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Punk, punks (English punk - trans. colloquial "bad", "cheesy") - a subculture that arose in the late 1960s - early 1970s in the UK, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are a critical attitude towards society and politics.

Punk has its origins in the 1960s, when, under the influence of The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, many youth rock and roll bands began to appear.

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Punks Behavior

It's pretty easy to tell a punk from a regular person. Punk: listens to punk music: Sex Pistols, Exploited, NOFX, Offspring, Iggy Pop, King and Shut, Naive, etc. You can get all this in almost any music store; looks special: leather jacket, jeans (punks roll them up), boots “Dr. Martens", an earring in the ear; wears a mohawk. To do this, you need to have a more or less thick hair. True punks shave their heads bald, leaving a “stripe” for the mohawk along the skull.

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punk clothes

The Lost Generation cannot look the same as "all normal people". Punks look defiant - so much so that others shied away from them. This can be achieved by choosing colors, using a combination of lilac and green, red and black, and so on. Ripped clothes, pins and dog collars complete the job, giving the punks a completely finished look. After that, they have nothing to lose.

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70s appearance:- Hoodies and T-shirts- Ripped jeans- Leather jackets- Patchwork jackets- Sneakers and low shoes 80s appearance:- Belts and collars- High boots

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Punks in the USSR and Russia

Punk was one of the few musical movements that came to the Soviet Union with minimal delay. In 1976, punk rock appeared in England, and already in 1977 in Leningrad, Moscow, Siberia, young people interested in Western music purchased records from "Sex Pistols", "Clash" and other British punk bands, caught music broadcasts according to Voice of America, the Air Force with Seva Novgorodtsev, read Soviet magazines and newspapers, which did not fail to respond to the emergence of a new youth movement as "a growth on the rotting body of bourgeois culture." If rock music in the USSR was underground, then punk was " : underground underground". It was already a counterculture due to its prohibition and opposed the System, bringing new values, and not rebellion and protest like the English punks.

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The Soviet punk culture of the 1980s, initially focusing on the Western trend, organically rethought it, intertwined it with national roots. As a result, absolutely original phenomena arose, generated primarily not by imitation, but by the desire to express themselves and somehow oppose others, representing not so much a musical trend as a social and intellectual one. In the USSR, punk was a counterculture because of its prohibition, so it opposed the System, even if there were no direct political overtones in punk songs. From the mid-1990s, the Russian punk scene began to orient itself towards the corresponding Western ideals, namely Green Day and other Californian pop-punk bands. (In the face of such groups as, for example, the Moscow "Cockroaches!" and the St. Petersburg "King and the Jester"). In Russian punk rock of the 1990s, there are almost no ideas (whereas in the West, punk is primarily ideological music), and those that were are leveled, i.e. aligned with well-known dogmas. Most of the bands repeat the same stereotypes - "rip off" from the same western model [

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Thus, in punk culture, music is important not only as a cultural form or commodity, but also as a political statement or way of life. It can be said that in the punk movement, music is a form of protest consciousness and a means of communication. However, punk style attributes have already become fashionable and have begun to be produced on an assembly line. The processing of public opinion went in the direction that, they say, there is nothing good in any system until it is opposed by an anti-system. This threat is simply necessary to prove the viability of the system itself and its correct development path. Punk is such an anti-system. And if the system was bad, punk would have swept it away. If he did not succeed, then the system is beautiful. The punk was knocked down by the fact that he was allowed and taken out of the underground. Punk was allowed on television and pop stages of any halls, waving bundles of banknotes in front of their noses. From here began the New Wave - "new wave". Punk rock began to deform, change, dismember in a variety of musical, political, aesthetic directions. Dozens of new styles have appeared with their own concepts, new artistic thinking, vision of the world, and other goals. Punk has shattered, like progressive rock in its time ...

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Punk, punks (eng. Punk) - a youth subculture that arose in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are love for punk rock music, a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the band Velvet Underground, which he produced, is closely associated with punk rock. Their lead singer, Lou Reed, is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a trend that is closely associated with punk rock. The popular American band the Ramones is considered the first group to play "punk rock" music. Damned and Sex Pistols are recognized as the first British punk bands.

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Etymology The word punk in English is ambiguous, but before the advent of punk rock, in most cases it was used as a curse. Among the meanings, depending on the context, it could simply be “bastard” or “scoundrel”, in all other cases as an emotional obscene expression. First the mention of the word "punk" in connection with rock music dates back to 1970, when the Chicago Tribune reviewed an album by The Fugs, describing their music as "punk rock, hillbilly sentiment." In 1976, the fanzine "Punk magazine" appeared. The magazine was dedicated to punk rock and related genres, already clearly uniting them as a direction.

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Origins and Influences "Punk has its origins in the mid-1960s, when the Beatles and the Rolling Stones began to spawn a lot of young rock and roll bands" Relatively raw and rough sound based on just a few chords, can be found in such classics of the time as "You Really Got Me" by The Kinks. By the end of the 1960s, a defiantly primitive sound, combined with a vulgar demeanor on stage, began to be cultivated by the American band The Stooges. Its leader, Iggy Pop, rejected musical sophistication, appreciated the unbridled drive in rock and roll, performed at concerts smeared in his own blood and ended the outrages on stage by “diving” into the crowd of spectators. The link between the punk movement and the previous generation of beatniks was “ godmother of the punk movement”, Patti Smith. Russian punk, according to the music columnist of the newspaper “Kommersant” Boris Barabanov, grew up on the songs of Peter Mamonov.

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Ideology Punks adhere to various political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Common views are the desire for personal freedom and independence (individualism), non-conformism, the principles of "not for sale", "rely on oneself" and the principle of "direct action". Other strands of punk politics include nihilism, anarchism, socialism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-nationalism, vegetarianism, and animal rights.

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The appearance of punks Punks are distinguished by a colorful outrageous image. Many punks dye their hair in bright unnatural colors, comb and fix them with varnish, gel or beer so that they stand erect. In the 80s, the Mohawk hairstyle became fashionable among punks. They wear rolled up jeans, some pre-soak jeans in a bleach solution so that they go red stains. They wear heavy boots and sneakers. The Ramones began to wear sneakers, and they adopted this style from the Mexican punks (also referred to as "Latinos").

"I am absolutely convinced that Punk can be a force for social awakening and perhaps change, bringing concrete change to the lives of many young people."

Felix Havok

In a nutshell

Punk, punks (eng. Punk) - a youth subculture that arose in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, the characteristic features of which are love for punk rock music, a critical attitude towards society and politics. Punk itself is made up of many smaller subcultures such as street punk, horror punk, oy-punk, heavy punk, and others. Punk maintains a close relationship with other subcultures such as goth and psychbility; supporters of this movement oppose commercialization, which is one of the main mechanisms of capitalism.

Etymology of the word "punk"

Initially, it had negative connotations. In the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, "punk" means:

Obsolete street wench (1596);

Amer. rotten wood or wood mold used dry to start fires; tinder, rotten (1707).

In the English-Russian Dictionary of Muller V.K. (M., 2000) the following Russian meanings are given to the word "punk":

Worthless person;

Something unnecessary, worthless, nonsense;

Amer. Punk, "bastard", punks;

Amer. inexperienced youth, dupe;

In the middle of the 20th century, the word "Punk" was an American slang term for certain youth groups on the social floor, such as hoboes and black gay prisoners.

As for music, this term was first applied to the so-called "garage rock" (1964-1967) - a musical youth movement in the United States. The word "Punk" in the sense of "rotten" was used as a metaphor for American bands that touched on taboo topics in their songs and behaved as obscenely as possible, singing about sexual perversion, growing drug use, social exclusion, social cruelty, complete hopelessness and disappointment in the future among young people.

Prerequisites for the emergence of punk

In the mid-1970s, America did not have the conditions that provoked the counterculture of the 1960s ("new left", hippies, beatniks, etc.). In the UK, the 1970s are the time of the greatest youth unemployment, such was only before the war. The global energy crisis, which led to economic difficulties, further worsened the already far from well-being of the youth of Great Britain. This contributed to an atmosphere of social hopelessness and spiritual hopelessness, which, in turn, led to the spread of despair and doom among young people, which could not find expression in the pacifist, non-aggressive hippie subculture. It was this moment, according to Ted Polymus, that became unifying for the punk subculture, despite its social heterogeneity: “Punks were not (as is commonly believed) entirely working-class slum dwellers. Some were, but most were middle-class kids, as well as rich suburban teenagers. They were all united by their hatred of hippies, the sluggish, lazy and boring.

Another important prerequisite for the emergence of punk was the change in the status of rock, which by the mid-1970s had turned from the music of rebellious children into "music for parents." In other words, rock has largely lost its countercultural qualities and become a product of mass culture. Rock brought huge profits to producers, performers, music corporations. Success and wealth isolated rock bands from ordinary youth. Now they were inaccessible idols "entertainers" who came to concerts in luxurious limousines under police protection. The punks made a sharp break with this tradition. Punk opposed commercial music in two ways: firstly, it boycotted the major record companies, and secondly, it changed the process of creating music, proclaiming "everyone can do it!" "Professionalism was seen as an outward attribute of commercial rock...

History of punk

The first and only non-selling wave of "punk rock"

It started around 1973 in the States (New York, Chicago, Detroit, etc.). This "wave of punk" was practically invisible, since the bands of that time performed exclusively in garages, basements, underground clubs. The authorities did not pay much attention to this, as they realized that they were not in danger. On the streets of cities, one could often see teenagers frightening passers-by with their appearance, drinking alcohol in front of decent citizens, making noise and doing all sorts of "mayhem". But there were very few of them, unacceptably few, in order to be noticed for real.

The most notable groups of the "first wave of punk": The Ramones, Television, Talking Heads, New York Dolls, Patti Smith Group.

Second wave of "punk rock"

More precisely, from the first performance of the legendary Sex Pistols at St. Martin's College of the Arts (the group performed only 5 songs, after which the frightened college employee turned off the electricity). But these five songs were enough to get people talking about the "punk revolution"!

The public is in shock, music critics are in a panic, yes ... this has never been seen in England!

Hundreds of new "punk - groups" appear, numerous hordes of "punks" roam the streets, aggressively tuned and spitting on the laws and old foundations of England.

At first, the authorities try to ban the concerts of "punk bands", put teenagers who have gone to jail, but in the end they realize that it is useless. Then they take another step, they allow concerts, let "punk" on television, on the air!

It was the end for "punk", it was bought, allowed, put on public display ...

The anti-social attitude of "punk" passed, "punks" began to be perceived almost in the same way as other movements. This ended the "punk revolution" in England.

The most notable groups of the "second wave of punk": Sex Pistols, Clash, Subway Sect, Damned, Vibrators, Buzzcocks and many others.

Third wave (new wave) of "punk rock"

This phenomenon can hardly even be called "punk - rock", this third wave included everything, even remotely resembling the good old "punk".

This very “new wave” arose in 1978, it replaced the “English punk revolution” just at the time when talk about “punk” as a socially dangerous problem subsided.

The most interesting branch of the "new wave" is "post - punk".

This phenomenon arose in 1977-1978. The musicians of "post-punk" bands picked up the basic idea of ​​"punk", but tried to express it in their own way. Most of the "post - punk" bands skillfully play professionally, there were more than 3 chords in the compositions, and the former aggression was gone ...

For example, representatives of "post - punk" in Britain (Bauhaus, The Cure, Echo & The Bunnymen, Joy Division, Japan and many others) played gloomy, dull, apathetic music. In their songs they sang about depression, mysticism and things like that.

In general, since the 80s, interest in punk has practically disappeared, giving way to goths, hardcore and emocore.

Punk now

By the end of the 90s, they began to talk about the revival of guitar music, about the return of the spirit of pure punk rock. It replaced the depressive grunge and decadent Britpop of the early 90s. The sadness, longing and hopelessness of the new generation are fed up. I wanted unbridled, anarchic fun, instead of sluggish depression - energetic rebellion.

Punk rock was brought back to life by showbiz, which killed it off in the late 70s and 80s. From the old, classical, punk, the characteristic sound first of all migrated to the new one - energetic, fast and stupid rock and roll, cleared of wisdom and prettiness. As they say, only three chords, but the right ones.

It was thought out what should be done with the punks so that they did not pose a threat to society: they were legalized. They called it an anti-system, which is needed to strengthen the system. Raging youth were given a legitimate opportunity to let off steam, and show business dealers began to earn money from punk rock.

Representatives of modern punk: Green Day, the Offspring, Blink 182, Sum 41, NOFX, Rancid, etc.

Punk in Russia

Punk was one of the few musical movements that came to the Soviet Union with minimal delay. In 1976, punk rock appeared in England, and already in 1977 in Leningrad, Moscow, Siberia, young people interested in Western music purchased records from "Sex Pistols", "Clash" and other British punk bands, caught music broadcasts according to Voice of America, the Air Force with Seva Novgorodtsev, read Soviet magazines and newspapers, which did not fail to respond to the emergence of a new youth trend as "a growth on the rotting body of bourgeois culture."

If rock music in the USSR was underground, then punk was ": underground underground". It was already a counterculture due to its prohibition and opposed the System, bringing new values, and not rebellion and protest like English punks.

The Soviet punk culture of the 1980s, initially focusing on the Western trend, organically rethought it, intertwined it with national roots. As a result, absolutely original phenomena arose, generated primarily not by imitation, but by the desire to express themselves and somehow oppose themselves to others, they were not so much a musical trend as a socio-intellectual one. In the USSR, punk was a counterculture because of its prohibition, so it opposed the System, even if there were no direct political overtones in punk songs.

From the mid-1990s, the Russian punk scene began to orient itself towards the corresponding Western ideals, namely Green Day and other Californian pop-punk bands. (In the face of such groups as, for example, the Moscow "Cockroaches!" And the St. Petersburg "King and the Jester").

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In Russian punk rock of the 1990s, there are almost no ideas (whereas in the West, punk is primarily ideological music), and those that were are leveled, i.e. aligned with well-known dogmas. Most of the groups repeat the same stereotypes - they are "ripped off" from the same Western model.

Soviet punk bands: Gaza Strip, Civil Defense, Automatic Satisfiers, Brigade Contract, Growing Resistance, etc.

Modern Russian punk bands: Cockroaches!, Korol and Shut, NAIV, Purgen, Last Tanks in Paris, Az, a very peculiar group LUMEN, etc.

Ideology

1. Personal freedom and independence. "Be yourself, kill the stereotypes!"

Punks are focused on realizing the right of every person to freedom and a life that is not pressured. Punks value independence, direct actions, do not accept public culture, do not recognize authorities.

“We’re tearing down the borders, we’re fighting for the right of freedom” - sing Anti-Flag.

“Fight, rebel and riot!” - says the song of the same name NAIV.

2. Aggression. " Live fast die young".

The most important element of the punk attitude is aggression. In the 70s, punks came with the slogan "I hate" as opposed to the hippie "I love". They hated everything: consumer society, parents, any values. They called themselves flowers in the garbage (Sex Pistols), white was called black, bad was good, dirty was preferred to clean, screams were singing, madness was reason, death was life.

“If you like white, I'll be black. If you like black, I'll be yellow. If you appreciate everything reasonable, I will be reckless. If you value reason, I will be crazy. If you love peace and flowers, I will bring knives and chains,” sing the Slits.

"We don't like those who don't like us!" - says Dima Spirin from Cockroaches!

3. Protest. “You can kill the protester, you can’t kill the protest”

We can say that punks are one huge protest. A protest against everything that is valued and recognized by society. Punks protest not only against the system, parents, generally accepted orders, rules and laws, but also against such things as racism, sexism, fascism, wars.

“What if he's not like you? Is this a reason to start a war?” - cockroaches sing!

“All jehads, vendettas, crusades were invented by bitches, freaks invented ..” - say LUMEN.

How can you be proud of something in which there is no merit of yours? Did you yourself choose the skin and the color and the country to be born in it? - Dima from Cockroaches is indignant!

4. Social and political views. “Damn the system!”

It is quite difficult to judge the sociality-asociality and political-apoliticality of punks. They do not want to touch politics in any way, they do not recognize the authorities, they mock political leaders. Along with this, it can be said that some punks can be attributed either to the left or to the adherents of progressivism. Often punks take part in local, national and global protests. Punks are urged not to be afraid to fight for their rights and defend their point of view.

Many punks advocate for animal rights, support vegetarianism (here we see an interweaving with the straight edge subculture), support environmentalism.

“I love my country so much, BUT I HATE THE STATE!” shouts LUMEN's Tam.

“I want to be a deputy, make faces on TV! And go to *** everything, you can’t get to the bottom of me!” - the Brigade Contract laughs at the officials.

“They don’t see the point in something that doesn’t generate income. You should only do what the people quickly grabs ... ”- says the same Dima Spirin.

“If you are a client with money, my day didn’t pass like that, all my pockets are inside out, I’ll clean everyone only this way ...” - Yuri Klinskikh sings in the song “Ment” (by the way, Yuri himself served in the police, he was fired from there for such impudent songs) .

5. DIY. "Do it yourself!"

The principle of DIY, in my opinion, is simple and clear: do what you need yourself. Here I consider it appropriate to quote the entire song of the same name by the Cockroaches group!

“Just like that, nothing will ever happen on its own,

Water does not flow under a lying stone, do everything you need yourself!

Get up! Get off your bullshit and stop bullshitting for just a moment!

ACT! Start living!

Do it yourself, even if no one needs it but you!”

6. Fight against the ordinary. “Louder! Louder, even louder!”

Punks never get bored, they don't like boredom and routine at all. Fun, noise, crazy hairstyles, clothes and makeup, shocking, antics in front of passers-by - in a word, chaos - that's what they love. The more fun the better!

“Laugh! I want to hear loud laughter! Smile - it annoys everyone!” - all the same cockroaches!

“Hurry and shave the mohawk again, and it will be more fun! .. Life is like yogurt, don’t be stingy like a shadow!” - calls Ruslan from Purgen.

Punk in the representation of society

For the majority of young "punks" ("pioneers") of Russia, punk is "shit". Mass media firmly hammered into their heads and society as a whole the stereotype of punk - "a man with a comb who has to walk dirty, dig in the trash, drink vodka." For them - "The King and the Jester", "The Exploited", "Civil Defense", "Cockroaches!" - phenomena of absolutely the same order. The main "punk principles" for them are: "do what you want" and as it was sung in Viktor Tsoi's song "mom is anarchy, dad is a glass of port." It should be noted that such phenomena of “average Russian” punk as “ask” (begging) and “garbage heaps” (where you can find something useful or tasty) are directly related to the socio-economic disorder of adolescents.

The results of sociological surveys showed that the majority refer punks to the “schizophrenic category”, “maybe with their own convictions, but mentally ill people”, “ill-mannered, frivolous people”, and punk itself to “youth phase shift”. Most ordinary people in Russia do not understand the nuances of youth subcultures and for them punks are almost no different from metalheads or hippies. The attitude towards punks in society is quite negative - “aggressive, drug addicts, alcoholics”. This image of punk created by the media is actively confirmed by the punks themselves ("pioneers"), who draw their "aesthetics and ideas" from the mass media.

Thus, the mass perception of punk coincided with what is characterized in dictionaries as "dregs".

Finally

The topic of punks is very relevant today, it has always been relevant, as punks have always stood out among other informals. Punk associations, in fact, are a whole system, it is a very peculiar social formation. It cannot be called a group, it is rather a social environment, a social circle, a conglomeration of groups or even their hierarchy. The main factor that distinguishes punk from ordinary people is the ardent resistance and non-recognition of well-known dogmas. This means that as long as there are established dogmas that define the duties and fetter the freedom of a person, and do not suit the punk at all, it will exist, if not in the form of a purely Pank subculture, but in the form of any other social phenomenon that resists the system.

Literature

1. Gagarina A., Coeval, No. 11/2005, pp. 36-37

2. Craig O'Hara, Punk Philosophy: More Than Noise

3. Muller V.K., English-Russian Dictionary

4. Spirin D. "Dumb punk rock for intellectuals"

5. Stogov I., "Sinners"

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Russian punk rock In the USSR, something similar to punk rock originated in 1979: in Leningrad with the creation of Andrei Panov's group "Automatic Satisfiers", in the Baltic States (group "JMKE", "Propeller", "Velikije Luki") in Siberia (Nick Rock-n-roll"), in the Crimea ("Second Echelon", Yuri Yuks), In the period from 1987 to 1989, there were an order of magnitude more bands, such groups as Matrosskaya Silence, Pogo, South-West ", "Gas Sector" In Moscow in the early 1990s, the "All-Moscow Patriotic Punk Club" took place. At that time, there was a wave of underground Moscow punk rock groups: "Reservation is here", "Straw raccoons", "Fox bread", "N. O. Zh.", "Security Breach", "Gang of Four", "Fire", "Burn", "Region-77" - in a sense, the restoration of the waves of Siberian punk of the late 80s - early 90s. In the second half of the 90s, a number of groups appeared in Russia (mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg): NAIV, F.P.G., etc.

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And we will go with you, walk along the tram rails, We will sit on the pipes at the beginning of the ring road. Our warm wind will be the black smoke from the chimney of the factory, The yellow plate of the traffic light will be our guiding star. If we succeed, we won't be back in the cage until nightfall. We must be able to burrow into the ground in two seconds, To stay there lying when gray cars drive over us, Taking with them those who did not know how and did not want to wallow in the mud. If we have time, we will continue the path crawling along the sleepers, You will see the sky, I will see the earth on your soles. We'll have to burn our clothes in the oven if we come back, If blue caps don't meet us at the door. If they meet you, keep quiet that we walked along the tram rails. This is the first sign of a crime or schizophrenia. And from the portrait "Iron Felix" will smile at us, It will be very accurate, it will be a very fair Punishment for walking along the tram rails, A fair punishment for walking along the tram rails. We will be killed for walking on the tram tracks. They will kill us for walking along the tram rails! And we will go with you, walk along the tram rails, We will sit on the pipes at the beginning of the ring road. Our warm wind will be the black smoke from the chimney of the factory, The yellow plate of the traffic light will be our guiding star. If we succeed, we won't be back in the cage until nightfall. We must be able to burrow into the ground in two seconds, To stay there lying when gray cars drive over us, Taking with them those who did not know how and did not want to wallow in the mud. If we have time, we will continue the path crawling along the sleepers, You will see the sky, I will see the earth on your soles. We'll have to burn our clothes in the oven if we come back, If blue caps don't meet us at the door. If they meet you, keep quiet that we walked along the tram rails. This is the first sign of a crime or schizophrenia. And from the portrait "Iron Felix" will smile at us, It will be very accurate, it will be a very fair Punishment for walking along the tram rails, A fair punishment for walking along the tram rails. We will be killed for walking on the tram tracks. They will kill us for walking along the tram rails!

"Hippie Subculture" - Consider teenagers' opinions about subcultures; The music is essentially aggressive. Hobby. 5. They wear metal chains and dye their hair bright colors. Tasks: Rappers. Hippies are actually the very first informal youth subculture. Occult symbolism - pentagrams - inverted crosses, eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos).

"Subcultures of youth" - Teacher Suslin Dmitry Yurievich www.dmsuslin.narod.ru. There are many different youth subcultures. Skins. … Signs and occupations of youth. Youth is a large social group of people between the ages of 16 and 25. Youth... The main sign of youth is the transition from a child to an adult. Youth and youth subcultures.

"Youth subculture" - The presentation was made by a student of the 10th grade of the MOU-SOSH p. Prigorodny Maksimova Margarita. Factors of subcultural activity: Goths are representatives of a youth subculture that originated in the late 70s of the XX century on the wave of post-punk. Pentagram. Youth informal movements. Punks put skulls and signs on their clothes.

"Clothes of subcultures" - A fairly large group in the subculture of rappers. Most of the participants in this group are schoolchildren and students. The subculture of "FOOTBALL FANS" closely adjoins the skinheads. Youth subcultures Luganskaya K., Cherbaeva N. Gymnasium No. 77. The main content of punk style is a challenge, provocation, "shock effects".

"Hippie" - Who is a hippie? Poll results. C hippies? I would like to learn about hippies. The beginning of the hippie movement can be considered 1965 in the United States. What do I know about hippies? What do hippies choose? Are you familiar with the youth movement? Hippies have their own rules of conduct and their own philosophy. The survey involved 10th grade students.

"Festival of Subcultures" - Dragracing. Thermal balloons. Proponuemo on rozglyad the project of the international FESTIVAL OF SUBCULTURES. Subculture Festival. Rali sprint. Motorsport. Kim stank buli, like they dressed up, like they lived, what they valued. Playing with fire Tilka in the dark, the fire comes alive in good hands. Presentation of sports vehicles, promotion of technical sports.

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