Modern society and modern personality. Reflections and quotes

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socialization personality society orientation

The problem of socialization of the individual, despite its wide representation in the scientific literature, remains relevant to this day. The processes taking place in any spheres of social life have an impact on the personality, his living space, internal state. As S.L. Rubinstein, personality is "... not only this or that state, but also a process during which internal conditions change, and with their change, the possibilities of influencing the individual by changing external conditions also change." In this regard, the mechanisms, content, conditions of socialization of the personality, undergoing significant changes, cause equally intense changes in the formed personality.

A modern man is constantly under the influence of many factors: both technogenic and those of social origin, which cause deterioration in his health. Physical health of an individual is inextricably linked with mental health. The latter, in turn, is associated with a person's need for self-realization, i.e. provides that sphere of life that we call social. A person realizes himself in society only if he has a sufficient level of mental energy, which determines his performance, and at the same time, sufficient plasticity, harmony of the psyche, allowing him to adapt to society, to be adequate to its requirements. Mental health is a prerequisite for the successful socialization of an individual.

Statistics show that there are currently only 35% of persons free from any mental disorders. The stratum of people with pre-morbid conditions in the population reaches considerable sizes: according to different authors - from 22 to 89%. However, half of the carriers of mental symptoms independently adapt to the environment.

The success of socialization is assessed by three main indicators:

a) a person reacts to another person as an equal;

b) a person recognizes the existence of norms in relations between people;

c) a person recognizes the necessary measure of loneliness and relative dependence on other people, that is, there is a certain harmony between the parameters "lonely" and "dependent".

The criterion for successful socialization is a person's ability to live in conditions of modern social norms, in the system “I am others”. However, it is less and less common to meet people who meet these requirements. Increasingly, we are faced with manifestations of difficult socialization, especially among the younger generation. As the results of recent studies show, children with behavioral disorders and personal developmental disabilities are not decreasing, despite the existence of an extensive network of psychological services.

Also, the problem of modern society is the increase in suicide cases among the child population. The scale of the problem is much broader than it seems at first glance. After all, statistics usually include the realized attempts to die, but even more people with a tendency to suicidal behavior remain unaccounted for.

All this allows us to conclude that modern children have a low ability to adapt, which makes it difficult for them to master the social space in adequate ways. As a rule, unresolved difficulties of one age entail the appearance of others, which leads to the formation of a whole complex of symptoms, fixing itself in personal characteristics. Speaking about the importance of the formation of a socially active personality of the younger generation, we, nevertheless, actually face the difficulties of their adaptation to changing conditions.

Hence the origins of such a social problem as the experience of loneliness among young people. If a few decades ago the problem of loneliness was considered a problem of an elderly person, today its age threshold has dropped sharply. A certain percentage of single people is also observed among student youth. Note that lonely people have minimal social contacts, their personal connections with other people, as a rule, are either limited or completely absent.

We see personal helplessness and personal maturity of the subject as the extreme poles of socialization. Undoubtedly, the goal of society should be the formation of a mature personality with such qualities as independence, responsibility, activity, independence. These characteristics are most often inherent in an adult, but their foundation is laid already in childhood. Therefore, all efforts of teachers and society as a whole should be aimed at the formation of the designated qualities. According to D.A. Cyring, personal helplessness develops in the process of ontogenesis under the influence of various factors, including the system of relationships with others. Finding a person at one point or another of the continuum "personal helplessness - personal maturity" is an indicator of his socialization, and in general subjectivity.

Introduction

One of the fundamental problems of the sciences dealing with the study of personality is the study of the process of socialization, i.e. the study of a wide range of issues related to how and thanks to what a person becomes an active social subject.

The concept of "socialization" is broader than the traditional concepts of "education" and "upbringing". Education involves the transfer of a certain amount of knowledge. Upbringing is understood as a system of purposeful, consciously planned actions, the purpose of which is the formation of certain personal qualities and behavioral skills in a child. Socialization includes both education and upbringing, and moreover, the whole set of spontaneous, unplanned influences that affect the formation of the personality, the process of assimilation of individuals into social groups.

The object of the study is the population of the Orenburg region.

The subject of the research is the problems of socialization of the population of the Orenburg region.

The purpose of the research is to study and analyze the problems of socialization of the personality of the population of the Orenburg region.

Research objectives:

.Consider the theoretical aspect of personality socialization in the modern world;

.Conduct a sociological study on the problem of personality socialization;

.Formulate conclusions and practical recommendations.

1 The theoretical aspect of personality socialization in the modern world.

.1 Socialization of personality

Socialization of personality is the process of personality formation in certain social conditions, the process of assimilation of social experience by a person, during which a person transforms social experience into his own values and orientations, selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in society or a group. The norms of behavior, moral norms, beliefs of a person are determined by those norms that are accepted in society.

The following stages of socialization are distinguished:

1. Primary socialization, or the stage of adaptation (from birth to adolescence, the child assimilates social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).

. Individualization stage(there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude to social norms of behavior). In adolescence, the stage of individualization, self-determination "The World and I" is characterized as intermediate socialization, since it is still unstable in the worldview and character of the adolescent.

Adolescence (18 - 25 years old) is characterized as stable conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.

. Integration stage(there is a desire to find their place in society, "fit" into society). Integration goes well if the properties of a person are accepted by a group, society. If not accepted, the following outcomes are possible:

· preservation of their dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive interactions (relationships) with people and society;

· changing oneself, striving to “become like everyone else” - external agreement, adaptation.

. Labor stagesocialization covers the entire period of maturity of a person, the entire period of his labor activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it by actively influencing the environment through his activities.

. After laborthe stage of socialization considers old age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of its transmission to new generations.

Socialization is the process of personality formation.

Individual? Personality - through the process of socialization, which includes mastering:

· culture of human relations and social experience;

· social norms;

· social roles;

· types of activities;

· Forms of communication.

Socialization mechanisms:

·identification;

· imitation - reproduction of the experience of others, their movements, manners, actions, speech;

· sex-role typing - the acquisition of behavior characteristic of people of the same gender;

· social facilitation - strengthening a person's energy, facilitating his activities in the presence of other people;

· social inhibition - inhibition of behavior and activities under the influence of other people;

· social influence - the behavior of one person becomes similar to the behavior of another person. Forms of social influence: suggestibility - involuntary compliance of a person with influence, conformism - conscious compliance of a person with the opinion of the group (develops under the influence of social pressure).

.2 Problems of socialization of the individual in modern society

The success of socialization is assessed by three main indicators:

a) a person reacts to another person as an equal;

b) a person recognizes the existence of norms in relations between people;

c) a person recognizes the necessary measure of loneliness and relative dependence on other people, that is, there is a certain harmony between the parameters "lonely" and "dependent".

This is how the problem of aggression in adolescence retains its practical significance. Undoubtedly, aggressiveness is inherent in any person. Its absence leads to passivity, statement, conformity. However, its excessive development begins to determine the entire appearance of the personality: it can become conflict-ridden, incapable of conscious cooperation, which means that it complicates the comfortable existence of the personality among the people around it.
Another problem causing public concern is adolescents' violation of social norms and rules, their unwillingness to obey them. This in itself is a manifestation of a violation of the socialization process. More and more there are children belonging to the group of deviant adolescents. Also, an increase in suicide cases among the child population is becoming a problem in modern society. The scale of the problem is much broader than it seems at first glance. After all, statistics usually include realized attempts to leave this life, but even more people with a tendency to suicidal behavior remain unaccounted for.

2. Sociological research on the problem of personality socialization

.1 Questionnaire

Dear respondent!

I, Skachkova Oksana, a 1st year student of the Faculty of Management of OGIM, conduct a sociological research on the topic: "Problems of socialization of the individual."

This sociological study is carried out with the aim of studying, analyzing and identifying the problems of socialization of the individual.

I ask you to take part in a survey of the topic under study, in order to reveal your opinion on the state of problems of the socialization of a person in modern Russian society, since this study is relevant.

You are offered a list of questions with possible answers, from which you need to choose one close to you.

The profile is anonymous.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation!

Application form

1. Enter your age ._______

Who can influence your opinion?

C) Only me.

Your hobbies?

A) computer;

What was the main thing when choosing your profession?

A) personal interest;

B) payment for this profession;

C) the demand for this profession;

D) I find it difficult to answer.

How will you behave in a conflict situation?

A) I will not say anything to end the conflict;

B) I will conflict;

C) I will try to smooth out the conflict;

D) I find it difficult to answer.

How do you feel about work?

A) positive;

B) negatively;

C) I find it difficult to answer.

Indicate your values in life.

A) family, love, care;

B) work, career, money;

C) friends, hobbies, fun;

D) focus on personal growth.

Is your parents' experience valuable to you?

C) I find it difficult to answer.

Do you have a lot of friends, acquaintances?

A) Yes, I do not suffer from loneliness;

C) There is one.

Do you love your loved ones?

C) I find it difficult to answer.

.2 Analysis of the conducted questionnaire

After the survey on the topic "Problems of socialization of the individual", we can formulate the main conclusions:

.The age of the respondents is from 18 to 35 years old.

.To the question of who can influence the opinion of the respondents, the majority of the answers were “Family”. This means that the family for the interviewed respondents means a lot in life. Everyone listens more to family than to friends or public opinion.

.The main hobby of the respondents is the computer. Unfortunately, in this century, gadgets occupy an integral place in the life of every person. And sometimes they even replace communication with living people. For example, gamers are those people who devote almost all their free time to computer games. This is bad for their psyche and health.

.When choosing a profession, for the majority of respondents, it is the wage (87% chose this answer). Consequently, at a given time, when choosing a profession, a person is motivated not by interest in this profession, but by how much he can earn.

.To remain silent in order to end the conflict is the main choice of the respondents. There are several reasons for this. First, people generally do not welcome conflicts and try to avoid them in every possible way. And secondly, keeping silent is much easier than responding to the person who started the conflict, and making him even more angry.

.To the question "How do you feel about work?" the majority of the respondents answered “yes”. This answer can be explained by the fact that each of us believes that “you cannot easily pull fish out of the pond”. Every person who wants to earn money goes to work. There he works, and for his labor he receives money. But there were also those who gave a negative answer. I think these people don't like their job, they don't like what they do.

.The main values of the interviewed respondents: family and love (53%, 18 people), in second place is self-improvement (33%, 11 people).

.Most of the respondents note that the experience of their parents is important to them. This means that parents and children are on good terms. After all, parents want all the best for their children, while children, meanwhile, look at their parents and try not to make their mistakes. This interaction makes the family a necessary link in an integrated approach to educational work, an indispensable factor in the mental, labor, moral and physical education of people.

.Absolutely all respondents have many acquaintances and friends. This fact suggests that today's people do not suffer from loneliness.

.As well as when asked about friends and acquaintances, all respondents answered that they love their loved ones. After all, this is the most precious thing we have. Our relatives and friends, who also love us, will always be able to support and help. This answer suggests that in the 21st century, love for a neighbor has not lost its strength.

The process of personality socialization at the present time, proceeds under the influence of various factors: technologization, globalization, information processes, the convergence of communicative spaces have significantly affected the content of all aspects of human life.

In order to solve the problems of socialization of the population of the Orenburg region, each person must understand that gadgets cannot replace "live" communication. You need to spend more time with family and friends, communicate, share, not be closed. It is also useful to read books and know what is happening in the region, in the country and in the world. After all, this is self-development.

In turn, the state should take measures to solve the problems associated with the choice of professions. The survey showed that most responded that wages are the main factor. And this means that a lot of people work at a job they don't like. This leads to a deterioration in the condition (both moral and physical) of the employee, and therefore to a deterioration in productivity.

Bibliographic list

socialization personality society orientation

1.Volkov Yu.G. Sociology: textbook / Yu.G. Volkov. - Moscow: Nauka Spektr, 2008 .-- 384 p.

2.G.M. Andreeva Social Psychology: Textbook for Higher Education Institutions - 5th ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Aspect Press, 2002

.Kravchenko A.I., Sociology. Tutorial. - M., 2005.

.Kasyanov V.V. Sociology for Economists / V.V. Kasyanov. - Rostov - on - Don: Phoenix, 2004 .-- 288 p.

5.Lavrinenko V.N. Sociology. Moscow: Culture and Sport, UNITI, 1998.

6.Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of Psychology. Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2003.

7.Sociology: a textbook for universities / ed. prof. V.N. Lavrinenko. - M .: UNITI - DANA, 2006 .-- 448 p.

8.V.A. Yadov Sociological approach to the study of personality // Man in the system of sciences. M., 1989.S. 455-462

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CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PERSONAL AND SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

The work was prepared by:

Mikhleva Irina Igorevna, 16 years old,

Student of the 10th grade MAOU secondary school №12

Art. Mikhailovskaya, Kurganinsky district

Art. Mikhailovskaya

2016

There are a lot of problems in the modern world, and one of them is the problem of the development of the individual and society. I am in adolescence and, like no one else, I know what it means to develop, to become a person. The process of formation, formation of any personality is complex and lengthy. This process is the main task of society, since a strong personality contributes to the favorable development of society.

Personality is a social quality acquired by an individual in activities and communication.

The main problems of the development of the individual and society are:

Relationship between people

Financial dependence

Loss of identity

Upbringing

Attitude towards the environment, etc.

There are many of them and you can list them endlessly. I want to consider a few.

The family is the first collective in a person's life. It is she who plays the main role in the formation of personality. The functions of the family, as one of the institutions of society, include:

Educational

Emotional

Household

Reproductive

Economic, etc.

But these functions are also some of the problems of personality development. Problems in children and adults are explained by mistakes in upbringing, the main of which is the lack of love and support.The child becomes the center of the conflict. All such conflicts, regardless of the age and personality of the child, explain one thing: the impossibility for parents to abandon the usual stereotypes in interaction with the child, to change the style of upbringing in the family. Most often, such conflicts become especially acute in families of adolescents, when the need to leave the child outside the family circle causes sharp resistance from the parents. It greatly affects family relationships and personality development.

“Art shows a person what he lives for. It reveals to him the meaning of being, illuminates life goals, helps him to understand his vocation "

This is what Auguste Rodin once said. Indeed, one of the important roles in the formation of personality belongs to art. Music, painting, architecture, etc. - this is a reflection of the striving of our ancestors for beauty, ideal, wisdom. Works of art not only affect human feelings, but also human consciousness, transforming it. They are an impetus for learning new things, a way of education, communication and instill taste. But we must not forget about other ways of forming a personality.Currently, it is relevant to determine the role of art in the formation and socialization of the individual. Its role can be both positive and negative.

Art is a universal field. And if, when viewing a canvas of a painting, film, installationan awkward feeling arose in the presence of your child, which means that the border of beauty is on the other side of the author's creativity. The object and subject of an artistic image are always present in a work of art, the loss of one of them leads to a surrogate, to an imitation of real art.

. Effie Gray, . Composition 7, Wassily Kandinsky

In modern society, there is another problem of the development of the personality of society.Modern technologies are so quickly and so tightly introduced into everyday life that we no longer even notice it. Previously, the search for an article, or a book that you need for an abstract, for example, could take more than one day, but now the same Internet access and minimal skills to search for information there will be enough. Which, of course, saves a lot of time, which, oddly enough, is now increasingly lacking for us.

Don't have time to go to pick up the goods? Now it is enough to order it online, pay for it and deliver it with electronic money or a bank card. Do you urgently need to top up your cellular balance, or pay for cable TV? There is no need to look for a terminal, or stand in line in a cellular salon. All this can now be done right from home.

But modern technology has both pros and cons.

Spending more and more time in the virtual world, a person is not interested in real life.Instead of taking a walk down the street, visiting friends, the modern teenager spends the evening playing online, making acquaintances only on social networks. Progress is necessary, but all of this needs to be approached wisely.

A person meets each of these problems throughout his life. But in most cases, it is the teenager who encounters them most often. Therefore, the task of educators, teachers, psychologists is to immediately provide qualified assistance when one of the problems arises. The problems of society are closely related to the problems of personality development. Since a strong personality contributes to the favorable development of society.

Reference materials:
Wikipedia. org

Quits. ru

Abruev.livejournal.com

Simonovich Nikolay Evgenievich, Doctor of Science, Professor, Professor
Russian State University for the Humanities

PERSONAL SELF-REALIZATION
PERSONALITY
TYPES OF PEOPLE
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITIES

During periods of exacerbation of contradictions between states and people, global changes take place in the consciousness of the individual. At present, many generations of people with different life experiences, educational levels and a system of life values have encountered on the same plane. This causes misunderstanding between them and leads to a shock state of change in their established life, causing stress and unpleasant feelings, loss of social status in many older people, loss of former friends and acquaintances, misunderstanding in the family between children and parents, change in the value system, loss personal identity).

Formation of human intellectual and emotional capital: psychological aspects
Reasons for the escape of convicts from correctional institutions: psychological factors

The symptoms of such cultural and social shock are depression, self-doubt, and increased social tension in society. Carrying out internal reforms and transformations in all areas of life of the country's population is impossible without taking into account the new geopolitical position of Russia and the new worldviews of people. Indeed, for one group of people, the state, the new time of changes, the people and natural resources represent an opportunity to receive super profits and profits, power and a high social status in society. For such people, the possibility of enrichment is above morality and law. For them, there is nothing personal except for enrichment and business. Ideas, beliefs, moral commandments for such people become a means of acquiring material wealth. ...

At the same time, the driving motive for them is fame, the desire to become higher than others on the social ladder. They consider themselves better than others, more successful and public opinion cares little and worries them little. Their energy, ambition is directed towards commercial, intellectual and political activities. ... Such individuals are accustomed to everything on themselves and are able to manipulate other people, convince and please their partners in business and social activities.

Successful people differ from others in the following ways:

They have a good supply of physical and spiritual energy, a thirst for life and activity. For them, there are no words: "I can not." They live by the principle: "I can overcome everything." [4, p. 48].
They have a very high motivation to improve the quality of life of their own and those close to them. They strive for active longevity and plan their lives for decades to come.
They have a thirst for risk and continual activity.
They are characterized by faith in their own strength.
Lack of fear of the future, the presence of a good education and natural ingenuity and worldly wisdom.

Such people in the face of changes feel like a fish in water and they are always ready for innovative transformations and creative decision-making. ...

These are, first of all, young people whose childhood, adolescence and maturation occurred in the post-perestroika period. They simply do not know another life, and this allows them to move towards their intended goal without looking back, and not check their path against the years they have lived. They were brought up at the time when a new generation of people, a generation of consumers, was born. Young people easily endure social changes in life, the transition of society to a new high-quality technical level and are always ready to learn and acquire new knowledge. They do not rest on their laurels. ...

A completely different type of people lives and works according to the old principle. Their motto is: "To live only by truth and conscience." For them, the highest values are kindness and honesty. They do not know how and do not like to risk their lives, stability and tranquility. ... They see their personal success and well-being only in the success and well-being of society. This category of people relies on their leaders, parents, elders in the family, party leaders, bosses. They have the spiritual principle in the first place, and they do not care much about the material, they live according to the principle of sufficiency, and for them money is a means of living and solving urgent problems. ... Such people in their lives make do only with what is necessary, they are unpretentious in everyday life and never want changes in life and work. For them, stability and tranquility are most important. At the slightest change in their lives, they fall into despair, fear and depression. [9, p. 593].

Anxiety and fear, uncertainty about the future, and poor health are becoming a mass disease in modern society.

How to survive this period of social and cultural shock, while maintaining health, state of mind and maintaining high morale? [10, p. 14].

We see overcoming the social and cultural shock in three stages:

In the beginning, people experience the joy of innovative and social change. They sincerely rejoice at freedom, the erasure of habitual stereotypes in public and private life. ...
Then all these joyful feelings fade into the background. There is a sobering up and there is a feeling that life itself does not give anything for nothing. With changes, you also need to work and provide for yourself and your loved ones. It is necessary to rely only on ourselves. A good uncle will not give anything for nothing. Then people have a fear of their future and their children, anxiety, depression and frustration. ... Society splits into rich and poor, the gap between them is growing every year, and the contradictions are also growing.
When two stages can be overcome, then after some time a feeling of confidence, security, satisfaction and faith in the future comes.

Social instability manifests itself, first of all, at the personal level, anxiety increases, the social identity of a person is lost. Contradictions appear between the desire to make life better for others, while maintaining a high standard of living. [13, p. 90].

It is necessary to take into account and know that a successful person is confident in himself, he is calculating, purposeful, ready for changes and wants to make life better for himself, his family and friends. Such a person always achieves the set goals, realizes his plans and intentions. [14, p. 31].

A successful person has a positive energy aimed at transforming and solving all the pressing problems facing society and personally before it. [15, p. 101]. As a rule, he creatively approaches his life, work activity and his features are closely related to the motivational and emotional - volitional sphere.

A creative person differs from other people, sometimes causing misunderstanding and bewilderment on the part of even the closest people. The activity of such a person is aimed at transforming and adapting to the environment and reality. [16, p. 310]. At the same time, he is forced to undergo social adaptation to establish a balance between him and the social environment, adaptability to its norms and requirements, to recognize and accept the value system of the new environment.

If a person does not undergo social adaptation, then he experiences stressful conditions, such as tension between the person and the current situation. Then his social well-being worsens, anxiety appears, anxious expectations for the future appear.

This causes a deterioration in the quality of life, and hence its duration. All this is related to the state of health, significant costs of treating people, management and the general population. ...

We recommend preparing in advance psychologically and materially for the planned transformations and changes in life in advance, before they occur, it is necessary to link it with a person's daily life, with his personal plans, values, goals and interests. In all this, the personality occupies a central place and all events are held for the sake of it. We recommend that a person think and create a model of the future and go beyond the usual time frame. For example, think about your future and imagine yourself as an eighty-year-old person and ask yourself the following questions:

Who am i? You can answer in different ways. During this time, many events have happened. A person succeeded or did not succeed as a specialist, as a father of a family, as a person, as a citizen of his country. What useful did he do for himself, for his family, how did he raise his children, what did he do to strengthen the power of his state? [19, p. 564].
What I could not do and why. For what reason, who is to blame?
How can he help his children, grandchildren, how can he be useful to his state?
Will he be able to apply the previously acquired knowledge or is it necessary to adjust his capabilities in accordance with his age and accumulated experience?
What retraining, what profession do you need to get in addition to this time, taking into account the age? [20, p. 443].
Is he and his skills, knowledge and experience in demand by young specialists, leaders of a new direction and new modern thinking?
Knowledge of communication technologies and the ability to apply them to work and in everyday life?
What can he teach his grandchildren, what experience can he pass on to them, and will it be interesting for the grandchildren to communicate with him at their leisure?
What is the state of health for the given period? To be in good physical shape, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle throughout life, engage in physical education for the body, as well as undergo an annual medical examination and engage in health prevention. It is necessary to develop a correct and balanced diet and of course it is necessary to eradicate all bad habits.
What kind of life does a person lead at his current age?
Who surrounds him and with whom does he communicate and be friends? By this age, the environment changes dramatically, many peers for obvious reasons are not around, the usual social circle has disintegrated. In order not to be lonely, a person needs communication and communication with the people around him. [21, p. 447]. It should be pleasant, light and not intrusive. How to achieve this and what do you need to know for this? When a person is open, loves the people around him and wishes them well, happiness and success in life and work, then he is reciprocated. This is not easy, through systematic work on yourself, through self-education and self-improvement of your body, spirit and knowledge about the life of modern people. If a person thinks about this in his youth, then he will set a real goal for himself, choose the right path and model his future. This will be his main goal in life, to become in demand over the course of many years of his life.
To achieve this goal, a person solves everyday tasks consciously and confidently moves forward. His social well-being is good, the expectation of old age is associated with the anxious expectation of not being known, and the quality of life is increasing. As a result, life expectancy increases both physically and creatively. The most important thing in all this modeling is that a person remains in demand throughout his life and in any team he will be a welcome worker and mentor for young professionals. The main thing is to understand that advice should be given to those who need it, and those who want to learn should be taught. Then you can transfer the accumulated knowledge and your rich life experience without conflicts and contradictions for the benefit of yourself and for the common cause. In such a situation, the conflict between generations is reduced to a minimum and the social status of an adult rises, and his well-being rises from a sense of accomplishment. It should also be borne in mind that not everything and not everything should change.

The main thing is that all people can complement each other in solving the assigned tasks for society and for the individual, in particular.

The innovations, creative thinking of the younger generation, combined with the wisdom and experience of the older generation, will give tremendous results. In the life and work of people, the continuity of generations is necessary. The most important thing is to correctly distribute social roles between all generations of people, in accordance with their personal characteristics.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

Kovrov State Technological Academy

them. V. A. Degtyareva

Department of Humanities

Philosophy Abstract

Personality problems in modern society. The value of freedom.

executor:

student of group EB-112

Zheleznov Ilya

Supervisor:

Professor of the Department of Humanities

Zueva N.B.

Kovrov

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

1) The concept of personality, its structure ………………………………………………………………… .4

2) Personality problems in modern society …………………………………………… 7

3 The value of freedom ………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

LIST OF USED SOURCES …………………………………………………… 14

INTRODUCTION

Of all the problems that people have faced in the course of human history, perhaps the most confusing is the mystery of human nature itself. In whatever directions the search was conducted, how many different concepts were put forward, but a clear and precise answer still eludes us. The essential difficulty is that there are so many differences between us. People differ not only in their appearance. But also actions, often extremely complex and unpredictable. Among the people on our planet, you will not find two exactly alike. These huge differences make it difficult, if not impossible, to solve the problem of establishing what unites the members of the human race.

Astrology, theology, philosophy, literature and social sciences are just a few of the currents in the mainstream of which attempts are made to understand the complexity of human behavior and the very essence of man. Some of these paths turned out to be dead ends, at the same time, other directions are on the verge of their heyday. Today the problem is acute. More than ever, since most of the serious ailments of mankind are rapid population growth, global warming, environmental pollution, nuclear waste, terrorism. Drug addiction, racial prejudice, poverty - is a consequence of human behavior. It is likely that the quality of life in the future, as, possibly, the very existence of civilization, will depend on how much we advance in understanding ourselves and others.

Consider a couple of articles:

1) Everett Shostrom- a well-known American psychologist and psychotherapist, wrote in an article about his work "Man-manipulator" in 2004 that a modern man, as a rule, is to some extent a manipulator, i.e. a person who, in pursuit of the satisfaction of his desires, hides his own real feelings behind a wide variety of types of behavior. He opposes a man-manipulator to a person who is actualized, self-confident and living a full life, aimed at achieving not momentary desires, but serious life goals.

2) The modern view of the problem of personality is recorded in the book by Vadim Zeland "Reality Transurfing" - 2006. This book talks about the difficult position of the individual in modern society, the ways of preserving oneself as a person, the ways of developing personal choices and decisions on how not to become part of the crowd. A person, according to the theory of Zeland, is a sponge that absorbs all the information, which in our time is in abundance, all the opinions imposed on him by the media and other people, but a person has the right to decide for himself whether to accept this water (information) and squeeze out everything unnecessary, leave everything the most important thing for oneself, in this way a personality is formed.

3) Socialization of modern personality takes place in new socio-cultural and technological conditions. The intensive and uncontrolled development of modern technologies for meeting needs leads to the emergence of the problem of excessive relief of living conditions. Distortions and disharmony of the socialization process, which complicate and even completely block the harmonious development of the individual, increase with the acceleration of the introduction of technical and social innovations into the daily life of people. “The unbearable lightness of being”, provided by modern technologies for satisfying needs, is potentially fraught with negative consequences for the entire process of cultural and historical development. As psychologists A.Sh. Tkhostov and KH.Surnov note in their research, “... of course, man is the subject and protagonist of progress; its main figure and driving force. But on the other hand, a person constantly runs the risk of becoming a victim of such progress, which at the individual psychological level turns into regression. The car leads to obesity, and too early use of the calculator does not give the opportunity to develop the skills of arithmetic operations. " The desire for maximum relief with the help of technical and organizational means of absolutely all aspects of life as the main goal of progress is fraught with a great psychological and social problem.

deformation of the socialization process;

the problem of self-identity;

information oversaturation of society;

lack of communication;

the problem of deviant behavior.

This, in turn, determines the relevance of this topic, since modern society, accelerated to the limit, requires even greater socialization of the individual, which in turn is impossible without self-identity.

The aim of the work is to characterize the sociology of personality and the problems that arise in the process of its socialization.

The main tasks are:

Material preparation;
Consider the problems associated with personality formation;
Reveal the sociological concept of personality, its structure.

The object of the research is the personality in modern society.

The subject of the research is the factors influencing the formation and development of personality.

Chapter I. The concept of personality, its structure.

The problem of a person, personality is one of the fundamental interdisciplinary problems. Since ancient times, it has occupied the minds of representatives of various sciences. Huge theoretical and empirical material has been accumulated, but even today this problem remains the most difficult, the most unknown. After all, it is not for nothing that it is said that a person contains the whole world. Each person by thousands of threads, visible and invisible, is connected with the external environment, with society, outside of which he cannot form as a person. This is precisely the interaction between the individual and society that sociology considers, and the “society-personality” relationship is the basic sociological relationship.

Let's turn to the concept of "personality". Personality, individual, person - these close, but not identical concepts are the object of various sciences: biology and philosophy, anthropology and sociology, psychology and pedagogy. Man is considered as a species representing the highest stage of the evolution of life on Earth, as a complex system in which biological and social are combined, that is, as a biosocial being. Every single, concrete person is an individual, he is unique; hence, when they talk about individuality, they emphasize precisely this originality, uniqueness. The originality of the sociological approach to man is characterized by the fact that he is studied, first of all, as a social being, a representative of a social community, a bearer of its characteristic social qualities. When studying the processes of interaction between a person and the social environment, a person is considered not only as an object of external influences, but mainly as a social subject, an active participant in social life, having his own needs, interests, aspirations, as well as the ability and ability to exert his own influence on the social environment. As you can see, sociologists are interested in the social aspects of human life, the patterns of his communication and interaction with other people, groups and society as a whole. However, the interests of sociologists are not limited only to the social properties of a person. In their research, they also take into account the influence of biological, psychological and other properties. What content is put into the concept of "personality"? A number of questions immediately arise: is each individual a person, what are the criteria that give reason to consider an individual a person, are they related to age, consciousness, moral qualities, etc. The most common definitions of personality, as a rule, include the presence of stable qualities and properties in an individual who is seen as a responsible and conscientious subject. But this again raises questions: "Is an irresponsible or insufficiently conscious subject a person?", "Can a two-year-old child be considered a person?" An individual is a person when he, in interaction with society through specific social communities, groups, institutions, implements socially significant properties, social ties. Thus, the broadest "working" definition of personality can be formulated as follows: personality is an individual included in social connections and relationships. This definition is open and flexible, it includes a measure of assimilation of social experience, the full completeness of social ties and relationships. A child brought up in a society of people is already included in social ties and relationships that expand and deepen every day. At the same time, it is known that a human child raised in a flock of animals never becomes a person. Or, for example, in the case of a severe mental illness, a break occurs, the disintegration of social ties, the individual loses personality traits. Undoubtedly, while recognizing everyone's right to be a person, at the same time they speak of an outstanding, bright personality or ordinary and mediocre, moral or immoral, etc.

Sociological analysis of personality involves the determination of its structure. There are many approaches to its consideration. The concept of 3. Freud is well-known, who singled out in the structure of personality three elements It (Id), I (Ego), Super-I (Super-Ego). It is our subconscious, the invisible part of the iceberg, where unconscious instincts dominate. According to Freud, there are two fundamental needs: libidinal and aggressive. I am a consciousness associated with the unconscious, which from time to time breaks into it. The ego seeks to realize the unconscious in a form acceptable to society. Super-I - a moral "censor", including a set of moral norms and principles, an internal controller. Therefore, our consciousness is in constant conflict between the unconscious instincts that penetrate into it, on the one hand, and the moral prohibitions dictated by the Super-I, on the other. The mechanism for resolving these conflicts is the sublimation (displacement) of It. Freud's ideas have long been considered unscientific in our country. Of course, one cannot agree with him in everything, in particular, he exaggerates the role of the sexual instinct. At the same time, Freud's indisputable merit is that he substantiated the idea of a multidimensional structure of personality, human behavior, where biological and social are combined, where there is so much unknown and, probably, completely unknowable.

So, the personality is the most complex object, since it is, as it were, on the verge of two huge worlds - biological and social, and absorbs all their diversity and multidimensionality. Society as a social system, social groups and institutions do not have such a degree of complexity, because they are purely social entities. Of interest is the personality structure proposed by modern domestic authors, which includes three components: memory, culture and activity. Memory includes knowledge and operational information; culture - social norms and values; activity - the practical realization of the needs, interests, desires of the individual. The structure of the personality reflects the structure of culture, all its levels. Let's pay special attention to the correlation of modern and traditional culture in the structure of the personality. In extreme crisis situations that directly affect the "higher" cultural stratum (modern culture), the traditional stratum, dating back to distant times, can be sharply activated. This is observed in Russian society, when, in the conditions of the shaking and sharp breaking of ideological and moral norms and values of the Soviet period, there is not just a revival, but a rapid growth of interest not only in religion, but also in magic, superstition, astrology, etc. »The removal of layers of culture takes place in some mental illnesses. Finally, analyzing the structure of the personality, one cannot ignore the question of the relationship between the individual and social principles. In this regard, the personality is a "living contradiction" (N. Berdyaev). On the one hand, each personality is unique and inimitable, it is irreplaceable and priceless. As an individuality, a person strives for freedom, self-realization, to defend his "I", his "self", individualism is immanently inherent in it. On the other hand, as a social being, the personality organically includes collectivism, or universalism. This provision has methodological significance. The debate that every person is by nature an individualist or collectivist has not subsided for a long time. There are plenty of defenders of both the first and second positions. And these are not just theoretical discussions. These positions have direct access to the practice of education. For many years we have persistently nurtured collectivism as the most important quality of the individual, anathematizing individualism; on the other side of the ocean, the stake is on individualism. What is the result? Collectivism taken to an extreme leads to the leveling of the personality, to leveling, but the other extreme is no better.

Obviously, the way out is to support the optimal balance of the personality's inherent properties. Development and flourishing of individuality, freedom of the individual, but not at the expense of others, not to the detriment of society.

Chapter II. Personality problems in modern society

In the course of his formation and being, a person in modern society faces a number of difficulties that impede the formation of a stable worldview, the acquisition of psychological comfort and the ability to full-fledged social activity. These difficulties, in my opinion, are: deformation of the process of socialization; the problem of self-identity; information oversaturation of society; lack of communication, the problem of deviant behavior.

Socialization of the modern personality takes place in new socio-cultural and technological conditions. The intensive and uncontrolled development of modern technologies for meeting needs leads to the emergence of the problem of excessive relief of living conditions. Distortions and disharmony of the socialization process, which complicate and even completely block the harmonious development of the individual, increase with the acceleration of the introduction of technical and social innovations into the daily life of people. The “intolerable lightness of being” provided by modern technologies for satisfying needs is potentially fraught with negative consequences for the entire process of cultural and historical development. As psychologists A.Sh. Tkhostov and K.G. Surnov note in their research, “... of course, man is a subject and protagonist of progress; its main figure and driving force. But on the other hand, a person constantly runs the risk of becoming a victim of such progress, which at the individual psychological level turns into regression. The car leads to obesity, and too early use of the calculator does not give the opportunity to develop the skills of arithmetic operations. " The desire for maximum relief with the help of technical and organizational means of absolutely all aspects of life as the main goal of progress is fraught with great psychological and social danger. The ease with which a person satisfies his needs does not allow him to show purposeful efforts towards self-improvement, which ultimately leads to underdevelopment and degradation of the personality. Another problem of the modern personality, generated by the special conditions of formation and being, is the problem of self-identity. The need for self-determination, self-identity has always been an important human need. E. Fromm believed that this need is rooted in the very nature of man. Man is torn out of nature, endowed with reason and ideas, and because of this he must form an idea of himself, must be able to say and feel: “I am I”. “A person feels the need for relatedness, rootedness and self-identity.

The modern era is called the era of individualism. Indeed, in our time, as never before, a person has the opportunity to independently choose a life path, and this choice depends less and less on traditional social institutions and ideologies, and more and more on individual goals and preferences. However, individualism generally refers to the attempt to fill the void with a multitude of different combinations of hobbies, "lifestyle", individual consumption and "image". All modern people consider themselves individualists who have their own opinions and do not want to be like others. However, behind this, as a rule, there is neither any convictions, nor a clear idea of the world around us and oneself. In the past, the entire set of signs given to the world by the appearance and behavior of a person was dictated by the true social status, profession and conditions of his life. The modern person is accustomed and accustomed to the idea that every detail of his appearance, first of all, says something about him to those around him, and only secondly is he really needed for something. We believe that this is due to the urban lifestyle, because it is in the street crowd that it is important to be different in order to be noticed.

The “personality” in the interests of which modern man acts is the social “I”; this "personality" mainly consists of the role assumed by the individual, and in reality is only a subjective disguise of his objective social function. As E. Fromm notes, "modern egoism is greed that stems from the frustration of a true personality and is aimed at establishing a social personality."

As a result of false forms of self-identification in society, the concepts of “personality” and “individuality” are substituted (to be a person often means to be different from others, to stand out in something, that is, to have a bright individuality), as well as “individuality” and “image” (individual identity a person is reduced to his manner of "presenting himself", to the style of clothing, unusual accessories, etc.). The Russian philosopher E.V. Ilyenkov wrote about this substitution of concepts: “Individuality, deprived of the opportunity to manifest itself in really important, meaningful not only for her one, but also for another (for others, for all) actions, since the forms of such actions in advance given to her, ritualized and protected by all the power of social mechanisms, involuntarily begins to look for a way out for himself in trifles, in quirks that mean nothing (for another, for everyone), in oddities. " In other words, individuality here becomes just a mask behind which a set of extremely general cliches, stereotypes, impersonal algorithms of behavior and speech, deeds and words are hidden. The next important problem of the social life of a modern personality is the information oversaturation of the surrounding world. Researchers of the influence of information flow on the human brain know that the resulting overloads can not only cause significant harm, but also completely disrupt the functioning of the brain. Consequently, information loads require the development of effective means of control and regulation, and more stringent than during physical exertion, since nature, having not yet faced such a powerful level of information pressure, has not developed effective defense mechanisms. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the study of altered states of consciousness in Internet addicts. As A.Sh.Thostov notes, “... on the Internet, a highly motivated user may find himself under the influence of a very intense flow of super-significant (and often absolutely useless) information for him”, which he needs to manage to record, process, without missing dozens and hundreds of new ones, every second of the opening opportunities. Overexcited by overstimulation, the brain cannot cope with this task. A person becomes a translator of information processes, and his own subjectivity - spirituality, the ability to choose, free self-determination and self-realization - is pushed to the periphery of social life and turns out to be "open" in relation to the information-organized social environment. In this regard, only the knowledge and properties of such instrumental subjectivity that create new structures, directions and technological connections in this information environment are in demand. This also gives rise to the transformation of the personality itself, since the subjectivity built into the technical informatization of knowledge is the basis of the deformation of a modern person, who is losing moral norms of self-awareness and behavior. Deprived of rootedness in real culture, these norms themselves become conditional. Rationality of the modern type acts as a way of technically instrumental behavior of a person who seeks to take root in an unstable world and to consolidate his own position, at least to make it safe.

Another urgent problem of the modern personality is the lack of communication. According to S. Moskovichi, in the conditions of industrial production, the creation of cities, the disintegration and degradation of the traditional family and the traditional stratified model of society, in which a person was assigned a rightful place, an irreversible degradation of normal communication methods occurs. The emerging communication deficit is compensated by the development of the press and other modern communication technologies that generate a specific phenomenon of the crowd: an unstructured public education connected only by communication networks. However, this compensation is initially flawed, its lightness contains some inferiority. So, for example, Internet communication is much simpler than real human communication, therefore it does not require effort, is more secure, it can be started and interrupted at any time, it allows you to remain anonymous and it is available. However, being technologically mediated, this communication is defective, because the interlocutors remain for each other more abstract characters than living people. The biggest disadvantage of such surrogate communication is that it does not provide a stable identity.

A society organized with the help of a communication network, according to S. Moskovichi, is a crowd with a blurred identity, increased suggestibility, and a loss of rationality. However, communication in real life also may not always be complete. Most modern social groups and communities are unstable and, as a rule, small formations that arise randomly and also spontaneously disintegrate. These "social ephemeris" 4 are mainly created in the field of leisure, entertainment, as if in opposition to the formal associations that exist during work (for example, visitors to a nightclub, hotel residents, circle of friends, etc.). At the same time, the ease with which people enter these communities, as well as the absence of formal restrictions in them, does not mean that the human personality here can completely free itself and open up. The spontaneity of relations and the instability of connections impose no less restriction on purely personal, "spiritual" communication between people, and the whole process of communication is often reduced to the exchange of "duty" phrases or jokes. Within the framework of "social ephemeris" communication, as a rule, is superficial and is practically reduced to the level of reflexes, that is, more or less the same type of reactions to the same type of remarks of the interlocutor. In other words, only a certain outer shell participates in the conversation, but not the whole person. As a result, a person's personality closes in on itself and loses its "depth". A live, direct connection between people is also lost. The destructive consequences of this kind of isolation were described by N.Ya. Berdyaev, who noted that "egocentric self-isolation and self-concentration, the inability to get out of oneself is the original sin." Thus, the conditions for the formation and existence of a modern personality lead to the emergence of a fragmented, closed, alienated person from society and from itself, which is reflected in a number of postmodern concepts that proclaim the idea of splitting the human "I". In the philosophy of postmodernism, the very phenomenon of "I" is assessed as culturally articulated, associated with a certain tradition and therefore historically transitory.

The concepts "man", "subject", "personality" are from this position only the consequences of changes in the basic attitudes of knowledge. “If these attitudes disappear in the same way as they arose, if some event (the possibility of which we can only foresee, not knowing yet its form or appearance) destroys them, as it collapsed at the end of the 17th century. the soil of classical thinking, then - you can vouch for this - the person will be smoothed out, like a face painted on the coastal sand ”. As for its own version of the articulation of the subject by the philosophy of postmodernism, it is characterized by a radical decentration of both the individual and any forms of the collective "I". The rules of the episteme, acting as a regulator in relation to the activity of consciousness, but not being realized by the latter reflexively, act as a factor of decentration and depersonification of the subject. From the point of view of postmodernism, the very use of the term “subject” is nothing more than a tribute to the classical philosophical tradition: as Foucault writes, the so-called analysis of the subject is in fact an analysis of “the conditions under which it is possible for a certain individual to perform the function of a subject. And it should also be clarified in which field the subject is the subject and the subject of what: discourse, desire, economic process, and so on. There is no absolute subject. " Thus, the fundamental for the philosophical paradigm of postmodernity, the program presumption of "death of a person" is formulated. The rejection of the concept of "subject" is largely due to the recognition in the philosophy of postmodernism of the randomness of the phenomenon of "I". The presumption of the subordination of unconscious desires to the cultural norms of the "Super-I" put forward in classical psychoanalysis was reformulated by J. Lacan into the thesis about the assignment of desire by the material forms of language8. The subject as a connecting link between the "real", "imaginary" and "symbolic" is characterized by J. Lacan as "decentralized", because his thought and existence are not identical to each other, being mediated by the reality of language alien to them. The unconscious thus appears as a language, and desire as a text. The rational subject of the Cartesian type, as well as the lusting subject of the Freudian type, are replaced by a “decentralized” instrument for the presentation of cultural meanings (“signifiers”) of the language. As a consequence, the “death of a person” is postulated, dissolved in the determinative influence of language structures and discursive practices on individual consciousness.

As for the so-called social roles, which presuppose the certainty of their subject-performer, these versions of self-identification are nothing more than masks, the presence of which does not at all guarantee the presence of a hidden “I” behind them, claiming the status of identity, “since this identity, however, rather weak, which we are trying to insure and hide under a mask, is in itself only a parody: it is inhabited by a plurality, innumerable souls argue in it; systems intersect and rule each other ... And in each of these souls history will reveal an identity that is not forgotten and always ready to be reborn, but a complex system of elements, numerous in their turn, different, over which no force of synthesis has the power ”

Thus, postmodernism proclaims "the death of the subject himself," the final "end of the autonomous ... monad, or ego, or individual" undergoing fundamental "decentration." The theories of postmodernism reflect the state of the modern personality, fragmented, influenced by various and contradictory information flows, and therefore does not have a clear self-identity. Postmodernism correctly captures the state of modern society and personality, however, it incorrectly declares this state to be normal, since the current state of affairs is a danger both for the individual and for society as a whole. Self-identification of a person with random "markers" causes constant discomfort, a feeling of dissatisfaction and uncertainty. This, in turn, raises the general degree of public discontent, which results in large-scale undirected aggression, undermining the institutions of the social system and throwing society back to the level of the textbook "war of all against all." The crisis of self-identity implies the impossibility of a person to acquire "attachment" to the environment, their coordinates of existence and the subjective experience of this process as a lack of integrity, comfort of the cultural environment. In addition, this crisis was expressed in the attitude of a modern person to the future and their own prospects. A person can only solve immediate problems, but not build a general life strategy.

All this happens because the personality lacks a system of ideological coordinates, which should determine the content of the personality, give systematicity to its manifestations, determine the general strategy of behavior, and also provide filtration of incoming information, its critical assessment.

Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has brought this problem to the center of attention of sociologists, social psychologists, physicians, and law enforcement officials.

There are several concepts to explain the causes of deviant behavior. So, according to the concept of disorientation, proposed by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, social crises are a breeding ground for deviations, when there is a mismatch between accepted norms and a person's life experience and a state of anomie occurs - the absence of norms. American sociologist Robert Merton believed that the reason for deviations is not the absence of norms, but the inability to follow them.

To explain the reasons, conditions and factors that determine this social phenomenon has become an urgent task. Its consideration involves the search for answers to a number of fundamental questions, including questions about the essence of the category "norm" (social norm) and about deviations from it. In a steadily functioning and steadily developing society, the answer to this question is more or less clear. A social norm is a necessary and relatively stable element of social practice that serves as an instrument of social regulation and control. The social norm finds its embodiment (support) in laws, traditions, customs, i.e. in everything that has become a habit, it has become a part of everyday life, into the way of life of the majority of the population, is supported by public opinion, plays the role of a "natural regulator" of social and interpersonal relations. But in a reformed society, where some norms have been destroyed and others have not been created even at the level of theory, the problem of the formation, interpretation and application of a norm becomes an extremely difficult matter.

So after the collapse of the Soviet Union in Russia there is a surge in drug addiction, crime, alcoholism, etc. Let us consider the problem of drug addiction in more detail. The reasons for drug addiction are the following motives characteristic of young people: dissatisfaction with life, satisfaction of curiosity about the action of a narcotic substance; symbolism of belonging to a particular social group; expression of their own independence, and sometimes hostility towards others; the knowledge of a new, exciting, or dangerous experience that brings pleasure; achieving "clarity of thinking" or "creative inspiration"; achieving a feeling of complete relaxation; leaving something oppressive.

Studies have shown that the first direct acquaintance of most adolescents with drugs occurs before the age of 15 (and only 37% - later); before 10 years - 19%; from 10 to 12 years old - 26%; from 13 to 14 years old - 18%. Without accurate data, one can nevertheless assume that drug addiction is getting younger every year, which is associated with the process of acceleration and the acceleration of the adolescent's entry into adulthood.

As for the awareness of schoolchildren about drugs, the situation is twofold: on the one hand, 99% of the respondents answered the question of whether they know what drugs are, but on the other hand, practice shows that this knowledge is not always objective. and are often determined by the myths that exist in society about drugs and drug addiction. But it's one thing to talk about drug addiction in general, and quite another to face it face to face. What is the possible reaction to the news that your close friend is using drugs? 63% of the respondents said that they would try to somehow influence in order to help a person in need get out of the hole into which he himself climbed; 25%

will not change their attitude and 12% will sever relations (that is, we have 37% of either passive contemplators, or people who do not want to take care of their neighbor, which, in fact, is practically the same thing). Perhaps this is due to the fact that one of the many myths formed in our minds is triggered: weak people, offended by fate and unable to control their actions, become drug addicts. It should be noted once again that drug addiction among young people, recognized today as "problem number one", is only a consequence, a reflection of deep internal contradictions, both mental and social. Many attempts to remedy the situation, undertaken today, boil down to the fact that the struggle is often directed against the drugs themselves and their use (that is, against the effect, not the cause). Naturally, widespread promotion of a healthy lifestyle, raising awareness about the objective consequences of taking drugs, organizing and conducting other preventive measures - all this is significant (and effective only if a person can refuse to take drugs by switching to something else, no less socially dangerous), but it is somewhat similar to the behavior of the addict himself: a solution to the problem is expected from a single injection, which, indeed, creates the illusion of resolution, but only for a while. Recognizing the importance of preventive work, it should be said that it will become truly effective only when, along with the prevention of drug addiction, work is carried out to prevent traumatic situations that arise mainly in the process of a child's communication in the family - with parents, at school - with classmates and teachers. Accordingly, prevention work should be carried out not only with specific people, but also with representatives of their social environment.

Chapter III ... The value of freedom

Freedom is one of the main philosophical categories that characterize the essence of man and his existence.

Freedom is viewed in relation to necessity, arbitrariness and anarchy, with equality and justice.

The concept of freedom was born in Christianity as an expression of the idea of equality of people before God and the possibility for a person of free choice on the path to God.

Freedom of will is a concept that means the possibility of unhindered internal self-determination of a person in the fulfillment of certain goals and tasks of an individual. Will is a conscious and free aspiration of a person to achieve his goal, which for him is of a certain value. A volitional act expressing obligation has the character of a spiritual phenomenon rooted in the structure of a person's personality. The will is the opposite of impulsive aspirations and inclinations, the vital needs of a person. The concept of will refers to a mature person who is fully aware of his actions and deeds.

In order to understand the essence of the phenomenon of individual freedom, it is necessary to understand the contradictions of voluntarism and fatalism, to determine the boundaries of necessity, without which the realization of freedom is inconceivable.

Voluntarism is the recognition of the primacy of the will over other manifestations of a person's spiritual life, including thinking. The roots of voluntarism are contained in Christian dogma, the teachings of Kant, Fichte, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche. Will is considered a blind, unreasonable principle of the world, dictating its laws to man. To act in the spirit of voluntarism means not reckoning with the objective conditions of being, with the laws of nature and society.

Fatalism initially predetermines the entire course of a person's life, his actions, explaining this either by fate, or by the will of God, or by rigid determinism (Hobbes, Spinoza, Laplace). Fatalism leaves no room for free choice, gives no alternatives. The strict necessity and the ensuing predictability of the main stages of human life is characteristic of astrology and other occult teachings, both past and present, various social utopias and dystopias.

The European tradition often uses the term "freedom" as an analogue of "will" and, opposing the concepts of necessity, violence and slavery, associates it with responsibility.

The most profound solution to the problem of freedom and responsibility can be found in the works of Russian religious thinkers - F.M. Dostoevsky, N.A. Berdyaeva, M.M. Bakhtin, for whom freedom is a measure of the dignity of an individual, and responsibility is a measure of humanity, a criterion of higher moral principles. Considering the relationship between freedom and responsibility as the main direction of the development of society, Russian philosophy does not think of them outside the ethical dimension. The ethics of free action (MM Bakhtin) is associated with the concepts of conscience, duty, honor, dignity of a particular person. Then the personality is a person acting, the way of his existence is a responsible act.

ON. Berdyaev distinguishes three types of freedom in his philosophy of freedom:

existential freedom (baseless, primordial - ontological. It is rooted in the existence of the world).
rational freedom (perceived need is social. It manifests itself in society).
mystical freedom (creativity is spiritual. It manifests itself in the Spirit. Only here can a person fully realize himself).

E. Fromm expresses his own concept of freedom in the book "Escape from Freedom".

He distinguishes two types of freedom:

"Freedom from ...". He calls it negative, since this is a person's attempt to escape responsibility.

Fromm says that a modern person, having received freedom, is burdened by it, since freedom entails the need for choice and responsibility for their actions. Therefore, a person seeks to transfer his freedom, and, along with it, responsibility, to someone else (be it a church, government, political party, public opinion). All this leads only to loneliness and alienation of a person, and gets its realization in authoritarianism (sadism and masochism as an attempt to realize oneself through power over another or submission to another of one's will); conformism (loss of one's own individuality) or destruction (violence, cruelty, destruction of oneself and others);

"Freedom for ...". This type of freedom is positive, since through spontaneous activity (creativity, love) it leads to self-creation, self-realization of the individual.

Models of the relationship between the individual and society. There are several models of the relationship between the individual and society regarding freedom and its attributes.

Most often this is a struggle for freedom, when a person enters into an open and often irreconcilable conflict with society, achieving his goals at any cost.

This is an escape from the world, the so-called escapist behavior, when a person, unable to find freedom among people, flees to his “world” in order to have a way of free self-realization there.

This is adaptation to the world, when a person, sacrificing to some extent his desire to gain freedom, goes into voluntary submission in order to acquire a new level of freedom in a modified form.

It is also possible that the interests of the individual and society coincide in gaining freedom, which finds a definite expression in the forms of developed democracy. Thus, freedom is the most complex and deeply contradictory phenomenon of human life and society. This is the problem of correlating freedom and equality without suppression and equalization. Its solution is associated with an orientation towards one or another system of cultural values and norms. The concepts of personality, freedom, values enrich the idea of a person, make it possible to correctly understand the structure of society as a phenomenon generated in the process of human life.

If we talk about the specifics of understanding human freedom and responsibility at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries, it should be emphasized that the world is entering a phase of a civilizational turning point, when many traditional ways of human existence will need significant correction. Futurologists predict an increase in the phenomena of instability of many physical and biological processes, an increase in the phenomenon of unpredictability of social and psychological phenomena. In these conditions, being a person is an imperative for the development of man and mankind, which presupposes the highest degree of responsibility, which extends from a narrow circle of the person's immediate environment to planetary and cosmic tasks.

Modern mankind, according to J. Ortega y Gasset, is in a serious crisis, moreover, it faces a terrible danger of self-destruction. To comprehend this tragic situation, Ortega dedicated his most famous work - the essay "The Rise of the Masses". The essay, written in 1930, was extremely popular, many of his ideas penetrated deeply into the culture of the 20th century, and the issues raised remain relevant today.

A historical crisis, he argues, occurs when the "world", or the belief system of past generations, loses its significance for new generations living within the same civilization, that is, in a certain way of organized society and cultural life. A person seems to be without the world. A similar state is typical today for the entire European civilization, which has gone far beyond Europe and has become synonymous with modern civilization in general. The reason for such a crisis is the uprising of the masses. In our time, says Ortega, society is dominated by a "man of the mass." Belonging to the masses is a purely psychological sign. A man of the masses is an average, ordinary man. He does not feel any special gift or difference in himself, he is "exactly" like everyone else (without individuality), and he is not upset by this, he is content to feel the same as everyone else. He is condescending to himself, does not try to correct himself or improve himself - he is complacent; lives without effort “goes with the flow” He is incapable of creativity and gravitates towards an inert life, which is condemned to eternal repetition, marking time. In thinking, as a rule, he is content with a set of ready-made ideas - that's enough for him.

This “common” person in society is opposed by another psychological type of personality - “a man of the elite,” a select minority. “Chosen” does not mean “important” who considers himself superior to others and despises them. First of all, this is a person who is very demanding of himself, even if he personally is not able to meet these high requirements. He is strict with himself, his life is subject to self-discipline and service to the highest (principle, authority), this is a tense, active life, ready for new, higher achievements. A “noble” person is characterized by dissatisfaction, uncertainty in his perfection; even if he is blinded by vanity, he needs confirmation of this in someone else's opinion. The degree of talent and originality of such people is different, but they are all capable of creativity, accepting the "rules of the game" of their cultural system, voluntarily submitting to them.

The article deals with the contradiction between the human desire for free existence and the desire of society as a system to establish order. The freedom of human individuals is noted by G. Spencer in his definition of social reality. Existentialists believe that human existence goes beyond the material and social world. A. Camus: "Man is the only being that does not want to be what he is." The equivalence of human existence to freedom is confirmed by the fact that both of these concepts can be defined only apophatically, that is, by enumerating what they are not. How is it possible to induce human individuals to maintain social order? On the other hand, everything in a person is socially formed by the society, even its biological features. For example, the behavior of infants differs depending on the social environment in which they live. The very phenomenon of childhood manifests itself only in a developed society. For example, in the Middle Ages, children were treated like little adults - they were dressed in the same clothes as adults, there was no production of toys.

Georg Simmel: "The very development of society increases human freedom." With the growth of the scale of society, its differentiation, a person feels more and more free from every connection with a specific social circle, simply because there are more and more such social circles with the development of society. Talcott Parsons: Why is the role of family, community, religion decreasing? Because there are alternative associations: political, cultural, entertainment circles. " On the other hand, the person feels more and more lonely. M. Heidegger: “Loneliness is a negative mode of sociality,” that is, isolation from society. At the same time, with the growth of isolation, the longing for society grows.

Thus, if we take the philosophical aspect of the problem, then freedom is associated with necessity and opportunity. Free is not the will, which chooses based only on the desires of a person, but the will, which chooses, relying on reason, in accordance with objective necessity. The measure of individual freedom is determined by a specific situation, the presence of a spectrum of possibilities in it, as well as the level of personality development, the level of culture, understanding of one's goals and the measure of one's responsibility.

Freedom is associated with the responsibility of the individual to himself, other people, collective, society. Individual freedom is a single complex with the rights of other members of society. Political and legal rights - freedom of speech, conscience, beliefs, etc., cannot be torn away from socio-economic rights - to work, rest, education, medical care, etc. Human rights are usually enshrined in the Constitution of the state. The highest value of a person in a state governed by the rule of law proclaims his rights and freedoms, and a person has the right to actively fight for them, in case of their violation.

Thus, a feature of spiritual values is that they have a non-utilitarian and non-instrumental character: they do not serve for anything else, on the contrary, everything else is subordinated, acquires meaning only in the context of higher values, in connection with their assertion. A feature of the highest values is also the fact that they constitute the core of the culture of a certain nation, the fundamental relations and needs of people: universal (peace, life of mankind), the values of communication (friendship, love, trust, family), social values (freedom, justice, law , dignity, honor, glory, etc.), aesthetic values (beautiful, sublime). The highest values are realized in an infinite variety of situations of choice. The concept of values is inseparable from the spiritual world of the individual. If mind, knowledge constitute the most important components of consciousness, without which a person's purposeful activity is impossible, then spirituality, being formed on this basis, refers to those values that are associated with the meaning of a person's life, one way or another deciding the question of choosing his life path, goals and meaning their activities and the means to achieve them.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion of the problem of personality in modern society:

So, the crisis of identity, a decrease in the ability to process information and forecasting, as well as self-isolation of a modern person indicate the lack of integrity of his personality, which causes disharmony in its psychological, social and cultural aspects. Summing up, we can say that objectively a modern personality has a need for integrity, however, firstly, the socio-cultural environment does not contribute to its formation, and secondly, this need, as a rule, is not realized by the personality itself. Being unconscious, it can find various distorted manifestations.

Thus, the search for integrity can take place in the form of a passion for Eastern spiritual practices, conversion to religious fundamentalism, attending various trainings and seminars on self-development, etc. environment, or (in the case of religious fundamentalism) lead to the opposition of the individual and society.

Conclusion of personality value:

Freedom is given different attention in different cultures. For example, in modern Western European culture, liberalism puts the concept of freedom at the forefront. And on the contrary, in many Eastern cultures there is a traditionally rational and purely practical attitude to this concept, or even a complete lack of attention to the issue of freedom, which does not exist as an independent value. Also, freedom as an independent value is often assessed in cultures as something at least dangerous, and even downright harmful. Such an assessment can be based on the assumption that real freedom can be achieved only with the self-sufficiency of the individual, while in practice all people live in communities.

It is also obvious that the more attention is paid to social benefits, the less value the individual's freedom has. And this point of view is often shared by the individual himself, as a bearer of culture. That is, such a restriction is of a non-violent nature, but is based on the mutually beneficial coexistence of people.

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