What is the ideological pathos of the play Cherry Orchard. Composition Chekhov A
The play "The Cherry Orchard" shows the historical change of social order: the period of "cherry orchards" ends, with the elegiac beauty of the departing manor life, with the poetry of memories of the past life. The owners of the cherry orchard are indecisive, not adapted to life, impractical and passive, they have the same paralysis of will that Chekhov saw in his previous heroes (see above), but now these personal traits are filled with historical meaning: these people fail, therefore that it took their time. Chekhov's heroes obey the dictates of history more than personal feelings.
Ranevskaya is replaced by Lopakhin, but she does not blame him for anything, he also feels sincere and heartfelt affection for her. Petya Trofimov, solemnly announcing the onset of a new life, uttering passionate tirades against the old injustice, also loves Ranevskaya dearly and on the night of her arrival greets her with touching and timid delicacy: "I will only bow to you and leave immediately." But even this atmosphere of general disposition cannot change anything. Leaving their estate forever, Ranevskaya and Gaev accidentally remain alone for a minute. "They were exactly expecting this, throw themselves on each other's necks and sob restrainedly, quietly, fearing that they would not be heard."
In Chekhov's play, "the century follows its own iron path." Lopakhin's period begins, the cherry orchard is bursting under his ax, although as a personality Lopakhin is subtler and more human than the role imposed on him by history. He cannot but rejoice that he became the owner of the estate, where his father was a serf, and his joy is natural and understandable. Even some historical justice is felt in Lopakhin's victory. At the same time, the general flavor of life, as in other Chekhov's plays, will remain the same. The Lopakhins, in turn, will be replaced by new people, and this will be the next step in history, which Petya Trofimov is happy to talk about. He himself does not embody the future, but he feels and welcomes its approach. No matter how "shabby gentleman" and fool Trofimov may seem, his soul is "full of inexplicable forebodings", he exclaims: "All Russia is our garden." Anya also understands that it is no longer possible to live "like a mother" and supports Petya's position. The tragedies of life are still far from over, but the tragic immutability of life is no longer in Chekhov's last play. The overall picture of the world has changed. Russian life, seemingly frozen for centuries in its fantastic distortion, began to move.
1. The theme of the past, present and future of Russia
2. Conflict and features of stage action
KS Stanislavsky and VD Nemirovich-Danchenko noted the unusualness of the dramatic conflict and the presence in Chekhov's play of "undercurrents - intimate lyrical streams that are felt behind external everyday details."
According to the genre, the play "The Cherry Orchard" is considered to be a comedy, although the satirical pathos of the play is greatly weakened. Chekhov continued the traditions of Ostrovsky (depiction of everyday life in plays). However, as already noted, Ostrovsky's life is the background, the basis for the actual dramatic events. For Chekhov, events only superficially organize the plot. Every character experiences the drama - Ranevskaya, Gaev, Varya, and Charlotte. At the same time, the drama lies not in the loss of the cherry orchard, but in the hopeless everyday life. Chekhov's heroes are experiencing a conflict "between the given and the desired" - between vanity and the dream of the true purpose of man .. In the souls of most heroes, this conflict is not resolved.
3. The meaning of "underwater currents"
At first glance, the meaning of individual remarks of the characters in the play "The Cherry Orchard" has nothing to do with the events taking place. These remarks are important only in the context of understanding the conflict "between the given and the desired." (Ranevskaya: “I’m still waiting for something, as if a house should collapse over us,” Gaev’s “billiard” terms, etc.).
4. Role of the part
For Chekhov, detail is the most important visual means in conveying the psychology of the heroes of the play, conflict, etc.
- The replicas of the heroes, which do not help in the development of the plot, but illustrate the discontinuity of consciousness, the alienation of the heroes from each other, their incompatibility with the world around them.
“Everyone is sitting, thinking. Suddenly there is a distant sound, as if from the sky, the sound of a broken string, fading, sad.
Lyubov Andreevna. What's this?
Lopakhin. Do not know. Somewhere far away in the mines a bucket fell. But somewhere very far away.
Gaev. Or maybe some kind of bird ... Like a heron.
Trofimov. Or an owl ...
Lyubov Andreyevna (shudders). Unpleasant for some reason. (Pause).
Firs. It was the same before the misfortune. And the owl screamed, and the samovar hummed without a break.
Gaev. What kind of misfortune?
Firs. Before the will. (Pause).
Lyubov Andreevna. You know, friends, let's go, it's getting dark already. (But not). There are tears in your eyes ... What are you, girl? (Hugs her).
Anya. That's right, Mom. Nothing.
- Sound effects.
The sound of a broken string ("sounded melancholy *).
The clatter of an ax cutting down a cherry orchard.
- Landscape.
LYUBOV ANDREYEVNA (looking out the window at the garden). Oh, my childhood, my purity! I slept in this nursery, looked out at the garden from here, happiness woke up with me every morning, and then he was exactly the same, nothing changed. (Laughs with joy). All, all white! Oh, my garden! After a dark, stormy autumn and a cold winter, you are young again, full of happiness, the heavenly angels have not left you ... If only a heavy stone could be removed from my chest and shoulders, if I could forget my past!
Gaev. Yes. And the garden will be sold for debts, oddly enough ...
Lyubov Andreevna. Look, the late mother walks through the garden ... in a white dress! (Laughs with joy). That's her.
Gaev. Where?
Varya. The Lord is with you, mommy.
Lyubov Andreevna. Nobody here. It seemed to me. To the right, at the turn to the pavilion, a white tree bent over, resembling a woman. "
- Situation.
The closet to which either Ranevskaya or Gaev turn their monologues.
- Author's remarks.
Yasha always speaks barely without laughing. Lopakhin always turns to Varya mockingly.
- Speech characteristics of heroes.
Gaev's speech is full of billiard terms ("yellow in the corner", etc.).
5. Symbols in the play
In The Cherry Orchard, many characters' images carry such a semantic load that they grow to the level of symbols.
The symbol of the lost spirituality is the cut down cherry orchard, the symbol of ineptly squandered wealth - the sold estate. The blame for the death of the "garden" and "estate" lies not only with the Gaevs, Ranevskys and other characters represented directly in the play by Chekhov. They are just a natural result, a deplorable result of all generations of "feudal landowners" accustomed to idleness and living at someone else's expense. The life in which all the characters are immersed and which runs in a hopelessly fatalistic background throughout the play is the inevitable result of the entire path traversed by their ancestors, the path of slavery and spiritual lack of freedom. It is no coincidence that Petya Trofimov speaks about this.
The play is symbolic in itself, since the fate of Ranevskaya's estate and her cherry orchard is the allegorical fate of Russia.
Debt is another important symbol for Chekhov. Many generations of the Gaevs and Ranevskys lived in debt, not noticing the degeneration that their souls undergo, as well as the devastation that their soulless actions produce around them, not seeing the carrion they bring to the world. Now is the time to pay the bills. But Russia will be able to become a "beautiful garden", according to Chekhov, only when all debts are paid, when the sin of age-old slavery, the sin of all firs in front of its eternal, immortal soul is completely redeemed.
The place of the image of Lopakhin in the comedy of AP Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" 1. Alignment of social forces in the play. 2. Lopakhin as "the master of life." 3. Characteristics of Lopakhin's character.
One of the most famous plays by A. Chekhov is the comedy "The Cherry Orchard". Its plot is based on absolutely everyday material - the sale of an old noble estate, the property of which is a cherry orchard. But Chekhov is not interested in the cherry orchard itself, the garden is only a symbol that means the whole of Russia. Therefore, it is the fate of the Motherland, its past, present and future that becomes the main thing for Chekhov. The past in the play is symbolized by Ranevskaya and Gaev, the present by Lopakhin, and the future by Anya and Petya Trofimov. At first glance, the play gives a clear alignment of social forces in Russian society and outlines the prospect of a struggle between them, the Russian nobility is becoming a thing of the past, it is being replaced by the bourgeoisie.
These motives can be seen in the characters of the main characters. Gaev and Ranevskaya are careless and helpless, while Lopakhin is businesslike and enterprising, but mentally limited. But although the conflict is based on the confrontation of social forces, it is muted in the play. The Russian bourgeois Lopakhin is deprived of a predatory grasp and aggressiveness towards the nobles of Ranevskaya and Gaev, and the nobles do not resist him at all. It turns out as if the estate with a cherry orchard itself floats into Lopakhin's hands, and he, as it were, reluctantly buys it.
The ideological pathos of the play consists in the denial of the noble-landlord system, as an obsolete one. But at the same time Chekhov asserts that the new class of the bourgeoisie, despite its activity and strength, brings destruction with it.
Capitalists like Lopakhin do indeed replace the nobility and become the masters of life. But their dominance is short-lived because they are beauty destroyers. After them new, young forces will come, which will turn Russia into a blossoming garden. Chekhov attached special importance to the image of Lopakhin. He wrote: “The role of Lopakhin is central. If it does not succeed, then the whole play has failed. " Lopakhin as "the master of life" comes to replace Ranevskaya and Gaev. If the former masters of life are worthless and helpless, then Lopakhin is energetic, businesslike, and smart. Oh belongs to the type of people who work from morning to evening. In terms of social origin, Lopakhin is much lower than the nobles. His father was a peasant and worked for the ancestors of Ranevskaya and Gaev. He knows how hard it was for his family, so he does everything in order to take a higher position in society, to earn more money, because it was with their help that a lot could be achieved.
Lopakhin understands this, so he works tirelessly. He has that business acumen that distinguishes new people from the receding landowners who are used to living off the peasants. Everything that Lopakhin achieved, he achieved only thanks to his intelligence, efficiency and ambition, which the former masters of life are deprived of. Lopakhin gives Ranevskaya practical and practical advice, following which Lyubov Andreevna could save her estate and the cherry orchard. At the same time, Lopakhin acts completely disinterestedly. He, of course, is a businessman, and it is in his advantage to buy out the cherry orchard, but, nevertheless, he treats Ranevskaya and her family with respect, so he tries to help as much as he can.
Chekhov writes that Lopakhin has a "thin, delicate soul", thin fingers, like an artist. But at the same time he is a real businessman, thinking about his own profit and money.
This is the contradiction of Lopakhin's image, which intensifies in the scene when he announces his purchase of a cherry orchard. He is proud that he was able to buy an estate where his ancestors did not dare to go beyond the threshold. In his behavior, both resentment for the age-old serfdom, and the joy of victory over the former masters of life, and faith in his future are merged. He cuts down a beautiful cherry orchard in order to build summer cottages in its place. But there is a clear inconsistency here. Lopakhin is going to build the future by destroying beauty. But he builds summer cottages - temporary structures, so it becomes clear that Lopakhin is a temporary worker himself. A new generation will come to meet him, who will create a wonderful future for Russia. But for now, he is the owner and master. It is not for nothing that Petya Trofimov calls him a "beast of prey" who imagines that you can buy everything and sell everything. And this "beast of prey" cannot be stopped yet. His joy conquers all other feelings. But Lopakhin's triumph is short-lived, it is quickly replaced by feelings of despondency and sadness. Soon he turns to Ranevskaya with words of reproach and reproach: “Why, why didn't you listen to me? My poor, good one, you cannot return it now. " And, as if in unison with all the characters in the play, Lopakhin says: "Oh, it would be more likely that all this would pass, it would sooner change somehow our awkward, unhappy life."
Like other heroes, Lopakhin feels dissatisfaction with life, he realizes that it is somehow going wrong, in the wrong direction. It brings neither joy nor happiness. Lopakhin is aware of this and therefore worries. He seems to feel that the power of people like him is short-lived, that they will soon be replaced by new people, and that they will become the real masters of life.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Lyceum No. 1" Chamzinka Chamzinsky district of the Republic of Mordovia
Tests based on the play by A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"
prepared by the teacher of Russian language and literature Pechkazova Svetlana Petrovna
Chamzinka
Explanatory note
The test based on the play by A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" contains questions about the life and work of the writer.
Each question has four possible answers.
The presented resource can be used in the final lesson of literature on the work of a writer in grade 10.
Evaluation criteria:
"5" (excellent) - the work was done faultlessly,
"4" (good) - no more than 2 mistakes were made in the work,
"3" (satisfactory) - more than 2 mistakes were made in the work,
"2" (unsatisfactory) - more than 5 mistakes were made in the work,
Test. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard". Grade 10 (Option 1)
a) tragicomedy; b) drama; c) tragedy; d) lyrical comedy; e) social comedy.
2. What is the peculiarity of the dialogue in the play "The Cherry Orchard"?
a) built as a dialogue-monologue; b) classic dialogue - a replica is a response to the previous one; c) disordered conversation - the characters do not hear the friend.
3. What is the main conflict in the play "The Cherry Orchard":
a) a conflict between generations (Ranevskaya - Anya, Petya - Trofimov); 6) there is no external intrigue, struggle; c) the struggle over the sale of the estate; d) a clash between different social groups (landowner Ranevskaya - merchant Lopakhin);
e) an intra-family conflict (Ranevskaya - Varya, Lopakhin).
4. Indicate the non-stage characters of the play "The Cherry Orchard":
a) Yaroslavl aunt; b) Simeonov-Pischik; c) Charlotte Ivanovna; d) Dasha, daughter of Simeonov-Pishchik; e) Ranevskaya's lover; f) "twenty-two misfortunes."
5. Whose words are these: "Oh, my dear, my tender, beautiful garden! .. My life, my youth, my happiness, goodbye! .. Goodbye! .."?
a) Ani; b) Ranevskaya; c) Warm; d) Charlottes Ivanovna.
6. Who owns the words: "Lord, you gave us huge forests, vast fields, the deepest horizons, and living here, we ourselves should really be giants ..."?
a) Lopakhin; b) Gaev; c) Trofimov; d) the footman Yasha; e) Firs.
7. What is the main love line of the play:
a) Anya - Trofimov; b) Lopakhin - Ranevskaya; c) Lopakhin - Varya; d) Yasha - Dunyasha;
e) Epikhodov - Dunyasha.
8. The play "The Cherry Orchard" is full of symbols: the cherry orchard, the city discerning in the distance, the passer-by ... Complete this series:
a) a brooch in the form of a bee; b) the sound of a broken string, c) lollipops; d) billiards; e) the sound of an ax.
9. The first production of the play "The Cherry Orchard" was carried out by the Art Theater in:
a) 1901; b) 1910; c) 1900; d) 1904; e) 1899.
10. What was the development of action characteristic of Chekhov's plays in the Moscow Art Theater called?
a) "stormy stream"; b) “underwater current”; c) “invisible life”; d) “storm and onslaught”.
Key
Test. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard". Grade 10 (Option 2)
1. When the action of the "Cherry Orchard" ends:
a) in the spring; b) in the summer; c) in the fall; d) in winter.
2. Who we are talking about: “I am a developed person, I read various wonderful books, but I just can’t understand the direction of what I actually want to live or shoot myself, as a matter of fact”: a) Epikhodov; b) Petya Trofimov; c) Lopakhin; d) Gaev.
3. Who bought the cherry orchard: a) Gaev; b) Lopakhin; c) Petya Trofimov; d) Simeonov-Pischik.
4. Where did Ranevskaya come from: a) from Paris; b) from London; c) from Rome; d) from Berlin.
5. How many actions in the "Cherry Orchard": a) 2; b) 3; at 4; d) 5.
6. Who owns the reply: "The peasants are with the gentlemen, the gentlemen are with the peasants, and now everything is in disarray, you will not understand anything": a) Firs; b) Lopakhin; c) Gaev; d) Simeonov-Pischik.
7. What does Firs call "misfortune": a) the sale of a cherry orchard; b) the departure of Ranevskaya;
c) the death of Ranevskaya's son; d) the liberation of the peasants from serfdom.
8. What does Gaev refer to: “I welcome your existence, which for more than a hundred years has been directed towards the bright ideals of goodness and justice; your silent call for fruitful work has not weakened for a hundred years, maintaining vigor in the generations of our kind, faith in a better future and instilling in us the ideals of goodness and social self-awareness ”: a) to the garden; b) to the table; c) to the cabinet; d) to a billiard cue.
9. Who owns the reply: "Children's, my dear, beautiful room ... I slept here when I was little ... And now I am like a little one":
a) Ranevskaya; b) Vare; c) Anya; d) Charlotte Ivanovna
10. What did Petya Trofimov lose at the end of the play: a) felt boots; b) shoes; c) galoshes; d) boots.
11. Firs's patronymic: a) Stepanovich; b) Nikolaevich; c) Andreevich; d) Ivanovich.
12. As Firs calls the other characters in the play:
a) sluts; b) slackers; c) inept; d) the wicked.
Key
Test. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard". Grade 10 (Option 3)
1. The first production of "The Cherry Orchard" was carried out by the Moscow Art Theater in: 1) 1900, 2) 1901, 3) 1904, 4) 1906
2. Indicate the main conflict in the play "The Cherry Orchard": 1) a conflict between generations (Ranevskaya - Anya, Petya Trofimov), 2) there is no external intrigue, struggle, 3) a struggle over the sale of the estate, 4) a clash between different social groups (landowner Ranevskaya - merchant Lopakhin)
3. Epikhodov in the play is a "symbol" of: 1) general trouble, 2) general loneliness, 3) psychological deafness, 4) exceptional fate
1) Gaev, 2) Trofimov, 3) Lopakhin, 4) Firs
5. What is Ranevskaya's maiden name:
1) Epikhodova, 2) Trofimova, 3) Lopakhina, 4) Gaeva
6. Indicate the name of the hero of the play "The Cherry Orchard", who asks Ranevskaya to take him with her to Paris, since Russia is "an uneducated country" for him, "an immoral people, moreover boredom ...": 1) Yasha, 2) Firs, 3) Petya, 4) Ermolai
7. Which of the characters intersperses their speech with "billiard" vocabulary: 1) Lopakhin, 2) Gaev, 3) Trofimov, 4 ) Epikhodov
8. Indicate the name of the heroine who dreams of such a fate: “If there were money, at least a little, at least a hundred rubles, I would have thrown everything, I would have gone away. She went to the monastery ":
1) Lyubov Andreevna, 2) Anya, 3) Varya, 4) Charlotte
9. Whom does Petya Trofimov call "beast of prey": 1) Epikhodov, 2) Gaev, 3) Trofimov, 4) Lopakhin
10. Who owns the replica: "All Russia is our garden ...":
1) Lopakhin, 2) Trofimov, 3) Gaev, 4) Epikhodov
11. What is the peculiarity of the dialogues in the play "The Cherry Orchard": 1) they are built as dialogues - monologues, 2) they are built like classical dialogues - the replica is a response to the previous one, 3) they are built as an unordered conversation (the characters do not hear each other) , 4) one monologue is replaced by another
12. Ideas of what political movement did A.P. Chekhov share:
1) socialism, 2) liberalism, 3) "soil", 4) outside politics
Key
References:
Korshunova I.N., Lipin E.Yu. Tests in Russian literature. - M .: Bustard, 2015
Romashina N.F. Literature tests for current and generalized control. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2014
Berezhnaya I.D. Current control of knowledge on literature. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2014
Mironova N.A. Literature tests in grade 11. - M .: Exam, 2015.
The summit work of Chekhov, his "swan song" is the comedy "The Cherry Orchard", completed in 1903. The era of the greatest aggravation of social relations, a stormy social movement was clearly expressed in the last major work. Chekhov's general democratic position was reflected in The Cherry Orchard. The play critically shows the noble-bourgeois world and depicts people striving for a new life in bright colors. Chekhov responded to the most pressing demands of the time.
The ideological pathos of the play is in the denial of the noble-local system as outdated. At the same time, the writer claims that the bourgeoisie, which is replacing the nobility, despite its vital activity, brings with it destruction and the power of cash.
Chekhov saw that the "old" was doomed to fade, for it had grown on fragile, unhealthy roots. A new, worthy owner must come. And this owner appears in the image of the merchant-entrepreneur Lopakhin, to whom the cherry orchard passes from the former owners, Ranevskaya and Gaev. Symbolically, the garden is the whole homeland (“all Russia is our garden”). Therefore, the main theme of the play is the fate of the motherland, its future. The old masters, the noblemen Ranevskys and Gaevs, leave the stage, and the capitalists Lopakhin replace them.
The image of Lopakhin is central to the play. Chekhov attached particular importance to this image: “… Lopakhin's role is central. If it fails, then the whole play will fail. " Lopakhin is a representative of post-reform Russia, attached to progressive ideas and striving not only to round off capital, but also to fulfill his social mission. He buys up landowners' estates in order to lease them out for summer cottages, and believes that by his activities he brings a better new life closer. This person is very energetic and businesslike, smart and enterprising, he works "from morning to evening", inactivity is simply painful for him. His practical advice, if Ranevskaya had accepted them, would have saved the estate. Taking away her favorite cherry orchard from Ranevskaya, Lopakhin sympathizes with her and Gaev. That is, it is inherent in both spiritual subtlety and grace, external and internal. It is not for nothing that Petya notes Lopakhin's delicate soul, his thin, like an artist's, fingers.
Lopakhin is passionate about his work, and is sincerely convinced that Russian life is arranged "awkwardly", it must be remade so that "grandchildren and great-grandchildren will see a new life." He complains that there are few honest, decent people around. All these features were inherent in Chekhov's time to a whole stratum of the bourgeoisie. And fate makes them masters, even to some extent heirs of the values created by previous generations. Chekhov emphasizes the duality of the Lopakhins' nature: the progressive views of the intellectual-citizen and entanglement with prejudices, the inability to rise to the protection of national interests. “Come to watch how Yermolai Lopakhin will stop with an ax in the cherry orchard, how the trees will fall to the ground! We will set up summer cottages, and our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will see a new life here! " But the second part of the speech is doubtful: it is unlikely that Lopakhin will build a new life for posterity. This creative part is beyond his power, he only destroys what was created in the past. It is no coincidence that Petya Trofimov compares Lopakhin with a beast that eats everything that comes his way. And Lopakhin himself does not consider himself a creator, calls himself a "man-man". The speech of this hero is also quite remarkable, which fully reveals the character of the businessman-entrepreneur. His speech changes depending on the circumstances. Being in the circle of intelligent people, he uses barbarisms: auction, circulation, project; in communicating with ordinary people in his speech, common words slip through: I suppose, hey, you need to clean up.
In the play "The Cherry Orchard" Chekhov argues that the rule of the Lopakhins is short-lived, for they are destroyers of beauty. The wealth of mankind accumulated over the centuries should belong not to monetary people, but to truly cultural people, "capable of answering before the strict court of history for their own deeds."