The theme of dishonor in the captain's daughter. Honor and dishonor in the captain's daughter

I would like to note that, in my opinion, honor and conscience are the leading concepts that characterize the human personality. Usually, honor is a combination of the most noble, valiant feelings of a person, allowing him to achieve his goal, earn the respect of other people and not lose respect for himself. By conscience, one can understand the inability to transcend eternal moral principles. These two concepts are interrelated, as "living with honor" helps a person to find peace of mind and live in harmony with his conscience. No wonder the word "honor" echoes such a human quality as "honesty", and you can also call the word "honor" - by honor. The problem of honor and conscience worried writers and poets at all times.

I believe that honor occupies the first place in the series of moral symbols. A person deprived of this feeling is unable to live in a circle of his own kind without hurting others. He can destroy the entire world if left unchecked. Such people are held back not by internal, but by external fetters - fear of punishment, prison, loneliness, etc. But this is not the worst thing. A person who has betrayed his own soul, acted contrary to honor and conscience, destroys himself. In human society, dishonorable people have always been treated with contempt. The loss of honor - the fall of moral foundations - is one of the most difficult states of a person that has always worried writers. We can say that this problem was and is one of the central ones in Russian literature.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. On the example of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", you can consider in detail how this happens in life and what results it can lead to. The protagonist of the story, Pyotr Grinev, was brought up in an atmosphere of high morality from childhood. He had someone to take an example from. Pushkin, through the mouth of Savelich, on the first pages of the story, acquaints readers with the moral principles of the Grinev family: “It seems that neither father nor grandfather were drunkards; there’s nothing to say about mother ... ”The old servant of his ward Pyotr Grinev brings up with these words, who got drunk for the first time and behaved not too adequately.

One of the main characters of the story "The Captain's Daughter", Pyotr Grinev, understands honor as an action always in conscience. Grinev's soul contains, as it were, two honors, two concepts about it - this is a duty in relation to the Empress, and therefore, to the Motherland, to the Fatherland, and the duty that love imposes on him for the daughter of Captain Mironov. That is, Grinev's honor is a duty.

The first time Pyotr Grinev acted honorably, returning the card debt, although in that situation Savelich tried to persuade him to evade the calculation. But nobility prevailed.

When Pugachev helps Grinev to free Masha Mironova from the captivity of Shvabrin, Grinev, although grateful to the leader of the rebels, still does not violate the oath to the Fatherland, preserving his honor: “But God sees that I would be glad with my life to pay you for what you are for made me. Just do not demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.

Another protagonist of The Captain's Daughter, a hero from some negative side, Pugachev, has a completely different understanding of honor. His understanding of honor rests solely on the level of feelings, mostly friendly. The subjective perception of Pugachev's honor makes him a negative character. As a person, he can be good: he pays good for. But as an invader, he is cruel.

One of the main ideas of the story was set by the author from the very beginning with the words: "Take care of honor from a young age." Petrusha receives this order from his father, going to his place of service in a distant and remote fortress, and not in the capital regiment, as he had hoped at first.

In the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev sacredly remembers his father's order. He protects Masha from Shvabrin's slander. Grinev wields a sword well, knows how to stand up for the honor of an offended and offended girl. And only the intervention of Savelich gives an advantage to Shvabrin, who once again acts vilely, inflicting a treacherous blow to the distracted enemy.

Grinev, from act to act, ascends "to the heights of moral education." And when the question of life and death arises before Pyotr Andreevich: to break the oath and save his life or die as an honest officer, keeping his good name, Grinev chooses the latter. Only the good will of Pugachev saves our hero from the gallows. Pugachev in this situation, as we said above, also acts on honor.

In any situation, Pyotr Andreevich behaves with dignity, whether with the rebel Pugachev during a conversation with him in a wagon or in court among his equals. For him, it makes no difference to whom to keep his word. He is a nobleman, and once sworn in, he is faithful to the empress and the Fatherland.

None of Grinev's opposition to heroes or fate, revealed on the pages of the story, managed to take away his honor and dignity. Honor cannot be taken away. A person who acts honorably is unable to part with this feeling under the influence of others. In my opinion, a person can lose honor, but this happens not only and not so much under the influence of circumstances. They serve only as a kind of catalyst. In a difficult situation, all the darkest sides of the human soul are revealed. And here the hero himself has the strength to cope with them.

One of the heroes of the story "The Captain's Daughter", Shvabrin, by his example, confirms the statement of A.P. Chekhov in the title of this work. He loses honor. Angry, having lost his girlfriend, Shvabrin joins Pugachev, and subsequently he will be convicted as an officer who violated the oath. That is, Pushkin demonstrated that a person who has lost honor will be punished - by fate or people. On the example of Shvabrin, the author wants to show that education, alluvial culture and good breeding have little effect on the formation of a person's character. After all, Shvabrin can be considered an intelligent interlocutor, he cannot be called an absolutely negative character either.

Interesting ending to the story. It would seem that the connection with the rebellious ataman would be fatal for Grinev. He was indeed arrested on a denunciation. He faces the death penalty, but Grinev decides for reasons of honor not to name his beloved. If he told the whole truth about Masha, for the sake of whose salvation he, in fact, found himself in such a situation, he could be acquitted. Grinev, however, did not reveal the name of his beloved girl, preferring death to dishonor. But at the very last moment, justice prevailed. Masha turned to the Empress with a request to protect Grinev. And good won.

Honor and conscience can be called the most important characteristics of the human soul. Therefore, the problem of honor is present in the works of most writers. The understanding of honor, which is quite natural, is different for each person. But the truth or falsity of this understanding is proved by life itself.

On the example of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", we tried to consider the concept of honor and its significance in human life. I would like to sum up: the honor really cannot be taken away. No hardships, dangers and life difficulties can cope with this. A person can lose honor only if he himself refuses it, prefers something else to it: life, power, wealth ... But at the same time, not everyone realizes how much they lose. The strength and humanity of a person lies precisely in his honor.

One of the main themes in Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" is the theme of honor and duty. This topic is already set by the epigraph to the work - the Russian proverb "Take care of honor from a young age." The father gives the same farewell to Petrusha Grinev, seeing his son off for military service.

And the very act of Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who, instead of Petersburg, sends his son to a "deaf and distant side" so that Petrusha becomes a real officer, characterizes him as a man of honor and duty. The Grinevs are an old noble family. Pushkin emphasizes the severity of Andrei Petrovich's morals, his wisdom, self-esteem.

It is characteristic that the concept of "honor and duty" in the story is ambiguous. In the story of Petrusha Grinev's acquaintance with Zurin, when a young man lost a hundred rubles to his new acquaintance, we are talking about noble honor. Petrusha's money was kept by Savelich, and the young man had to quarrel with his uncle in order to receive the required amount. Amazed by the magnitude of this amount, Savelich tries to dissuade Grinev from paying the debt. "You are my light! listen to me, old man: write to this robber that you were joking, that we don’t even have such money, ”he persuades his pupil. However, Grinev cannot but pay the billiard debt - for him it is a matter of noble honor.

The theme of honor is also realized in the history of Grinev's relationship with Masha Mironova. Defending the honor of his beloved girl, the hero challenges his rival, Shvabrin, to a duel. However, the intervention of the commandant prevented the duel, and only then did it resume. Here we are talking about the honor of the lady, about the duty to her.

Having fallen in love with the daughter of Captain Mironov, Grinev feels responsible for her fate. He sees his duty in protecting and protecting the girl he loves. When Masha becomes a prisoner of Shvabrin, Grinev is ready to do anything to free her. Not finding support from the official authorities, he turns to Pugachev for help. And Pugachev helps young people despite the fact that Masha is the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, the daughter of an officer of the enemy troops. Here, along with the theme of knightly honor, the motive of male honor arises. Rescuing Masha, his bride, from the captivity of Shvabrin, Grinev simultaneously defends his masculine honor.

After the arrest, Grinev was put on trial. However, defending himself, the hero could not reveal the true state of things, as he was afraid to involve Masha Mironova in this story. “It occurred to me that if I name her, the commission will require her to answer; and the thought of entangling her name between the vile tales of villains and bringing her herself to face-to-face confrontation with them - this terrible thought struck me so much that I hesitated and became confused. Grinev prefers to suffer an undeserved punishment rather than offend the good name of Marya Ivanovna. Thus, in relation to Masha, the hero behaves like a true knight protecting his lady.

Another meaning of the concept of "honor and duty" in the story is military honor, loyalty to the oath, loyalty to the duty to the Fatherland. This theme is also embodied in the history of Grinev's relationship with Pugachev. After the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev saved the hero from the death penalty, pardoned him. However, Grinev cannot recognize him as a sovereign, as he understands who he really is. “I was again taken to the impostor and put on my knees before him. Pugachev held out his sinewy hand to me. “Kiss the hand, kiss the hand!” they said around me. But I would prefer the most cruel execution to such a vile humiliation,” Grinev recalls. let him go.

However, further drama and tension in the story increase. Pugachev asks Grinev whether he recognizes his "sovereign", whether he promises to serve him. The position of the young man is very ambiguous: he cannot recognize the impostor as sovereign, and, at the same time, he does not want to expose himself to useless risks. Grinev hesitates, but the sense of duty triumphs "over human weakness." He overcomes his own cowardice and frankly admits to Pugachev that he cannot consider him a sovereign. A young officer cannot even serve an impostor: Grinev is a natural nobleman who swore allegiance to the Empress.

Further, the situation becomes even more dramatic. Pugachev is trying to get a promise from Grinev not to oppose the rebels. But the hero cannot promise him this either: he is obliged to obey the requirements of military duty, to obey the order. However, this time Pugachev's soul softened - he let the young man go.

The theme of honor and duty is embodied in other episodes of the story. Here Ivan Kuzmich Mironov refuses to recognize the impostor as sovereign. Despite being wounded, he fulfills his duty as the commandant of the fortress to the end. He prefers to die than betray his military duty. Ivan Ignatich, a garrison lieutenant who refused to swear allegiance to Pugachev, also dies heroically.

Thus, the theme of honor and duty receives the most diverse embodiment in Pushkin's story. This is the honor of the nobility, the honor of knighthood and the honor of a lady, a man's honor, military honor, a human duty. All these motifs, merging together, form a semantic polyphony in the plot of the story.

As in the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" develops the theme of honor and dishonor?

This topic is already set by the epigraph to the work - the Russian folk proverb "Take care of honor from an early age." The father gives the same farewell to Petrusha Grinev, seeing his son off for military service. And the very act of Andrei Petrovich Grinev, who, instead of Petersburg, sends his son to a "deaf and distant side" so that Petrusha becomes a real officer, characterizes him as a man of honor and duty. The Grinevs are an old noble family. Pushkin emphasizes the severity of Andrei Petrovich's morals, his wisdom, self-esteem.

The theme of honor and dishonor varies in the plot of Pushkin's story. It is embodied here both as an honor of nobility (Grinev's billiard loss to Zurin) and as a defense of the lady's honor (Grinev's duel with Shvabrin). However, the main meaning of the concept of "honor and dishonor" in "The Captain's Daughter" is military honor, loyalty to the oath, loyalty to the duty to the Fatherland. This theme is also embodied in the history of Grinev's relationship with Pugachev. After the capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev saved the hero from the death penalty, pardoned him. However, Grinev cannot recognize him as a sovereign, as he understands who he really is. Risking his own life, he refuses to serve Pugachev, remains faithful to the military oath.

The theme of honor is embodied in other episodes of the novel. Here Ivan Kuzmich Mironov refuses to recognize the impostor as sovereign. Despite being wounded, he fulfills his duty as the commandant of the fortress to the end. He prefers to die than betray his military duty. Ivan Ignatich, a garrison lieutenant who refused to swear allegiance to Pugachev, also dies heroically.

The theme of dishonor is illustrated in The Captain's Daughter by Shvabrin's behavior. This character is opposed to the Grinev family in the story. Contrasting these heroes, Pushkin expresses his favorite idea: the old, indigenous nobility retained their best human qualities - courage, endurance, a sense of duty. From the very beginning, Shvabrin behaves unworthily: out of jealousy, he slanders Masha Mironova. When Pugachev captured the fortress, Shvabrin immediately went over to the side of the rebels, betraying the state oath. He behaves dishonestly and immorally towards the orphaned Masha, forcibly keeping her near him. Shvabrin is also dishonest at the end of the novel: captured by the troops of the empress, he informs on Grinev, who is accused of treason.

The theme of honor and duty is inextricably intertwined in the plot with the theme of mercy. What for Grinev is a test of his honor, for Pugachev turns out to be a test of kindness and mercy. What is the author's position in the story? A.S. Pushkin in the story affirms the model of confrontation between the code of honor and absolute moral standards. And we see that the only thing that can help a person survive in a difficult situation is the inner voice of conscience. Therefore, "The Captain's Daughter" is considered the greatest work that contains Christian, Orthodox truths.

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"Keep honor from a young age." Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin took this proverb (more precisely, part of the proverb) as an epigraph to his story "The Captain's Daughter", emphasizing by this how important this issue is for him. For him, who did not allow himself to make a single line of poetry a stepping stone to a career, who perceived the uniform of a chamber junker as an insult, stepped towards a deadly barrier so that even a shadow of slander and gossip would not fall on the name that belongs to Russia.

Creating the image of the young officer Petrusha Grinev, Pushkin shows how the

In Russian families, the concept of honor and the duty that goes hand in hand with it, as fidelity to the military oath was passed from generation to generation by personal example. At the beginning of the story, we have before us an ordinary noble undergrowth, who learned to read and write from a serf, who is more able to judge "about the properties of a greyhound dog" than about French "and other sciences". He thoughtlessly dreams of serving in the guards, of a future cheerful life in St. Petersburg.

But his father, who served under Count Minich and retired when Catherine ascended the throne, has a different idea of ​​the service. He sends his son to the army: “Let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him sniff the gunpowder, let him be a soldier, not a shamaton.” The only letter of recommendation to an old colleague contains a request to keep his son "in tight rein", the only parting word to his son is an order not to chase caress, not to dissuade him from service and to protect his honor.

Petrusha's first independent steps are ridiculous and absurd: he got drunk with the first officer he met, lost a hundred rubles in billiards. But the fact that he paid the loss speaks volumes about his understanding of the code of officer honor. The fact that he gave a sheepskin coat and a fifty dollars for vodka to a random companion for help during a snowstorm is about his ability to be grateful. Petrusha is drawn to the simple and honest family of Captain Mironov, he is disgusted by the gossip and slander of Shvabrin. Calling Shvabrin to a duel for insulting words about Masha, Grinev does not think that this is how an officer should behave, he simply humanly protects the girl from slander.

Shvarbin is the exact opposite of Grinev. This former Petersburg Guardsman now and then acts dishonestly, without hesitation and, it seems, even without repentance, violating even the most ordinary human norms. Wanting to take revenge on Masha for refusing to marry him, he slanders the girl, without any doubt hurts Petrusha, taking advantage of the fact that the enemy is distracted, and it seems that he does not hesitate to write a letter to Petrusha's parents, in which he denigrates his bride.

In a time of severe trials, perfectly understanding the weakness of the Belogorsk fortress fortification, Petrusha firmly knows: "It is our duty to defend the fortress until our last breath." Without a moment's hesitation, without thinking about the futility of this act, with only one sword, he goes out of the gates of the fortress along with his commanders. In the face of mortal danger, he prepares to "repeate the answer of his generous comrades" and end up on the gallows. At the next meeting with the impostor, during a one-on-one conversation, Grinev answers him with firmness: “I am a natural nobleman, I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” The young man cannot even compromise, promising that he will not fight against Pugachev.

Unlike Pyotr Grinev, Shvabrin changes his oath, going over to the side of the impostor in order to save his own life, gain the position of commandant and power over Masha. Pushkin does not show the moment of betrayal. We see only the result - Shvabrin, "shorn in a circle and in a Cossack caftan", as if he, having changed the oath, changed his disguise. True to his duty as an officer, Petrusha comes to Orenburg and makes one proposal after another in order to liberate the Belogorsk fortress and save Masha. But the command is not interested in the fate of the daughter of Captain Mironov, who died heroically "for the Mother Empress", they are more concerned about the safety of their own skin and peace. Tired of imitating activities in a lazy skirmish, touched to the core by Masha's plea, Grinev arbitrarily leaves for Pugachev. He understands that such a violation of discipline is contrary to officer honor, but at the moment he is above the blind letter of the code, protecting the life and honor of the girl who completely trusted him.

The duty and honor of Petrusha grow out of true humanity, from a sense of responsibility for loved ones. So, for example, he cannot leave Savelich, who had fallen behind on a bad horse, as a prisoner of the Pugachevites. In a truly moral attitude towards people there are no trifles or minor things. Having honestly admitted to Pugachev that his bride is the daughter of Captain Mironov, Grinev says: “I would be glad to pay you my life for what you did for me. Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience ”... When Masha is released and, it would seem, she could enjoy happiness, Petrusha sends the girl to her parents, and he himself joins Zurin’s detachment, not forgetting about military duty to the Motherland.

All the behavior of Petrusha is the behavior of a strong and whole person, albeit a very young one. In his attitude to people and to his duties there is not a drop of selfishness. And again, the antithesis of the image of Grinev appears before us Shvabrin, who lives by the principle: "If not to me, then to no one." It is he who, realizing that Masha is slipping out of his hands, betrays her to Pugachev, without a twinge of conscience and any sympathy, endangering the life of the girl. After the suppression of the Pugachev uprising, being accused as a traitor, Shvabrin slanders Grinev. And again, Petrusha makes a moral and purely human choice, deciding not to name Masha Mironova, because the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bconfusing her name between the vile slander of the villains and bringing her to face-to-face confrontation with them seems unbearable to him.

The same is true of Petrusha’s father: he is not afraid of his son’s execution, but of dishonor: “My ancestor died at the place of execution, defending what he considered the shrine of his conscience; my father suffered along with Volynsky and Khrushchev. But a nobleman to change his oath, to unite with robbers, with murderers, with runaway serfs! .. Shame and disgrace to our family! .. "

For Petrusha, the choice is even more difficult - between his dishonor, or rather, the honor that he cannot defend without sacrificing the honor of his beloved girl. If Grinev Sr. knew the true reasons that prevented Petrusha from saying anything in his defense, he would understand his son. Because they have the same concept of honor and duty - family, suffered. Pushkin. ... In September 1836, Pushkin finished work on The Captain's Daughter. And in January 1837, defending his honor and the honor of his wife, he stepped towards the death barrier.

"Keep honor from a young age." Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin took this proverb (more precisely, part of the proverb) as an epigraph to his story "The Captain's Daughter", emphasizing by this how important this issue is for him. For him, who did not allow himself to make a single line of poetry a stepping stone to a career, who perceived the uniform of a chamber junker as an insult, stepped towards a deadly barrier so that even a shadow of slander and gossip would not fall on the name that belongs to Russia.

Creating the image of the young officer Petrusha Grinev, Pushkin shows how the concept of honor and the duty that goes hand in hand with it was formed in Russian families, how fidelity to the military oath was passed from generation to generation by personal example. At the beginning of the story, we have before us an ordinary noble undergrowth, who learned to read and write from a serf, who is more able to judge "about the properties of a greyhound dog" than about French "and other sciences". He thoughtlessly dreams of serving in the guards, of a future cheerful life in St. Petersburg.

But his father, who served under Count Minich and retired when Catherine ascended the throne, has a different idea of ​​the service. He sends his son to the army: “Let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him sniff the gunpowder, let him be a soldier, not a shamaton.” The only letter of recommendation to an old colleague contains a request to keep his son "in tight rein", the only parting word to his son is an order not to chase caress, not to dissuade him from service and to protect his honor.

Petrusha's first independent steps are ridiculous and absurd: he got drunk with the first officer he met, lost a hundred rubles in billiards. But the fact that he paid the loss speaks volumes about his understanding of the code of officer honor. The fact that he gave a sheepskin coat and a fifty dollars for vodka to a random companion for help during a snowstorm is about his ability to be grateful. Petrusha is drawn to the simple and honest family of Captain Mironov, he is disgusted by the gossip and slander of Shvabrin. Calling Shvabrin to a duel for insulting words about Masha, Grinev does not think that this is how an officer should behave, he simply humanly protects the girl from slander.

Shvarbin is the exact opposite of Grinev. This former Petersburg Guardsman now and then acts dishonestly, without hesitation and, it seems, even without repentance, violating even the most ordinary human norms. Wanting to take revenge on Masha for refusing to marry him, he slanders the girl, without any doubt hurts Petrusha, taking advantage of the fact that the enemy is distracted, and it seems that he does not hesitate to write a letter to Petrusha's parents, in which he denigrates his bride.

In a time of severe trials, perfectly understanding the weakness of the Belogorsk fortress fortification, Petrusha firmly knows: "It is our duty to defend the fortress until our last breath." Without a moment's hesitation, without thinking about the futility of this act, with only one sword, he goes out of the gates of the fortress along with his commanders. In the face of mortal danger, he prepares to "repeate the answer of his generous comrades" and end up on the gallows. At the next meeting with the impostor, during a one-on-one conversation, Grinev answers him with firmness: “I am a natural nobleman, I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” The young man cannot even compromise, promising that he will not fight against Pugachev.

Unlike Pyotr Grinev, Shvabrin changes his oath, going over to the side of the impostor in order to save his own life, gain the position of commandant and power over Masha. The very moment of betrayal Pushkin

The novel The Captain's Daughter, published in the fourth book of the Sovremennik magazine in 1836, is Pushkin's final work. The "farewell" novel grew out of Pushkin's works on the history of Russia. From the beginning of the 1830s. Pushkin's attention was focused on the 18th...

Reading his creations, you can educate a person in an excellent way. VG Belinsky In any literary work, one way or another, in one form or another, eternal questions are posed - what is considered the norm of morality? Where is the line separating morality ...

While working on the “History of the Pugachev Rebellion” (1834), the poet carefully studied eyewitness accounts, he was very interested in the appearance of Pugachev, about whom many memories have been preserved. During the publication of the book, an engraving was commissioned from a portrait of...

The story of A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" was published in December 1836 in the journal Sovremennik. It became the last work printed during the life of the writer. "The Captain's Daughter" is a kind of illustration to the history of the Pugachev uprising...