Social control concept types of function. Social control

26.09.2019

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The term "social control" was first introduced by a French sociologist. He suggested that it be considered one of the most important. society.

Social control is a mechanism that exists to maintain order in society, aimed at preventing the unwanted, deviating and punishing them for this. Carried out through regulation.

The most important condition for the functioning of a social system is the predictability of people's actions and behavior. If it is not fulfilled, then its disintegration will occur. For the stability of the system, society uses various means, which include social control, which performs a protective and stabilizing function.

It has a structure and consists of and sanctions. The first contain prescriptions, certain models of behavior in society (they indicate what people should do, think, speak and feel). They are subdivided into legal (enshrined in laws, contain sanctions for their violation) and (expressed in the form of public opinion, the main instrument of influence is general censure or approval).

The norms are classified by scale into those that exist in small, large groups and in society as a whole. The general ones include traditions, customs, etiquette, laws, customs, etc. Norms are the rights and obligations of a person in relation to others, the fulfillment of which is expected of him by those around him. They have a strictly defined framework. These usually include social customs and traditions, manners, etiquette, group habits, taboos, social customs, laws.

For the regulation of human behavior, there are sanctions, with the help of which his "correct actions" are encouraged, and for the violations committed, penalties are applied. They can be very diverse, ranging from a disapproving look to imprisonment and even the death penalty. Sanctions are divided into 4 types: negative (punishment), positive (reward), formal (various awards, bonuses, certificates, scholarships, fines, imprisonment, etc.), informal (approval, praise, compliment, verbal reprimand, offensive tone).

Types of social control

External (formal and informal) and internal.

Formal control is carried out by government agencies, social and political organizations, the media, based on official condemnation or approval and acting on the territory of the entire state. At the same time, the norms governing human activities are contained in laws, regulations, various instructions and orders. Formal social control is aimed at observance of the existing order and respect for the laws with the help of representatives of state bodies. Informal is based on condemnation or approval of actions by friends, relatives, neighbors, colleagues, and so on. It is expressed in the form of traditions, customs, and also through the media.

Internal social control presupposes a person's regulation of his behavior independently, based on generally accepted norms. It manifests itself in the form of emotional experiences, feelings of guilt and, in general, attitudes towards perfect deeds. The main elements of self-control are conscience, will and consciousness.

Indirect (based on identification with a law-abiding group) and direct social control, which is based on the availability of various ways to satisfy needs and achieve goals, alternative to immoral or illegal.

- a mechanism for maintaining public order through normative regulation, which implies the actions of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing deviants or correcting them.

Social control concept

The most important condition for the effective functioning of the social system is the predictability of social actions and social behavior of people, in the absence of which the social system will be disorganized and disintegrated. Society has certain means by which it ensures the reproduction of existing social relations and interactions. One of these means is social control, the main function of which is to create conditions for the stability of the social system, the preservation of social stability and at the same time for positive social changes. This requires flexibility from social control, including the ability to recognize positive-constructive deviations from social norms that should be encouraged, and negative-dysfunctional deviations, to which certain negative sanctions (from the Latin sanctio - the strictest decree) should be applied, including including legal.

- this is, on the one hand, the mechanism of social regulation, a set of means and methods of social impact, and on the other hand, the social practice of their use.

In general, the social behavior of an individual proceeds under the control of society and the people around him. They not only teach the individual the rules of social behavior in the process of socialization, but also act as agents of social control, observing the correctness of the assimilation of social behavior patterns and their implementation in practice. In this regard, social control acts as a special form and method of social regulation of people's behavior in society. Social control is manifested in the subordination of the individual to the social group into which he is integrated, which is expressed in the meaningful or spontaneous adherence to the social norms prescribed by this group.

Social control consists of two elements- social norms and social sanctions.

Social norms are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people.

Social sanctions are rewards and punishments that motivate people to comply with social norms.

Social norms

Social norms- these are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and social norms proper.

Legal regulations - these are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms implies legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

Moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main instrument in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

TO social norms usually include:

group social habits (for example, “don’t turn your nose up in front of your own”);
social customs (eg hospitality);
social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),
public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);
social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, customs, taboos are sometimes called general rules of social behavior.

Social sanction

Sanction recognized as the main instrument of social control and represents an incentive for compliance, expressed in the form of reward (positive sanction) or punishment (negative sanction). Sanctions are formal, imposed by the state or specially authorized organizations and persons, and informal, expressed by unofficial persons.

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that motivate people to abide by social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are inseparably whole, and if some social norm lacks an accompanying social sanction, then it loses its socially regulating function. For example, back in the 19th century. in Western Europe, the social norm was the birth of children only in legal marriage. Therefore, illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they were neglected in everyday communication, they could not enter into decent marriages. However, society, as it modernized and softened public opinion regarding illegitimate children, gradually began to exclude informal and formal sanctions for violation of this norm. As a result, this social norm ceased to exist altogether.

There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);
isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);
rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

Types of social sanctions

While formal sanctions seem to be more effective, in fact, informal sanctions are more important to the individual. The need for friendship, love, recognition, or fear of ridicule and shame are often more effective than orders or fines.

In the process of socialization, forms of external control are assimilated so that they become part of his own beliefs. An internal control system is being formed, called self-control. A typical example of self-control is the pangs of conscience of a person who has committed an unworthy act. In a developed society, self-control mechanisms prevail over external control mechanisms.

Types of social control

In sociology, two main processes of social control are distinguished: the application of positive or negative sanctions for the social behavior of an individual; interiorization (from the French. interiorization - transition from outside to inside) by an individual of social norms of behavior. In this regard, external social control and internal social control, or self-control, are distinguished.

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee the observance of social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Formal social control, based on official approval or condemnation, is carried out by state authorities, political and social organizations, the education system, the media and operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, decrees, orders and instructions. Formal social control may also include the dominant ideology in society. Speaking of formal social control, they mean, first of all, actions aimed at making people respect laws and order with the help of representatives of the authorities. This control is especially effective in large social groups.

Informal social control based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, is expressed through traditions, customs or the media. The agents of informal social control are such social institutions as family, school, religion. This type of control is especially effective in small social groups.

In the process of social control, violation of some social norms is followed by very weak punishment, for example, disapproval, an unfriendly look, a grin. Violation of other social norms is followed by severe punishments - the death penalty, imprisonment, expulsion from the country. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are the least punishable.

Internal social control- independent regulation by the individual of his social behavior in society. In the process of self-control, a person independently regulates his social behavior, harmonizing it with generally accepted norms. This type of control manifests itself, on the one hand, in feelings of guilt, emotional experiences, "remorse" for social actions, on the other, in the form of an individual's reflection on his social behavior.

The individual's self-control over his own social behavior is formed in the process of his socialization and the formation of socio-psychological mechanisms of his internal self-regulation. The main elements of self-control are consciousness, conscience and will.

- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows an individual to rationalize his social behavior.

Conscience- the ability of a person to independently formulate his own moral obligations and demand from himself their fulfillment, as well as to make a self-assessment of the actions and deeds performed. Conscience does not allow an individual to violate his established attitudes, principles, beliefs, in accordance with which he builds his social behavior.

Will- conscious regulation by a person of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome external and internal difficulties in the performance of purposeful actions and deeds. The will helps the individual to overcome their inner subconscious desires and needs, to act and behave in society in accordance with their beliefs.

In the process of social behavior, an individual has to constantly struggle with his subconscious, which gives his behavior a spontaneous character, therefore, self-control is the most important condition for the social behavior of people. Usually, individuals' self-control over their social behavior increases with age. But it also depends on social circumstances and the nature of external social control: the stricter the external control, the weaker the self-control. Moreover, social experience shows that the weaker the individual's self-control, the more rigid external control should be in relation to him. However, this is fraught with high social costs, since strict external control is accompanied by social degradation of the individual.

In addition to external and internal social control of the social behavior of an individual, there are also: 1) indirect social control based on identification with a reference law-abiding group; 2) social control based on the wide availability of a variety of ways to achieve goals and meet needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Human life is governed by numerous norms that determine what is good and what is bad. One of the mechanisms for creating and maintaining order among people is social control, which has different types and characteristics.

What is social control?

The mechanism used to maintain order in society is called social control. With its help, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of deviations in the behavior of people and receive punishments for them. Regulatory regulation is used for it. Social control is a means that helps a person to assimilate the cultural norms that have developed in society. For the first time this term was introduced in France by sociologist Gabriel Tardom.

Social control in sociology

To regulate human behavior in society, various methods are used, which imply the subordination of the individual to the group. Social control includes two elements: norms and sanctions. The first term is understood as the rules and standards enshrined in legislation or approved by society, which regulate the behavior of people. Sanctions are elements of social control, which involve defining methods of reward and punishment that encourage people to adhere to norms.

Social control in the economy

Any organization creates groups of people that are based on some form of social control. Researchers in the history of economics have identified four main types of regulation.

For primitive people, the essence of social control was moral.
When the slave system was established, corporal punishment was used.
During the period of feudalism, social control was based on administrative restrictions.
During the establishment of capitalism, economic control was used.

Social control in religion

For the implementation of connections in the public and as a means of social control, religion is applicable, which unites a huge number of people. She has her own methods and techniques based on the authority of the Lord. If you look back in history, you can find many examples where religious means of social control helped to maintain social ties when the role of the state was weakened. In this case, the main tools of religion include: the cult of the prophet, holy books and faith.

Why is social control needed?

In all types of society, there was social control and initially these were simple customs, with the help of which they understood what was acceptable and what was not. There are a number of important functions for which social regulation is used:

Protective. With the help of certain restrictions, it is possible to preserve public (life, honor, freedom, property, and so on) and prevent attempts to encroach on them. With the help of the protective function, it is possible to transfer social experience from one generation to the next.
Regulatory. The functions of social control are manifested at different levels of life, and in this case, it means a set of processes that direct, determine and limit the form for the embodiment of a person's or group's own potential and experience in certain conditions.
Stabilizing. The importance of social control for society is manifested in the ability to predict human behavior in different situations, which helps to ensure social order.

Types of social control

There are several classifications that are guided by different criteria. There are forms of social control that depend on the subject:

Administrative. It is implemented by managers at different levels with a focus on existing regulatory documents. The disadvantages include the fact that administrative control may not always be operational, objective and all-encompassing.
Public. The structure of social control includes a form of regulation that is carried out through social organizations. To do this, use different charters and regulations related to their status. Its effectiveness is due to the fact that such groups are organized and structured.
Group. This implies mutual control of individual team members. It can be formal, that is, when meetings, meetings and conferences are used, and informal, implying a general collective opinion and mood.

Internal and external social control

If we focus on the sphere of regulation, then the following classification is distinguished:

External social control. It implies a set of certain mechanisms used to regulate the reality of a person. It can be formal or informal. This classification will be discussed later. In the modern world, such control is ineffective, since you have to constantly monitor the actions of each person or social community. As a result, a certain chain of "controllers" is formed, which is more characteristic of totalitarianism.
Internal social control. This means that each person controls himself independently, taking into account the known norms of behavior. Behavior correction is carried out with the help of feelings, the types and shame that a person feels as a result of violation of social rules. For the successful functioning of self-control, it is important to clearly identify norms and values.

Formal and informal social control

As already mentioned, external regulation is divided into two separate groups:

Formal control. It implies official consent or denial on the part of the authorities or various organizations, the media, education systems, and so on. For this, various laws, decrees, instructions and other documents are used. Formal social control is a series of actions that are designed to compel a person to comply with the law. There are different authorities for this. It gives good results in large groups.
Informal control. In this case, it means obtaining approval or condemnation from relatives, friends, colleagues and other people from the environment. For this, traditions, customs and the media are used. Informal control is exercised by such social institutions: family, school and church. He gives results when focusing on small groups.

Social control and self-control

It has already been said that internal social control is also called self-control and by it means the assessment and regulation of one's own, thoughts and behavior. In this case, will is of great importance, which determines a person's ability to make and implement conscious decisions. Social control provides an opportunity to achieve goals in life. It can be determined by focusing on innate genetic characteristics and on psychological human skills.

Social control and deviation

Deviation from social norms or deviation implies the behavior of an individual or a group of individuals that is contrary to existing norms. They can take on different formations. Examples of perpetrators include criminals, sinners, innovators, geniuses, and others whose behavior stands out beyond what is permitted. It is worth noting the fact that social control is very difficult to define, since situations are often ambiguous.

The desire for such deviations can be caused by a number of reasons that are of a biological, psychological and social nature. The deviation structure has three main components:

A person who has certain behavioral traits.
The norms established in order to evaluate the command of the deviant type.
People or organizations that can regulate a person's command.

Social control, its types. Norms and sanctions. Deviant (deviant) behavior

Social control - a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions.

Social norms

Social norms- these are socially approved or legally enshrined rules, standards, patterns that regulate the social behavior of people. Therefore, social norms are divided into legal norms, moral norms and social norms proper.

Legal regulations - these are norms formally enshrined in various kinds of legislative acts. Violation of legal norms implies legal, administrative and other types of punishment.

Moral standards- informal norms functioning in the form of public opinion. The main instrument in the system of moral norms is public censure or public approval.

TO social norms usually include:

group social habits (for example, “don’t turn your nose up in front of your own”);

social customs (eg hospitality);

social traditions (for example, subordination of children to parents),

public mores (manners, morality, etiquette);

social taboos (absolute prohibitions on cannibalism, infanticide, etc.). Customs, traditions, customs, taboos are sometimes called general rules of social behavior.

Social sanction

Social sanctions - they are rewards and punishments that motivate people to abide by social norms. In this regard, social sanctions can be called the guardian of social norms.

Social norms and social sanctions are inseparably whole, and if some social norm lacks an accompanying social sanction, then it loses its socially regulating function.

There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

Types of sanctions (types of social control)

Formal (official):

Negative (punishment) - punishment for a crime of law or violation of an administrative order: fines, imprisonment, etc.

Positive (rewards) - encouragement of a person's activity or deed by official organizations: awards, certificates of professional, academic success, etc.

Informal (unofficial):

Negative - condemnation of a person for an act by society: an offensive tone, swearing or reprimand, demonstrative disregard of the person, etc.

Positive - gratitude and approval of unofficial persons - friends, acquaintances, colleagues: praise, an approving smile, etc., etc.

Types of social control

External social control is a set of forms, methods and actions that guarantee the observance of social norms of behavior. There are two types of external control - formal and informal.

Human consciousness- it is an individual form of mental representation of reality in the form of a generalized and subjective model of the surrounding world in the form of verbal concepts and sensory images. Consciousness allows the individual to rationalize their social behavior.

Deviant behavior

Under deviant(from Lat. deviatio - deviation) behavior modern sociology implies, on the one hand, an act, a person's actions that do not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms or standards in a given society, and on the other hand, a social phenomenon expressed in mass forms of human activity that do not correspond to the officially established or actually established in a given society norms or standards.

One of the recognized in modern sociology is the typology of deviant behavior, developed by R. Merton.

Typology of deviant behavior Merton builds on the concept of deviation as a gap between cultural goals and socially approved ways of achieving them. Accordingly, he identifies four possible types of deviation:

innovation, implying agreement with the goals of society and denial of generally accepted ways to achieve them (“innovators” include prostitutes, blackmailers, creators of “financial pyramids”, great scientists);

ritualism associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and an absurd exaggeration of the importance of ways to achieve them, for example, a bureaucrat requires that each document be carefully filled out, double checked, filed in four copies, but the main thing is forgotten - the goal;

retretism(or escape from reality), expressed in the rejection of both socially approved goals and the ways to achieve them (drunkards, drug addicts, homeless people, etc.);

riot, denying both goals and methods, but striving to replace them with new ones (revolutionaries striving for a radical breakdown of all social relations).

Some reasons for deviant behavior are not social, but biopsychic. For example, an addiction to alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders can be transmitted from parents to children.

Marginalization is one of the reasons for deviations. The main sign of marginalization is the severing of social ties, and in the "classical" version, economic and social ties are severed first, and then spiritual ones. As a characteristic feature of the social behavior of marginalized people can be called a decrease in the level of social expectations and social needs.

Vagrancy and begging, representing a special way of life, have recently become widespread among various types of social deviations. The social danger of social deviations of this kind is that vagabonds and beggars often act as intermediaries in the distribution of drugs, commit theft and other crimes.

Positive and negative deviations

Deviation (deviations), as a rule, are negative. For example, crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, terrorism, etc. However, in some cases, it is also possible positive deviations, for example, sharply individualized behavior characteristic of original creative thinking, which can be assessed by society as "eccentricity", a deviation from the norm, but at the same time be socially useful. Asceticism, holiness, genius, innovation are signs of positive deviations.

There are two types of negative deviations:

deviations that are aimed at causing harm to others (various aggressive, illegal, criminal actions);

deviations that harm the person himself (alcoholism, suicide, drug addiction, etc.).

Back to Social Control

In sociology, different types and forms of social control are distinguished.

Internal and external control.

A person who has mastered social norms is able to independently regulate his actions, harmonizing them with the generally accepted system of values and approved patterns of behavior. This is internal control (self-control), which is based on the moral principles of a person. External control is a set of social institutions that regulate people's behavior and ensure compliance with generally accepted norms and laws.

Informal and formal control.

Informal (intragroup) control is carried out by participants in a social process and is based on the approval or condemnation of the actions of the individual from the inner circle (colleagues, acquaintances, friends, family members), public opinion.

Formal (institutional) control is carried out by special public institutions, control bodies, state organizations and institutions (army, court, municipal institutions, media, political parties, etc.).

Depending on who exercises social control, the following types are distinguished:

1. Administrative social control. For its implementation, the higher authorities endow the administration of the enterprise and its subdivisions with the appropriate powers. Administrative control is based on a predetermined, legalized procedure, on existing regulatory and legal documents and uses clearly fixed means of influence.
2. Control of public organizations. It is carried out mainly by trade union organizations, various commissions formed in accordance with the Charter of trade unions.
3. Group social control, which is understood as the impact of the team, individual groups on workers. Group social control has two varieties: official (labor collective meetings, production meetings, etc.) and unofficial, socio-psychological, expressed in spontaneous mutual reactions of collective members to behavior. The last type of social control includes refusal of contacts, ridicule, approval, friendly disposition, etc. Often such an informal collective influence is more effective than administrative.
4. The employee's self-control over his own behavior, ie, internal control associated with the assimilation by employees of the values and norms of behavior accepted in society and the team. The more individual values and norms coincide with general collective values, the more effective self-control is. With an increase in the level of employee motivation, the importance of internal control based on a sense of duty, professional honor, and conscience will increase.

The most effective are influences that combine external control and self-control. The combination of external control with self-control leads to the advantages of moving to a flexible (rolling) work schedule. In this case, intra-shift losses of working time due to the fault of the employee are eliminated, delays and premature departures from work are eliminated, and the loss of time due to administrative leaves is sharply reduced.

The expansion of the role of group control and self-control of socially significant actions in the world of work is associated with an increase in the amount of responsibility of the team and the employee for the final results of labor. Responsibility as a significant behavioral characteristic and acts as a means of self-control.

Strengthening in modern conditions the importance of such subjects of social control as the primary labor collective and the employee himself, presupposes the expansion of their powers, rights and obligations contributes to their implementation in practical labor activity. Participation in social control means that the primary collective and each employee becomes the subject of responsibility, including legal, economic, moral. After all, responsibility arises only when a participant in an employment relationship is endowed with rights, obligations, and independence.

Responsibility as the most important sociological category characterizes the attitude of the employee to society, work, workmates and reflects the fulfillment of legal and moral norms, role responsibilities. The set of role responsibilities of the employee, primarily production and functional, depending on the positions he occupies in the system of social relations, characterizes the scope of his responsibility. By becoming an active participant in social control, the employee is responsible for his actions and actions, first of all, to himself.

The responsibility of each employee is closely related to the degree of his independence in the world of work. The higher the production independence of an employee, expressed, in particular, in the ability to choose the methods of performing the assigned work himself, to keep records of the results of labor, the higher his initiative and sense of labor responsibility, the more responsible his behavior.

Further development of the problem of responsibility is associated with the specification of the types, conditions, limits, the mechanism for the implementation of responsibility, as well as a combination of collective and personal responsibility in the world of work.

The influence of social control largely determines the higher economic results of the work of teams in comparison with those working individually. Group mutual control in teams allows you to assess the discipline and conscientiousness of each member of the team, to form a responsible attitude to the work performed. In brigades of the new type, the number of discipline violations is significantly reduced.

For the effectiveness of group mutual control, it is important to establish the optimal size of the primary team. It should not exceed an average of 7-15 employees. The large number of the primary labor collective leads to a lack of information about the contribution of each to the common cause. Under these conditions, relationships of mutual responsibility and interchangeability cause tension in interpersonal relationships, anxiety, and dissatisfaction. Mutual social control stops working. In practice, however, when the teams are formed, the sociological aspects of their functioning are underestimated, they do not attach due importance to the creation of conditions for the operation of the mechanism of mutual social control.

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Control in all professions goes through the same developmental stages.

§ 3. Types of social and legal control.

Leaders decide

the issue of accepting new members, regulate powers, set standards for practical

work and professional ethics, agree on different levels of monopoly on the solution. However

less, in control in social work, its own distinctive, characteristic features are manifested.

Social work are distinguished by its special ties with other professions and social

institutes. Traditionally, social workers implement linking, mediating and

protective social functions, while fulfilling its main function of providing

to individuals and families of practical social services, the expansion of the scope of which

started after 1991. Social workers today have a wide range of activities.

Strengthening social work is reflected in the expansion of its scope and ambiguity

professional functions.

Modern professional social work leaders not only accept but

and exploit this ambiguity.

It is probably impossible to achieve absolute clarity about

functions of employees of organizations social service... Wide range of species

activities and situations covered may partly explain why control

consider how an educational process, how a management process, how a mixture of that and

As social services are organized and expanded, as the work on

studying the living conditions of dysfunctional families and helping them in the field of control arose

individual mentoring approach, corresponding to an individual approach to each

occasion. The emphasis placed on the learning control function has also been influenced by the development of

university training of professionals. Control џ ° _____ is perceived as a means of transmission

knowledge and skills from an experienced, trained worker to an inexperienced one. And in the area

professional education - from the teacher and the head of the practice to the student.

Social workers often express dissatisfaction with the monitoring and control of their

work, especially with regard to over-dependence in the application of traditional forms. They

want to be considered practicing professionals and not be supervised.

In the early stages of professional development on the basis of the "mentor - student" model

knowledge is determined and principles of practical work are formed. Until knowledge

acquire transferable, generalized forms, trainees learn by following the example of a mentor, and

B.45 Social control: forms and types.

The efforts of society aimed at preventing deviant behavior, punishing and correcting deviants are defined by the concept of "social control".

Social control- a mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society in order to strengthen order and stability in society. V narrow sense, social control is the control of public opinion, the publicity of the results and assessments of the activities and behavior of people.

Social control includes two main elements: social norms and sanctions. Sanctions- any reaction from others to the behavior of a person or group.

Views:Informal(intragroup) - based on the approval or condemnation of a group of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through traditions and customs or through the media.

Formal(institutional) - based on the support of existing social institutions (army, court, education, etc.)

In sociological science it is known 4 principal forms of social control:

External control (A set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior and laws)

Internal control (self-control);

Control through identification with a reference group;

Control through the creation of opportunities to achieve socially significant goals by means that are most suitable for a given person and approved by society (the so-called "many opportunities").

In the process of socialization, the norms are assimilated so firmly that people, violating them, experience a feeling of awkwardness or guilt, pangs of conscience.

The generally accepted norms, being rational prescriptions, remain in the sphere of consciousness, below which is the sphere of the subconscious, or the unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses. Self-control means restraining the elements of nature, it is based on volitional effort. There are the following social control mechanisms:

isolation - isolating the deviant from society (for example, imprisonment);

isolation - limiting the contacts of the deviant with others (for example, placement in a psychiatric clinic);

rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at returning the deviant to a normal life.

B.46 Civil society and the state.

Civil society is a set of social relations, formal and informal structures that provide conditions for a person's political activity, the satisfaction and implementation of various needs and interests of the individual and social groups and associations. A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building the rule of law and its equal partner. Signs of civil society: the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; developed democracy; legal protection of citizens; a certain level of civic culture, a high educational level of the population; the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;

self management; competition between the structures that form it and different groups of people; freely forming public opinion and pluralism; strong social policy of the state; diversified economy; a large share in the middle class society. The state of civil society, his needs and goals define the main features and social purpose of the state... Qualitative changes in the structure of civil society, the content of the main spheres of its activity, inevitably lead to a change in the nature and forms of state power. At the same time, the state, possessing relative independence in relation to civil society, can significantly influence its state. This influence is usually positive, aimed at maintaining stability and progressive development of civil society. Although history knows and opposite examples. The state as a special phenomenon of social power has qualitative characteristics. It is organized in the form of a state apparatus; carries out management of society through a system of functions and certain methods. Outwardly, the state is presented in various forms. State signs- its qualitative features, expressing the characteristics of the state in comparison with other organizations that exercise power and management functions in society. The main features of the state include: sovereignty, the territorial principle of exercising power, special public power, inextricable link with law

B. 47 Mass consciousness and mass action. Forms of mass behavior.

Mass consciousness- the base of mass actions, behavior. Mass actions can be poorly organized (panic, pogroms) or sufficiently prepared (demonstration, revolution, war). Much depends on whether the situation is realized or not, whether there are leaders who are able to lead the rest.

Bulk behavior(including spontaneous) is a term of political psychology, which denotes various forms of behavior of large groups of people, crowds, circulation of rumors, panic and other mass phenomena.

Forms of mass behavior include: mass hysteria, rumors, gossip, panic, pogrom, riot.

mass hysteria- a state of general nervousness, increased excitability and fear caused by unfounded rumors (medieval "witch-hunt", post-war "cold war", trials over "enemies of the people" in the era of Stalinism, media escalation of the threat of a "third world war" in the 1960s 70 years, mass intolerance towards representatives of other nationalities.)

gossip- a set of information that arises from anonymous sources and is disseminated through informal channels.

panic- such a form of mass behavior, when people faced with danger show uncoordinated reactions. They act independently, usually interfering and injuring each other.

pogrom- a collective act of violence undertaken by an uncontrolled and emotionally agitated mob against property or an individual.

riot- a collective concept denoting a number of spontaneous forms of collective protest: rebellion, excitement, turmoil, uprising.

B. 48. Culture as a system of values

the culture Is a system of values accumulated by mankind over the long history of its development.

Concept, structure and types of social control

including all forms and means of human self-expression and self-knowledge. Culture is also a manifestation of human subjectivity and objectivity (character, competencies, skills, abilities and knowledge). The main elements of culture: language, customs, traditions, customs, laws, values.

Values- these are socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what kindness, justice, love, friendship are. No society can do without values. It is values that are the defining element of culture, its core. They act as a) the desired, preferable for a given social subject (individual, social community, society) state of social ties, content of ideas, art form, etc.; b) a criterion for assessing real phenomena; c) they determine the meaning of purposeful activity; d) regulate social interactions; e) internally stimulate to activity. V value system social subject may include different values:

1 ) meaningful (ideas about good and evil, happiness, purpose and meaning of life);

2 ) universal: a) vital (life, health, personal safety, welfare, family, education, qualifications, law and order, etc.); b) public recognition (hard work, social status, etc.); c) interpersonal communication (honesty, selflessness, benevolence);

d) democratic (freedom of speech, conscience, parties, national sovereignty, etc.);

3 ) particular: a) attachment to a small homeland, family; b) fetishisms (belief in God, striving for the absolute).

The main types of social control.

Social control- a system of methods and strategies by which society directs the behavior of individuals. In an ordinary sense, social control is reduced to a system of laws and sanctions, with the help of which the individual coordinates his behavior with the expectations of his neighbors and his own expectations from the surrounding social world.

Social control includes:

· Expectation - expectations of others in relation to this person;

· Social norms - patterns that prescribe what people should do in specific situations .;

· Social sanction - a measure of impact.

Forms of social control- ways of regulating human life in society, due to various social processes.

The most common forms of social control are:

v law - a set of legal acts;

v taboo - a system of prohibitions on the commission of any actions;

v customs - ways of behavior of people, common in a given society;

v traditions - such customs that have developed historically in connection with the culture of a given ethnic group;

v morality - customs associated with the understanding of good and evil in a given social group;

v morals - customs that characterize the forms of behavior of people in a particular social stratum;

v manners - a set of behavioral habits of a given person or social group;

v habit is an unconscious action of an automated nature;

v etiquette - a set of rules of conduct related to the external manifestation of attitudes towards people.

Social norms Are established standards of behavior from the point of view of society and specific social groups.

Most social norms are unwritten rules.

Signs of social norms:

1) general validity;

2) the possibility of applying sanctions (awards or punishments);

3) the presence of a subjective side (freedom to comply with norms);

4) interdependence (systems of norms that regulate the actions of people);

5) the scale is divided into social (customs, traditions, laws) and group (mores, manners, habits).

Social sanction- a measure of influence, the most important means of social control.

Types of sanctions: negative and positive, formal and informal.

Negative sanctions are directed against a person who has deviated from social norms.

Positive sanctions are aimed at supporting and approving a person who follows these norms.

Formal sanctions are imposed by an official, public or government agency or their representative.

Informal usually involves the reaction of group members, friends, coworkers, relatives, etc.

Positive sanctions are usually more powerful than negative ones. The strength of the impact of sanctions depends on many circumstances, the most important of which is agreement on their application.

The concept of social deviation.

Social deviation - social behavior deviating from the accepted, socially acceptable behavior in a particular society. It can be both negative (alcoholism) and positive. Negative deviant behavior leads to the application of certain formal and informal sanctions by society (isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender).

Causes of deviant behavior

· The basic premise of all theories of physical types is that certain physical traits of the personality predetermine the various deviations from the norms that it makes.

· In accordance with sociological, or cultural, theories, individuals become deviants, since the processes of socialization they undergo in a group are unsuccessful in relation to some well-defined norms, and these failures affect the internal structure of the personality.

· Deviant behavior is one of the ways of adapting culture to social changes. There is no modern society that has remained for a long time

Types of social deviations

Cultural and mental disabilities.

Social control - types and main functions

Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from cultural norms.

Individual and group deviations.

Individual, when a separate individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

Group, considered as the conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture

Primary and secondary deviations. Primary deviation refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. Secondary deviation is called a deviation from existing norms in a group, which is socially defined as deviant.

Culturally approved deviations. Deviant behavior is always judged in terms of the culture of a given society:

Superintelligence.

Overmotivation.

Great achievements are not only a pronounced talent and desire, but also their manifestation in a certain place and at a certain time.

Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations, manifested in the form of extraordinary achievement and activism towards the development of generally accepted cultural values.

The function of primary social control is the moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life, as well as responsibility and obligation in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older generation. This function is also performed primarily by women. She carries out the formation and support of legal and moral sanctions in case of violation of the norms of relations between family members. With the successful reproduction of the social structure of society in a small social group that meets the general requirements, the provision of social status to each member of the family is ensured, and conditions are created to meet individual needs for social advancement.

Leisure function - its main goal is communication, maintaining harmony in the family between its members.

This function presupposes the organization of rational leisure time with simultaneous social control, mutual enrichment. Holidays, evenings of relaxation, hiking, reading fiction and scientific literature, watching TV, listening to the radio, visiting cinema, theaters, museums, etc.

Leisure is a change of activity, excluding idle pastime. Unfortunately, this function has received little attention from parents, especially fathers. To a greater extent, a woman is aware of this, imagining that the organization of leisure is a social function, a moral duty to society, since it contributes to the moral strengthening of the family. It is especially important to support the desire of children to communicate in clubs, hikes, etc. To awaken love for nature, a sensitive attitude to it, to be able to see beauty - an extremely important moment in the educational activities of a family.

Sexual function is the appropriate control over the moral side of intimate relationships of family members (spouses) while instilling in an individual real ideas about intimate relationships. With this function, from the point of view of appropriate upbringing, parents do not cope well. Prostitution, trafficking and exploitation of women are widespread in the country. Parenting is opposed by the media, in fact, supporting this disturbing social phenomenon.

The multifunctional role of women in the modern family cannot be justified either theoretically or practically.

It is necessary to develop a national mechanism for managing social processes that determine the position of women in a small social group, and creating conditions for the practical application of the theory of equality of family rights and responsibilities in life.

Ways to strengthen the family.

One of the manifestations of the family crisis is divorce. According to statistics, a divorce case is initiated mainly at the request of a woman, since a woman in our time has become independent, she works, she can support her family and does not want to put up with her husband's shortcomings. In opinion polls, more than half of men and women would like to remarry. Only an insignificant part chose loneliness. In divorce, apart from spouses, there are also interested persons - children. The more divorces, the fewer children. This is the social harm of divorce. Divorce reduces the family's educational opportunities for children. Children suffer a lot of psychological trauma that parents often do not think about. Many people know that they cause suffering to their children, but not many understand what they can lead to, how this will affect the child in his later life.

Divorce is assessed as a blessing only if it changes for the better the conditions for the formation of the child's personality, puts an end to the negative impact of marital conflicts on the child's psyche.

According to some psychologists, the cause of most marital problems and divorces is the lack of love between spouses and lack of peace of mind.

Social control

In other words, the cause of such social problems as violence, treason, drug or alcohol addiction, etc. among married men and married women one must look for emotional poverty. That is why many modern thinkers are looking for ways to strengthen love between spouses.

At the state level, in order to prevent divorce, they create and expand a system for preparing young people for marriage, as well as a socio-psychological service to help families and single people.

Back in the early 70s, sociological and demographic studies and surveys of the population revealed a shift in personal values towards “material fetishism”. At that time, questions about family and children were already causing endless complaints about housing and material difficulties. But children are not born purely for economic reasons. The intensive use of references to material obstacles to childbirth, called the “concept of obstacles” in sociological demography and family sociology, testifies to the universality of alienation in this area.

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§ 3. Types of social and legal control.

B.45 Social control: forms and types.

Concept, structure and types of social control

The main types of social control.

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