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The buildings in El-Giza, with their grandeur and apparent uselessness, amazed the imagination already in antiquity, which is best conveyed by the Arabic proverb: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of pyramids." EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS - the tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs. The largest of them are the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin in El-Giza in ancient times were considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World.




HANGING GARDENS OF SEMIRAMIS - gardens in the palace of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II (century BC), which he ordered to be laid out for his beloved wife of the Median princess. The gardens were located on a wide four-tiered tower. The platforms of the terraces were made of stone slabs covered with a layer of reeds and filled with asphalt. Then there were gaskets of two rows of bricks held together with plaster and lead slabs, which did not let water into the lower floors of the garden. All this complex structure was covered with a thick layer of fertile soil, which made it possible to plant the largest trees here. The tiers were raised by ledges connected by wide staircases with slabs of pink and white colors. Every day, thousands of slaves pumped water from deep wells to the top into numerous canals, from where it flowed to the lower terraces. The murmur of water, shadow and coolness among the trees seemed like a miracle.








ZEUS-OLYMPIAN is a statue of Zeus by the Greek sculptor Phidias. The statue was placed in the cult center of the Olympic sanctuary - the temple of Zeus, in the sacred grove of Altisa. The exposed parts of the body were lined with ivory plates, the robes were cast in gold, and the base of the sculpture was wooden. The height of the statue reached approx. 17 m. If God "rose", his height would be much higher than the height of the temple itself. In his hand, the thunderer was holding a statue of Nika (a symbol of victory). The throne of Zeus was also made of gold and ivory. The back, armrests and foot were decorated with ivory reliefs, golden images of the gods and goddesses of Olympus. The lower walls of the throne were covered with drawings of Panan, his legs were images of dancing Nick. Zeus's feet, shod in golden sandals, rested on a bench decorated with golden lions. In front of the statue's plinth, the floor was lined with dark blue Eleusinian stone, a basin for olive oil carved into it to keep the ivory from drying out. The light that penetrated the doors of the dark temple, reflected from the smooth surface of the liquid in the pool, fell on the golden robes of Zeus and illuminated his head; it seemed to those who entered that the radiance emanated from the very face of the deity.





MAUSOLEUM IN GALIKARNAS - the tomb of the king of Caria Mavsol (died 353 BC). The mausoleum was famous not only for the grandeur of its architecture, but also for the collection of sculptures, the base of the pyramid, on which rested a Greek-type temple and another pyramid, decorated with reliefs with scenes of Amazonomachy of the most famous sculptors of the 4th century. BC NS. Leochares, Scopas, Briaxis and Timothy. The almost untouched mausoleum stood for about years in the middle of the deserted city until the 15th century, when it was dismantled by the crusaders, who fortified it with slabs their supporting fortress on the Aegean Sea, the castle of St. Petra (modern Bodrum in Turkey). It was within the walls of the fortress and surrounding houses that the English archaeologist C.T. Newton discovered relief slabs from the basement of the tomb (currently in the British Museum in London and the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul), statues of Mavsol and his wife Artemisia (who continued after death king, the construction of their common tomb) and a colossal chariot that crowned the entire structure.




The TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS (Artemision) in Ephesus is one of the most famous and revered centers of pilgrimage in the ancient world. The temple of the goddess was built in the 6th century. BC NS. architect Khersifron from Knossos. During one of the sieges, the inhabitants of Ephesus stretched a rope from the temple to the city, thereby turning it into an inviolable sanctuary. The fame of Artemision was so great that people from all over the Greek oecumene placed their savings in it. July 21, 356 BC NS. the temple of Artemis of Ephesus, the main shrine of the Greeks of Asia Minor, was burned by Herostratus. When Alexander the Great approached the city 25 years later, he wished to restore the temple in all its splendor. The architect Alexandra Deinocrates, who supervised the work, kept his previous plan, only raised the building to a higher stepped base. The temple occupied a huge area of ​​110 x 55 m, the height of the Corinthian columns (there were 127 of them), which surrounded the structure in a double row, was also grandiose about 18 m; the roof of Artemision was covered with marble tiles. One of the attractions of the building were 36 columns, decorated at the base with reliefs almost human-sized.







FAROSKY LIGHTHOUSE (Alexandria lighthouse) - a lighthouse on the eastern bank of the island. Pharos within the boundaries of Alexandria, the Hellenistic capital of Egypt. The builder of this miracle of technology, the first and only lighthouse of colossal size in the entire Greek world, was Sostratus of Cnidus. Travelers who saw the lighthouse wrote about the cunningly arranged statues that adorned the lighthouse tower: one of them always pointed with her hand at the sun all the way and put her hand down when it went down, the other beat out every hour, day and night, and the third one could find out the direction wind. The amazing structure stood until the 14th century, but even in an already heavily destroyed form, its height was approx. 30 m. At present, only the base of the lighthouse has survived, which is entirely built into the medieval fortress (now the base of the Egyptian fleet).








Colossus of Rhodes - a giant statue of Helios by the sculptor Hares on the island of Rhodes. The statue of the god towered right at the entrance to the harbor of Rhodes and was visible from the neighboring islands already swimming up, the statue was approx. 35 m, that is, almost three times higher than the "Bronze Horseman" in St. Petersburg. At the base of the statue was earthenware with a metal frame, the top was trimmed with bronze sheets. To work on the image of the god directly at the place of its installation, Hares used a clever method: with the gradual rise of the sculpture, an earthen hill around it also rose; the hill was subsequently torn down, and the complete statue was revealed to the astonished inhabitants of the island. The production of the grandiose monument required 500 talents of bronze and 300 talents of iron (approx. 13 and approx. 8 tons, respectively). "Bronze Horseman"








"The Eighth Wonder of the World" The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang The most important thing in this wonder of the world - this is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuan The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese Emperor Qin Shihuan The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang. The eighth wonder of the world is located in the center of China. The exposition of this wonder of the world is located in the northern spurs of Lishan Mountain to the east of the city of Xi'an and consists of burial statues of warriors and horses from the tomb of Qin Shihuang. This is by no means an ordinary museum exposition, for the ensemble consists of three huge crypts. The total area of ​​the exposition is more than 20 thousand square meters. In three crypts, there are more than seven thousand figures, more than two hundred chariots and a huge number of bronze weapons. The museum was created during excavations, that is, directly at the place where the burial was discovered. The most important thing in this wonder of the world is, of course, the scale laid down by the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang, who managed to unite the scattered principalities of China more than two thousand years ago into a single state. The shrewd ruler, trying to get into immortality during his lifetime, began to build for himself a huge tomb near the city of Chan'an in western China, and it later became a tomb in which burial statues of warriors and horses were found. Twenty years ago, this ancient monument was included by UNESCO in the Catalog of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.




Masterpieces of world culture through the eyes of a general from the poem "Railroad". - I was recently within the walls of the Vatican, I wandered around the Colosseum for two nights, I saw St. Stephen in Vienna, Well ... did the people create all this? Excuse me for this impudent laugh, Your logic is a little wild. Or is Apollo Belvedere for you Worse than a stove pot? Here is your people, these terms and baths, A miracle of art - he pulled everything apart! .. -Your Slav, Anglo-Saxon and Germanic Do not create - destroy the master, Barbarians! A wild bunch of drunks! .. However, it's time to get busy with Vanyusha; ..




1. Vatican. The Vatican is a grandiose architectural complex, where temples, palaces and fortresses are combined with works of garden and park art. The solemn entrance to the Vatican is the square of St. Peter, framed by colonnades. Colonnades lead to St. Peter's Basilica, the largest Catholic church in the world. In the Vatican palaces there are world-famous museums of antique sculpture, and in the Vatican gardens there are the Pius V casino and the Vatican Pinakothek, which contains works of Italian painting from the 14th to 17th centuries.






4. Apollo Belvedere. The statue of Apollo is a marble Roman copy of a bronze original by the ancient Greek sculptor Leochares (c. BC, Pio Clementino Museum, Vatican City). The name is from the Vatican Belvedere Palace where the statue is exhibited. For a long time it was considered the pinnacle of Greek art.











Electronic resources: Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. DVD-ROM. - Moscow: LLC Cyril and Methodius, CD Global Deejays / SoundofSanFrancisco (Progress) mp3.


What is the difference between Malevich's Black Square and Vasya Vatnikov's red circle with green peas? I dare to assume that nothing. True, any esthete will tell you (despite the fact that Malevich himself noted that his picture does not mean anything) about the deepest secret meaning of the work. However, the same can be said about the red circle with green peas by Vasya Vatnikov: the circle of peas symbolizes a vicious circle of being, and so on. So why is the price of two completely uninteresting paintings, all other things being equal, so different? The answer to this question should be sought in the field of science known as Ethology, rather than in art.

1. Aesthetic pleasure from the painting.

It is logical to assume that a painting, like any other product of creative self-expression, is designed to deliver aesthetic pleasure from contemplating a masterpiece, for which people allegedly pay millions. However, if you look deeper, it becomes clear that aesthetic pleasure is the very last thing that affects the cost of the canvas. It is not taken into account at all. After all, if the main value of a masterpiece lies in the way it looks and, due to this, affects a person, then why do copies of it cost a penny, in contrast to the original? Therefore, the masterpiece itself, the image itself is worth nothing, it is only the exclusivity of the canvas that is worth it. Or, when copying, something is lost that actually makes a masterpiece a masterpiece? Hardly, especially considering today's copying technologies, as well as the high skill of artists (when it comes to redrawing). There is only one conclusion: the price of a painting is not affected in any way by what is usually called artistic value. Artistic value is worth a penny. And here it is clearly a matter of exclusivity.

2. Is there any such aesthetic pleasure from a masterpiece, and how strong is it?

Apparently, even the very aesthetic pleasure of all sorts of black squares, people also invented themselves. An example of this is Van Gogh, who during his lifetime sold only one painting, and even that was bought from him out of pity. Why were his paintings not interesting to anyone during his lifetime? Probably because no one felt pleasure, delight and admiration from his "skill". Yes, and no one saw the meaning in them, and if he was in them, then no one gave a damn about it.

But suddenly, some time after his death, his paintings suddenly begin to give the broad masses the strongest aesthetic pleasure, and acquire a certain deep meaning, which is admired by millions of aesthetes. This is somehow strange! How is it: at one moment in time nobody likes your pictures, but suddenly, as if by magic, the whole world falls in love with your pictures? By the way, this applies to most artists, there is even a saying: recognition comes to an artist after death. For some reason, it comes to great poets like Pushkin with Vysotsky, and writers like Orwell and Bulgakov during their lifetime, but to great artists only after death. Something is wrong here.

If you thought a certain girl was scary 20 years ago, then she will be so for you today. He also enjoys viewing pictures. The fact that at one time the artist's paintings are not pleasing to the eye, and then abruptly begin to please, only confirms the point described above: the artistic value of the canvas is not interesting to anyone and does not play any role in the cost of the painting, as well as in its recognition as a masterpiece. In most cases, aesthetic pleasure is simply invented by the audience. Only a professional artist is capable of assessing the quality of the canvas, and this is a very limited category of the population, and they certainly do not buy such paintings for such money.





Mark Rothko, Orange, Red, Yellow. The price of the painting is 86.9 million dollars.

Did you get aesthetic pleasure from the painting? Even if you got it; even if some super-complex drawing styles were used to create this muiini, this cannot even cost thousands of dollars, no matter how deep, supposedly, the meaning is invested in it. The price of this painting is equal to the price of the materials used to create it + the extra charge for the work. True, with such work, it obviously costs a penny. My painter at the entrance somehow did his job carelessly - it turned out to be a reconstruction of Rothko's work. Only the painter is paid much less.

From the first two points it turns out that neither the aesthetic pleasure from viewing the picture, nor the artistic value in the formation of the price play any role. For copies of paintings cost a penny. Therefore, the whole point is in the exclusivity and limited edition - this is one, and two - the point is whose brush the work belongs to. In the days of Van Gogh, there was not a single worthy artist? Why is it that his paintings are worth millions, and the rest are not needed by anyone for nothing? Why in today's Russia the paintings of Nikos Safronov are thousands of times more expensive than the equally high-quality (and often more) works of thousands of other artists?

3. The exclusivity of the canvas.

Man, as you know, is a social animal, and for all animals living together in any community, the issue of status plays an extremely important role, because the status depends on how other members of the community will relate to this individual. In every animal community, different instruments are used to demonstrate status - the size of the genitals, tail, mane, growl volume, and much more. Since a person has gone quite far from animals in terms of the complexity of the community in which he lives, then there are much more tools for demonstrating status in humans. Status is important in absolutely every social stratum of the population and in each of its groups, regardless of the number of individuals. Even people who verbally completely reject consumerism (for example, skinheads or punks) are completely dependent on this instinct. And status in the first place can be achieved precisely due to consumerism. For example, every skinhead of the 90s dreamed of reptiles with white laces - this outfit demonstrated his high status among the primates around him. And for punks, who are measured by the steepness of the Iroquois, this feature of demonstrating status is generally removed from the wild under tracing paper.

For richer people, for example, expensive cars, yachts and airplanes serve to demonstrate status. It is not enough for a very rich man to buy himself just a cool yacht - it must be the largest in the world. Why would he need the largest private yacht in the world, most of which he won't even use? The yacht is called just stand and demonstrate its status. Everything!

But the most expensive things in the world are exclusive or limited editions. For a very rich person, a Mercedes is no longer enough to demonstrate his status, tk. many have Mercedes. You could observe a simplified version of this mechanism on the example of the turning of human females: how happy she is when she bought expensive, beautiful clothes, but how upset she is if suddenly her work colleague came in exactly the same blouse. She lost exclusivity, and with this loss, and averaged in status, which was a reason for grief. In order to avoid such incidents, a very rich person buys a limited edition watch for insane money, which in fact is no different from other cool watches, except for its exclusivity. Those. he pays for exclusivity. Rolex watches, for example, also serve this very purpose. If you give out Rolexes to everyone for free, they will lose their value and no one will need them, as once the Montana watches were no longer needed.

Hence the scandals with Peskov's super-expensive watches. They use these blues as a means of showing status. If Peskov's watches came out in an unlimited series, they would cost a thousand times cheaper. Masterpieces of art are used in the same way. The main thing is not what is drawn - even if it is a frank parasha. The main thing is to have an exclusive that no one else has! Hence the high price for originals and low price for copies. Peskov comes to visit the Patriarch, looks - and his watch is even cooler. What remains to be done for the unfortunate Peskov in his grief? Buy a painting for your private collection for $ 50 million. In this regard, art is the most effective method of demonstrating status: a watch may be released in a limited edition, but someone else in the world still has it. But no one has the original of such a picture. And what is it painted on? Yes, hell will understand, the main thing is that only I have!

It is especially interesting that all those complex rules that the product must comply with are created by the experts themselves together with the manufacturers of the product and do not lend themselves to objective assessment by the consumer, since the functionality of such a product is a secondary criterion - remove from many exclusive products the value they contain in the form of brands - and most of them will immediately lose their high value.

It remains only to understand by what criteria candidates for future masterpieces are selected? Why exactly the daub of Rothko, Lucho Fontano, Barnet Newmon, and not the painter from my entrance? Why exactly Nikas Safronov, and not an artist from the Arbat?

4. The exclusivity of the artist.

Consider the example of the same Rothko. When Rothko just started painting, there was no art market at all. These were the first post-war years, Europe lay in ruins, the early enthusiasm of the first patrons of the beginning of the century had already been washed away by the Great Depression, and American artists were left entirely to themselves - in a country that, for their reasons, did not have its own tradition, its own mythology, or culture. No galleries, no curators, no collectors, no critics. It was not even possible to formulate convincingly what now needs to be written: the old paradigms have long since departed, giving way to the European avant-garde, but the avant-garde has not been able to justify itself either. And then Rothko appears with his dolbanina - the founder of abstract field painting. What favorably distinguished Rothko from thousands of other artists, moreover, NORMAL artists? He was the first to start exhibiting this here. Those. exclusive. Plus, the tragedy of the artist's life also affects the cost of paintings. And Rothko cut his veins with a razor. Hence, years after his death, and the cost of paintings. It was exclusive in its specificity. Specificity not as an artist (his works have nothing to do with the fine arts), but as a person.

You've probably noticed that few people are interested in normal artists? The main hype around those who frankly went, such as Frida, Van Gogh, etc.

Here, by the way, Van Gogh! In all his hard life, he never sold a single painting of his (more precisely, one, and even that one was bought out of pity). But all the same, he continued to write and paint with the frenzy of a fanatic. And if he faced a dilemma - to starve or draw, then he chose drawing ... In one of the psychoses he even chopped off his ear. His biography clearly stands out against the background of many other contemporaries. He is an excellent candidate for celestials from art. He was raised, singled out from the mass of artists for his torment and passion for painting, and everything else for blurring the eyes and mind of the inhabitants.

Those. roughly speaking, for a long time in the art world there has been a circle of people who sell the townsfolk the status of a "masterpiece" in relation to almost any picture of any artist, and those, the townsfolk, blame them for this grandmother. In fact, it is not the paintings themselves that cost the money, but the biographies of the selected artists. And one more nuance: the future success of the artist and the cost of his paintings are also influenced by who is the first to buy his painting. If a billionaire, then this automatically raises the status of the author and, accordingly, the value of his paintings. Nikas Safronov is an excellent example of this.

5. The ingenuity of the artist, or competent marketing.

It is impossible to think of a more brilliant example than Nikas Safronov! The most expensive painting by this artist "Dreams of Italy" costs 106,000 dollars. There is nothing special in Safronov's paintings, there are such dreams of Italy - tens of thousands lie in the galleries. But one hundred thousand dollars is only worth one. Why? As I wrote in the last paragraph, one of the most important factors in the status of an artist's canvases is who owns his paintings. Safronov in the 90s worked in the theater of the authoritative figure of show business Donatas Bonionis, through whom he had the opportunity to contact with Russian pop stars and famous political figures, whom he used to give self-portraits. So his paintings ended up in the homes of the elites. And so that they were there for sure, he painted celebrities only as nobles, kings, etc.

And then it was like this: “Wow. At Pugacheva's house there is a picture of some Safronov. Apparently he's cool. Find me his number - I'll buy it too ”- admired the oligarch, or the politician. This is how Safronov became a “Great” artist.

You could see the clearest example of such a feature during an exhibition of one artist in Moscow (I don't remember who exactly). Nobody gave a damn about her from the high bell tower, when suddenly she was visited by ... Putin. The next day, a giant queue of people wishing to join the high artistic value lined up at the gallery. It's just that Putin, with his campaign, showed a flock of primates that the exhibition of paintings by this artist is a status event, that's all.

6. Picture Stock Exchange

“Masterpieces” for their private owners, in addition to show-off, are banknotes of a very large (and, as the owner hopes, growing) denomination. This is a specific financial instrument in which money is invested when there is a lot of this extra money. For example, one can recall Japanese collectors who began to buy up works of art and just rare things all over the world just when the CBY rate became obscenely low.

Well, you can trade them like on the stock exchange: you buy a painting and wait for its price to rise. And how much it will grow depends on how much it and its author will be promoted, how deep meaning they will come up with for it. By the way, the price is growing not only because of the hard life of the author, as mentioned above, but also because of the difficult history of the picture itself. So, from time to time, some crazy people attack the pictures, pouring paint on them. In the same Louvre, this is generally the norm. The paradox is that after such attacks, the paint, of course, is erased, but the paintings are rapidly growing in price, because they have such a story: the painting was attacked, doused with paint, miraculously saved. Personally, I am inclined to believe that such attacks are organized directly by the owners of the paintings (physical, or legal), so that this asset continues to rise in value.

If the incredible suddenly happens and the paintings begin to plummet in price, I assure you that all their owners will forget about their unsurpassed historical value with lightning speed, and will start selling them maniacally, as is the case with illiquid securities on the market.

I am in no way saying that some of these artists are bad: no, they are all talented in their own way. Even Nikas Safronov, who among experts is subjected to the most severe criticism. I, in any case, in my life will not draw as he draws. This is about something else. It's about the reasons for the inadequate cost of painting. And it seems to me that I have described the whole process of price formation, and most importantly, the reasons prompting the consumer to form such prices, more than convincingly! And the quality of the painting, its artistic value and aesthetic pleasure from contemplation have nothing to do with value. And if someone starts rubbing you about it, then he is just a starball.

Art is almost as old as humanity itself, and over the centuries of our existence, countless unique works have been created.


It would probably be too bold to compile a list of the most outstanding masterpieces, because the criteria for evaluating creativity are too subjective. That is why our rating contains paintings and sculptures that are certainly the most recognizable in the world, which does not mean at all that they are somehow better than other brilliant works.
What are the most famous creations? Find out now! Perhaps you are not familiar with everyone, and it is time to test your erudition and horizons.

25.Bathers by Paul Cézanne


This painting is considered a true masterpiece of modern art. Bathers is one of the most famous works by Paul Cézanne. For the first time, the work was presented to the general public at an exhibition in 1906. Cezanne's oil painting paved the way for artists of the future, allowing them to move away from traditional patterns, and erected a bridge between Post-Impressionism and 20th century art.

24. Discus thrower by Miron

The Discobolus is a legendary Greek statue executed by the famous Greek sculptor Myron of Eleutherae between about 460 and 450 BC. NS. The work was admired by the Romans a lot, and they even made several copies of this sculpture before its original disappeared without a trace. Subsequently, "Discobolus" became the symbol of the Olympic Games.

23 Apollo and Daphne by Bernini

Apollo and Daphne is a life-size sculpture created by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini around 1622-1625. The masterpiece depicts a half-naked woman trying to escape her pursuer. The sculpture clearly demonstrates the high skill of its creator, who recreated the culmination of the famous story of Ovid about Daphna and Phoebus.

22. Night Watch, by Rembrandt


A masterpiece by the internationally acclaimed Danish artist Rembrandt, Night Watch is one of the most famous paintings of the 17th century. The work was completed in 1642, and commissioned to capture a group portrait of a rifle company of Captain Frans Banning Kok and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburgh (Frans Banning Cocq, Willem van Ruytenburgh). Today, the painting adorns an exhibition at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

21. The Beating of the Innocent by Rubens


"The Massacre of the Innocent" is a picture that tells about the terrible order of the Jewish king Herod, at whose command all the babies of Bethlehem and its environs up to 2 years of age were killed. The tyrant believed in the prediction that the day would come when the King of Israel would remove him from the throne, and hoped that his future rival would also be among the murdered children. A representative of the Flemish Baroque, Rubens wrote two versions of the famous biblical story 25 years apart. The first version of the painting is now in front of you, and it was painted in the period from 1611 to 1612.

20. Campbell - Beef Onion Soup by Warhol


Painted by American artist Andy Warhol in 1962, Campbell's Beef Onion Soup is one of the most famous examples of contemporary art. In his work, Warhol masterfully demonstrated the monotony of the advertising industry by reproducing multiple copies of the same product on his giant canvas. Warhol also revealed that he ate these soups every day for 20 years. Perhaps that is why the can of onion soup became the object of his famous work.

19. Starry Night, by Van Gogh


Oil painting "Starry Night" by the Danish post-impressionist Vincent Van Gogh, who completed this legendary work in 1889. The artist was inspired to paint the picture, looking at the night sky through the window of his room in the Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Remy, Southern France (Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Remy). It was there that the famous creator at one time sought relief from the emotional suffering that haunted him until the end of his days.

18. Cave paintings of the Chauvet cave


The drawings, discovered in the south of France in the Chauvet Cave, are some of the most famous and best-preserved prehistoric masterpieces of world art. The age of these works is approximately 30,000 - 33,000 years old. The walls of the cave are masterfully depicting hundreds of prehistoric animals, including bears, mammoths, cave lions, panthers and hyenas.

17. The Kiss, by Rodin

The Kiss is a marble statue created by the renowned French sculptor Auguste Rodin in 1889. The plot of the masterpiece was inspired by the sad story of Paolo and Francesca, characters from the legendary work of Dante Alighieri "The Divine Comedy" (Paolo, Francesca, Dante Alighieri). The lovers were killed by Francesca's husband, who suddenly found young people when a guy and a girl, charmed by each other, exchanged their first kiss.

16. Manneken Pis, authorship unknown


"Mannequin Peace" or "Manneken Pis" is a small bronze sculpture that has become a real landmark of the fountain in the center of Brussels. The original authorship of the work is unknown, but in 1619 it was finalized by the Belgian sculptor Jerome Duquesnoy. The city's calling card, "Manneken Peace", was presumably erected in memory of the events of the Grimbergen War, during which a baby pee, according to one version, urinated on soldiers, and according to another, extinguished enemy ammunition that threatened the destruction of the whole city. On holidays, the sculpture is dressed up in themed costumes.

15. The Persistence of Memory, by Salvador Dali


Painted in 1931 by the famous Spanish painter Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory is one of the most recognizable masterpieces of surreal art in the history of painting. The work depicts a gloomy sandy shore strewn with melting clocks. For such an unusual plot, Dali was inspired by the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein.

14. The Pieta or Lamentation of Christ, by Michelangelo


The Pieta is a famous Renaissance sculpture created by the Florentine artist Michelangelo between 1498 and 1500. The work describes a biblical scene - Mary holds the body of Jesus taken from the cross in her arms. Now the sculpture is in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. "Pieta" is the only work by Michelangelo that he signed.

13. Water Lilies by Claude Monet


Water Lilies is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by the world famous French impressionist Claude Monet. The collection of these works is recognized as one of the most outstanding achievements of art of the early 20th century. If you put all the paintings together, it creates the illusion of an endless landscape filled with water lilies, trees and clouds reflecting in the water.

12. The Scream, by Edvard Munch

The Scream is the iconic masterpiece of the Norwegian expressionist Edvard Munch. He wrote 4 different versions of this story between 1893 and 1910. The famous work of the artist was inspired by the author's real experiences associated with a walk in nature, during which Munch was abandoned by his companions (they are also depicted in the painting in the background).

11. Moai, authorship unknown


The Moai statues are massive stone monoliths found on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, Western Polynesia. The sculptures are also known as Easter Island Heads, but in fact they all have bodies hidden underground. The Moai statues date back to around 1400-1650 and are believed to have been carved out of stone by the aborigines who once lived on Rapa Nui (the local name for Easter Island). In total, about 1000 such gigantic masterpieces of antiquity have been discovered in this area. The mystery of their movement around the island still remains unsolved, and the heaviest figure weighs about 82 tons.

10. The Thinker by Rodin

The Thinker is the most famous work of the French sculptor Auguste Rodin. The author finished his masterpiece in 1880 and originally named the sculpture "The Poet". The statue was part of a composition called "The Gates of Hell" and personified Dante Alighieri himself, the author of the famous "Divine Comedy". As originally conceived by Rodin, Alighieri bends over the circles of Hell, reflecting on his work. Subsequently, the sculptor rethought the character and made him a universal image of the creator.

9. Guernica, by Pablo Picasso


An oil painting the size of a whole fresco, "Guernica" is one of the most famous works of the eminent Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. Black and white painting - Picasso's reaction to the Nazi bombing of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. The masterpiece demonstrates all the tragedy, horrors of war and suffering of all innocent citizens in the person of just a few characters.

8. The Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci


Today you can admire this painting while visiting the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The legendary painting by Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper is one of the most famous masterpieces in the world. The artist worked on this fresco from 1494 to 1498, and depicted on it the famous biblical scene of the last supper of Jesus Christ surrounded by his disciples, which is described in detail in the Gospel of John.

7. Statue of Liberty, by Eiffel, Bartholdi (Eiffel, Bartholdi)


The iconic sculpture is located on Liberty Island in New York and was once a gift of friendship between the peoples of France and the United States. Today, the Statue of Liberty is considered an international symbol of freedom and democracy. The author of the composition was the French sculptor Bartholdi, and it was designed and built by the architect Gustave Eiffel. The gift was presented on October 28, 1886.

6. Hermes with the child Dionysus or Hermes Olympic, by Praxiteles

"Hermes with the Child Dionysus" is an ancient Greek sculpture discovered during excavations in 1877 in the middle of the ruins of the temple of the goddess Hera in Greece. The right hand of Hermes is lost, but archaeologists believe that, according to the plot, the god of trade and athletes kept a vine in it, showing it to the baby Dionysus, the god of wine, orgies and religious ecstasy.

5. Creation of Adam by Michelangelo


The Creation of Adam is one of the most famous frescoes by Michelangelo. It was created in the period from 1508 to 1512 and is considered the most popular composition of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, a cult Catholic center located in the Vatican. The painting illustrates the moment of the biblical creation of the first man in history, described in the book of Genesis in the Old Testament.

4. Venus de Milo, or Aphrodite from the island of Milos

"Venus de Milo" was born approximately between 130 and 100 BC and is one of the most famous ancient Greek sculptures. The marble statue was discovered in 1820 on the island of Milos, part of the Cyclades Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. The identity of the heroine has not yet been precisely established, but researchers suggest that the author of the masterpiece carved out of stone exactly Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, who was often depicted as half-naked. Although there is a version that the statue is molded in the image of the sea goddess Amphitrite, who was especially revered on the island where the artifact was found.

3. The Birth of Venus, by Sandro Botticelli


The Birth of Venus is a work of the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, painted between 1482 and 1485, and is considered one of the most famous and valuable masterpieces of art in the world. The picture illustrates a scene from the famous poem "Metamorphoses" by Ovid, in which the goddess Venus first comes ashore from the foam of the sea. The work is on display at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

2. David, author of Michelangelo

The legendary Renaissance sculpture was created between 1501 and 1504 by the ingenious creator Michelangelo. Today "David" is considered the most famous statue in the world. This delightful masterpiece is the biblical hero David, imprinted in stone. Artists and sculptors of the past traditionally portrayed David during the battle, the victor over the formidable Goliath, a warlike husband and hero, but Michelangelo chose for his work the image of a charming young man who has not yet learned the art of war and murder.

1. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

Perhaps some of the works from this list were unknown to you, but Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" is known for sure. It is the most famous, most talked about, most celebrated and most visited painting in the world. The ingenious master painted it in 1503-1506, and Lisa Gherardini, the wife of the silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo (Lisa Gherardini, Francesco del Giocondo), posed for the canvas. Famous for her enigmatic expression, Mona Lisa is the pride of the Louvre, the oldest and richest museum in France and the world.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

"APPROVED":

Vice Rector for Academic Affairs

_______________________ //

__________ _____________ 2011

WORLD CULTURE MASTERPIECES

(Full-time education)

PREPARED FOR PUBLICATION:

"_ 8 __" _ 04___2011

Considered at a meeting of the Department of Foreign Literature Protocol No. 10

Complies with the requirements for content, structure and design.

Volume 30 pages

Head of the department ______________________________ //

"11"

Considered at a meeting of the CMD of the Institute of Law, Economics and Management

d. Minutes No. 1

Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and the curriculum of the educational program.

"AGREED":

Chairman of the CMB ________________________ //

"______" _____________ 2011

"AGREED":

Head methodological department of UMU _____________ //

"______" _____________ 2011

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

State educational institution

higher professional education

TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY

Institute of Humanities

Department of Foreign Literature

WORLD CULTURE MASTERPIECES

Training and metodology complex. Working programm

for students of the direction 020400.62 "Biology"

(Full-time education)

Tyumen State University

2011

Schweibelman of World Culture. Training and metodology complex. Work program for students of direction 020400.62 "Biology" (full-time education) Tyumen, 2011, 30 pages.

The work program is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education, taking into account the recommendations and PROP HPE in the direction and profile of training.

RESPONSIBLE EDITOR:head of the department of foreign

literature, Ph.D. n.,

Professor

© Tyumen State University, 2011.

©, 2011.

1. EXPLANATORY NOTE

1.1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DISCIPLINE

Elective course Masterpieces of world culture in essence, it is a course that synthesizes material from a wide range of humanitarian disciplines: history, art history, cultural studies, philosophy, psychology, literature. It is of informational and cognitive, panoramic, overview, and setting character. This course gives an idea about the general trends of world culture and about specific works (monuments, masterpieces) of culture, which in different centuries and in the context of different national cultural traditions have embodied these general trends and patterns. Culture, closely related not only to everyday practical necessity, but also demonstrating the level of emotional and intellectual development of mankind, reflects the entire range of diverse life phenomena, specifically testifies to fundamental transformations in human society at a certain stage of its development. Particular attention is paid to the study of the phenomena that played a significant role in the formation and development of the main genre forms of artistic creativity, as well as the leading aesthetic systems and artistic trends.

The lecture course focuses on the step-by-step study of the main periods of development of world culture: from antiquity to the present day (mainly in its European model). The principle of organizing the lecture material is chronological. The characteristic of the cultural achievements of a particular era is associated with the analysis of the creativity of its most prominent representatives. The artistic dominant of each era allows you to shift the emphasis from history to the history of philosophical thought, the history of culture, to psychology, literature, theater, painting, etc. The dominant of the lecture course, which allows more or less purposeful structuring of such an extensive material, is the concept of man.

The historiographic aspect of the lecture course is further developed in practical classes. Having received in the lecture course a general idea of ​​the metamorphoses of the concept of man in previous eras, the student has the opportunity to speak in more detail, from a historical point of view, about the concept of man in culture XX century (painting, literature, theater, cinema, virtual world). A holistic, typological approach is applied to the phenomena of artistic culture, which makes it possible to give a picture of the development of art in the unity of its leading artistic tendencies, manifested in different directions, genres and styles of art and literature.

Targetcourse "Masterpieces of World Culture" - to form students' system of orienting knowledge about the main trends in the development of world culture on the example of its most significant phenomena (architecture, painting, cinema, literature, sculpture, theater). FSES HPE provides for the knowledge by graduates of the main stages of the history of culture, based on the consistent study of outstanding achievements in the field of artistic creativity in various regions of the world, national schools.

Main goals- study of the history of culture of different countries and regions of the world, in-depth knowledge of historical processes in these national cultures, their interpretation by domestic and foreign art historians, philosophers, historians, culturologists; identification of patterns of interaction of general trends in art; the formation of ideas about the development of the concept of a person in different eras and its artistic embodiment; development of the main body of the world artistic heritage; systematization of general humanitarian knowledge.

Basic didactic units : author, norm, tradition, innovation, continuity, theory and history of culture, theory and history of art, artistic trends and trends, the system of basic concepts of art history, aesthetic categories, patterns of interaction of general trends in the field of culture and, in particular, in the artistic sphere, successive features in the evolution of styles, artistic methods, masterpieces, the language of culture.

Course material are works of art, research literature, monographs and articles on the development of world culture. The proposed list of scientific critical research literature should help the student more deeply and systematically get acquainted with the general trends in the development of world culture.

The course "Masterpieces of World Culture" is taught during the 1st semester. An integral part of the subject is the history of aesthetic doctrines and art criticism, which represent the methodological and theoretical foundations of the discipline. This course is an important element in the system of developing humanitarian disciplines, allowing you to get an idea of ​​the general laws of the development of the world cultural process.

Exam is exhibited based on the results of work in practical classes, writing a semester written work (abstract for ALC, control work - for OZO), providing a glossary and abstracts of scientific papers on topical issues of cultural development.

1.2. THE PLACE OF DISCIPLINE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE OOP BACHELOR

Discipline "Masterpieces of World Culture" is included in the section “Humanitarian and Social Cycle. The bvariate part (disciplines of the student's choice) ". Developing and deepening the humanitarian element in the education of a student acquiring a non-humanitarian specialty, this discipline is in its own way a necessary element of professional training, since it expands the general cultural horizons. This course forms a system of knowledge that contributes to the development of basic humanitarian subjects ("History", etc.). Mastering this material allows you to get an idea of ​​the general laws of the development of world art culture. Outstanding phenomena of the aesthetic sphere, possessing enduring cultural and historical value, are studied in close connection with the history of philosophy, literature and language, problems of the socio-political structure. The proposed course helps to develop skills for independent study of the most significant phenomena in the history of the artistic worldview, if possible, learn to use the acquired knowledge to improve your personality.

1.3. Competencies of a Bachelor's Degree OOP graduate, formed as a result of mastering this discipline.

As a result of mastering the discipline "Masterpieces of World Culture" the graduate must have the following general cultural competencies:

the ability to improve and develop their intellectual, general cultural and moral-psychological level (OK-1).

As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

Know: basic concepts and terms of theory and history of culture; understand the essence and significance of information in the development of a modern information society.

Be able to: to put into practice the basic skills of collecting special facts using traditional methods and modern information technologies.

Own: basic methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills of working with a computer as a means of information management; skills of working with information in global computer networks.

2. STRUCTURE AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE

3. THEMATIC PLAN

Table 1.1

Thematic plan for full-time education

№	Theme	semester weeks	Types of educational work and independent work, per hour.	Total hours on the topic	Of these, in an interactive form, per hour	Total points
Lectures	Practical lessons	Independent work
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Masterpieces of world culture
Module 1
	Culture is a world of meanings							0-11
	The culture of the ancient world (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome)							0-11
	Culture of the Middle Ages							0-12
	Renaissance culture							0-12
	Total	1-8	8	8	52	68	4	0-46
Module 2
	Art culture 17th century	9-10						0-10
	Features of European culture XVIII century	11-12						0-11
	19th century culture	13-14