Introduction

By now, contradictions have become aggravated in the world, which have jeopardized the possibility of the further existence of man and nature. An environmental crisis is ripe, which is largely due not only to socio-economic, technical, technological, political reasons, but also to spiritual reasons. The global ecological crisis is not the result of a single mistake, an incorrectly chosen strategy of technical or social development. This is a reflection of the deep crisis of culture, covering the entire complex of human interaction with each other, with society and nature. In our life, there are phenomena of spiritual decline due to the transformation of goals and values. The modern ecological situation is a consequence of the socio-economic development of the world community, focused on technocratic goals, values ​​and material consumption, pushing into the background the spiritual factors of existence and indicating the signs of a spiritual crisis.

In this work, ecological culture is considered as an integral part of human culture, including moral values, norms of behavior, ways of interaction between people in the field of environmental protection and the system of social relations that form them, manifested in the environmentally oriented behavior of people, awareness of common responsibility for the quality of the environment and high social significance of preventing negative human impact on the environment.

Environmental culture is a new discipline that has arisen within the framework of cultural studies. The most serious ecological crisis that hit our planet, has made significant adjustments in the relationship between man and nature, forced to rethink all the achievements of world civilization. Approximately from the sixties of the twentieth century, when the problem of the destruction of all living things in connection with industrial activity was the first such acute problem for mankind, a new science began to take shape - ecology, and as a result of this emergence, an ecological culture appeared.

Ecological culture is the level of people's perception of nature, the world around them and an assessment of their position in the universe, a person's attitude to the world. Here it is necessary to immediately clarify that this does not mean the relationship between man and the world, which also presupposes a feedback, but only his own attitude to the world, to living nature.

Culture is a measure of the human in a person, a characteristic of his own development, as well as the development of society, its interaction with nature.

The problem of the human dimension was noticed in antiquity. Protagoras said: "Man is the measure of all things - existing, that they exist, do not exist, that they do not exist." In the history of philosophy, in various aspects, the importance of characterizing a particular social phenomenon through the personal, human dimension was noted. ecological culture personal nature

This can be seen in the study of such problems as the attitude of the individual to the state and the state to the individual: the attitude of the individual to society and society to the individual; personality-to-personality relationship; the relationship of the individual to nature; the attitude of the individual to himself.

If we talk about specific forms of the human dimension of culture, they are manifested in many ways: from the self-awareness of the individual as an intrinsic value and the development of human dignity to the way of his life, creating or, on the contrary, not creating conditions for the realization of the creative forces and abilities of a person. Man is the creator of culture, while culture forms man. It can be said that it is the human dimension of culture that testifies to the fact that culture presents and clearly expresses the ability of the human race to self-development, which makes the very fact of human history possible.

American sociologist A. Small believed that society should satisfy such human interests as preserving health, getting an education, ensuring decent communication, creating conditions for familiarizing with beauty and realizing social justice. Today we note with bitterness that we have almost no truly humanistic values. We are destroying that valuable thing that has been done in the sphere of spiritual values ​​- collectivism, camaraderie, patriotism, internationalism; we give up the values ​​in the field of health care, education, science, art, which were admired by the whole world. Of course, having proclaimed the goal of society - "everything for man - everything for the good of man," often the human being was forgotten. It was overshadowed by the interests of the state and moved to a "bright future."

Let us pose the question of the human dimension of culture more specifically: how and how to determine the parameters of this human? In general terms, we answered: the human dimension leads us to consider the goals of human activity and the means of achieving them. But what are these goals with a "human face"? This is, first of all, the content of working conditions, social and living conditions that allow the individual to realize their abilities and interests, the participation of the individual in the management of production, society, such a development of material and spiritual values ​​that contribute to human well-being.

It should be noted the importance of the personal dimension of culture from the point of view of man's relationship to nature. Today we are already talking about ecological culture, which reflects the attitude of man to nature, his morality. This ecological morality should now act as a categorical imperative of the individual, state, society. A person comes into the world not as a producer and not as a person, but as a person. He assimilates both the natural and social qualities of his being in the form in which he finds them in his environment, because he cannot choose one or another type of society or the level of development of cultural values. Man is that element of the "nature - man - society" system, through which nature, society, and man himself change. And so on what are the personal dimensions of the person himself, what are his value orientations, the results of his activity depend (provided, of course, certain objective conditions are present). Therefore, conscientiousness and responsibility, mercy and love for nature - this is not a complete list of human qualities that measure human contact with nature, human ecological culture.

When we talk about the ecological culture of a society, we should note that "good technology" (one that is focused on the preservation and recreation of nature) gives, respectively, a "good ecology". The ecological culture of society, associated with care for the harmony of man and nature, incorporates both material and spiritual values ​​that serve both nature and man as its integral part.

For thousands of years, mankind has accumulated the experience of ecological culture in interaction with the environment and personal relationships in society. Each nation created its own national, ethnic cult rites, rituals of festivities and celebrations, etc.

The accumulated experience of ecological culture was passed on from generation to generation in the form of visual ritual forms and orally in fairy tales, myths and legends. Wise people were able to express it in the scriptures: Vedas, Tao, Koran, Bible, etc.

The evolution of mankind has reached a modern democratic social order with a certain degree of protection of the human person. Therefore, spiritual enlightenment and unification of humanity on the basis of ecological culture is its self-salvation.

The history of ecological culture begins with the emergence of Homosupiensa (Homo sapiens) in the biosphere. Having mastered the environment and having established their interactions with the biosphere, a person acquired the first lessons in ecology. Ensuring his survival and existence in harmony with nature, he needed an ecological culture. Observing the life of animals, studying the properties of plants, knowing the systemic nature of the universe and the spontaneity of energy flows, he came to his spiritual discovery. His further interactions with the environment were limited to cult rituals, which determined his ecological culture, which has survived to this day in various rituals, cults, and superstitions of many ethnic groups.

Domestication of wild animals and providing himself with food for future use, engaging in agriculture, a person faced with over-enrichment, with over-consumption. The disturbed harmony with the environment by the agricultural revolution has led to a new awareness. The man felt himself a master and began to create an artificial environment for his habitation - the city. The growth of the population in cities, with the emergence of artisans and new estates, contributed to the birth of the state and religion. These social revolutions changed the spiritual consciousness of a person to selfishness. The desire for power, wealth, pleasure led to a slave system, feudal-serf, capitalist, totalitarian.

Today, humanity is divided into two camps in its consciousness: anthropocentrists are technocrats with a consciousness of the ideology of the body (power, wealth, pleasure); biocentrists - with an awareness of the ideology of spirituality and harmony with nature.

The cult of reason distorted the structures of knowledge and gave rise to the type of modern man-rationalist. Rationalism is non-ecological, and in the philosophy of F. Nietzsche we find "an unshakable belief that thinking can penetrate into the deepest abysses of being and not only cognize being, but even correct it." In his works V.I. Vernadsky noted that nature is an organized whole and an integral spiritual and artistic perception of the world is necessary.

Environmental culture issues include: animism, which views nature as living (animate); natural philosophy as the most ancient experience of the world outlook; ecological ethics with problems of upbringing and education. In order for a person to begin to fulfill his social duties, to follow the rules of nature conservation, he must consider them his own, and this must become his personal spiritual need.

“Nowadays, philosophers again return to the recognition of spirit as an immaterial reality, as the ability of nature to self-organization, order, harmony. It is the spirit that demonstrates all the inexhaustible power and greatness of nature, its immense creative abilities, manifested, among other things, in the manifestation of human consciousness. The great synthesis to which humanity is heading:

• 1) “the fusion of scientific idealism with positivism;
• 2) accurate scientific knowledge with religion;
• 3) scientific research with a mystical feeling "Vl. Soloviev "Criticism of Abstract Principles".

In our time, ecological culture is a condition for the survival of civilization on planet Earth. Consequently, the question is about its assimilation, understanding, recognition. Most of the environmental problems have not entered the experience of our lives, and therefore cannot be realized.

The law of the sequence of mental states says - "not everything can be transferred to the level of active consciousness, where information is collected into a principle that constitutes a person's personal position." Consequently, for human consciousness it is necessary to find a position, a program and reach the level of preparedness of the one to whom it is addressed. At the same time, methods and techniques are used not only for informing, but for deep assimilation of ecological culture:

• 1) a method of acting on consciousness by concentrating the worst assumptions between a crisis and a catastrophe. However, the effect of such information fades out rather quickly and does not develop a stable ecological orientation;
• 2) a method of direct transmission of an emotional attitude, which literally acts as an emotional contamination of an attitude, a reaction of admiration or disgust. Psychic abilities such as empathy, sympathy or emotional contamination can serve as a basis capable of accepting the cultural ecological programs of their time, but over time they can be lost under the influence of new attitudes towards nature;
• 3) the method of knowledge. But as awareness grows, a degree of alienation and indifference arises. Therefore, for each ecological situation, a program for the formation of Human involvement in everything that is nature is necessary;
• 4) the method of the fundamental connection of ecological consciousness with the education of Feelings in relation to nature at the level of national ethnic culture with its rituals, ceremonies, fears, fears of anger to reverent admiration;
• 5) the method of ecological education at the spiritual level becomes possible only as a result of the expansion of a person's consciousness and bringing him out of purely individual selfish interests, towards the realization of his special purpose on Earth.

In the last decade, the number of environmental disasters convincingly testifies to the reality of the most gloomy forecasts. Modern realities force us to look for common values ​​on which the culture of all mankind should rely. The problem of preserving life on Earth is becoming the cornerstone of the formation of world ecological culture. Societal development, survival and stability require the mobilization of a multitude of types of cultural experience. "The only chance for humanity to survive will be only by radically changing the strategy of its relationship with the Biosphere, namely, by changing the nature-conquering worldview to an alternative to it." V.A. Zubakov called this alternative an ecogeosophical paradigm - this is the path to the Spiritual World. “Phenols, dioxins and ozone holes are not the cause of the ecological crisis. The root cause of the impending catastrophe is a person, or rather, his personality with its ambitions, values, goals and meanings of life. " S.F. Minakov.

It is people who will have to change themselves in order to return harmony with the world. The ecological problem of preserving life on the planet, sustainable development as a way of existence of a "spiritual society" (B.S. Soloviev) cannot be solved within the framework of the previous paradigm of social development. The nature of the former "social contract" that defines the norms, goals and values ​​of social activity is socially closed, self-motivated, does not take into account the involvement of the sociosphere in the global ecosystem. This "contract" is valid only within a closed social system, it enshrines the responsibility of the social to the social. While the society (society) was developing without exceeding the enclosing volume of the landscape, the threat to life did not look acute. But we have exceeded the permissible limit: more than 50% of the land surface is experiencing a strong anthropogenic impact, we have violated the laws of biotic regulation, a threat to the Integral System of Life has arisen. We need a new social contract - a system of ethical norms, value orientations and regulations capable of ensuring the sustainable development of mankind within the capabilities of the biosphere.

The path to creating new ethical foundations for the development of mankind in harmony with nature is the spiritual and moral correction of modern culture, the spiritual elevation of mankind, the unity of the deep mental values ​​of all cultures in a holistic worldview and attitude, world outlook. Collective intelligence, the moral intelligence of mankind are the real attributes of the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere. The spiritual elevation of a person, the realization of his true essential forces, and being inscribed in the Universe instill optimism in us. Man is an endless possibility!

Among the main channels of spiritual manifestations (along with religion, art, literature, etc.) is a holistic comprehension of the world based on the synthesis of the rational and the irrational, on the basis of modern rationalism (N.N. Moiseev). Understanding the limitations of the natural-scientific worldview, scientism of science in explaining and transforming the world led to the formation of a new ecological picture of the world as a reflection in the consciousness of the integrity of the Universe and personal self-determination in it. Environmental culture is a measure and way of realizing the essential forces of a person in eco-social life, a reflection of the holistic universal self-determination of the individual, the realization that “man is his other nature”.

Approaching the essence of nature and man is akin to a transcendental, spiritual comprehension of the world; it is a persistent attempt to realize “Who is a man who masters the forces of nature? And what are his rights and obligations in relation to nature and himself? And is there a limit to these rights? And if so, what is he like ”(V. Konrad). Understanding a person as an unmerged and undivided unity of spirit, soul and flesh is the way to the elevation of human essence in self-knowledge and knowledge of the world, cultivating universal responsibility for the fate of all that exists - the Universe, the Cosmos, and one's immediate environment.

Environmental culture is increasingly being established in public consciousness as an immanent component of sustainable development, as a priority for the country's security. Ecological culture is not another direction, an aspect of culture, but a new quality of culture, a reflection of the integral world on the basis of its practical, intellectual and spiritual comprehension. In ecological culture, the picture of the world appears in all the diversity of both rational and spiritual embodiment; not only science, but all languages ​​of culture, without exception, participate in the display of the world: myth and religion, science and art, the experience of the practical development of the world, esoteric and other non-traditional ways of knowing and, of course, the experience of spiritual searches and revelations.

The probabilistic nature of socio-natural history, synergism in the development of processes and phenomena, allows one to avoid extreme determinism, to consider truth primarily as a goal and a path towards a goal. We are united by the embodiment of theory, socio-cultural, philosophical, moral searches into real experience, into the practice of spiritual and moral correction of culture, understanding the ways of developing ecological culture. And the core of such unity is a holistic worldview and a striving for the spiritual and moral elevation of a person.

The goal of the national environmental policy in the field of education is to create a system for the effective purposeful formation of the environmental culture of all categories of residents using all possible tools and institutions for this.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to ensure the solution of the following tasks:

the formation of a system of ideas among the population about the value of natural resources, about the main provisions of the sustainable development strategy, about the problems of maintaining the health of the environment, etc.

the formation of a humane attitude towards nature, ensuring the psychological inclusion of animals and plants in the sphere of action of ethical norms;

assimilation by the population of environmentally safe methods of nature management;

teaching people to consciously use the unique potential that lies in spiritual communication with the natural world. For your own personal development;

the formation in people of the need for active personal support for the ideas of sustainable development and maintaining the health of the environment.

A huge number of articles have been written, a significant number of methods have been developed, collections of reports are published, conferences are organized on this topic, and the level of the ecological culture of the population continues to remain catastrophically low.

Ecological culture is not just a deep understanding of the problem, it is the inner state of the human soul. Yes, it is from the soul, and not from the mighty mind, that true ecological education begins.

Someone will say that such reasoning is emotional and has nothing to do with real actions, but the soul is not emotions - it is our true essence, responsible for actions and volitional decisions, even if the mind does not fully understand the essence of the phenomenon that is taking place. Here it is worth remembering about conscience, which also does not always agree with reason. She is an internal self-control that does not allow doing bad, even seemingly completely justified by logical arguments.

Man is a part of nature endowed with active consciousness. It initially has the ability to regulate your life in accordance with natural processes. This is natural for all biological beings, and we are no exception. But the “children of civilization” raised in the technogenic world are no longer able to distinguish “good” from “bad”. A bad thing is that which is inexpedient, not justified from the point of view of the functioning of the biosphere.

This means that ecological culture should be based on the natural tendency of a human being to interact correctly with the landscape. And you need to start its formation from a very early age.

When a child is born, he is in harmony with the world. The process of growing up is accompanied by his socialization and gradual isolation from the natural environment, especially in a city. Nature loses its intrinsic value and ceases to act as a worldview aspect. An illusion is created that its laws cease to operate in a social society, and that it itself is perceived as a means of satisfying needs. Moreover, the needs can be not only physiological and material, but also aesthetic (the need for a beautiful landscape, in a natural sound background).

Nature no longer acts as a component of our soul, it is isolated, and often opposed to social life. We cannot care about what is not part of our inner being. And it is quite natural that at this stage, in order to somehow solve environmental problems, you need to thoroughly scare society with impending disasters.

And no matter how bright minds fought over the problem of increasing the level of ecological culture, the results are not yet impressive.

We can say that the state does not pay enough attention to the problem, and as usual, when issuing laws, it does little to monitor their implementation; and a handful of enthusiasts are engaged in raising ecological culture, and often at their own expense.

But the question now is what can be done by those who understand how important it is, who are able to act at their own level: educators, teachers, heads of sections, circles and, finally, the parents themselves.

Today, even in the eyes of a small child, one can see indifference and indifference to all living things. Therefore, the main task is to light that very light in the soul, which then itself will lead the little person in the right direction. This is really not easy to do.

It is easier to start at preschool age, when the child is just beginning to form a picture of the world. Many things are absorbed, as they say, with "mother's milk." It is difficult to overestimate the role of family education here. After all, everything that the baby sees from day to day freely penetrates into his consciousness.

If he sees how the sun wakes up plants in the morning, learns the amazing structure of the life of all creatures, and also feels the love of loved ones, harmony and coherence of natural processes that permeate the universe will certainly penetrate into his heart, and with this the true concept of beauty and culture.

Someone may think this is an ideal and sentimental picture, but it is not. Many of the best representatives of humanity, and just harmonious and happy people, were brought up and grew in this way. But it is really not always possible to create such conditions. But parents and educators and all who are able to help should strive for this with all their might.

It is more difficult with schoolchildren. If interest is not initially present, then it is not easy to "hook" the child.

In some companies it is not accepted to care about the environment - "not prestigious". The schoolchildren themselves tell how their friends laugh at them if they try to suppress the unnatural actions of their friends! And feigned indifference soon turns into unwillingness to touch on environmental problems at all.

Both teachers and parents will help to correct the situation. It is important not to miss the time when children can still be reached. This requires not only conversations, but also environmental activities. Schoolchildren can participate in research, competitions, practical work to improve the state of the environment. It is important that their efforts are in demand, then interest awakens and an awareness of personal responsibility appears.

The foundation that we lay in children today will become the foundation of the building of the near future of all mankind, and the first results can be seen in a few years. Indeed, the reality of tomorrow depends on the inner convictions of the little person, the level of consciousness and responsibility, and most importantly, on the development of his spiritual culture.

Children are the future that we are able to make better! And each of us is able to contribute to it.

After all, adults with an already formed stereotype of thinking, alas, can only scare or, at best, try to appeal to reason.

Conclusion

Currently, the progress of civilization is not accompanied by progress in the field of spiritual values, rather the opposite. The importance of such concepts as spirituality, competence, education has dropped sharply. Education is to play a major role in reviving spirituality and overcoming the current environmental crisis.

In the process of forming the ecological culture of the population, an important role belongs to the views, ideas, attitudes, feelings, habits of people. Depending on what values ​​and ideals people are guided by, the nature of their interaction with the environment largely depends. In this regard, the continuous purposeful work of all structures of training, upbringing and education, especially the younger generation, acquires particular importance, so that a careful, caring attitude to natural objects, to the ecological and sanitary state of places of residence becomes an organic part of the worldview, attitude, and habit of the townspeople.

The formation of a future personality begins from early childhood and is determined by the most complex interactions of genetic, biological and social factors, external circumstances that can not only contribute to its development, but also actively interfere with the natural and organic formation, predetermining the tragedy of being a personality. Environmental education begins from childhood, when the norms of behavior and habits of the child, his moral consciousness (understanding of good and evil, good and bad) are formed. In this case, the position of the family, children's institutions, children's literature and art, television and, most importantly, the practice of involving children in caring for plants and animals in the surrounding area is especially important.

In order to form the environmental culture of the population, environmental education is carried out through the dissemination of knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources. Environmental education, including informing city residents about the legislation in the field of environmental protection and ecological safety, is carried out by state authorities, local self-government bodies, as well as public associations, the media, educational institutions and cultural institutions, and other legal entities.

List of used literature

Glazachev S. Ecological culture of the world - the priority of the safety of the planet // Green world. - No. 9-10. - 2003 .-- p. 17

V.N. Lavrinenko. Philosophy: Human Dimension of Culture http://society.polbu.ru/lavrinenko_philosophy/ch67_i.html

Turenko F.P. Human ecological culture in the noosphere. "Successes of modern natural science" No. 9, 2004

Where does ecological culture begin? Article http://www.journalist-pro.com/2007/11/26/s_chego_nachinaetsja_jekologicheskaja_kultura.html

Ecological culture http://www.ecopolicy.ru/index.php?id=110

http://www.ecoculture.ru/ecolibrary/art_11_03.php

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Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Sverdlovsk region

GBOU SPO SO "UKSAP"

abstract

On the ecological basis of nature management

On the topic:" Human ecological culture"

Completed a 4th year student

Groups ZS-41

Kunshchikov Sergey

Introduction

1. The concept of ecological culture

2. Violation of ecological balance

3. Environmental issues

4. Environmental safety

5. Ways to solve environmental problems

6. New horizons of environmental education

Bibliography

Introduction

Ecological culture is a part of universal human culture, a system of social relations, social and individual moral and ethical norms, views, attitudes and values ​​concerning the relationship between man and nature; the harmony of the coexistence of human society and the natural environment; an integral adaptive mechanism of man and nature, realized through the attitude of human society to the natural environment and to environmental problems in general. From the point of view of the scientific and educational process, ecological culture is considered as a separate discipline within the framework of cultural studies.

During the 20th century, the development of human civilization increasingly revealed the antagonistic contradiction between population growth and the satisfaction of its growing needs for material resources, on the one hand, and the capabilities of ecosystems, on the other. This contradiction, aggravating, led to the rapid degradation of the human environment and the destruction of traditional socio-natural structures. It became obvious that the method of trial and error in environmental management, characteristic of the previous periods of civilization development, has completely outlived its usefulness and should be completely replaced by a scientific method, the basis of which is a scientifically grounded strategy of human relations with the biosphere, combined with a deep preliminary analysis of the possible ecological consequences of those or other specific anthropogenic impacts on nature.

With the development of production forces that make it possible to master nature on a large scale and an increase in the number of inhabitants on Earth, the degradation of the natural environment reaches an unprecedented size that is dangerous for the very existence of people, so that it is quite justified to talk about an ecological crisis that can turn into an ecological catastrophe.

At the end of the 20th century, attention to the culture of interaction between man and nature has increased significantly; the reason for this attention was primarily a public rethinking of the approach to culture as such and to the past achievements of mankind in particular. The internal potential of these achievements in terms of their possible reactivation in the form of preserving or restoring traditions was significantly overestimated, and these achievements themselves began to be viewed as something very valuable: as a tangible result of human self-realization, on the one hand, and, on the other, as continuing to act. factor of the creative development of mankind.

In 2000, a draft federal law "On ecological culture" was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation, which determined the principles of the relationship between state authorities, local authorities, legal entities and individuals in the field of realizing the constitutional right of a person and a citizen to a favorable environment, and in the field of compliance with the constitutional obligation of everyone to preserve nature and the environment. The draft law addressed issues of public administration in the field of environmental culture, including issues of state regulation in this area.

1. The concept of ecological culture

Ecological culture is a relatively new problem, which has become acute due to the fact that humanity has come close to a global ecological crisis. We all see perfectly well that many territories, due to human economic activity, turned out to be polluted, which affected the health and quality of the population. It can be said directly that as a result of anthropogenic activity, the surrounding nature is facing a direct threat of destruction. Due to an unreasonable attitude towards it and its resources, due to a misunderstanding of its place and position in the universe, humanity is threatened with degradation and extinction.

Therefore, the problem of "correct" perception of nature, as well as of "ecological culture", is currently coming to the fore. The sooner scientists begin to "sound the alarm", the sooner people begin to revise the results of their activities and adjust their goals, comparing their goals with the means available to nature, the faster it will be possible to move on to correcting mistakes, both in the world outlook and in the economic sphere. ...

But, unfortunately, the problem of "ecological culture" is still poorly understood. One of the first who approached the problem of eco-culture was the famous thinker and researcher V.I. Vernadsky; for the first time he worked out the term "biosphere" in a most serious way, dealt with the problems of the human factor in the existence of the world. You can also name Malthus, Le Chatelier-Brown, B. Commoner and others. But, nevertheless, the scope of the given topic makes us look at the problem from the other side, because we are interested in the problem of society's perception of ecological culture.

By its nature, culture is changeable and capable of self-renewal, but it is a kind of sign that allows you to identify each member of the community to a given civilization. Culture is a product of the collective activity of members of one people, which in each specific area creates its own personal and unique socio-cultural code. It is not for nothing that we are talking about the fact that there is a culture of language, a culture of behavior, economic, legal, ecological culture and many others, which is a single and unique belonging to each nation.

Thus, the perception of culture depends on the person belonging to a particular community. But the basic basis of culture, it seems to me, is still the values ​​accumulated by the people in the spiritual sphere (faith, customs, language, literature, etc.) and in the material sphere (architecture, sculpture, painting, etc.). But despite this, there is still something or some kind of common cultural archetype that promotes intercultural communication.

The science of ecology arose at the end of the 19th century, but then it meant the doctrine of living organisms, their relationship and influence on nature as a whole. But ecology acquired a truly relevant significance in the middle of the twentieth century, when scientists from the United States discovered the proportional dependence of soil and ocean pollution, the destruction of many animal species from anthropogenic activities. Simply put, when the researchers realized that fish and plankton were dying in water bodies located in the immediate vicinity of factories and plants, when they realized that as a result of unreasonable agricultural activities, the soil was depleted, then ecology acquired its vital importance. Thus, since the end of the sixties, humanity has faced the problem of a "global ecological crisis". The development of industry, industrialization, the Scientific and technological revolution, the massive deforestation, the construction of giant factories, nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plants, the process of depletion and desertification of lands led to the fact that the world community was faced with the question of the survival and preservation of man as a species.

2. Violation of ecological balance

With the development of industry and modern technologies all over the world, the issue of disturbing the ecological balance has become acute. This problem has reached a level where it is almost impossible to solve it. Unfortunately, much of what was destroyed cannot be restored.

Violation of the ecological balance between natural factors and human activity is a socio-ecological crisis. This means that the balance between the environment and society is disturbed. This situation can lead to the death of humanity.

The degree of ecological imbalance can be different. Pollution is the smallest damage that has been done to the environment. In this case, nature can deal with the problem on its own. Within a certain time, she will restore balance, provided that humanity stops harming her.

The second degree is a violation of the ecological balance. Here the biosphere loses its ability to heal itself. In order for the balance to return to normal, human intervention is necessary.

The last stage is the most dangerous and is called destruction. This is the limit at which it becomes impossible to restore the pristine ecosystem. This is an ecological catastrophe, which leads to rash actions of man and his impermissible destruction of the surrounding nature. This fact is already taking place in some parts of the world.

Violation of ecological balance - causes and consequences

The reasons for the violation of the ecological balance are associated with the development of science and technology. Waste of natural resources, deforestation, pollution of water bodies - this is what causes an ecological disaster. By harming nature, man endangers his existence. This gives rise to great troubles for mankind: demographic crisis, hunger, lack of natural resources and destruction of the environment. Unjustified deforestation leads to the extinction of animals and birds. This leads to a change in the ecological balance. If humanity does not begin to restore the destroyed plantations and does not take care of the protection of endangered animals, then this will lead to the death of humanity. So far, these problems can be solved.

Violation of the ecological balance in the city is the largest. The construction of buildings and the clearing of parks lead to environmental pollution. The large number of vehicles and the lack of green spaces contribute to the accumulation of smog and carbon dioxide. As a result, there is an increase in the number of sick people among the urban population.

The development of industry has led to an increase in harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Not many business and plant managers care about environmental protection. In this state of affairs, humanity will face an ecological catastrophe.

3. Environmental issues

socio-natural ecosystem education personality

The first problem- air pollution.

Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the period of using fire was insignificant. Great pollution of the atmosphere began with the beginning of the work of industrial enterprises. All emissions of harmful substances into nature, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide, nitrogen oxides, fluorine and chlorine compounds, not only lead to the death of the flora and fauna that surrounds us, but also exacerbate our life on planet Earth.

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin:

A) Carbon monoxide

It turns out with incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It gets into the air as a result of the incineration of solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. Annually, this gas enters the atmosphere at least 1250 million tons.

This carbon compound contributes to an increase in the temperature of the planet, and the creation of the greenhouse effect - global problem number 1.

This problem is characterized by the fact that a large amount of snow falls on the planet in winter, melting of which adds water to the oceans and seas, flooding the land. Over the past few years, there have been more than 60 floods on Earth, which have caused harm not only to nature, but also to humans.

There are many striking examples that keep us from forgetting about the greenhouse effect:

1. Global climate changes, droughts, tornadoes where they have never been.

2. On June 16, 2004, snow fell on the warmest continent of our planet, Africa, which caused confusion in many parts of the world.

3. Also seen a lot of glacier melting in Antarctica. And this is already serious, if half of the glaciers go into the ocean and melt, then there will be a large rise in the water level, which can flood half of the earth's land. For example, cities and countries such as Venice, China, etc.

4. This winter, in many relatively warm countries of Europe, such as Bulgaria, the frost reached -35 degrees.

B) Oxides of nitrogen

The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, and rayon silk. The amount of emissions is 20 million tons. in year.

C) Compound of fluorine and chlorine

The sources are enterprises for the production of aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, hydrochloric acid, organic dyes, soda. They enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous substances that destroy the layers of the atmosphere.

Second problem- this is the problem of pollution of the World Ocean.

Oil and oil products.

Oil is a viscous, oily liquid with a dark brown color, which is mined in large quantities in order to increase their well-being, thereby not worrying about the fact that nature is dying, the thin atmospheric layer of the biosphere is being destroyed. "In what nature will our beloved children, great-grandchildren, etc. live?" - such a question should arise for all people inhabiting planet Earth. After all, 98% of oil has a toxic effect on the environment.

Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons of oil is lost annually, large masses of which enter the seas and rivers, with domestic and storm drains. Once in the marine environment, oil first spreads out in the form of a film, destructive to all life in the ocean. By the color of the film, you can determine its thickness: Oil forms emulsions that can remain on the surface, carried by the current, washed ashore and settle to the bottom, also destroying flora and fauna in its path. Because of this, one of the important problems is the lack of fresh water in rivers and lakes. A few decades ago, polluted waters were like islands in a relatively clean natural environment. Now the picture has changed, continuous tracts of contaminated areas have formed.

The oceans are a gigantic storehouse of biological resources, and ocean pollution threatens all processes - physical, chemical and biological.

But people do not understand this and have long dumped the waste of their economic activities into the seas, arrange dumps of obsolete ammunition. Particularly dangerous is the discharge for the disposal of chemical and radioactive waste, in our time it is called dumping.

Many landlocked countries produce marine dumping of materials and substances, in particular dredged soil, drill slag, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemicals. The volume of burials was about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean. The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much damage to the water. However, this ability is not unlimited, it takes many years.

Therefore, dumping is viewed as a forced measure, a temporary tribute of society to imperfect technologies, but many enterprises, bypassing prohibitive laws, throw waste into the sea.

The third equally important problem- This is the destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, ozone holes.

Ozone holes have appeared recently. Ozone is an essential component that protects us from harmful substances that come from outer space. First of all, it is "stardust" or you can call it - "debris of stars". The ozone layers of the biosphere protect us from many cataclysms. But a person, without noticing it, worsens these layers, gradually bringing himself to death. Already now, many people ask the question: "Why do many cores feel bad. Is it connected with explosions in the sun?" Of course, it is connected, because holes have appeared in a thin layer of the atmosphere, allowing the sun's rays to come to our earth, which not only cause heart attacks in adults, but also increase the risk of skin cancer from excessive ultraviolet radiation.

Fourth problem- This is acidic atmospheric precipitation falling on land. One of the most acute global problems of mankind and of our time is the problem of the increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not experience droughts, but their natural fertility is lowered and unstable; they are quickly depleted and yield low. Acid rain causes more than acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downdrafts of water spreads over the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human economic activity, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon. These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous acids, which fall out in the form of "acid rains", interacting with plants, soils and waters. Their main sources are: burning of shale, oil, coal, gas. Human economic activity has doubled the intake of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. All this affected the health of both people and their livestock, which is used for food consumption.

If we look broadly, we can say that a person creates problems for himself, and not just problems, but global ones, such as: the destruction of forests, plants and animals, fertile soils, the emergence of radioactive zones.

4. Environmental safety

Environmental safety is a guarantee of prevention of ecologically significant disasters and accidents; it is a set of actions that ensure ecological balance in all regions of the Earth. We can talk about environmental safety in relation to a separate area, city, region, state and the planet as a whole. Major environmental problems are interstate in nature, since nature has no boundaries. Ensuring environmental safety in one region or state is important for any other region and state.

This means that achieving environmental safety is an international task, and international cooperation is needed here.

Now in many countries, the issues of environmental protection are being raised. Country leaders and environmental committees are concerned about the changes taking place in nature. Many manufacturers are setting up environmentally friendly production. So, for example, they began to produce electric vehicles that are absolutely safe for the environment. Waste recycling is of particular importance. This issue needs an immediate solution. Many countries are seriously engaged in the disposal and recycling of human waste. Clearing the planet of debris is one of the ways to restore the balance between the natural world and society.

Each person is responsible for their actions. By polluting the environment, we primarily harm our own lives. If all people follow certain rules that will contribute to the preservation of nature, then one can hope that the ecological disaster will cease to be a threat to humanity.

5. Ptackle environmental problems

Each of the global problems discussing here has its own options for a partial or more complete solution; there is a certain set of general approaches to solving environmental problems.

Measures to improve the quality of the environment:

1. Technological:

* development of new technologies

* treatment facilities

* fuel change

* electrification of production, everyday life, transport

2. Architectural planning activities:

* zoning of the territory of the settlement

* landscaping of populated areas

* organization of sanitary protection zones

3. Economic

4. Legal:

* creation of legislative acts to maintain the quality of the environment

5. Engineering and organizational:

* reduction of parking lots at traffic lights

* reduction of traffic intensity on congested highways.

In addition, over the past century, mankind has developed a number of original ways to deal with environmental problems.

These methods include the emergence and activity of various kinds of "green" movements and organizations. In addition to "Green Peace ^ a", which is distinguished by the scale of its activities, there are similar organizations directly carrying out environmental actions. There is also another type of environmental organization: structures that stimulate and sponsor conservation activities (Wildlife Fund).

In addition to all sorts of associations in the field of solving environmental problems, there are a number of state or public environmental initiatives: - environmental legislation in Russia and other countries of the world,

Various international agreements or the Red Data Book system.

Among the most important ways to solve environmental problems, most researchers also highlight the introduction of environmentally friendly, little and no waste technologies, the construction of treatment facilities, the rational location of production and the use of natural resources.

6. New horizons of environmental education

In the modern world, within the framework of striving for sustainable development, the most important aspect of the full value of personality development is environmental education.

A person lives not just in close contact with wildlife, he is an integral part of it. Consequently, nature is one of the constituent parts of man. Our forefathers understood this common truth. In order to pass on this knowledge of the integral living world from generation to generation, they deified, spiritualized nature, endowing it with a special meaning. In this understanding, nature was considered a living being - a person. People treated water, mountains, wind, plants and animals as the rightful owners of natural resources. And if a person wanted a fulfilling life, he simply had to be in harmony with nature. Such an attitude of mankind warned us against a consumer attitude towards nature. Even then, our forefathers knew one of the laws of the Commoner - you have to pay for everything in nature, and if you constantly take and take, greedily gnawing your teeth into the planet, a bitter retribution will come. These times have come: reckoning for our deeds knocked on our doors, entered Nadi at home, and we still do not notice her. This is why rethinking our relationship to nature has become an absolute must.

And what is comprehension? This is primarily an understanding of nature. Where can this understanding come from if there is only chaos and consumer greed everywhere? The answer is simple and obvious - environmental education.

For the traditional model of education, the study of nature is a soulless process of dismembering its mysteries into components and components: nature consists of lakes where we fish; nature consists of mountains where miners mine coal; nature consists of forests, from which we make school notebooks for you. How can this all-consuming hypocrisy help a child understand the general picture of the universe? This lie leaves no alternative to a young person's understanding of the principles of interaction between the human and the natural. This method has long outlived its usefulness.

The main task of ecological upbringing and education is to help a child to see the beauty of the world as a whole, to help him realize the deep relationships in nature: where the squirrel is very beautiful, and she is even more beautiful if she lives in a clean forest ... Understanding the principle "Everything is connected with everything" will help the child to learn the main ecology motto - "Protect the environment!"... It is this method of environmental education that can lead our civilization to sustainable development.

Understand that animating nature is not occult or religious delirium. This is a means of upbringing that is visual and accessible to the child. If children understand that the Earth is a living creature capable of experiencing pain, fear, joy, then they will treat it with tenderness and love. If children from an early age realize that even a fluffy cloud is alive, will they become adults to shit in the atmospheric air?

It's time to rethink our educational concepts. Environmental education must become more environmental. This is the primary task of our common salvation - humanity and nature.

Bibliography

1. Attali J. On the threshold of a new millennium: Per. From English. - M .: International relations, 1993. - 136 p.

2. Lavrov S. B. Global problems of our time: part 1. - SPb .: SPbGUPM, 1993. - 72 p.

3. Lavrov S. B. Global problems of our time: part 2. - SPb .: SPbGUPM, 1995. - 72 p.

4. Gladkov N.D. and others. Nature protection-M. Enlightenment, 1975-239s.

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Using words quite often "Ecological culture of society", "Ecological culture of personality", and just "Ecologically cultured person", do we always put true meaning in these concepts? Today I propose in these questions and to sort out the ready-made answers on the corresponding shelves of consciousness.

The ongoing cataclysms remind of the true master of the planet

The history of the term "Ecological culture" traces its roots back to the 20th century, when the level of negative impact on the environment reached such heights that mankind, finally realizing it, thought about whether and whether there will be something to leave to descendants (and will there be anyone to leave descendants?). At the same time, the consequences of the thoughtless thirst for consumption of the "crown of Nature" become obvious - the level of environmental problems is rapidly gaining momentum, and monitoring reports begin to resemble shots from a disaster film. It was then that the eyes of the public and the mighty of this world finally drew attention to the vain calls to reduce the speed of the ruthless machine of gluttony, and urgently began to study the Talmuds of scientific research, conclusions and forecasts. This is how the understanding arises that without a total change of one's place and role in natural balance, it is impossible to hold back the horses rushing straight into the ecological abyss. This is how they started talking about ecological culture everywhere, and the upbringing of an ecologically cultural member of society became the number one task.

It depends only on us what the world will be like tomorrow

So what is ecological culture? There are many interpretations, differing, first of all, in the ambiguity of the term "culture". Wikipedia very well reflects the essence of the definition: “ ecological culture- a part of universal human culture, a system of social relations, social and individual moral and ethical norms, views, attitudes and values ​​concerning the relationship between man and nature; the harmony of the coexistence of human society and the natural environment; an integral coadaptive mechanism of man and nature, realized through the attitude of human society to the natural environment and to environmental problems in general ”. Simply put, these are well-established views of respect for the world around them, reflected in the thoughts and actions of each member of society.

Formation ecological culture of the individual- the process is complex and lengthy, meaning literally "absorption with mother's milk", rational use of natural resources, conscious implementation of environmental rules and requirements, personal for the preservation of the environment.

Your attitude towards the world is passed on to children

Of course, the family plays an important role in the formation of ecological culture. After all, it is the ideological and moral values ​​that are the most stable in subsequent life. The position of many parents, who shift the responsibility for the formation of environmental beliefs to the public education system, is very wrong: after all, knowledge and skills that are not supported outside educational institutions will simply fade away.

In Ukraine, unfortunately, the legal and regulatory framework for environmental culture has not yet been sufficiently developed. In spite of Article 66 of the Constitution of Ukraine stating that “everyone is obliged not to harm nature, cultural heritage, to compensate for the damage caused”, in practice it turns out that the perpetrators remain unpunished, or the type of punishment is not so serious as not to cause damage again. This can be judged, for example, by the ubiquitous sale of the Red Book snowdrops in spring ... Or disappearing

Ecology is a science that studies the interaction of man with the environment around him. As you know, man is an integral part of nature and is inextricably linked with it. they understood this perfectly, they worshiped nature, she was their main breadwinner. Today, this attitude may seem ridiculous. Thousands of years have passed since ancient times, mankind has stepped far forward in terms of science and technology, but has not yet learned how to control the natural elements and have not fully studied many of its phenomena. Some modern scientists believe that human civilization is on the verge of destruction, and it will destroy itself. air by poisonous emissions from numerous factories and factories, leading to an increase in cancer patients around the world, leading to a rise in the level of the world ocean, a decrease in the diversity of the animal world due to the extermination of many animal species - is this not the “beginning of the end”? Today, humanity is worried like never before, in many educational institutions, along with nature and geography, children are told about ecology and the problems of environmental pollution, more and more often on scientific television channels one can hear such a term as "ecological culture".

Ecological culture is a part of universal human culture and is expressed in a person's perception of himself as an integral part of the surrounding natural world. In recent years, the interest of scientists and teachers in the study of the main problems of ecological education of the younger generation has increased. Today in schools, children are told not only that “it’s not good to throw garbage and light fires in the forest”, environmental education implies the all-round development of schoolchildren, the formation of their humane attitude towards nature and people who are its integral part. The concepts of "ecological culture of a personality" and "ecological culture of a person" are identical, since both of them reflect the attitude of an individual to the world around him.

The family plays an important role in the ecological education of children, since the first ideas of the child about the world around him are formed not during the school period, but much earlier. It is at preschool age that the child receives initial ideas about various life forms and first impressions of nature. . The child's ecological culture should be formed from early childhood. This can happen only under one condition: if adults themselves are environmentally educated and have the opportunity to show their baby the diversity of the beautiful world around them and help establish relationships with him. Unfortunately, in our country, many families are not able to give a child an elementary upbringing, not to mention the culture and its components.

Famous teachers Vasily Sukhomlinsky, Nikolai Verzilin, Anatoly Zakhlebny made a great contribution to the development of ecological education of Russian children. In the 90s of the 20th century, Russian educators and psychologists attempted to develop special approaches to environmental education of the younger generation. The result of their successful work was the emergence of a large number of training programs: “Open Yourself” by E. Ryleeva, “We are Earthlings” by A. Veresov, “Semitsvetik” by S. G. and V. I. Ashikovs, etc.

Currently, there is no doubt that ecological culture is an integral part of the general education of the future generation. However, even today in this area of ​​upbringing there are many unresolved questions: what exactly and how to teach schoolchildren, what problems the child should learn about earlier, which ones later, what should be the requirements for the ecological training of students, etc.

At present, modern society is faced with a choice: either to preserve the existing way of interacting with nature, which can inevitably lead to an ecological catastrophe, or to preserve the biosphere suitable for life, but for this it is necessary to change the existing type of activity.

The latter is possible under the condition of a radical restructuring of people's worldview, breaking of values ​​in the field of both material and spiritual culture and the formation of a new - ecological culture.

Ecological culture presupposes such a way of life support, in which society forms needs and methods of their implementation with a system of spiritual values, ethical principles, economic mechanisms, legal norms and social institutions, which do not pose a threat to life on Earth.

Ecological culture is a person's personal responsibility in relation to the environment, his own activities, behavior and conscious limitation of material needs. The ecological culture of a person is an important factor in the sustainable development of society. 1

Environmental culture is the ability of people to use their environmental knowledge and skills in practice. People who have not formed an ecological culture may have the necessary knowledge, but not possess it. Human ecological culture includes his ecological consciousness and ecological behavior.

Environmental consciousness is understood as a set of environmental and environmental concepts, worldview positions and attitudes towards nature, strategies for practical activities aimed at natural objects.

Environmental behavior is a set of specific actions and deeds of people associated with the impact on the natural environment, using natural resources.

The basis of ecological culture and morality should be love for the natural environment in which we live, adherence to the main principles: "do no harm" and "think globally, act locally." Following these principles, a person also fulfills the covenant of love for his neighbor.

The ecological culture of an individual and society as a whole can be assessed using the structure of seven ecological spheres or levels.

The first sphere - clothing - is the first artificial shell created by man, it is a part of his environment. Now it surpasses natural needs, it is an irrational use of natural resources and energy.

The second sphere is home. It is possible to formulate the requirements for housing from the point of view of ecology: rational use of materials and the earth's surface, harmonious inclusion of the house into the landscape, creation of healthy living conditions, minimum energy consumption (thermal insulation), good illumination, minimum emissions into the environment, rational interior, environmentally friendly building materials (without asbestos, radon, etc.). Food (on the one hand) and the flow of resources (on the other) are fragments of a dwelling, as their storage and preparation is an important factor in determining its nature and size.

The third area is the home environment. The ecological culture of the inhabitants is reflected by well-groomed and clean lawns, neat and varied vegetation.

The fourth area is manufacturing. The state of this area (the presence of emissions, litter, etc.) characterizes the eco-culture of both an individual employee and an enterprise manager.

The fifth sphere is the city, settlement. In relation to the city as the environment around the dwelling, it is enough to simply be guided by the principle: do no harm, do not litter. It is very easy to throw paper, a bag, a bottle out into the street, and it is quite difficult and expensive to collect all this. Maintaining a city in an ecologically clean state requires large expenditures from the city authorities, significant efforts from residents and a great culture from both. The concept of clean cities includes not only the cleanliness of its streets and courtyards, but also the cleanliness of air, water, sanitary condition of houses, etc.

The sixth sphere is the country. This is a mosaic assembled from cities, towns, roads, industries, landscape elements.

The country's eco-culture is determined by the state of the five preceding spheres. If dwellings, their surroundings and the city as a whole are poorly maintained, littered with garbage and poorly organized dumps, and industries actively pollute the environment, then such a country is only at the initial stage of the formation of its ecological culture.
1

The seventh sphere is the biosphere. The well-being of the biosphere consists of the state of the first six spheres. The time has come when everyone should take care of her.

Hence it follows: ecological culture is an organic, integral part of culture, which embraces those aspects of human thinking and activity that are related to the natural environment. Man acquired cultural skills not only and not so much because he transformed nature and created his own "artificial" environment. Throughout history, he, always being in one environment or another, learned from her. With the greatest basis, this statement applies to the present, when the time has come for the synthesis of social and natural principles in culture on the basis of a deep understanding of nature, its intrinsic value, the urgent need for a person to form a respectful attitude towards nature as an indispensable condition for his survival.

Therefore, the most important indicator of the level of culture of society in general and of a person in particular should be considered not only the degree of his spiritual development, but also how moral the population is, how much environmental principles are introduced in the activities of people to preserve and reproduce natural resources.

The essence of ecological culture can be considered as an organic unity of ecologically developed consciousness, emotional and mental states and scientifically grounded volitional utilitarian and practical activity. Ecological culture is organically linked with the essence of the personality as a whole, with its various aspects and qualities. So, for example, philosophical culture makes it possible for a person to comprehend and understand the purpose of a person as a product of nature and society; political - allows you to ensure an ecological balance between the economic activities of people and the state of nature; legal - keeps a person within the framework of interactions with nature permitted by laws; aesthetic - creates conditions for the emotional perception of beauty and harmony in nature; physical orients a person to the effective development of his natural essential forces; moral - spiritualizes the relationship of the individual to nature, etc. The interaction of all these cultures gives rise to ecological culture. The concept of "ecological culture" encompasses a culture that contributes to the preservation and development of the "society-nature" system.

The ecological approach has led to the calculation within social ecology of such a concept as "ecology of culture", within the framework of which the ways of preserving and restoring various elements of the cultural environment created by mankind throughout its history are comprehended.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL education as the basis for the formation of environmental thinking

Environmental education is a purposefully organized, systematic and systematic process of mastering environmental knowledge, skills and abilities. By the decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the state strategy of the Russian Federation on environmental protection and sustainable development", the development of environmental education and upbringing is outlined as one of the most important directions of state policy in the field of ecology. An Interdepartmental Council for Environmental Education was established by a government decree. The State Duma in the first reading adopted the Federal Law "On State Policy in the Field of Environmental Education."

Together with social and humanitarian education, environmental education in modern conditions is designed to contribute to the formation of a new environmental consciousness in people, to help them in the assimilation of such values, professional knowledge and skills that would contribute to Russia's exit from the environmental crisis and the movement of society along the path of sustainable development.
1

The current system of environmental education in the country is continuous, comprehensive,
interdisciplinary and integrated, differentiated according to vocational guidance. Centers for environmental education of the population have been created, the environmental component of the content of vocational education is being tested.

The coordination of efforts of various countries in the field of environmental education is carried out by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

3. ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL education

Environmental education is designed to form an active nature conservation position. Environmental education, but to N.F. Reimers (1992), is achieved through a complex
environmental and environmental education, including education in the narrow sense of the word, school and university environmental education, the promotion of an environmental outlook.

The main goals of environmental education in modern conditions, proclaimed in a variety of manifestos, codes, codes, etc., can be reduced to the following postulates, which must be realized, understood and recognized by everyone:

every life is valuable in itself, unique and inimitable; human
responsible for all living things,


Nature was and always will be stronger than man. She is eternal
and endless. The basis of the relationship with Nature should be mutual assistance, not confrontation;


the more diverse the biosphere, the more stable it is;


the specter of the ecological crisis has become a formidable reality; human
has an unacceptable scale on the environment
destabilizing effect;


if everything is left as it is (or slightly modernized),
then “soon - after only 20-50 years, the Earth will respond to stupefied humanity with an irresistible blow to destruction”;


the anthropocentric type of consciousness that has developed in the mass consciousness for many years must be supplanted by a new vision of the world - an eccentric one;


people must be oriented and ready for a radical change in the system of values ​​and behavior, namely to
rejection of overconsumption
(for developed countries), from setting to a large family (for developing countries)
from environmental irresponsibility and permissiveness.


Environmental education should be based on the basic postulate that a way out of the environmental crisis is possible in modern conditions. The keys to solving the global environmental problem lie in the reassessment of worldview values ​​and in the “change of priorities”, as well as in the normalization of the population through family planning, in tireless practical work to implement the main directions in environmental protection.


Today, the sign of high culture in general and ecological culture in particular is not the degree of difference between the social and the natural, but the degree of their unity. Such unity is achieved by stability of both nature and society, which form a socio-natural system in which nature becomes "the human essence of man", and the preservation of nature - a means of preserving society and man as a species.


We define ecological culture as a moral and spiritual sphere of human life, characterizing the originality of his interaction with nature and including a system of interrelated elements: ecological consciousness, ecological attitude and ecological activity. As a special element, ecological institutions act, designed to maintain and develop ecological culture at the level of public consciousness in general and of a specific person in particular.


In the conditions of a deepening ecological crisis, the survival of mankind is completely dependent on itself: it can eliminate this threat if it is able to transform the style of its thinking and its activities, to give them an ecological orientation. Only overcoming anthropocentrism in the social plane and in the personal plane of egocentrism can make it possible to avoid an ecological catastrophe. We do not have much time left for this: according to the assessment of such egocentrism, it can make it possible to avoid an ecological catastrophe. We do not have much time left for this: according to such specialists, by the end of the 70s of the XXI century it will be too late even to discuss the ecological problem. At the same time, we must not forget: culture is conservative and humanity already now needs a revolutionary transition to a new type of ecological culture. Obviously, such a transition can take place only under the condition that the laws of conservation and reproduction of natural resources are realized by man and become the laws of his practical activity. Unfortunately, material production and ecological culture still contradict each other, and we need to acutely perceive the most serious difficulties on the way - both in consciousness and in practice - of this disastrous contradiction. For example, how great is the temptation for us to accept for implementation a technically perfect production innovation, without taking into account the environmental risk it contains.


Over its centuries-old history, mankind is too accustomed to living, in essence, without developed ecological thinking, without ecological ethics and without a conscious ecological ethics and without a conscious environmentally oriented activity.


The main factor in stopping the degradation of the biosphere and its subsequent restoration is the formation of the ecological culture of the population, including ecological education, upbringing and enlightenment of the younger generation. After all, it is known that to know about an impending disaster means to be forewarned, and therefore, to be able to prevent it. As the saying goes, he who is forewarned is armed.


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