The role of childhood in a person's life - arguments and composition. A collection of ideal essays on social studies Arguments of the exam childhood happy time

• Events that happened in childhood awaken new aspirations in a person
• The adult life of a person is largely determined by what he learned in childhood
• People remember childhood moments as the happiest ones.
• A difficult childhood may not break a person, but make him much stronger.
• The love that surrounds a child is not always good for him
• Childhood is a preparation for adult life, because already in childhood, a person begins to form moral values

Arguments

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Since childhood, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov was surrounded by love, care and tenderness. His parents did not bother too much with household chores, thinking more about delicious food and preferring the obligatory afternoon nap. The whole family caressed Ilyusha, the only child in the family, so he grew up dependent: everything that was possible was done for him by servants and parents. Oblomov's childhood could not but affect his future: the values ​​of Ilya Ilyich have not changed over the years. And Oblomovka, his native village, remained a symbol of the ideal life for the hero.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Children from the Rostov family grew up in an atmosphere of love and care. They were not afraid to express their emotions; they learned from their parents sincerity, honesty and openness to people. A cloudless childhood made the heroes not lazy and idlers, but kind and sympathetic people with a sensitive heart. Petya Rostov, who has absorbed the best qualities of his parents, realizes his positive character traits in adulthood. He cannot remain indifferent when he finds out that a war is beginning. The childhood of Prince Andrew and Princess Marya cannot be called cloudless: their father was always strict, and sometimes rude with them. But the high moral values ​​instilled by the father in childhood became defining in the adult life of the heroes. Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky grew up as true patriots, fair and honest people.

M. Gorky "Childhood". The fate of Alyosha Peshkov was not easy. By the beginning of school, his family had become so impoverished that the child was forced to earn his own food. After some time, Alyosha, on the instructions of his grandfather, had to go “to the people” at all, that is, to leave home to work. But the misfortunes did not end there: those close to him began to die one after another, and the boy's peers did not like him at all. And although Alyosha Peshkov had a difficult childhood, the most important inner qualities for a person developed in him: kindness, the ability to compassion, sensitivity. Difficult life circumstances did not take away from him the most important thing that a person is valuable for.

Yu. Yakovlev "He killed my dog." Even in childhood, an important personality quality arises in a person - the ability to sympathize with all living things. From the story we learn about Sasha, who decided to give shelter to a stray dog. Not a single adult supported the boy's desire to help a living being. The abusive father shot the animal at the first opportunity. Sashka was shocked. He decided that he would always protect abandoned animals when he became an adult. The incident that happened to the hero in childhood awakened in him the principles of his future life.

In the center of our attention is the text of Daniil Alexandrovich Granin, a Russian writer and public figure, which describes the problem of the value of childhood in human life.

Reflecting on this problem, the author tells readers about the role of childhood in the life of every person and he himself recalls this happy time. After all, this is an independent kingdom, independent of the adult future. The author recalls those moments with delight and talks about how happy he was.

Daniil Granin believes that childhood is the happiest time in the life of every person. It is at this time that the character of the child is laid, and the problems that stand in his way do not seem to be so large-scale.

As an argument I will cite Leo Tolstoy's work “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth". The protagonist of the story enthusiastically talks about how he joked with teachers, played with his peers, and with bitterness recalls how his mother died.

But still, childhood will always be the happiest time in his life.

And in Goncharov's novel Oblomov, in the chapter Oblomov's Dream, the protagonist recalls his childhood, that carefree time when he was loved and cared for. These memories reminded the hero that real life is not as gray as it seems at first glance.

Thus, childhood is a happy time when a child rejoices at everything that happens around him and keeps it in his memory. To enjoy those moments again as an adult.

Updated: 2016-12-02

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Useful material on the topic

THE PROBLEM OF STABILITY AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostogo "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy by all means, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him is the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "The dawns here are quiet ..." Five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jen Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She loves the old prince, despite his difficult nature. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often overly demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, light.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVATION OF HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who had sworn allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the other hand, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the love of the Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. Personal interests are in the foreground. Andrii dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you should always be honest with yourself first.

THE PROBLEM OF COMMITTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinyov from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, mutual assistance is at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites completely finished chapters, tries to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long road to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "resolving blood by conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Lord died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of family life, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses social life, completely devotes herself to her family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERANCE AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

1. In "Letters about good and beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the book's ability to educate a person, to shape her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all the books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply spiritless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF UPBRINGING CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive concern led to the apathy and weakness of Oblomov in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family, the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty and love reigns. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor Yanson from Smolensk works tirelessly. The main character hurries to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN THE WAR

1. The fate of the main heroines of the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls were killed. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls have become examples of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to surrender and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for the Pole, went into the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with arms against his yesterday's comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his younger son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character P. Zuskind "Perfume. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is incapable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who goes to the most serious crimes to fulfill his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BREACH

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverina "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka overheard and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later Romashov went so far as to collect information proving the guilt of Nikolai Antonovich in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. All Chamomile's actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the action of the hero of the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

APPEARANCE DECEPTION PROBLEM

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragin, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual fall.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unsightly, but behind it is a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincerely love.

THE PROBLEM OF WAR TRAITING

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while Guskov wondered why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness prevailed, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastena. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In the story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov, the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "Great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his deed, wants to run, but realizes that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu. Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by the Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom the people around did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Wonderful sounds amazed the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. A number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants belong to his brush. "The Reapers", "Zakharka", "The Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of the nature of Russia prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have been attracting the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILD'S MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood years played an important role in his work. Sometime at the age of nine, the boy, inspired by the nature of his native village, wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. Lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician NN Burdenko" I learned that an outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" asserts that "you need to live your life with dignity so that you will not be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a magnanimous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find its owner, who has had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog has been killed. Bima can be confidently called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog reunites with its previous owners.

THE PROBLEM OF EXCELLENCE IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Peter Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties in order to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, by his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's giftedness does not go unnoticed. His performance impressed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPORTANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE TO WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness to the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the vocation of the writer is raised in the novel by Jack London "Martin Eden". The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience made it possible for a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A MAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin's "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the experiences she has endured. The magic sounds of the sonata helped Vera to find inner balance, to find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov had not felt "such vigor, such a strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilievna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for the service for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her there could be nothing more difficult than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON A PERSON

1. In Lev Kassil's story The Great Confrontation, Sima Krupitsyna listened to news bulletins from the front every morning on the radio. One day the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this national anthem that she decided to go to the front. This is how the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PALSE SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintseva "White clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine, approved by the party. For personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. Row fiercely defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonorable deeds in order to achieve fame. Fanaticism of the academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science and, consequently, society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter fled with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died of melancholy and despair. Only a few years later did Dunya come to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but remorse came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in his essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time a lot has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives on thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." five girls fell, fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the place where the anti-aircraft gunners were killed in order to set up a tombstone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF THE GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor of Smolensk Yanson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. A talented doctor every day, in any weather, rushed to help patients, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart serves art unselfishly. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTROYING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. The story of A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian countryside after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" shows the life of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family was killed in the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable that they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTIONS IN THE INNER WORLD OF A MAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by intelligence, hard work, purposefulness, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but becomes convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsov. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and self-reliant. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old woman, a usurer. The investigator is a fine expert in human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in his story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police overseer Ochumelov is trying to decide if she deserves punishment. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" Ignatyevich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman got hooked on a giant sturgeon. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the river and the king of all nature are on the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. IA Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vigor, such strength that, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music is able to awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPLIED BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are spiritless, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" DS Likhachev ponders the question: why television is replacing literature. The academician believes that this is happening because the TV distracts from worries, makes you, slowly, watch some kind of program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to a person, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard" depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became impoverished, but also became callous, spiritless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the protagonist is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian countryside.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which must be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Together with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which have been passed down from generation to generation over the centuries and have shaped the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls "stupid rabble" that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that the poet will cease to be a creator if he obeys the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "With the Whole Voice" sees the poet's destiny in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people, prompting them to great accomplishments. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that one should give up personal creative freedom for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEACHER ON THE STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "French Lessons" class teacher Lydia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition, while studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint_Exupéry "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the protagonist, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, loyalty. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: "You cannot see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is sharp-sighted." So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite the difficulties of life, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" depicts the life of students in a school of social and labor education for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for the Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military exploits and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkin's "Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left all alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and misfortunes during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article "O great and mighty new Russian language!" writes with irony about the lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes absurd when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings pollutes the Russian language.

2. V. Astafyev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with the fall in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the ill-being of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and are equally needed by people.

2. In the story by E. Grishkovets "Darwin", the main character after graduation from school chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes that what is happening is unnecessary and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a performance played by students. The young man is firmly convinced that the profession should be useful and enjoyable.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

Explanation.

1) After drinking a cup of milk with sugar, Nikolenka lay down on an armchair, to the sound of his mother's voice, he fell into a dream, through which he felt her gentle hand running through his hair. Confirmed by sentences 4, 5, 17, 18, 19

2) The storyteller's mother was always shy about the glances of strangers and avoided fondling her son in public. Refuted by sentence 20.

3) The recollections of the narrator of childhood are associated with the image of a mother who loves him and are a source of pleasure for him. Confirmed by sentence 3

4) As a child, the narrator felt carefree, cheerful, felt a strong need for love. Confirmed by sentence 33

5) Nikolenka’s mom never allowed her son to stay in the living room in the evenings and took him to his crib. Wrong, the boy fell asleep in the living room

Answer: 134

Answer: 134

Which of the following statements are erroneous? Enter the answer numbers.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

5) Sentences 32, 33 are narrative. ...

Explanation.

1) Propositions 1–3 present the reasoning. Absolute reasoning

2) Sentence 8 contains descriptive elements. Yes, there is a description in the narrative

3) Sentences 12-14 are narrative. Change of events, right

4) Sentence 25 gives the reason for what is said in sentence 24. No, on the contrary, the consequence

5) Sentences 32, 33 are narrative. No, this is reasoning similar to sentences 1-3. And output to all text

Answer: 45.

Answer: 45

Source: Early exam of the Unified State Examination-2017.

Write out synonyms (synonymous pair) from Proposition 31.

Synonymous will be the adverbs "quiet" and calmly

Answer: calmly | calmly

Answer: calmly | calmly

Source: Early exam of the Unified State Examination-2017.

Codifier section: Lexical meaning of a word. Synonyms. Antonyms. Homonyms. Phraseological turns. Groups of words by origin and use.

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the assignment is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and numbers with definitions. You need to write down the correspondence only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under this or that letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, it should be remembered that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection... Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and paths; in the second figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 TROP-WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN PORTABLE FOR CREATING AN ART AND ACHIEVING GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litoty.

Note: In the assignment, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRACKS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in the lane from Greek - appendix, addition) is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

The epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray haze, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: winter sorceress; mother - damp earth; The poet is a lyre, not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting in the role of circumstances: In the north, the wild stands alone... (M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched out in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and flashing;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participles: Nightingales vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (BL Pasternak); I also admit the appearance ... of scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language except words, not remembering kinship(M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison is a pictorial technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. In contrast to metaphor, comparison is always two-term: it names both objects being compared (phenomenon, attribute, action).

Auls are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds scares the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

Nightingale stray Youth flew by,

Wave in bad weather Joy faded away (A. V. Koltsov)

The comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener the sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions as if, as if, as if and others:

Like a beast of prey, to the humble abode

The winner bursts in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using words like, like, this is:

In the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Using comparative clauses:

The golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water on the pond

Like a flock of butterflies

With a daze flies to the star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3 metaphor(in the lane from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared with are given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates a compact and imaginative use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: waterfall of stars, avalanche of letters, wall of fire, abyss of grief, pearl of poetry, spark of love and etc.

All metaphors fall into two groups:

1) general language("Erased"): golden hands, a storm in a glass of water, move mountains, the strings of the soul, love has died out;

2) artistic(individual, author's, poetic):

And the stars are fading diamond awe

V painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty heavens transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND blue eyes, bottomless

Blossom on the distant shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - to cover, as it were, to permeate the entire text. it detailed, complex metaphor, a solid artistic image.

4. Impersonation- This is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used when describing nature:

Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's stomp, Sounding, is lost in the distance. It went out, turning pale, autumn day, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Tasting a dreamless sleep Half-withered flowers... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in the lane from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one subject to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He condemned to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

Between the item and the material the item is made of: ... not so on silver, - on gold I ate(A.S. Griboyedov);

Between the place and the people in this place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from bowls of flower girls ... (Yu.K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in the lane from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: To him and the bird does not fly, And the tiger does not go ... (A. Pushkin);

From part to whole: Beard, why are you all silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrase(in the lane from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A.S. Pushkin - "Peter's Creation", "The Beauty and Wonder of the Full-Night Countries", "City of Petrov"; AA Blok in the poems of MI Tsvetaeva - "a knight without reproach", "blue-eyed snow singer", "snow swan", "the almighty of my soul."

8 hyperbole(in the lane from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exaggerated exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)

And at the same moment, couriers, couriers, couriers ... can you imagine thirty five thousands some couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(in the lane from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less of a pinhead.(I.A.Krylov)

And marching importantly, in decorous calm, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In big boots, in a sheepskin coat, In big mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in the lane from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in the opposite sense to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which a mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Cleavage, clever, are you delirious, head?(I.A.Krylov)

26.2 "NON-SPECIAL" VOCABULARY LANGUAGE

Note: The assignments sometimes indicate that this is a lexical tool. Usually, in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is italicized. Please note: it is these funds that are most often needed found in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e., words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth is false, good is evil, disgusting is wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in this context.

Lies happen good or bad,

Compassionate or merciless

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Discreet and reckless

Delightful and bleak.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the values ​​of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get screwed up, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the attribution of many of them: a) to the category of high ( voice crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, vernacular: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather the neck, hang up the ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional and expressive coloring ( store like the apple of an eye - the market.) or with negative emotional-expressive coloring (without tsar in the head - disapproved., small fry - will neglect., penny worth - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonic): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, innermost, unshakable; sublime poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammed, scribble; abusive /

2) functional and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: undersigned, memo; journalistic: reportage, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, lanita

b) colloquial (everyday and household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Restricted vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of limited vocabulary can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Common vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, bum, crack, bouncer);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the general literary language: the galley is in the speech of sailors, the duck is in the speech of journalists, the window is in the speech of the teachers);

Jargon vocabulary (words typical of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; to the jargon of criminals: lads, raspberries);

Outdated vocabulary (historicisms are words that have become obsolete due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena designated by them: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are outdated words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms are words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teen).

26.3 FIGURES (RHEETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, SPEECH FIGURES) ARE CALLED STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the usual practical use, and with the purpose of enhancing the expressiveness and pictoriality of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical address, repetition, syntactic parallelism, multi-union, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: The assignments do not have a clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the sentence number given in brackets.

16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to the insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, from a young age, comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17 rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in the message; they usually differ not only in special emotionality, but also solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Happiness! about tears! Oh forest! oh life! about the sun's light! About the fresh spirit of the birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! before the power of a stranger A proud country bowed. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18 rhetorical address- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an emphasized address to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of speech, but to express an attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical addresses can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh cold autumn! Dumb! (K. D. Balmont)

19.Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition) is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, a stanza in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora(in the lane from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Lazily the misty midday breathes,

Lazily the river is rolling.

And in the firmament and pure

Clouds are melting lazily (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in the lane from Greek - an addition, the final sentence of the period) is a repetition of words or a group of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanly.

What is day or age

Before that is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the movie is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume edition was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pick up- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the following corresponding segment of speech:

He fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine tree,

Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Concurrency (syntactic parallelism)(in the lane from Greek - going side by side) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look at the future with fear

I look at the past with longing ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was blooming to you in spring,

But you didn't want flowers,

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using the antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not a country for business, but business for a country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(in the lane from Greek - permutation, turning) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloration: solemn, high sounding or, conversely, colloquial, slightly reduced performance. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition follows the defined word: I am sitting behind bars in dungeon damp(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell running across this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they refer: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous chime of the clock);

22. Parcellation(in the lane from French - particle) is a stylistic device, which consists in breaking up a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. A period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used at the place of the sentence division. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is no one indignant? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people... (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of alliances. In the first case, when omitting unions, speech becomes concise, compact, dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, grinding.

The thunder of the guns, the stomp, the neigh, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repetitive union highlight words, expressingly emphasizing their semantic significance:

But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24. Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of theme and intonational splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) comes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause dividing, and in the second part, where a conclusion is given, the tone of voice is noticeably lower. Such intonation forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to my home circle, / When I was ordered to be a father, a spouse, / When I was captivated by a family picture even for a single moment, then, surely, I wouldn’t look for one other bride except you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25 Antithesis, or opposition(in the lane from Greek - opposition) is a turnover in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into my eyes

And now - everything looks sideways,

Yesterday I sat before the birds,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, and I'm dumbfounded.

About the cry of women of all time:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in the lane from Lat. - gradual increase, increase) - a technique consisting in a sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in the order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) a feature. Increasing gradation It is usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not condescend(A. A. Blok);

Shone, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Downward gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought mortal tar

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in the lane from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment lightly scorching the soul (I.S.Shmelev);

There is merry melancholy in the scarves of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon grasped the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- an allegory, the transmission of an abstract concept through a specific image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, anger, greed).

29. Default- a deliberate interruption of the utterance, conveying the emotion of speech and suggesting that the reader will guess the unspoken: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which any term is omitted, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of a sentence can be reconstructed and contextual.

Including ellipsis, that is, the omission of the predicate.

These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is why, probably, these means of expressiveness are most often called syntactic in the review.

Among sentences 1–7, find the one (s) that are connected with the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Consider the relationship between sentences. We are looking for personal pronouns in them: there are no personal pronouns in №3-7.

(1) Happy, happy, irreversible childhood time! (2) How not to love, not cherish memories about her?

About her = About (the time of childhood).

Answer: 2

Answer: 2

Source: Early exam of the Unified State Examination-2017.

Relevance: Current academic year

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Means of communication of sentences in the text

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF SUGGESTIONS IN TEXT

Several sentences, connected in a whole by the theme and the main idea, are called text (from Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text, and not only sentences located next to each other, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences, can be related. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared to one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of relationship between sentences.

The wording of the task may be as follows:

Among sentences 11-18, find the one (s) that is (are) related to the previous one using the demonstrative pronoun, adverb, and cognate words. Write the number (s) of the offer (s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is specified, then the sought sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and the answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There can be 1 or more answers. The score for the successful completion of the task is 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often, we use this model of text construction: each sentence is chained to the next, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into a text according to simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must refer to the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic... As a rule, when combining sentences into text, one can use several types of communication at the same time... This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let's dwell on each of the types in detail.

23.1. Communication using lexical means.

1. Words from one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical, concepts.

Examples of words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words connected by the relationship genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Examples of words: Chamomile is a flower; birch is a tree; car - transport etc.

Sample sentences: Still growing under the window Birch... How many memories I have with this tree...

Field chamomile become rare. But this is unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is a repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence is the main feature of the chain link. For example, in sentences There was a forest behind the garden. The forest was deaf, neglected the connection is built according to the "subject - subject" model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is science. Science must use the dialectical method- "model predicate - subject"; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word Coast has different shapes. The lexical repetition in the USE tasks will be considered the repetition of a word in the same word form, used in order to increase the impact on the reader.

In the texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain link through lexical repetition is often expressive, emotional, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here disappears from the map of the Fatherland Aral sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition is here used to amplify the impact on the reader.

Let's look at some examples. We do not take into account additional means of communication yet; we look only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once said: “ Used to be scary, very scary. " (37) He spoke the truth: he used to be scary.

(15) As a teacher, I happened to meet young people who yearn for a clear and precise answer to the question of higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different kind of connection. For more details on the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Single-root words

Single-root words are words with the same root and common meaning.

Examples of words: Homeland, to be born, birth, clan; rip, break, rip

Sample sentences: I'm lucky to be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.

Even though I understood that a relationship is necessary to sever but could not do it myself. This break would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, close in meaning.

Examples of words: to be bored, frown, sad; fun, joy, jubilation

Sample sentences: In parting she said that will miss... I knew that too I will be sad through our walks and conversations.

Joy embraced me, grabbed and carried ... Jubilation there seemed to be no bounds: Lina answered, finally answered!

It should be noted that it is difficult to find synonyms in the text if you need to search for a relationship only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a union too , this connection will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that converge in meaning only in this context, since they refer to the same subject (feature, action).

Examples of words: kitten, poor fellow, mischievous; girl, student, beauty

Sample sentences: Kitty lives with us recently. Husband took off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed, fleeing the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to be silent, despite all the efforts on my part to make her talk.

It is even more difficult to find these words in the text: after all, the author makes them synonymous. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes it easier to find.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning.

Examples of words: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Sample sentences: I pretended to like this joke and squeezed out something like laughter... But tears strangled me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were hot and burned... The eyes chilled cold. It was like I was caught in a contrast shower ...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning only in this context.

Examples of words: mouse - lion; house - work green - ripe

Sample sentences: On work this man was gray mouse. Houses woke up in him a lion.

Ripe berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green it is better not to put them, they usually taste bitter and can spoil the taste.

Pay attention to the non-coincidental coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: it is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means may serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expressiveness, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: while completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the rule-help for task 24.

23.2. Communication by morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is, what are the categories by meaning.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, indicate objects, signs of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.

According to the meaning and grammatical features, there are nine categories of pronouns:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (yourself);

3) possessive (mine, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessive also personal: his (jacket), her work),them (merit).

4) indicative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);

5) determinative(himself, himself, all, everyone, each, different);

6) relative (who, what, what, what, which, how much, whose);

7) interrogative (who? What? What? Whose? Which? How much? Where? When? Where? From where? Why? Why? What?);

8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody's);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, someone, someone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change in cases, therefore “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “to nobody”, “everyone” are the forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if there are no other pronouns in the specified period that perform the role of CONNECTING elements. You need to be clearly aware that NOT EVERY pronoun that occurs in the text is a connecting link.

Let's turn to examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in, wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, others, not mine ...

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I am and her... Which one is the one paper clip that connects the first and second sentences? If this pronoun I am what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing... And what replaces the pronoun her? Word " school»From the first sentence. We conclude: communication using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. Only the pronoun connects with the second they(= floors from second offer). Rest do not correlate with the words of the second sentence in any way and do not replace anything... Conclusion: the second sentence with the third connects the pronoun they.

What is the practical importance of understanding this communication method? The fact that it is possible and necessary to use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numbers. Use, but not abuse, as the abundance of the words "he", "him", "them" sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

A connection using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is, what are the categories by value.

Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote a feature by action and refer to a verb.

As a means of communication, adverbs of the following meanings can be used:

Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, for a long time and the like.

Sample sentences: We got to work. initially it was hard: I couldn't work in a team, there were no ideas. Later got involved, felt their strength and even went into excitement.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are associated with sentence 1 using the adverbs indicated. This type of communication is called parallel communication.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around we were only the tops of the trees. Nearby the clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected with 1 using the specified adverbs.

Indicative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only indicate it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Sample sentences: Last summer I was on vacation in one of the sanatoriums of Belarus. From there it was almost impossible to make a call, let alone work on the Internet. The adverb "from there" replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb "so" summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use and other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I did not develop relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not add up; however, I did not suffer from this, I had a family, there were brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Connection by means of conjunctions is the most common type of connection, due to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the union.

Communication using creative conjunctions: but, and, but, but, also, or, however and others. The task may indicate the type of union, or may not be specified. Therefore, the material on unions should be repeated.

Details about the compositional unions are described in a special section.

Sample sentences: By the end of the day off, we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication with the help of the adversarial union "but".

It has always been this way ... Or it seemed to me so ...Communication using the separating union "or".

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one union participates in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinate unions: for, so... This is a very atypical case, since subordinate unions bind sentences as part of a complex subordinate. In our opinion, with such a connection, there is an intentional rupture of the structure of a complex sentence.

Sample sentences: I was in complete despair ... For did not know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The union for is significant because, because, indicates the reason for the state of the hero.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and wouldn’t do it. So there was only one thing left: to find a job. The union “so” has the meaning of the investigation.

4. Particles

Particle communication always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, the same bring additional shades to the proposal.

Sample sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all it is so simple and at the same time difficult - to love ...

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only grandmother muttered softly: she always read prayers before going to bed, begging the powers of heaven for a better life for us.

After the departure of her husband, the soul became empty and the house was deserted. Even the cat, usually rushing around the apartment as a meteor, only yawns sleepily and still strives to climb into my arms. Here on whose hands would I lean ...Please note that the binding particles are at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using the word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• if adjective - gender, number and case
• if pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
• if verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and participles are considered different words.

Sample sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise it became uncomfortable.

I was familiar with my son captain... With myself captain fate did not bring me down, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: in the task, "word forms" can be written, and then it is ONE word in different forms;

"Forms of words" - and these are two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

The difference between the forms of a word and lexical repetition is of particular difficulty.

Information for the teacher.

Let us consider as an example the most difficult task of the real USE in 2016. Here is a complete fragment published on the FIPI website in the "Methodological Guidelines for Teachers (2016)"

Difficulties of the examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases when the condition of the task required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing the linguistic material, students should be drawn to the fact that lexical repetition presupposes the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

Here is the condition for assignment 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the options for the USE 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one by means of lexical repetition. Write the number of this sentence. "

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

(8) Perhaps that is why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failure and ambiguity.

(11) Once Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in a forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Taking Berg to the lake is the son of a forester Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on Lake Berg for about a month. (18) He did not intend to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is linked to Proposition 14 with personal pronoun "he"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is linked to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional-case-verb-driven and non-sentence-noun-driven. These word forms express different meanings: object meaning and belonging meaning, and the use of the considered word forms does not carry a stylistic load.

Sentence 17 is linked to Sentence 16 by word forms (“On the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in problem 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is related to the previous one (sentence 9) with the help of lexical repetition (the word "he").

It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, what is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same. The authors of the books of the publishing house "National Education", "Exam", "Legion" (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasiliev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very complex cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are considered in the manuals in different ways. The author of the books, N.A. Senin, sees the forms of the word in this. I.P. Tsybulko (based on the 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word "sea" has different cases, but at the same time there is undoubtedly the same stylistic task that I.P. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution of this issue, let us designate the position of RESHUEEGE and give recommendations.

1. All clearly non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24 lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no overlapping forms in the tasks at RESHUEEGE: if linguists-specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then the graduates of the school will not be able to do it.

3. If the exam comes across tasks with similar difficulties, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. Indeed, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, it can be so.

23.3 Syntactic facilities.

Introductory words

The connection with the help of introductory words accompanies, complements any other connection, complementing the shades of meanings characteristic of the introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. One side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone and in anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.

Let's give examples of the definition of communication means in a short text.

(1) We met Masha a few months ago. (2) My parents had not yet seen her, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she, too, did not strive for rapprochement, which made me somewhat upset.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are related.

Sentence 2 is related to Sentence 1 with a personal pronoun her which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: "She" is the nominative, "her" is the genitive.

Read the review excerpt based on the text you analyzed in assignments 20–23.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the numbers of terms from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

“When talking about the hero's childhood, the author often uses the technique - (A) _______ (“ happy ”in sentence 1). With this sometimes the hero has warm memories, which expresses the trope - (B) ________ (" sweet dreams"In sentence 16," gentle hand"In sentence 17," pure love and hopes for bright happiness "in sentence 29). The syntactic tool - (B) ________ ("Nikolenka" in sentence 15, "my darling" in sentence 19, "my angel" in sentence 22) - helps to create the image of the hero's mother. The syntactic tool used at the end of the text - (D) ________ (sentences 32 and 33) - allows the author to address directly the readers. "

List of terms:

1) colloquial vocabulary

2) appeal

3) phraseological unit

4) impersonation

5) interrogative sentences

6) exclamation sentences

7) contrast

9) lexical repetition

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“When talking about the hero's childhood, the author often uses the technique - (A) lexical repetition("Happy" in sentence 1). With this sometimes the hero has warm memories, which expresses the trope - (B) epithet (« sweet dreams"In sentence 16," gentle hand"In sentence 17," pure love and hopes for bright happiness "in sentence 29). Syntactic facility - (B) appeal(“Nikolenka” in sentence 15, “my darling” in sentence 19, “my angel” in sentence 22) - helps to create the image of the hero's mother. The syntactic tool used at the end of the text - (D) interrogative sentences (sentences 32 and 33) - allows the author to address directly the readers. "

List of terms:

2) appeal to

5) interrogative sentences Г

8) epithet B

9) lexical repetition A

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer: 9825.

Russian language

12 from 24

(1) Childhood rarely provides an opportunity to guess anything about the future of the child. (2) No matter how hard dads and mothers try to spy out what will come out of their child, no, they are not justified. (3) All of them see in childhood a preface to adulthood, preparation. (4) In fact, childhood is an independent kingdom, a separate country, independent of the adult future, of parental plans, it, if you like, is the main part of life, it is the main age of a person. (5) Moreover, a person is intended for childhood, born for childhood, childhood is remembered most of all by old age, so we can say that childhood is the future of an adult.

(6) Childhood was the happiest time in my life. (7) Not because it got worse. (8) And for the following years I thank fate, and there were many good things. (9) But childhood differed from the rest of life in that then the world seemed to me arranged for me, I was joy for my father and mother, I was not for anyone, there was still no sense of duty, there were no responsibilities, well, pick up snot, well go to sleep. (10) Childhood is irresponsible. (11) It was then that household chores began to appear. (12) Go. (13) Bring it. (14) Wash ... (15) There is a school, lessons, a clock, time.

(16) I lived among ants, grass, berries, geese. (17) I could lie in a field, fly among the clouds, run to no one knows where, just race, be a steam locomotive, a car, a horse. (18) Could speak to any adult. (19) This was the kingdom of freedom. (20) Not only external, but also internal. (21) I could watch from the bridge into the water for hours. (22) What did I see there? (23) I was idle at the shooting gallery for a long time. (24) The smithy was a magical sight.

(25) As a child, he loved to lie for hours on the warm logs of a raft, look into the water, how they play there in the reddish depths, bleak gleams.

(26) You turn on your back, clouds are floating in the sky, and it seems that my raft is floating. (27) Water gurgles under the logs, where it floats - of course, to distant countries, there are palm trees, deserts, camels. (28) In children's countries there were no skyscrapers, highways, there was the country of Fenimore Cooper, sometimes Jack London - it was snowy, blizzard, frosty.

(29) Childhood is black bread, warm, fragrant, this was not then, it remained there, this is green peas, this is grass under bare feet, these are pies with carrots, rye, with potatoes, this is homemade kvass. (30) Where does our childhood food disappear? (31) And why does she necessarily disappear? (32) Poppies, lean sugar, millet porridge with pumpkin ...

(33) There were so many different happy, cheerful ... (34) Childhood remains the main thing and prettier over the years. (35) I was crying there too, I was unhappy. (36) Fortunately, this was completely forgotten, only the charm of that life remained. (37) Precisely life. (38) There was no love, no glory, no travel, only life, a pure sense of delight in one's existence under this sky. (39) The value of friendship or the happiness of having parents was not yet realized, all this later, later, and there, on the raft, only me, the sky, the river, sweet foggy dreams ...

Show full text

Childhood is an important stage in a person's life. This is a carefree time. I think most of us remember our childhood with tender awe. In this text, D. A. Granin raises the problem of the value of childhood. This problem is always relevant, because it is during this period of time that the child learns to interact with the world around him, forms his ideas about it, acquires skills, character traits that in the future will influence the formation of the personality.

To prove his thoughts, the author cites his reasoning: "childhood is an independent kingdom, a separate country ... it, if you like, is the main part of life, it is the main age of a person." D. Granin emphasizes that childhood is one of the most significant stages in a person's life. Also, the author says about his childhood, describing how he could watch for hours from a bridge into the water, lie on the logs of a raft, look at the clouds: “The value of friendship or the happiness of having parents was not yet realized, all this later, later, and there, on me, the sky, the river, sweet misty dreams ... ". D. Granin describes his unity with nature, shows the carelessness of that time, recalls childhood with tender feelings.

I agree with D. A. Granin, because it is this time that has a strong influence on us. We learn to understand nature, the world around us. The child observes the events taking place, tries to interact with him. Each person, probably, recalls with trepidation that fabulous time when, it seemed, there was no time, problems and worries. To prove this position, let us turn to the arguments from fiction.

First, a vivid example of the value of childhood is the work of L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace". The author describes the Rostov family, the warm atmosphere of family relations in which children are brought up. Brothers and sisters are very friendly with each other, open. From childhood, Natasha was instilled with important values, such as love, attention, caring for others... The girl grew up watching your parents taking over and

Criteria

• 1 of 1 Q1 Formulation of source code problems
• 3 of 3 K2