrance, hugs, announcement, detour, immense, disheveled, furious, move in, drive up, cringe, combine, ate.
CONTROL CHECK-UP
Write down sentences. Underline words with solid separators (ъ).
1. The leaves on the trees shriveled from frost. 2. Rosehip bushes seem to be on fire. 3. In the summer, I traveled all over Crimea with my parents. 4. We hugged each other. 5. Quiet! Filming is in progress. 6. Children from all over Ukraine came to the competition.
SELECTIVE DICTANT
Listen to the words. Write words with soft sign (s) into one
column, with a solid sign (b) - in another.
Sparrows, feathers, detour, drinks, ate, wolf, stakes, drive up, edible, ad, health, leaves, shoot, friends, furious, edible, bunches, joy, blizzard.
EXPLANATORY AND CHECKING DICTANTS
Split selected hyphenation words.
At night there was a fire in a neighboring house. A blizzard of fire broke out. Enraged flames beat from the windows. Moved together several fire trucks. The first was at the entrance. The second drove around the house. The third drove into the yard. Water fountains gush. The smoke eats away at the eyes. The fire surrenders. The screams of firefighters are heard. They saved lives and homes. You can't play with fire!
MUSHROOM POLYANA
It's good to wander through the autumn forest!
Over there the fly agaric hat turns red. it inedible mushroom. And here are my favorite boletus. There is a boletus flaunts. And here are the red-haired chanterelles. All these mushrooms are edible. Both people and animals love them. Have you met eaten mushroom legs? This squirrel is cooking edible for the winter. She will be comfortable in a warm hollow in a cold blizzard.
IN EARLY AUTUMN
It's still warm, but a thin web is already winding in the air. Bird voices are still heard. The forest became thoughtful. This is how a person thinks before departure on a long journey. Leaves soon shrink will fall off. The blizzard will sweep the paths. It will be like this all winter. And then the spring wind will announce that it is warm.
44 words. (According to E. Gladchenko)
MORE ON THE TOPIC:
DICTIONARY AND CREATIVE DICTANTS 1. Translate Ukrainian words into Russian. 2. Put stress in words. Kropiva, otaman, besida, blisnut ...
DividingBwritten after consonants before lettersI, Yu, Yo, E,transmitting combinations [j] with vowels, in the following cases.
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant .
For example:
a) in words with Russian prefixes: nuclear-free, argue, rage, climb up, worn out, interlingual, eat up, go around, departure, lift, pre-jubilee, present, part, detachable, eat, shrink, bite, supernatural, super-capacious, super-bright.
Letter b traditionally written also in the word flaw, although from- is not a prefix in it.
b) in words with prefixes of foreign language origin : counter-tier, post-nuclear, post-jubilee, subunit, sub-core, superyacht, trans-European .
Words of foreign language origin with initial parts are also written ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, about-, sub- , which in the source language are prefixes, but in Russian as prefixes are usually not highlighted. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivization, adjunct, adjuster, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjunctiva, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, object conjunctivitis, subjective, conjuncture, conjuncture, conjuncture .
2. In compound words:
a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four- , for example: dual-anchor, dual-capacity, tri-core, four-tier ;
b) in words pan-European, courier .
After the initial parts of shortened words, the separating b traditionally not written, for example: military lawyer, state language, children, party cell, food fair, special work, household unit, inyaz, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.
3. The letter ъ is also written when transferring foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters that transpose paired solid consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Toryal(a village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China), Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Juvyasjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(an anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).
In this case, the dividing b possible also before the letter and , for example: Junichiro(Japanese name).
Note!
1) The letter ъ is not written before letters uh, uh, uh, uh, uh.
For example: interatomic, counterstrike, transoceanic, three-story.
2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after the prefix!), for example: dress, clerk. Exception – courier.
3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a complex word.
For example: children (nurseries), Inyaz (Institute of Foreign Languages).
4 ) The letter ъ is not written in the noun clerk(there is no prefix in this word under- !). A separator is written in the middle of the word b since the prefix stands out here on- and the root of the clerk (-djach-).
5) In the middle of a word (at the root) rearguard the dividing line is spelled , but not b since the prefixes ar- in Russian, no.
6) In the word flaw (Turkic) spelled b by analogy with the verb withdraw.
Dividing B written after consonants before letters i, u, e, e, and conveying combinations [j] with vowels.
For example:
- ya : devil, joker, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan;
th : loach, interview, pouring, family, drinking, trotting, fifty, sewing, fucking(interjection);
- ё : nightingale, gun, drinks, crow, serious, life, whose, we sew;
-th : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, lull, Vietnam, Fourier;
-th : passerine, nightingales, pancakes, bearish, vary, articles, whose, vigny.
1) The dividing b is written in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after consonant before letters e, e, y, i if [j] sounds after the consonant before the vowel; for example: vViet [v'jot], loach [v'jun], clerk [d'jak]).
2) Dividing b is written in some borrowed words (like the sound signal [j]) after the consonant before the letter O.
For example: bouillon[bul'jon], signor[syn'jor], minion[min'jon].