The problem of preserving the Russian language. Literary arguments

Attention! Before you get acquainted with the arguments for composing the exam from the bank of arguments, first read
works in full content. Remember that only complete content gives complete
reading comprehension. This is important to avoid factual errors. Also, the arguments
contain spoilers. Accordingly, read the full content after reading the arguments
it won't be so interesting. Arguments for writing the exam will help you have your own understanding of which arguments are best to use.

About the bank of arguments for writing the exam

The bank contains 17 works that cover most of the problems encountered
in the texts of the exam. You can find at least 2 arguments for every problem in the bank!
Estimated reading time for all works: 50 hours. Reading for an hour a day
you will read the entire list in less than 2 months.
The bank of arguments does not contain very large works like "War and Peace"
and "Quiet Don". They are worth reading, but it is not necessary to do it specifically for the Unified State Exam in Russian.
Having mastered the speed reading method, detailed information about which is at the end of the book, you
you can read the entire list in just 20-25 hours.

Secret 7 on the arguments for writing the exam. A large work ≠ a large number of arguments. You will be convinced of this by reading the list of references below, which includes many small, but capacious works.

Arguments for writing the exam (17 options)

1) Jack London "Martin Eden"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 8 hours.

Problems of the work Jack Londoan "Martin Eden"

The talent problem
The role of the book (reading)
The role of music in human life



Loneliness problem
Honesty problem
Moral issues
The role of dreams (goals) in a person's life
The problem of envy
Relationship to parents

The reasoning behind Jack Londoan's Martin Eden

The main character of the work is Martin Eden, a young sailor who falls in love with Ruth, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. To achieve her love, a man sets a goal for himself: to become a famous writer. Martin begins to read books of great philosophers, writes his own works. However, those close to the hero do not believe in his writing talent. Ruth's parents also do not believe that an uneducated sailor can change and take a worthy position in society. But books change Martin's thinking. He understands that life is much broader than he previously thought. Through hard work, Martin Eden achieves this goal. Now the creativity of the hero is admired even by those who once laughed at him. Having become famous, Martin does not forget his loved ones. He buys Maria the promised dairy ranch, helps her sister's husband. However, success does not bring him happiness. The main character feels more alone than ever, he is disappointed in his love.

Jack London has demonstrated that

1) books can radically change a person's life

2) for the sake of love, a person can achieve unprecedented heights

3) success doesn't always bring happiness

4) even a famous person can be lonely

5) how important it is to have a goal in life and go towards it, regardless of the opinions of others

6) public opinion is fickle, so you shouldn't rely on it

2) Theodore Dreiser "The Financier"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 10 hours.

Problems of Theodor Dreiser's "The Financier"

The talent problem

The value of labor in human life

Loneliness problem

The role of childhood memories

The problem of envy
Greed problem
Hate problem

The problem of spiritual degradation

Argumentation on Theodore Dreiser's "The Financier"

The main character of the work is Frank Cowperwood, a successful businessman from Philadelphia. Thanks to his outstanding abilities, the character quickly reaches career heights. They predict a great future for him. Meanwhile, Frank falls in love with the young beauty Eileen, the daughter of the famous Philadelphia financier Edward Butler. For her sake, the hero even divorces his first wife. The sympathy is mutual, and soon the girl's father finds out about it. He becomes so furious that he decides to take revenge on the main character by all means. Frank is involved in financial fraud, helping the city treasurer. Butler finds out about this and, using his connections, brings Cowperwood to court. The main character is sentenced to prison. We see how money can destroy a person's destiny, and love, on the contrary, can save him. Frank endures all the hardships of being in prison, because he knows: Eileen is waiting for him. Cowperwood is not a good or bad person. He is a genius who is envied. In his actions, the hero sees one goal: the pursuit of beauty.

Theodor Dreiser demonstrated:

2) a talented but lonely person who, thanks to his dedication, achieves success

3) social problems: corruption, inequality, lies.

4) Frank's abilities were laid in childhood. He actively developed them and therefore reached such heights.

Secret 7. Works by foreign authors have a significant plus:
not all experts have read them. Therefore, the risk of an actual error
significantly decreases, the task is simplified to pick up arguments for composing the exam.

3) A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Problems of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter"

The problem of love in a person's life

The problem of finding happiness (meaning of life)

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of honor and dishonor

Moral issues

The problem of betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Argumentation of the composition based on Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter"

The main character of the work is Pyotr Grinev. From the age of five, Petrusha was looked after by the stirrup Savelich. In the seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to the service, but not to Petersburg, but to the army. On the way, Grinev and Savelich fall into a blizzard. A random person helps them get out. Peter is a grateful person, he gives the “counselor” a hare sheepskin coat. Grinev ends up in the Belogorsk fortress, where he meets Shvabrin, a person close to him in education, age and occupation. There, the man meets Masha Mironova, the commandant's daughter, with whom he soon falls in love. Because of her, there is a quarrel between Grinev and Shvabrin, which ends with a duel and the wounding of the protagonist. The detachments of Emelyan Pugachev attacked the Belogorsk fortress and, despite the heroic resistance of the defenders, seized it. Pugachev recognizes Grinev, who once did not regret a sheepskin coat for him, and saves his life. Despite this, the main character sincerely tells the peasant chieftain that he does not promise not to serve against him. The amazed Pugachev releases Grinev. The hero goes to Orenburg, where he asks for help. They refuse him, so Pyotr and Savelich decide to return to the fortress on their own to free Masha. And again, fate brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer an opportunity to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter in which he was going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to help the orphan and punish the offender.

Soon, the main character is arrested on suspicion of assisting the rebels, but Masha saves him.

Pushkin demonstrated:

1) the power of love that helps to cope with any life difficulties

2) the strength, spirit and honor of real Russian soldiers

3) what is the important role of family and upbringing in the formation of personality

4) what is the danger of betrayal

Secret 9. "The Captain's Daughter" is almost equal to "War and Peace" in terms of the number of arguments and problems, which means that it is not problematic to find arguments for composing the Unified State Exam.

4) A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

Genre: Comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Problems of the comedy Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

The role of the book (reading)

Honesty problem

The role of education in human life

The problem of intergenerational relationships

Argumentation of the essay based on the work of Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

One of the central characters of the work is Alexander Chatsky. He sincerely loves Sophia, the daughter of the master Pavel Afanasevich Famusov. Arriving at her, the hero is confronted with a misunderstanding both on the part of the girl and on the part of the "Famus society", conservative people who think that Chatsky has gone mad. And all because Alexander Andreevich denounces their vices: reverence for rank, narrowness of thinking. The hero tries to explain to Sofya that Molchalin does not really love her, but only strives for personal gain and promotion, but she does not believe Chatsky and only at the end of the work realizes the mistake.

Griboyedov demonstrated:

1) how wrong sometimes public opinion

2) love is blind, so you need to be very careful and thoughtful when choosing a partner

3) such vices as reverence for rank, stupidity, hypocrisy

4) the role of education and upbringing in human life

5) Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov"

Genre: story

Reading time: 3 hours

Problems of Bykov's story "Sotnikov"

The problem of heroism

The problem of honor and dishonor

The problem of betrayal

Military problems

The problem of courage (heroism)

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation of the composition for the exam based on the story of Bykov "Sotnikov"

The central characters of the work are Sotnikov and Rybak, Soviet intelligence officers who are captured by the Germans. Sotnikov refuses to tell the Nazis any information about the location of the Soviet troops. The fisherman is afraid of losing his life, so he agrees to cooperate with the enemy. At the end of the story, he is accepted into the ranks of the Nazis, and he, a Soviet soldier, kills his comrade.

Bykov demonstrates to us:

1) the heroism of the Soviet soldier in the image of Sotnikov

2) cowardice and betrayal in the image of the Fisherman

6) M. A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Problems of Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man"

The problem of heroism

The problem of moral choice

The problem of betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Military problems

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Andrei Sokolov, a Soviet soldier. Once he voluntarily agreed to carry out a very difficult operation: to carry shells for an artillery unit across the front line. Sokolov's car was blown up, as a result of which the hero lost consciousness, and then was captured by the Germans. In the face of death, he does not lose heart. When he was offered a drink to the victory of German arms, he refused. Instead, he drinks to his death. Struck by the courage of a soldier, the fascists save his life. Sokolov was transferred and appointed as the driver of a German engineer. Andrei runs near Polotsk, taking a fascist with him. After meeting with the command, the hero writes a letter to his wife Irina, but receives an answer from a neighbor, who says that his wife and daughters were killed in the bombing. Sokolov hopes to meet his son Anatoly, who, like his father, serves at the front. However, on the last day of the war, the young man is killed by a German sniper. Andrey returns to Russia. There he meets Vanya, whose mother died, and his father disappeared at the front. Sokolov says that he is the boy's father and adopts him.

Mikhail Sholokhov demonstrated

1) the heroism of the Russian soldier

2) how important it is not to lose the ability to empathize with your neighbor, even in difficult life circumstances

Secret 10. You must have in stock 2 works about the war. In addition to "Sotnikov" and "The Fate of a Man", one can cite arguments from the poem "Vasily Terkin" by Alexander Tvardovsky, the story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" by Boris Vasiliev, "The Story of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy and other works about the war

7. Arguments for the composition of the USE novel by Ray Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Problematic

Historical memory problem

Public problems (corruption, crime, public opinion)

The problem of envy

Greed problem

Hate problem

The problem of the destructive influence of money

The problem of spiritual degradation

The importance of science for humanity

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Guy Montag, a firefighter. The novel describes the American society of the future, in which books are banned, they are burned.

The author depicts people who have lost touch with each other, with nature, with the intellectual heritage of mankind. People rush to work or from work, never talking about what they think or feel, they admire only material values. At home, they surround themselves with interactive television and fill their free time with watching programs and endless series. Montag meets Clarissa McLellan, who loves nature and knows how to truly live. The man begins to secretly take the books that he was supposed to burn. Guy realizes that all this time he led the wrong life and passionately wants to change.

Ray Bradbury demonstrated

1) the role of books in human life

2) the harmful effects of technology

3) the fallacy of public opinion

Secret 11. Instead of the novel "Fahrenheit 451" you can use any other dystopian novels on this subject: George Orwell "1984", EI Zamyatin "We", O. Huxley "Brave New World"

V. G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician"

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Problematic

The talent problem

The role of art in human life

The role of music in human life

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

Argumentation

In the South-West of Ukraine, in a family of wealthy village landowners Popelski, a blind boy Peter is born. Peter's father is a good-natured person, but rather indifferent to everything except the economy. His uncle, Maxim Yatsenko, is distinguished by his fighting character. Uncle decides to start raising Petrus. The boy loves to listen to the play of the groom Joachim on the pipe and also wants to learn this skill. His mother teaches him to play the piano. In the neighboring estate of the elderly Yaskulskys, the daughter of Evelina, the same age as Petrus, is growing up. This beautiful girl is calm and reasonable. Soon, Evelina and Petrus become friends.

Meanwhile, the boy is showing amazing musical talent. He is predicted to be famous.

Peter falls seriously ill. After his recovery, he announces to his family that he will go with Uncle Maxim to Kiev, where he will take lessons from the famous musician.

In fact, he, along with the blind beggars, among whom is a friend of Maxim's uncle Fyodor Kandyba, goes to Pochaev. In this journey, Peter recognizes the world in its diversity and, empathizing with the grief of others, forgets about his sufferings. He will soon marry Evelyn.

Years go by. Peter becomes a famous musician. Uncle Maxim understands that his nephew was able to feel life in its fullness, to remind people of other people's suffering. Conscious of this and his merit, Maxim is convinced that he did not live his life in vain.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko demonstrated

1) the influence of music / art on human life

2) the extraordinary fortitude of a blind musician

3) the power of love, which helps to overcome any difficulties

4) what is real talent

9) V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

Genre: story

Time to read the chapter "Tsar-fish": 40 minutes (total work: 8 hours)

Problematic

Human influence on nature

Influence of nature on humans

Ecology problem

Argumentation

One of the central characters of the work is Ignatyevich, a successful fisherman. He became a real master in his craft and often helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions. Ignatyich uses his skills to the detriment of nature, engaging in poaching. And then one day he caught a huge fish, which he could not cope with. At first, the fisherman did not want to call his brother for help, so as not to share the catch with him. In the fight with the fish, the hero realizes that he is dying, and then he repents, realizes that he led an unworthy life.

Astafiev shows:

1) human powerlessness in front of nature

2) nature can change a person's character

3) the destructive influence of man on nature

10) B. L. Vasiliev "Do not shoot white swans"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Problematic

Human influence on nature

Influence of nature on humans

The value of labor in human life

Honesty problem

Ecology problem

The relationship of man to animals

Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam based on Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans"

The main character of the work is Yegor Polushkin. The man moved to a village around which endless forests once rustled. For several decades they were cut down. They realized it when there was only one grove left at the Black Lake. Fyodor Buryanov was appointed a forester in the village. In his native collective farm, Yegor Polushkin was in good standing, but it was difficult for him to work in a new place. All of Polushkin's troubles stem from the fact that he could not work without a soul. Once Yegor was instructed to dig a trench under a sewer pipe. The trench turned out to be straight, like an arrow, until an anthill met in its path. Polushkin took pity on the industrious insects, let the trench go around.

Buryanov, on the other hand, has a consumerist attitude towards nature, for him the main thing is to earn more money.

Boris Vasiliev demonstrated:

1) the harmful influence of man on nature

2) kind attitude to nature

3) the influence of nature on humans

11) V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera"

Genre: story

Reading time: 4 hours.

Problematic

The problem of preserving cultural monuments

Historical memory problem

Argumentation

The action takes place in the village of Matera, located on the island of the same name in the middle of the Angara. In connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the village should be flooded and the inhabitants resettled. Many people do not want to leave Matera, in which they have spent their entire lives. These are mostly old people who accept consent to the flooding of the village as a betrayal of their ancestors buried in their native land. The main character, Daria Pinigina, whitewashes her hut, which in a few days will be set on fire by the sanitary brigade, and does not agree that her son should take her to the city. The old woman does not know what she will do after the death of the village, she is afraid of changes. Other residents who are no longer able to get used to city life are in a similar situation. Daria's neighbor, Yegor, dies shortly after leaving for the city, and his wife, Nastasya, returns to Matera.

It is much easier for young people to bear parting with their native land: Darya's grandson Andrei, her neighbor Klava. The younger generation believes that they will find a better life in the city and do not value their native village.

Valentin Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the importance of preserving historical memory

2) the destructive role of technology

12) D. S. Likhachev "Letters about good and beautiful"

Reading time: 2 hours

Problematic

The problem of language purity

The problem of finding happiness (meaning of life)

Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam based on Likhachev's book "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful"

The work is a collection of 46 letters, each of which touches upon a specific problem (or even several). This is a real treasure trove of arguments. When arguing for the exam, you must indicate the number and title of the letter. For example: in the work "Letters about the good and the beautiful" in the twenty-second letter "Love to read!" Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev discusses the importance of reading.

The table above shows the arguments for the most rare problems of the exam, which are difficult to take from other works.

A secret for readers. You can use examples from your favorite novels that are not part of the school curriculum if it provides the necessary arguments. "Harry Potter" or "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" are evaluated on the exam in the same way as the classics.

13) I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 8 hours

Problematic

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

Upbringing problem

Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam of Goncharov's novel "Oblomov"

The main character of the work is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a landowner. In the chapter "Oblomov's Dream" the author depicts a beautiful corner of Russia. Oblomovka is a patriarchal paradise on earth. It seems that nature protects residents from the hardships and problems of the outside world. The reader sees that this is reflected in the character of the protagonist. There is kindness in him, love for his neighbor, for which his friend Stolz respects him.

In addition, it should be noted that Oblomov was brought up in a noble family. His parents did not refuse him anything. He could always eat and sleep as much as he wanted. Stolz was brought up in a poor family. When the boy grew up, his father began to take him with him to the field, to the market, and taught him to work. We see that Stolz grew up as a purposeful, active person.

Ivan Goncharov demonstrated:

1) the role of education in personality development

2) the influence of nature on humans

3) the role of childhood in the later life of a person

14) D. I. Fonvizin "Minor"

Genre: Comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Problematic

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

Upbringing problem

Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam of the comedy Fonvizin "The Minor"

The central characters of the work are Mrs. Prostakova and her son Mitrofan. His mother tries to educate him, but only makes it worse. Teachers indulge the lazy Mitrofanushka, so no progress is being observed. Mrs. Prostakova wants to marry him to Sophia, who, as it turns out, has a large inheritance. However, Starodum, the girl's uncle, perfectly sees Mitrofan's lack of education and, of course, refuses.

Fonvizin demonstrated:

1) the role of the family in the formation of the child's personality (Mitrofan is very similar to his mother)

2) it is impossible to force a person to develop if he himself does not want it

15) Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam based on the story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"

Genre: story

Reading time: 15 minutes

Problematic

Relationship to parents

The problem of intergenerational relationships

Argumentation

The central characters of the work are Katerina Petrovna and her daughter Nastya, who works in Leningrad. One day an elderly woman becomes ill, and she writes a letter to her daughter asking her to come. Katerina Petrovna loved Nastya very much and wanted to see her before her death. But the daughter, immersed in work, is late. When Nastya comes to Zaborie, she finds only a fresh grave mound. She regrets, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed.

Paustovsky demonstrated:

1) how important it is to pay attention to your relatives

2) the relationship between mother and daughter

16) V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Problematic

The role of the teacher in human life

Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam for Rasputin's story "French Lessons"

The main character of the work is an eleven-year-old boy, on whose behalf the story is told. At school he studied well, with only A's, except for French: he was not given pronunciation. One day the hero finds out that he can make money by playing chiku, and he tries to buy milk for treatment. When Lydia Mikhailovna, a French teacher, finds out about this, she decides to study with him separately. The teacher really wanted to help the poor boy: she even sent him a parcel with food, but he returned it. Then Lydia Mikhailovna begins to play with him for money, succumbing to the boy. Upon learning of the teacher's act, the school director considered playing with the student almost a crime. The woman goes to her place in the Kuban, but she does not forget the boy and sends him a parcel with pasta and apples. Lydia Mikhailovna is a kind, disinterested and noble person. Even after losing her job, she does not blame the boy for anything and does not forget about him.

Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the role of the teacher in the formation of the child's personality

2) disinterested attitude towards neighbor

17) Mikhail Krongauz "Russian language on the verge of nervous
breakdown "

Genre: journalism (in an essay, write just a work or a book)

Reading time: 4 hours

Problematic

The problem of language purity

The problem of preserving the Russian language

Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam based on the work of Mikhail Krongauz "Russian language on the verge of nervous
breakdown "

The author examines such phenomena as changes in spelling and orthoepic norms, the emergence of a large number of borrowed words, mixing of styles. Krongauz looks to the future optimistically, interpreting these changes as signs of the unused creative potential of the language. The writer also considers such processes as the “withering away” of words, when certain words cease to be in common use.

On a note. It is better to know one work perfectly than to read a summary of ten. You can glean far more arguments from one than a quick reading of a few.

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Favorite heroes of Tolstoy do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they act in the name of it. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded in the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the heroes think of themselves as patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives for the sake of common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's greatcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have in their souls a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland.

NS. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

According to N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic, consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being held captive by the Tatars, he never for a minute forgets that he is Russian, and with all his soul strives for his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan voluntarily goes to recruits. The hero's soul is inexhaustible, indestructible. He emerges from all life trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his publicistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafyev talked about how he rested in the southern sanatorium. Plants from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birches, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and recalled his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The Legend of Pandora's Box.
The woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "Wonderful Doctor".
A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks volumes about the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger and an older Kirsanov, and his parents. And, although, by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
Striving to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, realizes that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of elders, sometimes offends them (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the affairs that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it is too late: the mother is gone ...

V. G Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from the story of V.G. Rasputin taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, sympathy, compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The great Emperor Alexander II was taught by the famous poet V. Zhukovsky. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, the desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V.P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of a Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandmother and grandfather.

V. G Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her spiritual generosity is limitless. She instilled in him moral fortitude, self-esteem.

Leo Tolstoy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The Thirteenth Feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to study, to think disfigures the soul of little Ilya. In adulthood, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, “an unwilling egoist”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Improper upbringing disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of literacy, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of the Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong parenting.

B. Vasiliev "My Horses Are Flying"
Dr. Jansen died saving children who fell into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime, was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Self-sacrifice of Margarita for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with a dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Miserables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole a silver dish from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of just power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders." If I tell my general to turn into a sea gull, - he used to say, - and if the general does not obey the order, it will not be his fault, but mine. " ...

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and leaves. Only music and love affirm the true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Minor"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the idler Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons of the fatherland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. Tolstoy image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". The writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy takes his beloved heroes away from the "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. "Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth," the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no kindness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the mood and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only of his own greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the Tran.

Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter lot of a soldier, made society look differently at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He has influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw, heard what an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and his high appointment was in the poems "The Prophet", "The Poet", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands." Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civic behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Chudik"
"Chudik" is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. Chudik reflects on the problems of concern to humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What are good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a person who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the flophouse and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought a gift of a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he mines this metal from the clay-sting earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that man suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to its opening, the yield has increased sharply, people have ceased to be afraid of hunger.
• Prominent scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died of blood poisoning.
• An English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: "It cannot be, because I already had cowpox." The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to an ingenious discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among the commoners, but also among the people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in humans. The same Charlemagne, during the campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly inscribed letters.
• For millennia, ripe apples fell from the trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at the familiar fact with new, more penetrating eyes and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many calamities have been brought to people by their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: illness of a child, death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, loss of any thing - everything was explained by the origin of evil spirits. A fierce witch-hunt began, and bonfires burned. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in human development. There is a curious legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once talking with a stranger young man, Socrates asked him where to go to get flour and butter. Young Xenophon replied briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: "What about wisdom and virtue?" The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" - promised Socrates. And he connected the long-term path to truth with a strong friendship between the famous teacher and his student.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for serf structures and physics, giving only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a difficult struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an annoying scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and the new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be supplanted by an electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed the horse than to change the zinc in the battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to contemplate the possibilities that will open before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu was carrying a stalk of coffee in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm nearly smashed it on the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the tackle was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely keeping his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
The inner conviction of the correctness of their moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "The Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​perish. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "The Tsar is a Fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish" the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on the hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing that how little he has done for other people. This meeting changes the hero morally.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with morally punishing power, it is capable not only of defending itself, but also of not retribution. The fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", serves as an illustration of the punishing power. This hero is not a punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and towards nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance poses a threat to all of humanity if it is not conscious of its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their home and the only home that requires a careful attitude towards itself, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The protagonist, Evgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and a person is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees in him a "new" person: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• The novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" raises the actual topic of the relationship between nature and man. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Communication with the outside world helps Arkady to heal his emotional wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov felt bad, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired comfort or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants a part of the human brain to Sharik's dog, turning a quite cute dog into a disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can't mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Block
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person towards the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help in this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Vast distances, endless roads, deep rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true filial love for his native nature is transmitted to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Don't Shoot White Swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows along rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? In B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the author's idea about the responsibility of man for nature is also expressed. The main character of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, worries about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to everyone to take care of our land and each other.
• The main character, Yegor Polushkin, loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives quietly, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not violate the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect his native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story "Belogrudok", the children killed a brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on all the surrounding world, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a rifle charge

Ch.Aitmatov "Plakha"
Man destroys the multicolored and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's “sweet ideal” Tatiana felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the dawn of the sunrise on the balcony ...”) and therefore showed herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the pristine beauty of the surrounding world, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken knot. You see the light jump of the squirrel. I would like not only to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she has seen. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself to it, indulging in sad thoughts that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently took place in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of the mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V.I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
Writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village man with the natural world, therefore his story "Ivan's memory" is so touching. In this small piece, the Yurovskikh raises an important issue: the human impact on the environment. Ivan, the protagonist of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bush, the magpie every year began to make a nest, and the magpies began to hatch. No one wandered through the forest anymore, because the telnik became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes you can take shelter from the heat, drink some water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
A close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events in the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with the changes in his mood. So, considering the scene of the duel, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and the feelings of Pechorin is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “shining brightly”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed to Grigory “dull”, and its rays “did not warm”. The nature is not only the experience of the heroes, but is also one of the protagonists. The thunderstorm becomes the reason for the long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the inner state of the heroes, but also denotes his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite as an example the anti-utopian novel "We" by E. Zamyatin. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the One State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Hourly Tablet. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only with a pink card. The main character, D-503, is doomed to mathematically verified happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory Zamyatin tried to express the indissolubility of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the XX century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem "Goy you, Russia, my dear" the poet renounces paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock above the eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very realization of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets have turned to her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng" the heroes know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, his rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is a person who must do everything so that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
I. S. Turgenev expressed his deep and tender love for nature in the Notes of a Hunter. He did this with keen observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, happily recognizing and exploring new places. This man felt his inextricable connection with mother - nature and dreamed that "every man" would live in contentment and justice. It would not hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally, instead of large chickens, breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization. Such consequences can lead to thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Plakha"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "Plakha" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of a person. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum Savannah is a global issue, not a local issue.

A closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the One State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "Resistance of human nature". In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who undergoes the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the personality and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to identify dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance ... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped in its development, plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "The Death of an Official"

B.Vasiliev "Not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that fell to the lot of the main character Andrei Sokolov, he always remained faithful to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke the spiritual strength in him or eradicated the sense of duty in him.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor tells him. Even his ideological enemy, Pugachev, could appreciate the hero's nobility. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrew always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Glukhoman"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" are striving to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​have been lost because culture has gone from our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral deafness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and being refused, he takes revenge by speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricked Pierre into marrying himself, then lying to him all the time, being a wife, dishonoring him, making him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to gain a good position in society.

NV Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov is deceiving officials, posing as an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so delightfully that he himself begins to believe his stories, he feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," tells how he felt a daring feeling when he learned that in 1932 the cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration was blown up on the Borodino field. Then someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero - Tuchkov: "Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!" At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which, even during the war, our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolay, Petya - became really good people.They are responsive to other people's pain, they are able to understand feelings and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts, loaded with their family values, in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", his father's instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and to duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest "to save a drink", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. Since his school years, he valued only money, so in his life he never had faithful friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of L. Ulitskaya's story "The Daughter of Bukhara", accomplished a maternal feat, devoting all of herself to the upbringing of her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being terminally ill, the mother thought through the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to leave life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "Human Mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became a Mother for them. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burned-out farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute by the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive as life"
K.I. Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and disfigure our great and powerful language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines again! Treat this powerful tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Protect the purity of the language as a sacred thing!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can work wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that cannot be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in the story of A.P. Chekhov “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of honor: sneezing and burping the bald spot in front of the sitting general Bryzzhalov (who did not pay attention to it), the hero was so frightened, that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Fat and Thin", an official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolayevskaya railway and learned that he was a secret adviser, that is. in the service has moved significantly higher. In an instant, the "thin" turns into a slave creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maksim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote that Famusov tells Chatsky, in order to win the Empress's favor, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the mute serf Gerasim, Tatiana is decided by the lady. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter"
In the story "Biryuk" the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives poorly, despite the conscientious fulfillment of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem tells about who built the railway. These are workers who have been mercilessly exploited. The arrangement of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem "Reflections at the front entrance": the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. Power does not consider the position of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing sacred, nothing right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and insane.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl". Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Those who fought have the right to rest by a quiet river." This position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"
The personality of everyone is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents are not needed by the country. Jacob ("The Singers") drinks himself into a pub. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. Forester Biryuk is responsible for his service, but lives in poverty. Such people turned out to be unnecessary. They even laugh at them. This is not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One day of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the dire details of camp life and the unfair organization of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to keep a person in oneself.

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place for himself in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that it does not have a worthy place for an outstanding personality.

And A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - cars, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one was embittered. Even such oppressed people have good feelings in their souls. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you look, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and broader than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is in the one who himself devotes his activity for the sake of the cause that he considers necessary. The Novel of Education by MI Weller, one of the most published contemporary Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been a lot of purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best heroes of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to do good to people."
• All of Leo Tolstoy's favorite heroes were busy with an intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, seeking person. He read a lot, knew about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his own direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that MI Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Evgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself unnecessary for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: which is better - to save your life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not as a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he perishes, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

A. P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
The machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but the devotion of a friend, love for his chosen profession, perform a miracle: he, having got on his beloved steam locomotive, regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been accustomed to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous woman.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's Field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, no matter what happens, has been working on a farm, in a melon, in a greenhouse since dawn. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. Story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev has chosen an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of persistence and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple man in the street, for whom the main thing in life was money-grubbing and his own well-being. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you need to keep yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story, A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor has become a common man in the street who thinks little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is capable of making history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory is failing. In reality, true freedom lies in subordinating one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be traced especially clearly in the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov. Teacher Frost had a choice to stay alive or perish with his students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Bitter "At the bottom"
Is there any way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer this question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer posed another vital question: is it possible to consider someone who has resigned themselves to be a free person. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil and tyranny attracted special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to challenge tyranny. The conflict between the situation of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This work is about the repeated arrests of her husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers and relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In the story of Nekrasov there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people at bay.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, is to admire life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, "not thinking about time", only then will she "invite you to talk."

K. Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you immersed your face in a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power. "

Y.Gribov
Modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V.Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the judgment seat. She sees that there is no previous understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna is leaving life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have to live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying on some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to endure such a terrible blow, she dies that very night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
KG Paustovsky's story "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, caring about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and it is another thing to remember about your loved ones, about your mother - the most holy being in the world, not limited to money orders and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about the “distant” and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her position, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness, which visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, has done many good deeds. He is a kind-hearted person who takes other people's pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunk girl from the men who stick to her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to interfere with her marriage to Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and regrets her mother, tries not to bother her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman ruins herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonia's most beautiful act is to save Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she raises Raskolnikov to herself, helps him to overcome his sin and rise again. All the beauty of a human act is expressed in the actions of Sonya Marmeladova.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgust for the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after their duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but such important questions for him: “What's wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? " And when one of the cleverest Masonic leaders calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and orphanages, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of righteousness gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent innocent Yeshua to execution. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience; he could not forgive himself for cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed the old woman-pawnbroker in order to prove to himself that he was a "superior" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from his relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, mean people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral deeds. So, for example, Helene deceives Pierre and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

NV Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by thrift, then his desire to save went beyond all boundaries, he saved on the bare essentials, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

Role of colors

IA Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov in love gave Olga Ilyinskaya a branch of lilac. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in the hands of Margarita, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was from books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on love affairs. The books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language.
Language.
The problem of language, borrowings, clericalism, clogging of the language, attitude to language, quality of speech, mental tact, eloquence, beauty of the artistic word.

Human relation to language

Language, even more than clothing, testifies to a person's taste, his attitude to the world around him, to himself. There are all sorts of sloppiness in the language of man. If a person was born and lives far from the city and speaks his own dialect, there is no sloppiness in this. Dialects are often an inexhaustible source of enrichment for the Russian literary language. It is a different matter if a person lives in a city for a long time, knows the norms of the literary language, but retains the forms and words of his village. This may be because he considers them beautiful and is proud of them. In this I see pride in my homeland. This is not bad, and it does not humiliate a person. If a person does this on purpose to show that he is "truly rural", then this is both funny and cynical. Flaunting rudeness in language, like flaunting rudeness in manners, untidiness in clothing, basically indicates a person's psychological insecurity, his weakness, and not at all about strength. The speaker seeks to suppress the feeling of fear, fear, sometimes just apprehension with a rude joke, a harsh expression, irony, cynicism. By rude nicknames of teachers, it is the weak-willed students who want to show that they are not afraid of them. This happens semi-consciously. This is a sign of bad manners, unintelligence, and sometimes cruelty. By this, rudely speaking people seem to want to show that they are higher than those phenomena that in fact they are afraid of. Any slang, cynical expressions and swearing are based on weakness. People who "spit with words" demonstrate their contempt for the traumatic phenomena in life because they bother them, torment them, worry that they feel weak, not protected against them. A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear and use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is so weighty.

Is it possible to judge a person by the way he speaks?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
A truly strong and healthy, balanced person will not speak loudly unnecessarily, will not swear and use slang words. After all, he is sure that his word is so weighty.
Our language is an essential part of our overall behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of a person's intelligence, the degree of his psychological equilibrium, the degree of his possible "complexes".

Why is it important to speak correctly?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
It is necessary to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, memorizing, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment, if it "drags on".

What should be a scientific language?
D.S. Likhachev. "Letters about the good and the beautiful."
But in general, it should be remembered: the inaccuracies of language arise primarily from the inaccuracy of thought. Therefore, a scientist, engineer, economist - a person of any profession should take care when writing, first of all, about the accuracy of thought. Strict correspondence of thought to language and gives ease of style. The language should be simple (I'm talking now about a common and scientific language - not about the language of fiction).
Fear empty eloquence! The language of scientific work should be light, imperceptible, beauty is unacceptable in it, and its beauty lies in the sense of proportion.
You can't just write "pretty". It is necessary to write accurately and meaningfully, justifiably resorting to images. Colorful expressions tend to reappear again and again in different articles and works of individual authors.
The main thing is to strive to ensure that the phrase is immediately understood correctly. For this, the arrangement of words and the brevity of the phrase itself are of great importance.
The reader's attention should be focused on the author's thoughts, and not on solving what the author wanted to say. Therefore, the simpler the better. One should not be afraid of repetitions of the same word, of the same phrase. The stylistic requirement not to repeat the same word side by side is often incorrect. This requirement may not be the rule in all cases.
Rhythm and readability of the phrase! People, reading, mentally pronounce the text. It must be pronounced easily. And in this case, the main thing is in the arrangement of words, in the construction of the phrase. You should not overuse subordinate clauses. A noun (albeit repeated) is better than a pronoun. Avoid expressions "in the latter case", "as stated above" and so on.

What is bureaucracy and how is it dangerous?

“What is he, the office clerk? He has very accurate marks, common to both translated and Russian literature. This is the repression of the verb, that is, movement, action, by a participle, a participle, a noun (especially a verb!), Which means stagnation, immobility. And of all the verb forms, addiction to the infinitive. This is a heap of nouns in indirect cases, most often long chains of nouns in the same case - genitive, so that it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what it is about. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can be completely replaced with Russian words. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, which are almost always heavier and more cumbersome. This is a heavy, confused structure of phrases, unintelligibility. Countless subordinate clauses, doubly heavy and unnatural in colloquial speech. This is dullness, monotony, wear and tear, a cliche. Poor, meager vocabulary: both the author and the heroes speak the same dry, official language. Always, without any reason or need, they prefer a long word to a short one, official or bookish to colloquial, complex to a simple one, a cliché to a living image. In short, bureaucracy is carrion. He penetrates into fiction, and into everyday life, into oral speech. Even in the nursery. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, the clerical language is passing into everyday practice. For many years they lectured like that, wrote textbooks and even ABC books. Fed up with linguistic swan and chaff, teachers in their turn feed the same dry, callous and dead words to all new generations of innocent children. "

The problem of borrowing in a language
Nora Gal. "Beware of the office."
Not every foreign word that even such giants as Pushkin, Herzen, Tolstoy tried to introduce, took root and took root in the Russian language. Much that at first attracted by novelty or seemed sharp, ironic, has worn out over the years, discolored, or even completely died out. Moreover, all these solicitors, beadles and gigi did not take root - they do not enrich the language, they do not add anything to carriages, carriages, gigantic carriages or, say, to solicitors, attorneys and judicial hooks, with the help of which creative translators, not literalists and not formalists, perfectly convey everything that (and how) Dickens wanted to say. The moral, as they say, is clear: it is not a sin to introduce foreign words and sayings even into the highest poetry. But - with tact and intelligence, at the right time and place, observing the measure. After all, even today much, very much can be perfectly expressed in Russian.
It is well known: once foreign words, especially those with Latin roots, came to our country along with new philosophical, scientific, technical concepts and phenomena for which the Russian language did not yet have its own words. Many have taken root and are no longer perceived as strangers for a long time. But even Peter I, who so zealously forced Domostroevskaya Russia to catch up with Europe in all areas, from ships to assemblies, was forced to prohibit excessive enthusiasm for foreign words. The tsar wrote to one of his ambassadors: “In your reports you use a lot of Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to understand the deed itself; For the sake of that, henceforth, you should write all your comments to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms. " A century later, VG Belinsky stood up to defend his native language: "To use a foreign language when there is an equivalent Russian word means to offend both common sense and common taste." Another century will pass, and on the same topic V. Mayakovsky will write "On the fiasco, apogee and other unknown things": So that I do not write in vain, I deduce morality too: what is suitable for a foreign dictionary is not good for a newspaper. Thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. It is not only the feeling, the image that is distorted, but the thought also becomes indistinct. Such a powerful flow is no longer so easy to cope with. Industry could pollute the river more in the current decade than in the past thousand years. It's the same with the language. Now the purest waters can be muddied, ruined very quickly. And those who sound the alarm are right, calling to stand up for the protection of nature and for the protection of the language. Well, of course, it's funny to argue: the language does not freeze, does not stand still, but lives and develops, some words die off, others appear. But a person is a person, to learn how to manage every element, including the language.

What distinguishes a real writer?
Nora Gal. "Beware of the office."
Figurative utterances habitual from the cradle, combinations of words, proverbs, sayings, cast by the people from time immemorial by the people, are the most precious property of a writer. A real writer is only one who owns figurative speech, the inexhaustible wealth of Russian sayings, sayings, idioms - everything that animates, colors every story and every printed page. For art, as you know, is thinking in images.

The problem of mental tact in language.
Nora Gal. "Beware of the office."
This is a great thing - mental tact, correct intonation. Soon after the war, one of our major writers, a recognized artist of the word, castigating the bestial essence of Hitlerism in a newspaper article, dropped the following words: the Nazis, they say, were glad to "drink the blood of children." With all due respect to the author, I cannot but recall: what was said in this context, on this occasion, the word blood was unbearable. Orphaned mothers - and not only them - it cut their ears and souls.
It is just as impossible, it sounds offensive in the novel of a Russian author: "Red Square attracted me invitingly, but we headed in the opposite direction." Oh, how carefully one must handle the word! It can heal, but it can also hurt. An inaccurate word is bad. But much more dangerous is a tactless word. We have seen that it can vulgarize the highest concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the color of a word, does not remember its origin and says "nature guards" instead of keepers. The hero of one story returned to the city of his youth, looks, sighs: "An insignificant city, but so much heart has been given to it that no matter how much you leave it, no matter how much you live in other cities, you cannot tear yourself away from it." The town is small, tiny town, but contemptuous "insignificant" is impossible here! And again, talking with respect, with tenderness about the nurse girl, a good writer suddenly said: "We will see, feel, love this" front-line sister "as an unusually beautiful kind female." And this word is much more appropriate, at least in the example from Ushakov's dictionary: "Beluga is a very large fish: some individuals reach 1200 kg." In one story, the father explained to the boy, counted on his fingers how much insurance lumberjacks were paid for injury. And it was about the fact that every day someone with a saw or an ax cuts off several fingers. Such a neighborhood jarred, and the editor suggested to the translator the simplest way out: the father spent a long time, thoroughly interpreting and calculating how much they paid for. Well, what if it is not a professional writer who writes? A prominent military man recalls the capture of Berlin. In an excerpt published by the youth newspaper, among other things, it says: “Little Berliners came up to ... camp kitchens, held out their cups and bowls with their slender little hands and comically asked:“ Eat ”. "To eat" was the first Russian word that they learned to pronounce. " Of course, the very request of the pitiful hungry children did not seem ridiculous to the author of the memoirs. Obviously, they spoke it funny, funny. It seemed funny how they mispronounced the Russian word. And, of course, a renowned military leader doesn't have to be a stylist. But one awkwardly delivered word distorts the whole intonation, in a false light portrays the feeling of the narrator, involuntarily you stumble on this not very tactful intonation. So did the editor really not stumble, felt nothing? Why didn't he suggest (tactfully!) A more appropriate word?
Even Flaubert - perhaps the strictest stylist in all world literature - said that there are no good or bad words. It all depends on whether you have chosen the right word for this particular case. And the best word becomes bad if it is said out of place. This is where tact is needed, the right flair.

How should you relate to the Russian language?
Nora Gal. "Beware of the office."
We have to repeat: we do not always preserve our wealth, our pride is our native language, as we do not always know how to preserve our native nature, lakes, forests and rivers. But for both, we are responsible to the future, to children and grandchildren. We pass on to them the cherished heritage of grandfathers and great-grandfathers. They - to live on this land, among these forests and rivers, to them - to speak the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, to them - to read, love, repeat by heart, comprehend with their mind and heart all the best that has been created over many centuries in their native country and around the world ... So do we dare to deprive them and deprive them of? Kind people! Let's be careful, careful and discreet! Let us be careful not to "introduce into the language" something that spoils it and for which we have to blush later! We received an invaluable inheritance, what the people created over the centuries, what Pushkin and Turgenev and many more of the best talents of our land created, polished and honed for us. We are all responsible for this priceless gift. And isn't it a shame when we have such a wonderful, such rich, expressive, multicolored language to speak and write in the office ?!

How to learn to perceive the beauty of an artistic word?
Argument from L. Ulitskaya's novel "The Green Tent"
Learning to perceive the beauty of an artistic word is possible only through a sensual and deep reading of literary works, including poetry. So, one of the heroes of L. Ulitskaya's novel, the teacher of literature, Viktor Yulievich Shengeli, in order to interest schoolchildren in literature, each lesson began with reading his favorite poems by heart. He never indicated the author of the poem, and many schoolchildren took this feature condescendingly. "Poems seemed to them to be a feminine affair, rather weak for a front-line soldier." However, the teacher did not stop repeating that literature is the best that humanity has, and poetry is the “heart of literature”. Viktor Yulievich was not limited to the school curriculum, he read Pasternak, Sappho, and Annensky. Gradually, more and more students interested in literature appeared in the class, they, together with the teacher, visited historical places, learned the biographies of Russian poets and writers. Viktor Yulievich helped the children get into reading, they even formed a literary circle of lovers of Russian literature and began to call themselves "lurs". Love for literature determined the future life of the main characters of the novel. The guys read books at night, passed rare copies from hand to hand, took pictures of especially valuable books. Mikha, who already from the first lessons caught every word of his beloved teacher, entered the Faculty of Philology and became a teacher, and for many years Ilya was engaged in publishing and distributing forbidden literature. Thus, the thirst for books and the ability to perceive the beauty of the artistic word determined not only the circle of their reading, but also the path of life.

Perhaps, for any student, the most difficult part in the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is the composition of Part C. And the paragraph, which, presumably, should contain arguments, is completely capable of driving you to hysterics. What to write? How to write? And most importantly, what literary works to choose? It's not that scary! On our site you will find arguments for composing Part C on almost all topics! Moreover, this page is constantly updated, as we post more and more new arguments! Visit us more often, and on the exam in the Russian language you will feel quite calm and confident. For ease of reference, we group the arguments into tables by topic. Keep the tables you want, or just study them, and then you don't need to re-read a bunch of literary works to write a good essay in Part C. So, arguments!

THE PROBLEM OF EXTRA MAN!

1) The problem of “an extra person” has repeatedly found reflection in Russian literature. “Superfluous person” is a special concrete historical socio-psychological variety of a more general type of “strange person”. “A superfluous person” we can call the main character of the work Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" Pechorin. The personality of Pechorin in the novel is wider than his time, environment, specific circumstances, offered to him by the society of social roles. Awareness of oneself as a spiritually free integral person, responsible not only for individual actions, but also for choosing a life position, for the implementation of his “high purpose”, and at the same time a tragic misunderstanding of his purpose makes Pechorin “an extra person”.

2) Another hero, which may well be called "Superfluous man," is the hero of the same name novel in verse by Eugene Onegin... Onegin lives by the principles of the surrounding society, but at the same time he is far from it. Belonging to the light, he despises it. Onegin does not find his true purpose and place in life, he is burdened by his loneliness. It is Eugene Onegin who opens a whole "gallery of superfluous people" in Russian literature.

PROBLEM OF SEVERE CHILDHOOD!

1) We will find many works of Russian classical literature that reflect this problem. Let us recall, for example, little twelve-year-old Vaska from Kuprin's works "In the bowels of the Earth", who is forced to work in a mine, which seems to him a strange and incomprehensible monster. Vaska is also a child with a stolen childhood. He is forced to go to work in the mine, although he does not understand the customs prevailing among the workers, and the work itself is too hard for a boy of twelve years old.

2) It's not just literary works that teach us to appreciate what we have. Almost every child knows the real stories about children participating in the military battles of the Great Patriotic War. We remember the names of Leni Golikov, Vali Kotik, Zina Portnova, Nadia Bogdanova. All of them lost their childhood in the war, and some of them lost their lives.

THE PROBLEM OF BRIBERY AND OFFICIALITY!

1) Recall the work N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General"... Having learned about the visit of the inspector, the officials are terribly frightened and try to “prepare” for his arrival. For example, the trustee of charitable institutions is advised to dress the sick in clean caps, and in general, to make sure that there are fewer patients. As a result, all the officials decide to give a bribe "supposedly on credit" to Khlestakov, who is mistaken for the auditor. All this shows that already in the time of Nikolai Vasilyevich, bribery and lawlessness of officials were a rather big problem.

2) B Dante's Divine Comedy in one of the circles of hell, the devils throw bribe-takers into a ditch filled with boiling tar. The devils also make sure that the bribe takers do not protrude from the boiling resin, and those who protrude, they hit with hooks.

THE PROBLEM OF FATHERS AND CHILDREN!

1)"Fathers and Sons" I. S. Turgenev. The protagonist of the novel, Yevgeny Bazarov, denies all kinds of feelings, friendship, love. He never shows his warm attitude towards his parents, who are madly in love with their son and admire him. The hero communicates little with his parents, after a long separation he leaves, having stayed for only a few days .... Only before his death Bazarov realizes how much he really loves them.

2) “Stationmaster” A.S. Pushkin. The author tells us the story of a poor station superintendent, whose only joy was his beloved daughter. But the girl leaves her father. He tries to find her, at least just to see her, but he is kicked out of his daughter's house. And only after his death, when the girl comes to visit her father, she realizes what she has done.

THE PROBLEM OF FATE IN HUMAN LIFE!

1) Ballad of Zhukovsky "Lyudmila"... The main idea of ​​Zhukovsky's ballad, written in imitation of “Lenore” by Burger, was the conviction that murmuring at fate is a sin. Lyudmila, who has lost her fiancé, is just murmuring at fate, so her prayer becomes heard by heaven. A dead groom comes for Lyudmila, who takes her to the grave.

2) "A Hero of Our Time" M. Yu. Lermontov. In the chapter "The Fatalist" of M. Yu. Leromontov's novel, we also face questions of fate. The officers start a dispute about whether the fate of a person is written in heaven. Lieutenant Vulich is called to resolve the dispute, who at random takes a weapon from the wall, decides to shoot himself in the head and ... makes a misfire! But Pechorin is sure that he saw the stamp of death on his face. Indeed, Vulich dies on the same evening at the hands of a drunken Cossack.

THE PROBLEM OF THE "LITTLE PERSON", THE RELATIONSHIP OF A STRONG PERSON TO A WEAK!

1) "The Overcoat" by N. V. Gogol. The problem of the “little man” has repeatedly found reflection in Russian literature. Let us recall the protagonist of the story "The Overcoat" by N. V. Gogol. Akaki Akakievich is a typical image of a “little man”: a humiliated and powerless official who has worked all his life in the department, rewriting papers. The theft of a new overcoat becomes a tragedy for this hero. Akaki Akakievich tries to seek help from higher officials, but does not find a response in society. And everyone he turns to thinks his problem is insignificant and not worthy of attention.

2) "The stationmaster" A.S. Pushkin. Another example of the reflection of the problem of the “little man” is the work of A. Pushkin “The Station Keeper”. In this work, the author tells us the story of Samson Vyrin, whose only daughter leaves with a hussar and leaves her poor father. Vyrin can't even see her daughter! He feels a huge gap between him, his life and the new position in the society of his Dunya. Not resigned to the betrayal of his daughter, he dies.

THE PROBLEM OF MORAL CHOICE!

1)"The Master and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov. This problem has been reflected more than once in Russian classical literature. Let us recall Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, in which Woland and his retinue tempt Muscovites, who repeatedly make the wrong choice, for which they receive their punishment. Nikanor Ivanovich Barefoot takes a bribe, the barman cheats, Styopa Likhodeev is debauched ... And, of course, speaking of moral choice, one cannot but recall Pontius Pilate, who was never able to make the right choice. After all, he realizes too late that "this afternoon he irretrievably missed something."

2) "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin. Another literary hero, who also could not make a choice in good faith, is Eugene Onegin. The hero realizes that his duel with Lensky is absolutely meaningless, but he still accepts the challenge. Why? A.S. Pushkin gives a completely unambiguous answer: “And here is the public opinion! Spring of honor, our idol! And that's what the world turns on! " That is, for Onegin, public opinion was more important than the life of a friend. But if the hero had tried to make a choice, relying on his conscience, then everything would have ended well.

PROBLEM INFLUENCE OF NATURE ON PERSON AND CAREFUL ATTITUDE TO IT!

1)A word about Igor's regiment. Nature reflects the state of mind of the heroes, indicates the danger, warns the princes.

2)"War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy. Natasha Rostova admires the beauty of the night landscape in Otradnoye, he inspires him. And the changes that take place in the soul of Andrei Bolkonsky are reflected in the external appearance of the oak, which he sees when going to Otradnoye and back. The oak here is a symbol of change and a new, better life.

3) "Grandfather Mazai and Hares" N. A. Nekrasov. During the spring flood, the hero of the poem rescues drowning hares, gathering them into a boat, and heals two sick animals. The forest is a native element for him, and he worries about all its inhabitants.

Discussion is closed.

THE PROBLEM OF STABILITY AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostogo "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy by all means, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him is the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "The dawns here are quiet ..." Five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jen Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She loves the old prince, despite his difficult nature. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often overly demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, light.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVATION OF HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who had sworn allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the other hand, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the love of the Polish girl, he betrays his homeland. Personal interests are in the foreground. Andrii dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you should always be honest with yourself first.

THE PROBLEM OF COMMITTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinyov from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, mutual assistance is at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites completely finished chapters, tries to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long road to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "resolving blood by conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Lord died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of family life, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses social life, completely devotes herself to her family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERANCE AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

1. In "Letters about good and beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the book's ability to educate a person, to shape her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all the books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply spiritless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF UPBRINGING CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive concern led to the apathy and weakness of Oblomov in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family, the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty and love reigns. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor Yanson from Smolensk works tirelessly. The main character hurries to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all residents of the city.

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THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN THE WAR

1. The fate of the main heroines of the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls were killed. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls have become examples of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to surrender and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for the Pole, went into the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with arms against his yesterday's comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his younger son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character P. Zuskind "Perfume. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is incapable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who goes to the most serious crimes to fulfill his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BREACH

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverina "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka overheard and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later Romashov went so far as to collect information proving the guilt of Nikolai Antonovich in the death of the expedition of Captain Tatarinov. All Chamomile's actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the action of the hero of the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

APPEARANCE DECEPTION PROBLEM

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragin, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual fall.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unsightly, but behind it is a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincerely love.

THE PROBLEM OF WAR TRAITING

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while Guskov wondered why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness prevailed, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastena. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In the story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov, the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "Great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his deed, wants to run, but realizes that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu. Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by the Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom the people around did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Wonderful sounds amazed the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. A number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants belong to his brush. "The Reapers", "Zakharka", "The Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of the nature of Russia prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have been attracting the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILD'S MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant guardianship from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood years played an important role in his work. Sometime at the age of nine, the boy, inspired by the nature of his native village, wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. Lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician NN Burdenko" I learned that an outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" asserts that "you need to live your life with dignity so that you will not be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a magnanimous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find its owner, who has had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog has been killed. Bima can be confidently called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog reunites with its previous owners.

THE PROBLEM OF EXCELLENCE IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Peter Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties in order to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, by his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's giftedness does not go unnoticed. His performance impressed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPORTANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE TO WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness to the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the vocation of the writer is raised in the novel by Jack London "Martin Eden". The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience made it possible for a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A MAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin's "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the experiences she has endured. The magic sounds of the sonata helped Vera to find inner balance, to find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov had not felt "such vigor, such a strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilievna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for the service for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her there could be nothing more difficult than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON A PERSON

1. In Lev Kassil's story The Great Confrontation, Sima Krupitsyna listened to news bulletins from the front every morning on the radio. One day the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this national anthem that she decided to go to the front. This is how the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PALSE SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintseva "White clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine, approved by the party. For personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. Row fiercely defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonorable deeds in order to achieve fame. Fanaticism of the academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science and, consequently, society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter fled with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died of melancholy and despair. Only a few years later did Dunya come to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but remorse came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in his essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time a lot has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives on thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." five girls fell, fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the place where the anti-aircraft gunners were killed in order to set up a tombstone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF THE GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "My horses are flying ..." Doctor of Smolensk Yanson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. A talented doctor every day, in any weather, rushed to help patients, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart serves art unselfishly. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTROYING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. The story of A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin's yard" depicts the life of the Russian countryside after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" shows the life of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family was killed in the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable that they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTIONS IN THE INNER WORLD OF A MAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by intelligence, hard work, purposefulness, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but becomes convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsov. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and self-reliant. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old woman, a usurer. The investigator is a fine expert in human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in his story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police overseer Ochumelov is trying to decide if she deserves punishment. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" Ignatyevich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman got hooked on a giant sturgeon. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the river and the king of all nature are on the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. IA Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov had not felt "such vigor, such strength that, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music is able to awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPLIED BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are spiritless, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" DS Likhachev ponders the question: why television is replacing literature. The academician believes that this is happening because the TV distracts from worries, makes you, slowly, watch some kind of program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to a person, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin's yard" depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became impoverished, but also became callous, spiritless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the protagonist is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian countryside.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which must be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Together with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which have been passed down from generation to generation over the centuries and have shaped the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls "stupid rabble" that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that the poet will cease to be a creator if he obeys the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "With the Whole Voice" sees the poet's destiny in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people, prompting them to great accomplishments. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that one should give up personal creative freedom for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEACHER ON THE STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "French Lessons" class teacher Lydia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition, while studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint_Exupéry "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the protagonist, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, loyalty. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: "You cannot see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is sharp-sighted." So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite the difficulties of life, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" depicts the life of students in a school of social and labor education for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." Five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for the Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military exploits and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkin's "Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left all alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and misfortunes during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article "O great and mighty new Russian language!" writes with irony about the lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes absurd when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings pollutes the Russian language.

2. V. Astafyev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with the fall in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the ill-being of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and are equally needed by people.

2. In the story by E. Grishkovets "Darwin", the main character after graduation from school chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes that what is happening is unnecessary and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a performance played by students. The young man is firmly convinced that the profession should be useful and enjoyable.