Dictionary of foreign words in Russian. How to distinguish loan words in Russian: examples of foreign language expressions

Borrowings are the most dynamic part of the lexical system of the Russian language, therefore, dictionaries of foreign words that provide an interpretation of the foreign language vocabulary that entered the Russian language at different periods of its history have always been one of the most common types of lexicographic publications. In connection with the significant expansion of the place of borrowings in the Russian language in recent decades, the need for this type of reference publications has sharply increased, which, in turn, has caused the emergence of a large number of new dictionaries of various sizes.

Modern dictionaries of foreign words, being of the aspect type, describing certain fragments of the lexical system, are closest to explanatory dictionaries, while the etymological reference serves as an obligatory component of the dictionary entry. A feature of dictionaries of foreign words is also their encyclopedic nature. Often, interpretations in dictionaries of foreign words approach the dictionary entries of an encyclopedic dictionary. For example:

MASONS[francs-magons letters, free masons] - otherwise Freemasons - members of a religious and ethical society that arose in the 18th century. in England, and then spreading a network of its cells (lodges) and in the rest of Europe (including Russia); the preaching of moral self-improvement was accompanied by the special, ritual and mystery of the Masons; Masonic organizations (lodges) still exist in France, the USA and other countries.

Many dictionaries of foreign words combine the features of an explanatory and etymological dictionaries, an encyclopedia, a normative reference book and reflect a certain level of society's culture. "Integration in the dictionary of interpretations and elements of the field structure, etymological and encyclopedic references of different volumes carries cognitive-semantic information about the modern linguistic picture of the world, in which borrowings occupy a very significant place" [Glinkina 2007: 99].

Due to the fact that the most active process of borrowing occurs in the field of science and technology, a large percentage of the lexical units described in dictionaries of foreign words is of a terminological nature. Dictionaries of foreign words react faster than other lexicographic publications to changes in vocabulary, significantly supplement the materials of neological dictionaries, promptly presenting lexical innovations that reflect the development of science, technology, culture of their time, relations with other countries and peoples.

In Soviet times, dictionaries of foreign words were a very ideologized type of lexicographic publications, they were under the pressure of censorship, their content was strictly controlled by party bodies. The most widespread for a long time remained the Dictionary of Foreign Words edited by FN Petrov, created in 1939, regularly updated with actual vocabulary and reprinted many times (later edited by IV Lyokhin and FN Petrov). It contains common vocabulary, common terms and terminological combinations in various fields of knowledge, at different times borrowed by the Russian language, as well as words formed from elements of the ancient Greek and Latin languages. The appendix contains a list of foreign words and expressions found in the literature in Latin spelling.

Profound transformations in social life in the 80-90s. XX century demanded a prompt "lexicographic reaction". In 1992, the "Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words" was prepared and published (compiled by NM Landa and others), based on the "Dictionary of Foreign Words" by I. V. Lyokhina and F.N. Petrov, but supplementing it with lexical innovations of recent decades and reflecting significant changes in the ideological orientations of society.

Comparison of dictionaries of foreign words from different years of publication allows you to clearly see the change in ideological attitudes, the changing climate of the era. Let us illustrate this by comparing the interpretation of the word cosmopolitanism in the 7th edition of the "Dictionary of Foreign Words" I.V. Lyokhin and F.N. Petrov (1980) and in the Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words. In the first, it is “a reactionary bourgeois ideology, preaching the rejection of national sovereignty, national traditions and culture in the name of the abstractly understood“ unity of the human race ”,“ a single state 44, denying patriotism under the slogan “man is a citizen of the world 44; To. opposite to proletarian internationalism "; in the second - “the ideology of the so-called. world citizenship, acts in the form of various ideological and political orientations - from interaction and rapprochement of peoples and states to a nihilistic attitude towards national cultures and traditions. "

Late XX - early XXI century marked by the emergence of a large number of new dictionaries reflecting the results of the extremely intensified borrowing process.

"Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words" by L.P. Krysina is the first proper philological dictionary of foreign words and is one of the most authoritative publications of this type. It reflected the author's many years of research in the field of borrowed vocabulary and the principles of its description [Krysin 1997; 2004]. The preface notes that the dictionary “describes the properties the words, and not the thing designated by it: its origin, meaning in modern Russian, as well as pronunciation, stress, grammatical characteristics, semantic connections with other foreign words, stylistic features, typical examples of use. " Much attention is paid to grammatical information about a foreign language word, as well as the presentation of the semantic structure of a polysemantic word in its dynamics. The dictionary contains both common vocabulary and special terms and terminological phrases. Particular attention is paid to borrowing from the 80s and 90s. XX century ( airbus, grant, zombie, yogurt, kickboxing, copyright, cursor, couturier, stapler, talk show and many others. etc.). In addition to common nouns, the vocabulary includes a number of proper names that name persons and objects that have general cultural and historical significance. (Apollo, Hercules, Cupid, Buddha, Calvary, Koran, Antarctica, Renaissance). The dictionary is normative, therefore the author of the dictionary was careful to introduce into it insufficiently mastered lexical innovations. Let us give examples of entries demonstrating the specifics of the “Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words” by L.P. Rat:

IMMIGRANT,-a, m., soul. [immigrans (immigratis) possessing]. 1. A foreigner who has arrived in some city. country for permanent residence. Immigrant- related to immigrants. || Wed migrant, emigrant. 2. zool. An animal is a representative of a species, genus, or other groups that entered a given territory from another territory, where these groups arose and developed.

CRACKER,-a, collecting, m.[yag / g. cracker Cracker - related to cracker 1, 2. || Wed: chips.

The dictionary of L. P. Krysin "1000 new foreign words" contains the most common foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the second half of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. (brand, voucher, jacuzzi, driver, email, image maker, clone, mentality).

Taking into account the pragmatic interests of the potential reader, words appear in the names of many dictionaries of foreign words big, new, newest, modern, relevant. Thus, the purpose of the Dictionary of New Foreign Words, as noted in the preface by its author N.G. Komlev, - to fill the natural lexicographic gap that was characteristic of fundamental dictionaries of foreign words due to their specificity. Due to the rare reprint, they were not able to quickly respond to current lexical innovations and usually included such borrowed words that were already fixed in the Russian language, received a stable composition of meanings. The dictionary includes foreign borrowings, which are either already quite widespread in Russian speech (such as collage), or are used in a professional language (for example, designat or operand), or even met by the compiler of the dictionary in the Russian version 2-3 times (for example, brokerage). The later and more complete "Dictionary of Foreign Words" by the same author contains words and expressions of foreign origin that are often used in modern media, in business documents (for example, scanner, squash, skateboard, skinhead, scotch tape, slacks, slogan, spray, sponsor, stagnation, stapler). A special section of the book is the "Index of Russian-Foreign Correspondences", which includes Russian words and descriptive phrases and corresponding foreign language borrowings (cf .: a large amount of winning in the lottery - jackpot, inaccessible to knowledge - transcendent, equally, in half - fifty-fifty, insurance receipt - policy, consolidation of the national currency - denomination).

The interpretation of new borrowings, which is relevant for the general user, is presented in a short dictionary-reference book by G.N. Sklyarevskaya and E.Yu. Vaulina “Let's speak correctly! The newest and most widespread borrowings in the modern Russian language. " It includes foreign words that are actively used in modern speech and reflect current concepts from the most significant areas (politics, economics, finance, commerce, journalism, informatics). An essential feature of the dictionary is the inclusion in it, along with borrowings rooted in the Russian language, of many words that have appeared in recent years and are often absent in other lexicographic publications. (blockbuster, bowling, badge, brand, guest worker, grant, euro, cloning, condominium, laptop, top manager, hacker, euthanasia and etc.). An important part of a number of dictionary entries is encyclopedic information and etymological references. So the word spam, recently updated in modern speech, receives (with marks inform., disapproved) interpretation ("Mass mailings (usually of an advertising nature), carried out without the user's consent; network rubbish, the issuance of unsolicited commercial advertisements and other information on the Internet"), accompanied by illustrative material ( Advertising spam. Fight against spam. Spam Checker) and an etymological note: “From spannedham- canned ham (an annoyingly advertised product). " Thus, the reader receives information about the semantics of the word (including the connotative components, explicated not only in the marks, but also in the elements of interpretation - network garbage), about the typical contexts of its use, about the etymology, which in combination with encyclopedic information creates the "image of the word", fixes it in the mind of the reader. The dictionary reflects the constant expansion of the sphere of functioning of lexical units observed in modern speech. Indicative word best-seller, which is accompanied by the following interpretation: "Goods, services, etc., which are in high demand, which are especially popular at a certain period of time" ( World Bestseller Series. The film became a bestseller. The disc is a real bestseller. The new scanner model is the bestseller in September). At the end of the dictionary entry, the compilers note: "Initially: only about a book published in a huge circulation", thereby transferring the usual use from the category of erroneous or undesirable to normative or, at least, acceptable. The dictionary demonstrates the process of developing the semantic structure of a borrowed word. So, the word martyr[Arab., letters. martyr for the faith], absent in other dictionaries of foreign words, but actively used in modern speech, two meanings are presented: “1. A follower of Islam who fell in a war against the enemies of this religion. 2. Islamic suicide bomber, kamikaze. An important stage in the development of many borrowed words is their variance (spelling, accentological, orthoepic). The dictionary clearly illustrates this phenomenon: high tech and hi-tech, kitsch and kitsch, mass media and massmedia, marketing and marketing, fast food and fast food, town house and townhouse, sequest and sequencer, realtor and realtor, public relations, public relations and public relations, laptop and laptop, remake and remake, player and player.

"Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words" by M.N. Cherkasova and L.N. Cherkasova contains lexical units that are actively used in modern speech, in journalism, on television, among young people, in the socio-political sphere, in the field of computer and nanotechnology. The corpus of the dictionary includes: the latest borrowings of the 1990-2008s. ( avatar, anime, bandana, boutique, jacuzzi, rave, website, tattoo, foie gras, chat and etc.); new borrowings 1960-1990s ( camping, cybernetics, slide, hippie and etc.); units that have become widespread in the XX century. or changed their semantics: (address, album, archive, virus, directive, president, pilot, editor and etc.); actual frequency derivatives formed on the basis of foreign language roots ( anime, disk, drive ", limiter, limiter", license, licensed, licensed); transliterated words and expressions ( public relations, ready-to-wear, icyw, i-q and etc.); tracing paper (microwave, brain drain, cover girl, computer or electronic virus and etc.).

In the "New Dictionary of Foreign Words" by E.N. Zakharenko et al. Also reflected the latest foreign language borrowings of the late XX - early XXI century. Terminology accounted for a significant share: computer (applause, posting, emoticon etc.), technical (validator, concept car, crash test and others), medical (generic, iridology, mammogram and others), political and sociological (anti-globalism, monetization, exit poll etc.), sports (aquabike, veloball, rail and etc.). Foreign language vocabulary related to the field of economics and business is widely represented (account, keouch, retail and others), to the service sector (barista, cleaning, hostel, etc.), to advertising activities (wobbler, zalon, pillar and others), to the religious sphere (bodhi, irmos, prokemen and others), to the field of art and show business (brit-non, preview, trash and others), to other areas of life (bomber, vintage, spa and many others).

The focus on the general reader has determined the emergence of a number of popular illustrated dictionaries of foreign words. A good example of such publications is the dictionary of E.A. Grishina. A feature of the "New Illustrated Dictionary of Foreign Words", republished under the title "Dictionary of Foreign Words" (edited by

V. Butromeev), is its construction not only alphabetically, but also according to the thematic principle: words united by one topic or another are interpreted in one nest. With the help of referrals, the user gets the opportunity not only to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, but also to obtain additional information about the relevant area. For example:

CERAMICSgr. Keramos clay] - pottery, fired clay products: dishes, small plastic, architectural details, facing tiles, plumbing, chemical equipment, etc. MAJOLICA it. Maiolica from the name of the island of Mallorca] - artistic K. Made of colored clay, covered with an opaque glaze. TERRACOTTA [it. terra earth + cotta fired] - fired colored clay without glaze and products made from it. PORCELAIN [pers.] - 1) an artificially made mineral mass with various impurities (quartz, feldspar) for the manufacture of various products in accordance with its physical and chemical properties; 2) articles made of phosphorus as a type of ceramics. FAIENCE fr. faience by name it. Faenza, where it was produced] - white or colored mass from special types of clay with gypsum and other impurities.

A number of dictionaries purposefully describe borrowings from specific languages. Here, first of all, one should name dictionaries introducing the ancient heritage in the Russian language. So, a reference dictionary

A.I. Voronkova, L.P. Ponyaeva, L.M. Popova "Latin heritage in the Russian language" characterizes Latin borrowings and their derivational potential. The first part of the work is a historical sketch of words with Latin roots in Russian from the 10th to the 20th centuries. The second part presents the Latin words that underlie Russian derivatives. The third part contains an alphabetical list of Russian derivatives, the time of the first fixation of these words is indicated. The dictionaries of S.Yu. Afonkina, N.T. Babicheva and Ya.M. Borovsky, L.S. Ilyinskaya, V.P. Somova.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of French Borrowings in Russian" T.I. Belitsa collected lexemes that came to the Russian language in the period from the end of the 17th century. to the present and related to the thematic fields "Nominations of fashionable realities" (names of varieties of fabrics, clothes, accessories, jewelry, hairstyles, etc.) and "Culinary terms" (names of dishes and methods of cooking, types of cheese, alcoholic beverages and other nominations related to the field of culinary arts: ambigu, barding, cahors, Salers, pastilage and etc.). The actual linguistic characteristics of lexemes are combined in the dictionary with national-cultural information about the named realities.

Since the vocabulary of the Russian language is also enriched at the expense of the vocabulary of the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia and the former USSR, a number of dictionaries describe these layers of borrowings. However, it should be borne in mind that not all of the words cited in them are fixed in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language. Many function only in the Russian speech of the inhabitants of national republics and other states and are used in fiction as exoticisms. Thus, the short thematic dictionary by G.G. Goletiani "Georgian vocabulary in Russian" contains Georgian words that are not translated into Russian ( chakhokhbili, chacha, suluguni, toastmaster etc.), presented in 40 thematic groups: names of grape varieties, wines, dishes, clothes, etc.

"Dictionary of Turkisms in Russian" E.N. Shipova is distinguished by a serious historical and etymological basis (borrowings from the Turkic languages ​​are widely represented in it, starting from ancient Russian written monuments, the etymology and history of the appearance of words in the Russian language are revealed), which makes it possible to use it in the study of Russian vocabulary in the historical aspect.

Dictionary by R.A. Yunaleeva "The tree of Turkisms in the Russian language", compiled on the material of numerous and diverse sources, also contains Turkisms "in the genealogical tree of derivatives formed on Russian soil" ( quince: quince, quince, quince ", buy: baysky, baysky; calico: coarse calico, coarse calico; apricot: apricot, apricot, apricot ", jackal: jackal, jackal, jackal etc.).

A specific layer of foreign language borrowings is presented in a special lexicographic edition - "Dictionary of Foreign Words and Expressions" by A.M. Babkin and V.V. Shendsova. It contains lexical borrowings, which, despite the long-term functioning in the Russian language, do not break with their foreign-language guise at all and are used in an untranslated form. The dictionary contains expressions, word-terms and popular quotations or their fragments, usually used (or used in the past) without reference to the source and replenishing the phraseological stock of the language (adhoc, censor morum comme si comme ga homo sapiens and etc.). The base of the dictionary was made up of samples from scientific, fiction, memoir and epistolary literature in chronological boundaries from the time of Pushkin to our time.

Extraordinary activation of the borrowing process at the end of XX - beginning of XXI century. leads to the fact that existing authoritative dictionaries do not have time to reflect new language acquisitions. Reference dictionaries appear, giving the user a prompt answer to emerging questions. Such are, for example, a small dictionary-reference book by I. V. Gladkova, B. V. Emelyanov, A. Ye. Zimbuli "Nenashi words in our language", containing borrowings that are quite actively used in the media and in many cases not included in explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of foreign words, "Traveling Dictionary: A Small Explanatory and Etymological Dictionary of Foreign Words", designed for a wide range readers and includes foreign words used in modern media (for example: impeachment, lobby, publicity, voucher, dealer, marketing, voice recorder, air conditioner, printer).

In the "Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign language origin" L.N. Baranova considered abbreviations of the type NATO, NASA, SD, DVD, their decoding is given, their pronunciation and use in speech are indicated.

In recent years, a lot of educational dictionaries of foreign words have appeared, which, both in terms of the composition of the vocabulary and in the methods of description, are oriented towards students of different ages.

In the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" by L.P. Rat preference is given to the vocabulary that is often found and is actively used in the speech practice of schoolchildren. In addition to interpretations and data on the origin of the word, the dictionary entry includes grammatical and stylistic notes, indications of correct pronunciation, short expressions illustrating the different meanings of loan words. Cultural and historical references are also important for students. The dictionary includes many borrowings of recent years (fax, file, shaping, hacker etc.).

A useful tool for students is the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" by V. V. Odintsov et al., Which includes the most common foreign words in modern oral and written speech. Dictionary entries contain a wide range of information: they reveal the meaning of a word, its origin, and give grammatical and accentological characteristics. The dictionary entry contains words of the same root with the heading word that form a nest. Where possible, cultural and historical commentary is provided. The meanings of words are illustrated by sayings and examples from fiction. For example:

POPRAY, unsl., cf. (fr. pot-pourris - letters, food from different types of meat). 1. A piece of music composed of excerpts from well-known musical melodies. A military band in the city garden played a medley of operettas. 2. (transfer) A mess, a mixture of dissimilar things.

In fr. In the language, the word "potpourri" was originally called a dish consisting of small pieces of various products. And in the Russian language in the first half of the XIX century. it denoted a dance composed of small dances or excerpts from various dances.

Afonkin S.Yu. Look at the root: an explanatory dictionary of foreign words of Greek and Latin origin. SPb. : Khimizdat, 2000.336 p.

Babichev N.T., Borovskiy Ya.M. Dictionary of Latin winged words / ed. Ya.M. Borovsky. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2008.987 p. ...

Babkin A.M., Shendtsov V.V. Dictionary of foreign language expressions and words used in Russian without translation: in 3 vols. 2nd ed., Rev. SPb .: KVOTAM, 1994. Book. 1-3. ...

BaranovaL.N. Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign language origin [about 1000 abbreviations]. M .: AST-Press Kniga, 2009.320 p.

BarbashovaL.V. Dictionary of foreign words [about 4000 words of foreign language origin]. SPb .: Publishing house of St. Petersburg. state University, 1999.171 p.

Belitsa T.I. Explanatory dictionary of French borrowings in Russian: (based on the thematic fields "Nominations of fashionable realities" and "Culinary terms"). Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk. state un-t, 2007.223 p.

A large illustrated dictionary of foreign words [about 60,000 foreign words and expressions]. M.: East - West: Biblio, 2009.958 p.

A large illustrated dictionary of foreign words. M .: Astrel [et al.], 2006. 957 p.

Large dictionary of foreign words / comp. V.Yu. Nikitin. M.: House of Slavic Books, 2009.991 p.

Large dictionary of foreign words: A-Z [more than 25,000 words] / comp.

A.Yu. Moskvin. 7th ed., Rev. and add. M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2008.685 p. ...

A large dictionary of foreign words. M .: LadKom, 2008.703 p. (Russian language). ...

BrusenskayaL.A. Dictionary of immutable foreign words of the Russian language. Rostov n / a .: Publishing house of Rostov, state. ped. University, 1997.236 p.

Bulyko A.N. A large dictionary of foreign words. 3rd ed., Rev. and revised M .: Martin, 2010.702 p. ...

I. A. Vasyukova Dictionary of foreign words [about 3000 of the most common foreign words] / otv. ed. E. E. Zorina. M .: ACT [et al.], 2006.415 p.

I. A. Vasyukova Dictionary of foreign words [about 6000 words] / ed. I.K.Sazonova. M.: AST-Press Kniga, 2001.631 p. ...

Galchenko I.E. Glossary of vocabulary of the languages ​​of the peoples of the North Caucasus in Russian: a tutorial. Ordzhonikidze: North Ossetian Publishing House. University, 1975.199 p.

Gilyarevsky R.S., Starostin B.A. Foreign names and titles in the Russian text: a reference book. 3rd ed., Rev. and add. M .: Higher school, 1985.303 p. ...

Gladkova I.V., Emelyanov B.V., Zimbuli A.E. Not our words in our language: reference dictionary [about 800 loan words]. Yekaterinburg [b. and.], 2011.128 p.

Goletiani G.G. Georgian vocabulary in Russian: a short thematic dictionary. Tbilisi: Publishing house Tbil. University, 1972.255 s.

Grishina E.A. Illustrated dictionary of foreign words [about 5000 words and phrases, more than 1200 illustrations]. M .: ACT: Astrel, 2008.319 p.

Grishina E.A. A short dictionary of foreign words [about 8000 units]. M .: Astrel: ACT, 2005.638 p. [The same in 2002].

Grishina E.A. The latest illustrated dictionary of foreign words [about 30,000 words and phrases, more than 5,000 illustrations]. M .: ACT [et al.], 2009. 878 p.

Danilyuk I. G. Modern dictionary of foreign words for secondary and high school. Donetsk: BAO, 2008.560 p.

Egorova G.V. Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language for schoolchildren. M .: Adelant, 2014.351 p. (Library of pocket dictionaries).

Zhukovsky S.G. A living dictionary of foreign words in modern Russian [over 600 words]. Moscow: Shkolnaya Pressa, 2001.189 p.

Zakharenko E.N., Komarova LN., Nechaeva I.V. New dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words and phrases]. 3rd ed., Rev. and add. M .: Azbukovnik, 2008.1040 p. ...

Ilyinskaya L.S. Latin heritage in Russian: a dictionary-reference book. Moscow: GLOSSA-PRESS, 2003.400 p. ...

KavetskayaR.K.,Lenchenko K.P. Foreign words on the pages of the modern press: a dictionary [about 660 words]. Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. state University, 1996.97 p.

Komlev N.G. Foreign word in business speech: a short dictionary of new words with translation and interpretation. M .: MKDTSI, 1992.125 p.

Komlev NG. Foreign words and expressions. Moscow: Sovremennik, 1997.205 p.

Komlev N.G. Dictionary of foreign words [more than 4500 words and expressions]. M .: Eksmo, 2006.669 p.

Komlev N.G. Dictionary of new foreign words: (with translation, etymology and interpretation). M.: Publishing house Moek. state University, 1995.142 p.

Komlev N.G. School dictionary of foreign words. M .: Eksmo-Press, 1999.544 p.

Krysin L.P. Illustrated explanatory dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words and phrases, 2000 illustrations: the most common foreign words that entered the Russian language in the XVIII-XX and early XXI centuries]. M .: Eksmo, 2011.863 p. Krysin L.P. New dictionary of foreign words. M .: Eksmo, 2007.480 p. (School dictionaries).

Krysin L.P. A new dictionary of foreign words: the most common foreign words that entered the Russian language in the XVIII-XX and early XXI centuries. M .: Eksmo, 2005.475 p.

Krysin L.P. Modern dictionary of foreign words [over 7000 words and expressions] / Ros. acad. sciences. M .: AST-Press, 2012.410 p. (Desktop dictionaries of the Russian language).

Krysin L.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words and phrases] / Ros. acad. Sciences, Institute of Rus. lang. them. V.V. Vinogradov. M .: Eksmo, 2010.939 p. ...

Krysin L.P. Educational dictionary of foreign words. M.: Eksmo, 2010.704 p.

Krysin L.P. School dictionary of foreign words [about 1500 lexical units]. M .: Bustard: Russian language, 1997.299 p.

Krysin L.P. 1000 new foreign words. M.: AST-Press Kniga,

2009.319 s. (Small desktop dictionaries of the Russian language). Latin heritage in Russian: dictionary-reference / comp.

A.I. Voronkov, L.P. Ponyaeva, L.M. Popov. M .: Flinta: Science,

Moskvin A.Yu. A large dictionary of foreign words [over 25,000 words]. 7th ed., Rev. and add. M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2008.685 p. ...

Muzrukova T. G., Nechaeva I. V. Popular dictionary of foreign words [about 5000 words] / ed. I.V. Nechaeva. M .: Azbukovnik, 2002.496 p. ...

I. V. Nechaeva Dictionary of foreign words. M. : ACT, 2007.

538 s. (Pocket library of dictionaries).

The latest dictionary of foreign words: A-Z [about 5000 words] / author - comp. E.A. Okunpova. 2nd ed., Rev. M .: Ayris-press, 2009.509 p. ...

The latest dictionary of foreign words and expressions [more than 25,000 entries, over 100,000 foreign words and expressions]. Minsk: Contemporary writer: Belarusian House of Press, 2007.975 p.

The latest school dictionary of foreign words / comp. L.A. Aslanov. Moscow: House of Slavic Books, 2012.639 p.

New illustrated dictionary of foreign words / comp. L. V. Barbashova, V. A. Grachev, V.P. Rose; ed. V. Butromeeva. M .: Dekont +, 1998.309 p.

New dictionary of foreign words [more than 4500 words] / comp. M. Sitnikova. 4th ed., Erased. Rostov n / a. : Phoenix, 2008.299 p. (Dictionaries). ...

New dictionary of foreign words [more than 20,000 words] / ch. ed

V. V. Adamchik. Minsk: Contemporary Literary, 2005.1087 p. Popular dictionary of foreign words / ed. T.N. Gurieva. Moscow: RIPOL classic, 2002.799 p. (Encyclopedic dictionaries). Semyonova N.M. New concise dictionary of foreign words: over 6500 words. 3rd ed., Erased. M .: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2008.793 p. [In the 1st ed. 2005, 2nd ed. 2007 otv. ed. N.M. Semyonov (without indication of the author)].

Sklyarevskaya G.N., Vaulina E.Yu. Let's get it right! The newest and most widespread borrowings in modern Russian: a short dictionary-reference. SPb. : Filol. fac. St. Petersburg. state University, 2004.217 p.

Dictionary of foreign words / ed. T.N. Gurieva. M.: World of books, 2003, 415 p.

Dictionary of foreign words / comp. I.E. Zemlyanskaya [and others]; ed.

T.N. Gurieva. M .: Terra - Book club, 2009.398 p.

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M .: Terra - Book club, 2002. T. 1-2.

Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren / author-comp. V.V. Morkina.

M .: Ayris-Press: Rolf, 2001.406 p.

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2007.317 s. ...

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G. A. Lebedeva. M .: Slavyansky house of books, 2002.509 p.

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2008.778 p. [Also in 1997; also in 2006 under the title: Dictionary of Foreign Words].

Dictionary of foreign words [about 2500 words] / ed.-comp. D.K. Khachaturian. M .: Omega, 2001.303 p. (To help the student).

Dictionary of foreign words [about 3000 words] / ed.-comp. E. D. Goncharova. M .: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2008.211 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [about 4000 words] / comp. V.P. Butromeev, T.V. Rose; ed. V. Butromeeva. M.: Prestige book. [et al.], 2005.541 p. (Library of encyclopedic dictionaries). [The same in 2000 in the “Illustrated Pupil's Dictionary” series].

Dictionary of foreign words [about 5000 words] / comp. M.P. Sterligov; ed. K. B. Vasilyeva. SPb .: Avalon: Azbuka-classic, 2010.382 p.

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Dictionary of foreign words [about 10,000 words] / comp. T.Yu. Usha. SPb .: Victory: Victoria plus, 2008.813 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [about 20,000 words and terms] / ed. I.V. Lyokhin and F.N. Petrov. 19th ed., Erased. M.: Russian language, 1990.624 p. ...

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language for schoolchildren / comp. T.V. Egorova. M .: Adelant, 2014.351 p. (Library of pocket dictionaries).

Dictionary of foreign words [over 6000 words] / otv. ed. T.M. Martynova, N.G. Kotova. M .: Alta-Print, 2008.542 p.

Dictionary of foreign words [over 21,000 words] / otv. ed. V.V.Burtseva, N.M. Semyonov. 6th ed., Stereotype. M.: Bustard: Russian language - Media, 2009.817 p.

Dictionary of foreign words of the modern Russian language / comp. T.V. Egorova. M.: Adelant, 2012.799 p. (Library of school dictionaries).

Dictionary of foreign words / author-comp. L. Orlova. Minsk: Harvest, 2010.447 p. (Modern dictionary of the Russian language).

Modern dictionary of foreign words [about 20,000 words] / comp. N.M. Landa [and others]; leading. ed. L.N. Komarov. 4th ed., Erased. M .: Russian language, 2001.740 p. ...

Modern dictionary of foreign words [about 7000 words, 14 100 phrases and sentences, 1750 citations] / comp. L.M. Bash,

A.V. Bobrova, G.L. Vecheslova, R.S. Kimyagarova, E.M. Sendrovich. M .: Veche, 2012.959 p. [The same in 2000, 2005, 2006].

Somov V.P. Dictionary of Latin Expressions: in Latin by the way [about 1000 entries]. M .: AST-Press, 2009.414 p. (Dictionaries for intellectual gourmets).

L.L. Subbotina Pocket Dictionary of Foreign Words: 2000 words. M .: Lingua: Astrel, 2013.318 p. (Pocket Dictionary).

Sukhanova I. Yu. Russian dictionary of new formations from foreign words [about 200 word-forming nests]. Samara: Publishing house Samar, state. ped. University, 2006.111 p.

Explanatory dictionary of foreign words / comp. N.P. Sherstenin. M.: Persey-1, 1998.348 p.

Explanatory dictionary of the most common foreign words / comp. A.A. Medvedev. M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2009.525 p.

Universal dictionary of foreign words [about 45,000 borrowed terms] / ed. T. Volkova. M .: Veche, 2000.687 p.

Fiveyskaya E.L., Verbitskaya O.N. Let's get it right! Words in a foreign language spelling in modern Russian: a short dictionary-reference. SPb. : Filol. fac. St. Petersburg. state un-ta,

Khabibullina E.Kh. A short thematic dictionary of French loanwords in Russian. Kazan: Publishing house Kazan, un-that, 2001.69 p.

Cherkasova M.N., Cherkasova L.N. Modern dictionary of foreign words [more than 5000 lexical units]. Rostov n / a. : Phoenix,

Shagalova E.N. Dictionary of the latest foreign words: (late XX - early XXI century) [more than 3000 words and phrases]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2010.941 p.

V. V. Shendtsov Dictionary of winged Latin expressions and words [more than 3000 units]. M.: ACT: Astrel, 2009.734 p. (Pocket library of dictionaries).

Shilova G.E., Sternin I.A. Frequency dictionary of foreign words: (based on materials from journalism) / Voronezh, state. un-t, Mezhregion, center of communicative. issled. Voronezh: Istoki, 2005.126 p.

School dictionary of foreign words / comp. A.A. Medvedev. Moscow: Center-polygraph, 2011, 607 p.

School dictionary of foreign words: A-Z [over 10,000 words] / ed. I. Trushina. M .: VAKO, 2010.286 p.

School dictionary of foreign words [more than 1500 words] / comp.

V.V. Odintsov, V.V. Ivanov, G.P. Smolitskaya, E.I. Golanova, I.A. Vasilevskaya; ed. V.V. Ivanova. 3rd ed., Rev. M.: Education, 1994.272 p. ...

Yunaleeva R.A. The tree of Turkisms in Russian: dictionary / scientific. ed.

K.R. Galiullin. Naberezhnye Chelny: Naberezhnye Chelny. state

ped. Institute, 2009.271 p.

Yunaleeva R.A. Turkisms in Russian classics: a dictionary with text

illustrations. Kazan: Taglimat, 2005.

Dictionary of foreign words

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M .: Education. D. E. Rosental, M. A. Telenkova. 1976 .

See what a "dictionary of foreign words" is in other dictionaries:

dictionary of foreign words- 1. A dictionary containing words of foreign language origin, more or less special, and their explanation. 2. Dictionary, which provides a list of words of foreign origin, their interpretation and sometimes etymology ... Explanatory translation dictionary

dictionary of foreign words Linguistic terms and concepts: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

dictionary of foreign words- A lexicographic publication explaining the meaning of foreign words used in different functional styles ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

- "POCKET DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS that have become part of the Russian language" (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialistic and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian language (v. 1 2, 1845 46), published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky with the aim of promoting materialistic and democratic ideas, utopian socialism. Destroyed by censorship ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian language, a valuable source for the study of the ideology of Russian socialists, utopians Petrashevtsy (See. Petrashevtsy). The publication of the dictionary, undertaken by officer NS Kirillov, was used by the Petrashevists for propaganda ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Included in the Russian language "(c. 1 2, 1845 1846). Published under the editorship of V. N. Maikov and M. V. Petrashevsky for the purpose of promoting socialist ideas. Destroyed by censorship ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Included in the Russian. yaz., a valuable source for studying the ideology of the Petrashevists. The publication of a reference book, which explains the terms of journalism, undertaken by officer N. S. Kirilov, was used by the Petrashevists to promote democratic people. and materialistic. ideas ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS- DICTIONARIES OF FOREIGN WORDS. Dictionaries that give a brief explanation of the meanings and origin of foreign words, indicating the language of the source, which brings such dictionaries closer to etymological ones. In addition to large S. and. with. there are short dictionaries. For example,… … New Dictionary of Methodological Terms and Concepts (Theory and Practice of Language Teaching)

A dictionary that explains the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about the corresponding realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. A dictionary containing ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

• Dictionary of foreign words,. The Dictionary of Foreign Words gives an interpretation to words of foreign origin that are often found in common use. Contains about 5000 words ...
• Dictionary of foreign words,. This concise dictionary of foreign words aims (as opposed to encyclopedic reference books and political dictionary) to give only a brief explanation of the fishing of foreign origin, ...

The borrowed words are in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction between countries. This article will help you understand what loan words are and how to distinguish them.

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Dictionary of loan words

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relations with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements the speech, where they are included, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of loan words contains borrowed words that came to Russian at different time intervals. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the desired word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that have come through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a bright example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words are divided into Slavic and non-Slavic... For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly included in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, the words "School", "sugar", "activist", "bathhouse", "artel" and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs of a word can change dramatically: some change only the endings, others can change the gender, and still others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.

This can be explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in them, for its part, came one term from Latin, meaning "to preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression came from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning, but also the origin is explained.

For clarity, below are examples of loan words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase a foreign language word. What are foreign words what are they like?

Foreign words are borrowed terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process when two different languages ​​and cultures interact.

There are a number of differences that can be used to establish how native Russian words differ from borrowed ones.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since it is extremely rare for true Russian expressions to begin with the letter a. They start with but only interjections, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Primordially Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical of the adopted terms. Exceptions -, interjections and derived from the adopted words.
3. Letter F. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels at the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations"Kg", "cd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Primordially Russian words have these combinations only in the base-ending conjunction.
7. Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "bu" at the root.
8. Doubled consonants at the root.
9. Hard consonant sound before the e vowel, read like e.
10. The words, starting with the letter e.

The second feature is morphological:

1. Nouns that do not inflect.
2. The immutability of the gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

1. Foreign prefixes.
2. Foreign suffixes.
3. Roots such as aqua, geo, marine, grapho, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to discern just by paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of saving verbal means, enrichment of language, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loan words and their meanings.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian you can go on and on. Finding out from which language the word for speech came, you can trace how the interaction took place between the countries.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain from which language this or that expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Over the course of a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the School Dictionary of Foreign Words by V.V. Ivanova. It describes from which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loan words

Are loan words needed

Output

Find out which language this or that word came, quite simply, after understanding its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of the terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to find a word in the glossary.

Dictionaries of foreign words began to be compiled a very long time ago. One of the first was called "Lexicon new vocabulary in alphabetical order", was written in the 18th century. This dictionary contained 503 words. The vocabulary contains words from the field of military art, navigation, diplomacy, administration. With the words on the letters A, B, C, D, Peter made his own handwritten amendments (1725). Since at that time there was an active process of borrowing the terms of naval, military, art, music, science and technology, then handwritten terminological dictionaries of foreign words were compiled. In the XIX and XX centuries. the creation of dictionaries of foreign words for a wide range of readers continues.

We can find an explanation of foreign words you do not understand in the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" (Moscow, 1983), compiled by V.V. Odintsov, G.P. Smolitskaya, E.I. Golanova, I.A. dictionary of foreign words. The authors tried to introduce the most common words into it. You will find more than one and a half thousand of them in the reference book. The dictionary contains a preface written by the well-known linguist V. V. Ivanov, a guide "How to use the dictionary", a list of abbreviations.

From the preface we learn which words should be considered foreign, how the process of borrowing and mastering foreign words in Russian goes, how borrowed words should be used. “With the correct understanding of a foreign word,” writes V. V. Ivanov in the preface, “and subject to its appropriate use, the use of borrowing in speech enriches the language and enhances the speech culture of the speaker and writer. Knowledge of foreign words expands a person's horizons, introduces him to the world of other languages, helps him to better navigate in modern life. " From the preface, you will be interested to know that by the appearance of a word, you can often determine whether it is native Russian or foreign in origin. “Borrowed,” V. V. Ivanov notes, “are almost all words beginning with a and e (lampshade, agent, agony, questionnaire, floor, sketch, era); in the same way, words with f (plywood, facade, torch, lantern), with combinations of ke, ge, he in the root (layout, package, coat of arms, scheme), with combinations of pyu, byu, mu, kyu, gyu and kya are borrowed , gya (puree, bust, communiqué, ditch, gyuis, giaur), with a concatenation of vowels in the root (poet, theater, theory, geometry). " In the preface, you will read about other signs that indicate not only the foreign language character of the word, but even the language from which it came to Russian.

In the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" the introduction is titled "How to use the dictionary." This manual consists of two sections: "Dictionary composition", "Contents and structure of vocabulary entries". The vocabulary is very diverse. It includes words that are social and political vocabulary widely used in modern periodicals, publicistic and fictional literature (for example, declaration, democracy, ideology); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern scientific and cultural life, as well as modern life (brochure, abstract, engraving, hotel, patient); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern science and technology (for example, vacuum, dismantling, range); words of a socio-political and cultural-historical nature, denoting the phenomena and concepts of the past, reflected in the literature of the XIX century. (for example, divertissement, chief of police). What loan words can you not find in the dictionary? The authors deliberately did not include outdated borrowings in it, which were not widespread before (for example, guild, insurgent, procurator); highly specialized vocabulary of various fields of science, technology and culture (for example, denazification, devaluation, doyenne); vernacular and slang words; words borrowed into Russian from the languages ​​of the peoples of the CIS (such as pilaf, shlshlyk, saklya).

Dictionary entries are arranged in the dictionary in alphabetical order of heading words. Mono-root foreign words (nouns, adjectives and verbs) are combined in one dictionary entry behind the dark triangle p. One word is chosen as the title of the article, the rest are given in the dictionary entry in alphabetical order as part of the word-formation nest.

In the dictionary you will read not only about the meaning of borrowed words, but also about their pronunciation and grammatical features, since it is they that most often cause you certain difficulties in using. The place of stress is indicated in the heading word, and after the heading word in square brackets the correct pronunciation of the word is recommended, then the grammatical information about the word is given. For example, the word burime should be pronounced with [me] with the stress on the last syllable, it does not inflect and refers to the neuter gender.

In the dictionary you will find an indication of the source language, that is, the language from which the Russian borrowed the word, read the interpretation of the word. As in the dictionaries known to you - explanatory, antonyms, phraseological, etc., in the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" often quotes from works of fiction and speech with the use of foreign words are given. For example, in the dictionary entry sociology, the saying is given: Engage in sociology.

The dictionary uses abbreviations, most of which you know from previous dictionaries. There is also a very important part in many dictionary entries - the cultural and historical commentary. It is located at the end of the dictionary entry. The commentary offers historical information about the word, about the scientists who made any discoveries, about the development of the meanings of the word and its history in different languages, etc.